Lab # 7 Date: 25/5/2023 Name of Student: Kristiano Ramabalack

Problem Statement: Hazim and Aarifah were investigating the potential difference in a series circuit. After
connecting the circuit, Hazim found that the potential distance across the bulb was less than the EMF vale stated
on the battery. Aarifah claimed that the potential difference across the bulb should have been on the same as the
battery. Hazim was explaining to her that some of the potential difference is also used up by the battery, and
thats why the bulb has less plan and design a lab

Title: Investigating Potential Difference in a Series Circuit: Understanding Battery Internal Resistance.
Aim: To Investigate the Potential Difference in a Series Circuit: Understanding Battery Internal Resistance.
Hypothesis: Investigating Potential Difference in a Series Circuit: Understanding Battery Internal Resistance.

Materials/Apparatus:
 Battery with known EMF value
 Bulb
 Connecting wires
 Ammeter
 Voltmeter
 Switch
 Resistors (optional, for additional experiments)

Diagram:

Name of Teacher: Johnaton Seeraj Page: __

Lab # 7 Date: 25/5/2023 Name of Student: Kristiano Ramabalack

Variables:
- The independent variable of the experiment in this case would be the EMF value of the battery. It is the
variable that is intentionally manipulated or controlled by the experimenter. By using batteries with
different EMF values, you can examine how the potential difference across the bulb varies based on the
EMF value.

- The dependent variable of the experiment would be the potential difference across the bulb. It is the
variable that is measured and observed as a result of manipulating the independent variable (EMF value
of the battery). The potential difference across the bulb is dependent on the EMF value and will be
recorded and analyzed to examine the relationship between the two variables.

- Ambient temperature: Maintain a constant temperature in the lab during the experiment. Temperature
variations can affect the resistance of the components and influence the results.

Method:
1. The series circuit was set up by connecting the components in a sequential order: the battery, bulb, and
ammeter. The connections were established using the connecting wires.
2. the voltmeter in parallel across the bulb. Ensure the voltmeter is properly connected to measure the
potential difference across the bulb. Check the initial readings: Make sure the switch is open, and the
ammeter and voltmeter both read zero. This confirms that no current is flowing through the circuit
3. Close the switch to allow current to flow through the circuit. Record the readings: Observe and record
the readings on the ammeter and voltmeter. Take note of the potential difference across the bulb as
indicated by the voltmeter.
4. Repeat steps 4-6 multiple times to obtain a set of data for analysis. Ensure that the conditions and
components remain consistent throughout each trial.

Expected Results:
The expected results of this experiment can be summarized as follows: When the circuit is closed and current
flows through the series circuit, the ammeter will indicate the presence of current, and the voltmeter will
measure the potential difference across the bulb. The potential difference across the bulb is expected to be less
than the EMF value stated on the battery. This difference is caused by the presence of internal resistance within
the battery, which leads to a voltage drop within the battery itself. Therefore, the potential difference across the
bulb will always be lower than or equal to the EMF value of the battery. These expected results highlight the
concept of potential difference and the influence of internal resistance on the voltage distribution in a series
circuit.

Name of Teacher: Johnaton Seeraj Page: __

Lab # 7 Date: 25/5/2023 Name of Student: Kristiano Ramabalack
Treatment of Results:

EMF VALUE(V) Potential difference(V)

1.5 1.2
2.0 1.6
2.5 2.0
3.0 2.4

For EMF Value of 1.5V and Potential Difference of 1.2V: Percentage Difference = [(1.2 - 1.5) / 1.5] * 100 = -
20%
For EMF Value of 1.5V and Potential Difference of 1.2V: Percentage Difference = [(1.2 - 1.5) / 1.5] * 100 = -
20%
For EMF Value of 2.5V and Potential Difference of 2.0V: Percentage Difference = [(2.0 - 2.5) / 2.5] * 100 = -
20%
For EMF Value of 3.0V and Potential Difference of 2.4V: Percentage Difference = [(2.4 - 3.0) / 3.0] * 100 = -
20%

Assumptions:
An assumption about this experiment could be that the resistance of the bulb remains constant throughout the
trials. This assumption implies that the bulb's resistance does not change due to factors such as heating or aging
during the experiment. By assuming a constant resistance, it allows for a more straightforward comparison
between the potential difference across the bulb and the EMF value of the battery.

Precautions:
The batteries were checked for damage or leakage and rubber gloves were worn with eye protection

Limitations:
One limitation of this experiment is the assumption of constant internal resistance in the battery, which may not
hold true in real-world scenarios. This oversimplification may introduce inaccuracies in the results.

Name of Teacher: Johnaton Seeraj Page: __

Lab # 7 Date: 25/5/2023 Name of Student: Kristiano Ramabalack
Possible Sources of Errors:
A possible source of error is the ammeter and voltmeter not being properly calibrated of have measurement
errors

Criteria Marks Marks Obtained

Hypothesis
 Clearly stated 1
 Testable 1
Aim
 Related to hypothesis 1
Materials and Apparatus
 Appropriate materials and apparatus 1
Method
 Suitable 1
 At least one manipulated or responding variable 1
Controlled Variable
1
 Controlled variable stated
Expected Results
1
 Reasonable
1
 Link with method
Assumption/Precautions/Possible Sources of Errors 1
 Any one stated
Total 10

Name of Teacher: Johnaton Seeraj Page: __