e-ISSN: 2582-5208

International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science

( Peer-Reviewed, Open Access, Fully Refereed International Journal )
Volume:05/Issue:03/March-2023 Impact Factor- 7.868 www.irjmets.com

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF EARTHING SYSTEM FOR ELECTRICAL

INSTALLATION OF BUILDING AND LABORATORY EQUIPMENT
Dr. P. Jeyaprakash*1, M. Bhuvaneswari*2, S. Dharshini*3,
K. Geetha*4, S. Swetha*5
*1Assistant Professor, Department Of Electrical And Electronics Engineering, Vivekanandha
College Of Technology For Women, Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu, India.
*2,3,4,5UG Student, Department Of Electrical And Electronics Engineering, Vivekanandha College Of
Technology For Women, Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu, India.
ABSTRACT
The technical calculations for building an earthing system for electrical installations in residences, enterprises,
and laboratories, etc. are described in this document. The efficient and enjoyable operation of a well-designed
earthing system is crucial to the efficient operation of the entire system. Constructing a power system
equipment for control and protection that lacks a safe and dependable earthing system might not work. The
design of the system must pay close attention (Earthing/Proper Grounding) for the complete building power
system. The earthing system needs to be safe because it directly impacts the security of those utilising the
building's power system and residing there. The main objective of this project is to design an earthing system
that is both affordable and secure for structures that are situated in locations with uneven soil.
Keywords: Building Power System Earthing, Earth Electrodes, Ground Mess, Safety.
I. INTRODUCTION
Since the earth has the greatest amount of conductivity, it was decided from the very beginning of electrical
distribution systems to use it as a virtually universal standard for all electric systems. The main argument for
earthing is to ensure the security of the electrical grid. Because all of the device's metallic components are
grounded, there won't be any dangerous voltages present if the insulation on the equipment fails. The circuit is
effectively shorted and the fuse will blow if the live wire makes contact with the grounded casing. When the
fuse bursts, the dangerous voltages are eliminated. Essentially, "earthing" and "grounding" are only different
ways of referring to the same concept. Earth, or ground, is a conductor in an electrical wiring system used for
the mains. Since the earth is the most omnipresent
II. AIM
Safety of people, buildings, and equipment
To provide a different fault path movement of current so as not to endanger the blow a fuse to prevent an
electrical shock or death to a human being.
 To safeguard structures, equipment, and appliances in case of a fault.
 To make sure that no exposed conductive components develop a risky potential.
 To offer a secure path for lightning and short circuit currents to travel through.
 To maintain the voltage at each point in an electrical system at a known value in order to prevent over
current or excessive voltage on the appliances or equipment.
 To provide steady platform for operation of sensitive electronic equipment.
III. PURPOSE OF EARTHING
 Earthing of an electrical system or installation is provided for the reasons of safety. The earth connection
improves service continuity, avoids damage to equipment and danger to human life.
 Earthing also reduces the risk of a person in the vicinity of earthed facilities being exposed to the danger of
critical electric shock.
 Earthing in a substation is done to provide as nearly as possible a surface at a uniform potential and as
nearly as zero or absolute earth potential. The purpose of this is to ensure that all parts (metal parts/exposed
conductive parts) of apparatus/equipment other than live parts shall be at uniform/earth potential. This will
also ensure that user/operator will always remain at earth potential at all times.
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 e-ISSN: 2582-5208
International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science
( Peer-Reviewed, Open Access, Fully Refereed International Journal )
Volume:05/Issue:03/March-2023 Impact Factor- 7.868 www.irjmets.com
 Earthing also provides stable platform for operation of sensitive electronic equipment i.e., to maintain the
voltage at any part of an electrical system at a known value so as to prevent over current or excessive voltage
on the appliances or equipment.
 Earthing also provides a low earth fault loop impedance to facilitate automatic disconnection of supply in
the event of a fault to exposed conductive parts of equipment/ apparatus.
 Earthing will also help to limit the rise in potential (touch voltage) of non-current carrying metal parts with
respect to earth under earth-fault conditions to a value which is not harmful for the safety of persons/animals
in contact/proximity to such metal parts.
 Earthing also provides safe path to dissipate lightning current to earth.
IV. TYPES OF EARTHING SYSTEM
(i). TN - S
Protective earth (PE) and Neutral (N) conductors from transformers to consuming devices are not connected
together at any time in this type of earthing after the construction of the distribution point.

Fig. 1: TN-S earthing system

(ii). TN-C:
Protective earth (PE) and Neutral (N) conductor combined in all the way from the transformer to the
consuming device.

Fig. 2: TN-C earthing system

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 e-ISSN: 2582-5208
International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science
( Peer-Reviewed, Open Access, Fully Refereed International Journal )
Volume:05/Issue:03/March-2023 Impact Factor- 7.868 www.irjmets.com
(iii). TN C-S:
Combined PEN conductor from transformer to building distribution point, but separate PE and N conductors in
fixed indoor wiring and flexible power cords.

Fig. 3: TN-C-S earthing system

V. METHODS OF EARTHING
Earthing should be possible in three ways for the house wiring or lab and other associated electrical gear and
hardware. Subtleties of them are depicted underneath:
5.1 PLATE EARTHING
In the arrangement of plate earthing, a plate comprised of by the same token GI with aspect
60mmX60mmX6mm thick or copper earth plate with aspect 60mmX60mmX3mm thick is covered in the earth
pit including extras, and giving stone work nook with cover plate having locking course of action and watering
line of 2.7 meter long and so forth with charcoal/coke and salt as required.

Fig. 4: Plate earthing

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 e-ISSN: 2582-5208
International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science
( Peer-Reviewed, Open Access, Fully Refereed International Journal )
Volume:05/Issue:03/March-2023 Impact Factor- 7.868 www.irjmets.com
5.2 LINE EARTHING
In the arrangement of line earthing, G.I. line of length 4.5 meter, 40 mm dia ought to be utilized including
embellishments, what's more, furnishing stone work walled in area with cover plate having locking plan and
watering pipe and so on with charcoal/coke and salt as required.

Fig. 5: Pipe earthing

5.3 POLE EARTHING
It is more comparable as line earthing, in this sort of earthing a copper pole of 12.5 mm measurement or GI bar
of 16 mm dia. of length 2.5 m are covered upstanding in the earth physically or with the assistance of pneumatic
mallet.

Fig 6: Copper rod electrode earthing system

VI. FACTORS AFFECTING THE RESISTANACE OF EARTHING SYSTEM
Nature of soil shifts as indicated by change of area. The wet soil has low opposition in examination of dry soil.
The fundamental component that influences the resistivity recorded here: 1) Kind of Earth (for example dirt,

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International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science
( Peer-Reviewed, Open Access, Fully Refereed International Journal )
Volume:05/Issue:03/March-2023 Impact Factor- 7.868 www.irjmets.com
soot, cinders, shale, sand, stone, soil) 2) Layers of various kinds of soil 3) Content of dampness in soil 4)
Temperature of soil 5) Presence of metal and different materials in soil.
VII. METHOD FOR MEASURING EARTH RESISTANCE
Soil resistivity is the obstruction between the two inverse appearances of solid shape of soil having soides of
length one meter and it communicated in Ohm-meters. Assuming the resistivity of the dirt is less then
quantities of anodes are required less.Protection from the earth of any earth terminal is straightforwardly
impacted by resistivity of encompassing soil. The most generally utilized strategy for estimating the earth
obstruction of an earth cathode is the Fall-of-Potential estimating method. Earth obstruction (Rg) of a solitary
spike, of measurement (d) and driven length (L) driven in an upward direction in to the dirt of resistivity (ρ),
can be determined by this equation: Rg=ρ/2πL [ln(8L/d-1)] ρ is the dirt resistivity in the Ohm-Meter L is the
covered length of terminal in Meter d is the measurement of the cathode in Meter.
7.1 FALL OF LIKELY STRATEGY
Fall-of-Potential Estimation Strategy is most straightforward method of earth opposition. This test strategy is
utilized to measure an earth ground framework or a singular terminal to scatter energy from a site. In this
strategy three marks of ground contact are utilized in which initially is earth anode under test (COM), second is
current test (C) which is set at some separation from the ground framework under test and last third is voltage
test (P) that is embedded at different distance between the framework under test and the ongoing test. The
Megger meter is utilized to make current in tower balance earth cathode under test. Then current streams by
the earth to the far off current test (C) and get once again to the meter. At the point when current moves
through opposition (earth) a voltage drop made. This voltage drop is straightforwardly corresponding to how
much the ongoing stream and the obstruction of the earth anode to the earth. The voltage test (P) is utilized to
quantify this voltage drop and the meter show how much current stream and the subsequent voltage drop.
During the estimation, the place of the ongoing test (C) is gotten away from the earth cathode under test with
the goal that the voltage test (P) can lie outside the successful opposition areas of both the earth cathode.

Fig. 7: Fall potential techniques

VIII. CALCULATION
Earthing resistance and number of rods for isolated earth pit. Resistance of earth strip (R) As per IS 3043:
R=ρ/2×3.14xLx (loge (2xLxL/wt))
Example:
Calculate GI strip having width of 12mm , length of 2200 meter buried in ground at depth of 200mm, soil
resistivity is 72.44 Ω-meter.
 Resistance of earth strip(Re) = 72.44/2×3.14x2200x(loge (2x2200x2200/.2x.012)) = 0.050 Ω
 From above calculation overall resistance of 60 no of earthing pipes (Rp) = 0.133 Ω.And it connected to bury
earthing strip. Here net earthing resistance = (RpxRe)/(Rp+Re)
 Net earthing resistance = (0.133×0.05)/(0.133+0.05) = 0.036 Ω

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 e-ISSN: 2582-5208
International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science
( Peer-Reviewed, Open Access, Fully Refereed International Journal )
Volume:05/Issue:03/March-2023 Impact Factor- 7.868 www.irjmets.com
IX. CONCLUSION
A very much planned earthing framework is a need to safeguard a individual, decrease of electromagnetic
aggravation and generally speaking organization of supply framework. Along these lines, for authorization of
wellbeing measures, the issues in any stock framework are undeniable. In this way, each electrical hardware's,
framework must be earthed to get a lower obstruction way for dispersal of shortcoming current in to the earth.
Additionally clear worth of earth opposition is straightforwardly connected with soil property and eathing
cathode. By utilizing great leading property earthing anode and great soil readiness can lessen the worth of
earth opposition.
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