Psychology Ciccarelli 4th Edition Test Bank

Psychology Ciccarelli 4th Edition Test Bank
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6 Memory
Key: Answer, Page, Type, Learning Objective, Level
Type
A=Applied
C=Conceptual
F=Factual
Level
(1)=Easy; (2)=Moderate; (3)=Difficult
LO=Learning Objective
SG=Used in Study Guide
p=page
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Memory
Learning Objective 6.1 - What are the three processes of memory and the different models of how memory works?
1. Memory is defined as an active system that consists of three processes. They are __________.
a) receiving information from the senses, organizing and storing the information, and retrieving the
information from storage
Correct. Memory is defined as consisting of receiving, organizing and storing, and retrieving information.
b) the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned stimulus, and the conditioned response
Incorrect. These elements are all part of classical conditioning.
c) bottom-up processing, selective attention, and top-down processing
d) acquisition, extinction, and spontaneous recovery
ANS: a, p. 214, F, LO=6.1, (1)
% correct 93 a= 93 b= 0 c= 0 d= 6 r = .23
APA: LO 1.2
2. __________is defined as an active system that receives information from the senses, organizes and alters
information as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage.
a) Classical conditioning
b) Operant conditioning
c) Learning
Incorrect. Learning has to do with the acquisition of behaviors and not the storage of information. That is the role of
memory.
d) Memory
Correct. Memory is defined as an active system that receives, stores, and retrieves information.
ANS: d, p. 214, F, LO=6.1, (1) SG
% correct 98 a= 0 b= 0 c= 2 d= 98 r = .08
% correct 95 a= 0 b= 0 c= 5 d= 95 r = .15
% correct 96 a= 0 b= 0 c= 4 d= 96 r = .28
APA: LO 1.2
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
3. Shaquin finished his term paper and handed it in. As he walked out of the classroom, he realized that there were a
few more things he should have included in the paper. Shaquin’s problem is the __________component of memory.
a) encoding
b) storage
c) retrieval
Correct. He cannot bring forth, or retrieve, information that he has in memory when he needs it.
d) retention
Incorrect. He does retain the information, or have it in memory, but he can’t retrieve it.
ANS: c, p. 215, A, LO=6.1, (2)
APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 4.4
4. Trying to remember someone’s name whom you met long ago is an example of what type of process?
a) Storage
b) Retrieval
Correct. Pulling previously stored information out of memory is retrieval.
c) Encoding
Incorrect. The process of putting information into memory storage is encoding.
d) Decoding
ANS: B, p. 215, A, LO=6.1, (1)
5. When people hear a sound, their ears turn the vibrations in the air into neural messages from the auditory nerve,
which makes it possible for the brain to interpret the sound. This process is called __________.
a) encoding
Correct. Encoding starts with sensory processing and sending the information to the brain.
b) storage
c) retrieval
d) evaluation
Incorrect. Evaluation is not the term used for this process even though it sounds appropriate.
ANS: a, p. 214, F, LO=6.1, (1)
% correct 92 a= 92 b=0 c= 0 d= 8 r = .19
APA: LO 1.2
6. When someone looks at an image, the retina turns the light rays from it into neural messages that go up to the
optic nerve so the brain can interpret them. This process is called __________.
a) encoding
Correct. Encoding is necessary for interpretation as the information must be sent to the brain.
b) storage
Incorrect. Storage cannot happen until after encoding. If the information is not processed, it can’t be stored.
c) retrieval
d) evaluation
ANS: a, p. 214, C, LO=6.1, (2)
% correct 88 a= 88 b= 2 c= 3 d= 8 r = .21
APA: LO 1.2
7. The first step in the memory process is __________information in a form that the memory system can use.
a) encoding
Correct. Encoding is the first step in memory.
b) storing
Incorrect. Storing the information cannot happen until after encoding it so the information can be transmitted from
the senses to the brain.
c) retrieving
d) evaluating
ANS: a, p. 214, F, LO=6.1, (1)
% correct 100 a= 100 b= 0 c= 0 d= 0 r = .00
APA: LO 1.2
8. __________is retention of memory for some period of time.
a) Encoding
b) Storage
Correct. Storage puts away material.
c) Retrieval
Incorrect: Retrieval is getting the information out of storage.
d) Evaluation
ANS: b, pp. 214-215, F, LO=6.1, (1)
% correct 71 a= 26 b= 71 c= 3 d= 1 r = .44
% correct 79 a= 14 b= 79 c= 6 d= 1 r = .25
APA: LO 1.2
9. Which of the following statements is true about retrieval?

a) It is a process that allows an extinguished CR to recover.
b) It is a process of getting stored memories back out into consciousness.
Correct. Retrieval gets information back into consciousness.
c) It is a process of getting information from the sensory receptors to the brain.
Incorrect. No, this answer describes the process known as encoding.
d) It is the reason that conditioned taste aversions last so long.
ANS: b, p. 215, C, LO=6.1, (1)
% correct 83 a= 10 b= 83 c= 7 d= 1 r = .37
APA: LO 1.2
10. Janie is taking an exam in her history class. On the exam there is a question that asks her to state and discuss the
five major causes of the Trans-Caspian War (whatever that was!). Janie remembers four of them. She knows there is
a fifth, but time is up. As Janie is walking down the stairs, all of a sudden, she remembers the fifth point, but it is too
late. Janie had a problem with __________.
a) encoding
b) storage
Incorrect. She did have the information so it was stored. However, she couldn’t retrieve it.
c) retrieval
Correct. Yes, she couldn’t find the information in her memory or retrieve it.
d) evaluation
ANS: c, p. 215, A, LO=6.1, (2)
% correct 96 a= 0 b= 4 c= 96 d= 0 r = .19
Models of Memory
11. The processes of encoding, storage, and retrieval are seen as part of the __________model of memory.
a) information processing
Correct. These are the correct stages.
b) top-down storage
Incorrect. Top-down processing is more a perceptual processing term.
c) classical conditioning
d) Tolman’s cognitive
ANS: a, p. 215, F, LO=6.1, (1)
% correct 97 a= 97 b=0 c= 3 d= 0 r = .19
% correct 94 a= 94 b= 2 c= 0 d= 2 r = .34
APA: LO 1.2
12. In the levels-of-processing model of memory, information that gets processed at a __________level (such as
accessing the meaning of a word or phrase) is more likely to be retained longer and form a stronger memory than
information that is processed at a __________level (such as the visual characteristics of a word).
a) deeper; shallower
Correct. According to the levels-of-processing model, deeper processing results in better memory, whereas
shallower processing results in poorer memory.
b) shallower; deeper
Incorrect. According to the levels-of-processing model, deeper processing results in better memory, whereas
c) higher; lower
d) lower; higher
ANS: a, p. 215, C, LO=6.1, (2)
% correct 89 a= 89 b= 3 c= 8 d= 0 r = .41
% correct 81 a= 81 b= 6 c= 14 d= 0 r = .31
APA: LO 1.2
13. According to Craik and Lockhart, we are most likely to remember information that we process at a
__________level.
a) deeper
Correct. According to the levels-of-processing model, deeper processing results in better memory, whereas
b) medium
c) shallower
Incorrect. According to the levels-of-processing model, deeper processing results in better memory, whereas
d) any of these, depending on the information
ANS: a, p. 215, C, LO=6.1, (1)
% correct 100 a= 100 b= 0 c= 0 d= 0 r = .00
APA: LO 1.2
14. The levels-of-processing concept of Craik and Lockhart would suggest that which of the following questions
would lead to better memory of the word frog?
a) “Does it rhyme with blog?”
b) “Is it in capital letters?”
Incorrect. This question requires a shallower level of processing and that leads to poorer memory.
c) “Is it written in cursive?”
d) “Would it be found in a pond?”
Correct. This question requires a deeper level of processing as it engages meaning. Meaning is seen as a deeper
level of processing, which leads to better memory.
ANS: d, p. 215, A, LO=6.1, (3) SG
APA: LO 1.2
15. Which of the following examples represents the shallowest processing as described by Craik and Lockhart?
a) recalling an object’s function
b) attending to the sound of a word
Correct. Thinking about the appearance of a word is a shallower thought process than thinking about its meaning.
c) thinking about the meaning of a word
Incorrect. Thinking about meaning requires a deeper level of processing than does thinking about more superficial
aspects of the word itself, such as its sound.
d) recalling that an object was rectangular
ANS: b, p. 215, A, LO=6.1, (3)
APA: LO 1.2
16. Which model of memory proposes that the deeper a person processes information, the better it will be
remembered?
a) levels-of-processing model
Correct. Levels of processing refer to the level of processing depth.
b) parallel distributed processing model
c) information-processing model
Incorrect. Information processing isn’t necessarily concerned with the depth of a thought process.
d) three stage
ANS: a, p. 215, C, LO=6.1, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
17. Craik and Lockhart’s model of memory states that how long a memory will be remembered depends on
__________.
a) the type of memory it is stored in
b) the place in the brain where the memory is stored
c) the amount of extinction that the memory has suffered
Incorrect. Craik and Lockhart did not use extinction as a process in their model.
d) the depth of processing associated with learning the materials
Correct. According to the levels-of-processing model, deeper processing results in better memory.
ANS: d, p. 215, C, LO=6.1, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
18. Believers in the information-processing model of memory are likely to agree that __________.
a) the brain has nothing in common with a computer
Incorrect. Modern neuroscience considers the brain to be like a computer.
b) studying computers can give you useful insights into human information processing
Correct. Computers serve as a model for cognitive psychologists.
c) auditory information is retained in the sensory register for up to 2 seconds
d) information flows from one memory system to the next
ANS: b, p. 215, C, LO=6.1, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
19. Which of the following examples represents deep processing as described by Craik and Lockhart?
a) repeating a word aloud ten times
b) attending to the sound of a word
Incorrect. Attending to the sound of a word is not a deep level of processing, as it takes place at the perceptual level.
c) thinking about the meaning of a word
Correct. Thinking about a word’s meaning requires a deeper level of processing.
d) looking at the shapes of the letters in a word
ANS: c, p. 215, A, LO=6.1, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
20. In the __________model, memory is seen as a simultaneous process, with the creation and storage of memories
taking place across a series of networks “stretched” across the brain.
a) levels-of-processing
b) parallel distributed processing
Correct. The parallel distributed processing model is seen as a simultaneous process involving a network.
c) transfer-appropriate processing
d) information-processing
Incorrect: Information-processing models don’t involve a network.
ANS: b, p. 215, C, LO=6.1, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
21. In the parallel distributed processing model of memory, __________.

a) information is simultaneously stored in a network that stretches across the brain
Correct. The parallel distributed processing model of memory model uses a network.
b) information is stored simultaneously in unconnected regions of the brain
Incorrect. The information is simultaneously stored in a network that stretches across the brain.
c) information is associated in sets of classically conditioned neurons across the neocortex
d) None of these are correct.
ANS: a, p. 215, F, LO=6.1, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
22. Information is simultaneously stored across a network that stretches across the brain in the __________.
a) Craik and Lockhart model of memory
b) multistore model of memory
c) information-processing theory of memory
Incorrect. Information-processing models don’t involve a network.
d) parallel distributed processing model of memory
Correct. The parallel distributed processing model is seen as a simultaneous process involving a network.
ANS: d, p. 215, F, LO=6.1, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
23. Which model of memory is most similar in conceptualization to the way computers function?
a) Craik and Lockhart’s model
b) extinction
c) information-processing model
Correct. The information-processing model of memory uses the way a computer functions as its model for human
thought.
d) parallel distributed processing model
Incorrect. Parallel distributed processing is not the dominant form of computer architecture.
ANS: c, p. 215, C, LO=6.1, (2)
% correct 93 a= 2 b= 2 c= 93 d= 3 r = .2
APA: LO 1.2
24. The three parts of the information-processing model of memory are __________.
a) sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory
Correct. These are the three parts of the information-processing model.
b) CS, UCS, UR, and CR
c) encoding, storage, and retrieval
Incorrect. These are processes but not the parts of the information-processing model.
d) shallow, medium, and deep processing
ANS: a, p. 215, F, LO=6.1, (1)
% correct 38 a= 38 b= 0 c= 62 d= 0 r = .22
% correct 68 a= 68 b= 0 c= 32 d= 0 r = .21
APA: LO 1.2
The Information-Processing Model: The Stages of Memory
Learning Objective 6.2 – How does sensory memory work?
25. Why did research participants in Sperling’s experiment recall so few letters stored in sensory memory?
a) They stopped paying attention after a few stimuli.
Incorrect. Attention wasn’t relevant to sensory memory.
b) Proactive interference reduced the effectiveness of recall.
c) The stress of participating in this research became excessive.
d) The remaining stimuli quickly faded from sensory memory.
Correct. The stimuli faded quickly before they could be read.
ANS: d, p. 217, C, LO=6.2, (3)
APA: LO 1.2
26. Which memory system provides us with a very brief representation of all the stimuli present at a particular
moment?
a) primary memory
b) sensory memory
Correct. Sensory memory stores brief images.
c) long-term memory
d) short-term memory
Incorrect. Sensory memory provides very brief sensory representation. Short-term memory is verbal in nature and
limited in capacity.
ANS: b, pp. 217-218, F, LO=6.2, (1) SG
% correct 50 a= 6 b= 50 c= 4 d= 40 r = .41
% correct 81 a= 2 b= 81 c= 3 d= 14 r = .31
APA: LO 1.2
27. A display of 12 letters is flashed on a screen in front of you followed by a tone. You attempt to recall a portion
of the display based on the specific tone you heard. What aspect of your memory is this experiment designed to
assess?
a) primary memory
b) sensory memory
Correct. This was one of the first sensory memory experiments ever done.
c) long-term memory
Incorrect. Testing short-term memory was done with verbal items in a list form.
ANS: b, pp. 217-218, A, LO=6.2, (3)
% correct 36 a= 0 b= 36 c= 2 d= 62 r = .27
28. You are out for a drive with the family and are lucky enough to get a window seat. The rapidly passing scenery
you see out the window is first stored in __________.
a) echoic memory
b) iconic memory
Correct. Iconic memory is sensory and the first stage of the memory systems.
c) long-term memory
Incorrect. This storage location is not first, as the sensory memory system of iconic memory comes before it.
ANS: b, p. 218, A, LO=6.2, (2)
% correct 62 a= 7 b= 62 c= 2 d= 29 r = .47
29. The fleeting images we see as we look out the car window occur in ________.
a) sensory memory
Correct. Sensory memory is the first and briefest type of memory that information encounters on its way into
storage.
b) short-term memory
Incorrect. Before information gets to short-term memory, it must first be encoded into sensory memory.
c) semantic memory
d) working memory
ANS: A, p. 217-218, A, LO=6.2, (2)
30. Long ago, during the early days of television, when a television set was turned off it took a while for the last
image that was on the screen to fade away. This phenomenon is most like __________.
a) iconic memory
Correct. Iconic memory is like a fading image.
b) echoic memory
Incorrect. Echoic memory is concerned with hearing and not vision.
c) short-term memory
d) long-term memory
ANS: a, p. 218, A, LO=6.2, (2)
31. Using the partial report method, Sperling found the capacity of iconic memory to be around __________.
a) four or five items
Incorrect. This was what the participants reported but it was not the true capacity of iconic storage. Using this
estimate, Sperling then calculated the true capacity of iconic storage.
b) nine or ten items
c) all the letters present
Correct. All the letters were available but for a limited amount of time.
d) one to two items
ANS: c, p. 218, F, LO=6.2, (2)
% correct 60 a= 14 b= 10 c= 60 d= 16 r = .20
APA: LO 1.2
32. The key to the partial report method of Sperling’s study of sensory memory was to __________.
a) have the participants report the entire matrix of letters they saw as fast as they could
b) have the participants report the entire matrix of letters but mask the letters after presentation with a very
bright light
Incorrect. Masking was used by a later study.
c) cue the participants, using a tone, as to which line of the matrix they were to report
Correct. A cue was used by Sperling to allow the participants to retrieve the marked set of letters and let Sperling
measure the duration of sensory memory.
d) test the use of chunking
ANS: c, p. 218, C, LO=6.2, (3)
APA: LO 1.2
33. In the partial report method of Sperling’s study of sensory memory, the participants were to report __________.
a) one of three lines of letters as indicated by the sound of a tone immediately presented after the letters had
disappeared
Correct. The participants had to report the line of letters that was indicated by the tone.
b) only one or two of the letters in the cued line
c) the first letter of each line only
Incorrect. They could usually get the whole line and that was used to measure sensory memory capacity.
d) the middle letter of each line
ANS: a, p. 218, F, LO=6.2, (2)
% correct 68 a= 68 b= 4 c= 11 d= 17 r = .42
% correct 89 a= 89 b= 3 c= 5 d= 3 r = .35
APA: LO 1.2
34. Iconic memory is to echoic memory as ________.

a) implicit is to explicit
b) auditory is to visual
Incorrect. This is the opposite of the correct answer.
c) visual is to auditory
Correct. Iconic memory refers to the visual sensory memory, while echoic memory refers to auditory sensory
memory.
d) quick is to slow
ANS: C, pp. 218-219, C, LO=6.2, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
35. Which of the following distinguished sensory memory (SM) from short-term memory (STM)?
a) STM holds only a small amount of separate pieces of information
b) STM holds a large amount of separate pieces of information
Incorrect. In fact the relative capacity of short term memory is a smaller than that of sensory memory.
c) SM holds a large amount of separate pieces of information
Correct. Sensory memory has a rather large capacity, while the capacity of short-term memory is only thought to be
a handful of chunks of information.
d) STM holds a small amount of uniform information
ANS: C, pp. 217-219, C, LO=6.2 & 6.3, (3)
APA: LO 1.2
36. Which of the following might be the most appropriate analogy for eidetic imagery?
a) a table
b) a modem
c) a rainbow
Incorrect. Eidetic imagery is more like a photograph and is even called photographic memory.
d) a photograph
Correct. Yes, it’s like a picture and is sometimes called photographic memory.
ANS: d, p. 218, C, LO=6.2, (2)
% correct 80 a= 2 b= 7 c= 10 d= 80 r = .44
APA: LO 1.2
37. A time machine provides you the opportunity to interview Sigmund Freud. During the interview, Freud admits
that he never wanted to attend medical school. When you ask him how he made it through, he says, “I had eidetic
imagery.” What does he mean by that?
a) He relied on the ability to associate odd images with material he needed to remember.
b) He had a photographic memory, which helped him remember the material he had to
learn.
Correct. Eidetic imagery is sometimes called photographic memory.
c) He was able to imagine how cells in a patient’s body were acting when he prescribed drugs and, thus, he
could adjust dosages.
Incorrect. Although the word imagine is used, it’s not the same as remembering an image.
d) In order to remember the long list of diseases he would encounter, he created drawings that helped him
remember.
ANS: b, p. 218, A, LO=6.2, (3)
APA: LO 1.2
38. One problem with relying on eidetic imagery to study for tests is that _________.
a) you remember too much material and the professor will think you are cheating
b) eidetic images fade in .25 second as Sperling has shown
Incorrect. Eidetic images last a long time. The problem is that the material is not interpreted or understood.
c) you may be able to recall the material but you don’t necessarily understand it
Correct. Material in eidetic imagery hasn’t been understood; it is only like a picture of a page of text.
d) it only helps you remember things from other cultures
ANS: c, p. 218, C, LO=6.2, (3)
% correct 67 a= 0 b= 33 c= 67 d= 0 r = .18
APA: LO 1.2
39. What is one of the real-world uses of iconic storage?

a) It is where photographic memories are kept.
Incorrect. Although it involves images, iconic storage is not the locus of photographic memory.
b) It is the process that covers up the disruption that would occur from saccades.
Correct. It does help with disruption and serves as an input to later memory systems.
c) It increases depth of processing.
d) none of these
ANS: b, p. 218, C, LO=6.2, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
40. Suzy looks up from her lunch, realizing that Jacques has just said something to her. What was it? Oh, yes, he has
just asked her if she wants to go to the movies. Suzy’s ability to retrieve what Jacques said is due to her
____________.
a) iconic sensory memory
b) echoic sensory memory
Correct. Auditory information is first put into echoic memory.
c) short-term memory
Incorrect. Short-term memory is the stage that occurs after echoic sensory memory, which is being used here.
d) tactile sensory memory
ANS: b, p. 219, A, LO=6.2, (2)
% correct 93 a= 3 b= 93 c= 3 d= 0 r = .20
% correct 91 a= 0 b= 91 c= 7 d= 1 r = .25
41. Which type of memory allows us to have meaningful conversations?

a) iconic memory
Incorrect. Iconic memory is visual memory, which is not as useful in conversation as echoic (auditory) memory.
b) echoic memory
Correct. The brief memory of what someone has just heard allows that person enough time to make sense of it and
respond appropriately.
c) distributed memory
d) procedural memory
ANS: b, p. 219, F, LO=6.2, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
42. The duration of iconic memory is _______ than echoic memory, but iconic’s capacity is probably ________.
a) shorter; larger
Correct. Echoic memory lasts longer but stores less.
b) longer; larger
c) longer; about the same
Incorrect. No, it stores more and is shorter.
d) shorter; about the same
ANS: a, p. 218-219, F LO=6.2 (2)
% correct 56 a= 56 b= 7 c= 20 d= 17 r = .41
APA: LO 1.2
Learning Objective 6.3 - What is short-term memory and how does it differ from working memory?
43. Information gets from sensory memory to short-term memory through the process of __________.
a) elaborative rehearsal
b) maintenance rehearsal
Incorrect. Sensory memory doesn’t rely on rehearsal, which is a short-term memory process.
c) automatic encoding
d) selective attention
Correct. Sensory information must be attended to or it is not sent on to short-term memory.
ANS: d, p. 219, F, LO=6.3, (1)
% correct 30 a= 14 b= 54 c= 3 d= 30 r = .28
APA: LO 1.2
44. Sitting in a very noisy restaurant, you are able to screen out all the other conversations around you so you can
listen to the friend with whom you are conversing. This is an example of __________.
a) Broadbent’s forgetting theory
Incorrect. Broadbent is better identified with selective attention and not memory.
b) the homecoming queen party phenomenon
c) selective attention
Correct. This is an example of selection attention, as you are paying attention only to what interests you.
d) intimacy
ANS: c, p. 219, A, LO=6.3, (2)
% correct 90 a= 3 b= 3 c= 90 d= 3 r = .19
% correct 96 a= 2 b= 2 c= 96 d= 0 r = .21
45. Bethany is trying to focus on a conversation across the room during a party she is attending. This is because she
thinks she heard her name above the din of the conversation. Her ability to hear her name is due to the mechanism of
__________.
a) Broadbent’s forgetting theory
Incorrect. Broadbent did not have a forgetting theory.
b) the homecoming queen party phenomenon
c) selective attention
Correct. Selective attention is the ability to focus on what interests you.
d) intimacy
ANS: c, p. 219, A, LO=6.3, (2)
46. Someone a short distance away, to whom you have been paying no attention, quietly speaks your name, and
suddenly you attend to that person. This is an example of __________.
a) Broadbent’s process of selective memory
Incorrect. This is an example of the cocktail party effect. Selective memory is not a real term used by Broadbent.
b) the phi phenomenon
c) the cocktail party effect
Correct. This is an example of the cocktail party effect, which refers to hearing your name stand out in a crowded
situation such as a cocktail party.
d) cue-controlled inhibition
ANS: c, p. 220, A, LO=6.3, (1)
47. The only time selective attention is not working at its peak is __________.
a) during deep sleep, and it is still functioning even then
Correct. The filter is not working at its peak during deep sleep.
b) during REM sleep, as dreams block attention
Incorrect. The filter is not working at its peak during stage 4 sleep.
c) when your short-term memory contains more than nine items
d) when you are storing items in eidetic imaginal memory
ANS: a, p. 220, F, LO=6.3, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
48. Which theorist is associated with the idea that information moves from sensory memory to short-term memory
through the processes of selective attention?
a) Thorndike
b) Atkinson
c) Sperling
Incorrect. Sperling measured the duration of sensory memory in a classic paper, but the theory belongs to
Broadbent.
d) Broadbent
Correct. Broadbent is associated with the idea that information moves from sensory memory to short-term memory
through the process of selective attention.
ANS: d, p. 219, F, LO=6.3, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
49. Laboratory studies using the recall of letters and numbers indicate that short-term memory is probably coded
__________.
a) verbally
Correct. Short-term memory is verbally coded.
b) visually
Incorrect. Short-term memory is not visual but rather auditory.
c) semantically
d) physically
ANS: a, p. 219-220, F, LO=6.3, (1)
% correct 39 a= 39 b= 36 c=25 d= 0 r = .36
APA: LO 1.2
50. Which memory system is the one that is a working, active system that processes the information within it?
a) long-term memory
b) short-term memory
Correct. Short-term memory is the one that is active and working.
c) secondary memory
Incorrect. Secondary memory is an obsolete and little used term.
d) cognitive dissonance
ANS: b, p. 219-220, F, LO=6.3, (1)
% correct 84 a= 9 b= 84 c= 4 d= 3 r = .32
APA: LO 1.2
51. Suppose you’re pitching in a baseball game facing a good hitter. You remember that you struck him out with a
fastball the last time he was up. You also remember that your coach told you always to try to be unpredictable, so
you decide to throw a curve ball this time. In making this decision, you are primarily using your ________.
a) central executive
Correct. The central executive is the part of our working memory that helps us with organization and decision-
making.
b) fight-or-flight response
Incorrect. There is nothing in this question deals with the fight-or-flight response of the autonomic nervous system.
c) modality-specific memory
d) long-term potentiation
ANS: A, p. 220-221, A, LO=6.3, (2)
52. Micah is trying to remember the specific route he took to the library the night before. What part of working
memory is he accessing?
a) the articulatory loop
Incorrect. The articulatory loop is the part of working memory that deals with immediate auditory information.
b) the visual sketchpad
Correct. The visual sketchpad is part of the working memory that deals with immediate visual or graphical
information
c) the internal executive
d) the control sequence
ANS: B, p. 220-221, A, LO=6.3, (2)
53. According to Baddeley, which memory system is best conceived of as three interrelated systems: central
executive, visual sketchpad, and auditory recorder?
a) sensory memory
b) working memory
Correct. Working memory is seen as three interconnected systems.
c) long-term memory
Incorrect. Procedural memory is a form of long-term memory.
ANS: b, pp. 220-221, F, LO=6.3, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
54. What “magic number” did Miller find to be the capacity of short-term memory?
a) 11
b) 9
c) 7
Correct. Seven is Miller’s magic number, referring to the number of items human beings can hold in their short-
term memory.
d) 5
Incorrect. Miller found the number of items human beings can hold in short-term memory to be seven.
ANS: c, p. 221, F, LO=6.3, (1)
% correct 72 a= 4 b= 16 c= 72 d= 8 r = .29
APA: LO 1.2
55. Bits of information are combined into meaningful units so that more information can be held in short-term
memory through the process of ______.
a) chunking
Correct. The combination of information into meaningful units is called chunking.
b) categorizing
c) rote rehearsal
d) cueing
Incorrect. Cueing refers to a retrieval effect that does not involve combining units of information.
ANS: a, pp. 221-222, F, LO=6.3, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
56. If one wants to increase the capacity of short-term memory, more items can be held through the process of
__________.
a) chunking
Correct. More items can be held through chunking, a process whereby bits of information are combined into
meaningful units so that more information can be held.
b) decoding
c) rote rehearsal
d) data compression
Incorrect. Data compression is a term from computer usage.
ANS: a, pp. 221-222, F, LO=6.3, (1)
% correct 96 a= 96 b= 0 c= 0 d= 4 r = .30
% correct 97 a= 97 b= 0 c= 0 d= 3 r = .27
APA: LO 1.2
57. Chunking is a means of ______.

a) immediately forgetting irrelevant details
b) combining information into meaningful units
Correct. Chunking is a means of combining information into meaningful units.
c) arranging details into a hierarchy from most to least important
Incorrect. Arranging details into a hierarchy might be a form of chunking but does not totally define the term.
d) storing long-term memories
ANS: b, pp. 221-222, F, LO=6.3, (1)
% correct 96 a= 1 b= 96 c= 2 d= 1 r = .28
% correct 96 a= 0 b= 96 c= 0 d= 3 r = .21
APA: LO 1.2
58. Loni is asked to memorize the letters I K T E A L N in no particular order. She memorizes them by reorganizing
them into the words INK and LATE. This tactic is called ______.
a) cueing
Incorrect. Cueing refers to a hint given at recall.
b) shadowing
c) rote rehearsal
d) chunking
Correct. The tactic of combining bits of information into meaningful chunks is called chunking.
ANS: d, pp. 221-222, A, LO=6.3, (2)
% correct 95 a= 2 b= 2 c= 1 d= 95 r = .21
APA: LO 1.2
59. Maria finds that it is easier to remember her student ID number if she thinks of it in segments, such as the first
three digits, then the next two, and then the final four. Each of these short segments of the number are called
________.
a) codes
Incorrect. A code refers to a particular system or process for remembering information. The best answer to this
question is chunks.
b) cues
c) chunks
Correct. Chunks refer to groups of individual bits of information that increase the efficiency of our short-term
memories.
d) stores
ANS: C, pp. 221-222, A, LO=6.3, (2)
60. In the 1950s, George Miller estimated the number of items that could be stored in short-term memory to be the
magic number __________.
a) 5, plus or minus 4
b) 7, plus or minus 2
Correct. Miller found the capacity of short-term memory to be 7+2.
c) 9, plus or minus 3
Incorrect. Miller found the capacity of short-term memory to be 7+2.
d) 11, plus or minus 1
ANS: b, p. 221, F, LO=6.3, (1)
% correct 89 a= 0 b= 89 c= 11 d= 0 r = .28
APA: LO 1.2
61. Jamal is trying to buy something over the phone. He asks his partner to read him his credit card number.
However, when he tries to repeat it to the sales clerk on the other end of the line, he can’t remember all the numbers.
Jamal is coming up against __________.
a) the decay of numerical memory
Incorrect. Numerical memory is not a term in current usage.
b) the extinction of auditory traces
c) George Miller’s magic number 7, plus or minus 2
Correct. Credit card numbers are too long for short-term memory, according to Miller.
d) the limits of procedural memory
ANS: c, p. 221, A, LO=6.3, (2)
% correct 35 a= 25 b= 18 c= 35 d= 22 r = .28
62. Suppose Tamika looks up a number in the telephone book. After getting a busy signal, a minute or so later she
tries to call again - but has already forgotten the number! This example illustrates the limited duration of________
memory.
a) sensory
b) short-term
Correct. Short-term memory has a duration of approximately 30 seconds if information is not rehearsed.
c) echoic
Incorrect. Echoic memory refers to auditory sensory memory, which only lasts a second or two.
d) implicit
ANS: B, p. 219-220, A, LO=6.3, (2)
63. Maintenance rehearsal is defined as ________________.

a) processing the physical features of the stimulus to be remembered
Incorrect. Maintenance rehearsal is the practice of repeating some bit of information over and over in one’s head in
order to maintain it in short-term memory.
b) analyzing new material in order to make it memorable
c) associating new material to be learned with information maintained in long-term memory
d) repeating some bit of information over and over in one’s head in order to maintain it in short-term
memory
Correct. Maintenance rehearsal is the practice of repeating some bit of information over and over in one’s head in
order to maintain it in short-term memory. It is not the best way to get items into long-term memory.
ANS: d, p. 222, F, LO=6.3, (1)
% correct 85 a= 1 b= 3 c= 11 d= 85 r = .33
APA: LO 1.2
64. Repeating items over and over in order to aid memory is known as ______ rehearsal.
a) repetitive
Incorrect. In maintenance rehearsal, items to be remembered are repeated over and over again inside a person’s
head.
b) imagery
c) elaborative
d) maintenance
Correct. Maintenance rehearsal involves repeating bits of information to aid memory. It is not the best strategy for
getting information into long-term memory.
ANS: d, p. 222, F, LO=6.3, (1)
% correct 18 a= 63 b= 0 c= 20 d= 18 r = .31
% correct 16 a= 56 b= 0 c= 19 d= 16 r = .33
APA: LO 1.2
65. You try to remember a phone number by repeating it over and over to yourself. What type of rehearsal are you
using?
a) condensed
b) permanent
c) elaborative
Incorrect. In maintenance rehearsal, items to be remembered are repeated over and over again inside a person’s
head. Elaborative rehearsal is a better strategy.
d) maintenance
Correct. Maintenance rehearsal involves repeating bits of information to aid memory. In maintenance rehearsal,
items to be remembered are repeated over and over again inside a person’s head, but it is not a good strategy.
ANS: d, p. 222, A, LO=6.3, (1)
Learning Objective 6.4 - How is long-term memory different from other types of memory?
66. What are the two major types of rehearsal (for moving information from short-term to long-term memory)?
a) condensed and expanded
b) elaborative and permanent
Incorrect. Elaborative and maintenance are the two major types of rehearsal.
c) maintenance and permanent
d) elaborative and maintenance
Correct. Elaborative and maintenance are the two major types of rehearsal.
ANS: d, pp. 222-224, F, LO=6.3-6.4, (2)
% correct 61 a= 6 b= 20 c= 12 d= 61 r = .49
APA: LO 1.2
67. _______ rehearsal results in a more lasting memory and promotes the transfer of information to long-term
memory compared to _______ rehearsal.
a) Permanent; condensed
b) Condensed; permanent
c) Elaborative; maintenance
Correct. Elaborative rehearsal leads to longer-lasting memories than does maintenance rehearsal, because the
deeper the processing, the better the memory.
d) Maintenance; elaborative
Incorrect. Elaborative rehearsal leads to longer-lasting memories than does maintenance rehearsal. Repeating
items over and over, as in maintenance rehearsal, has not been found to be very effective.
ANS: c, pp. 222-224, C, LO=6.3-6.4, (2)
% correct 92 a= 6 b= 0 c= 92 d= 0 r = .30
APA: LO 1.2
68. When memories are stored in long-term memory, which of the following forms of information is used?
a) sounds
b) visual images
c) meanings of words and concepts
Incorrect. Long-term memory is coded in terms of sounds and images as well as words.
d) all of the above
Correct. Long-term memory is coded in terms of sounds, images, and meanings of words and concepts.
ANS: d, p. 222-223, C, LO=6.4, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
69. Which memory system has an unlimited capacity and can keep information for hours or decades?
a) short-term memory
Incorrect. Long-term memory has an unlimited capacity. Short-term memory lasts only about 30 seconds and can
hold only seven or so items at one time.
b) long-term memory
Correct. Long-term memory has an unlimited capacity.
c) sensory memory
d) implicit memory
ANS: b, pp. 222-223, F, LO=6.4, (1)
% correct 100 a= 0 b= 100 c= 0 d= 0 r = .00
APA: LO 1.2
70. The portion of memory that is more or less permanent is called ______.
a) primary memory
b) working memory
Incorrect. Long-term memory is more or less permanent. Working memory is used to manipulate information
retrieved from long-term memory.
c) eidetic memory
d) long-term memory
Correct. Long-term memory is more or less permanent.
ANS: d, pp. 222-223, C, LO 6.4, (1)
% correct 75 a= 15 b= 3 c= 7 d= 75 r = .18
APA: LO 1.2
71. If one wanted to use the best method to get storage in long-term memory, one would use ______________.
a) maintenance rehearsal
Incorrect. The best method is elaborative rehearsal, as maintenance rehearsal does not process the information at a
deep enough level.
b) rote rehearsal
c) elaborative rehearsal
Correct. The best method is elaborative rehearsal, as it makes you engage the material at a deeper level.
d) sleep learning
ANS: c, pp. 223-224, C, LO=6.4, (2)
% correct 75 a= 12 b= 12 c= 75 d= 0 r = .37
APA: LO 1.2
72. The best analogy for the way long-term memory is conceptualized would be _________.
a) a revolving door
b) a filing cabinet
Correct. Long-term memory can be thought of as a huge filing cabinet in which items are stored in an organized
manner.
c) a desktop
d) a television
Incorrect. The item most similar in concept to long-term memory is a filing cabinet, as memory stores items in an
organized manner just like a good filing system.
ANS: b, p. 222-223, C, LO=6.4, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
73. You are learning a list of items for a test by relating the items to each other and to information that you already
have stored in memory. Which type of rehearsal are you using?
a) condensed
b) permanent
c) maintenance
Incorrect. Maintenance rehearsal involves repeating the items over and over in your head. Elaborative rehearsal,
which involves relating the items to each other and to information that you already have stored in memory, is a
much better strategy.
d) elaborative
Correct. Elaborative rehearsal involves relating the items to each other and to information that you already have
stored in memory, and it is the best strategy for getting information into long-term memory.
ANS: d, pp. 223-224, A, LO=6.4, (2)
74. It is thought that long-term memory never can get filled up. The term used to describe the capacity of long-term
memory is _______________.
a) 7, plus or minus 2
b) about 10,000 items
c) limited by the size of a person’s brain
Incorrect. The capacity of long-term memory is unlimited; no one has ever found a brain-size limitation.
d) unlimited
Correct. The capacity of long-term memory is unlimited. Given the number of neurons and connections, it is unlikely
that capacity would be limited.
ANS: d, pp. 222-223, F, LO=6.4, (2)
% correct 82 a= 6 b= 1 c= 11 d= 82 r = .21
APA: LO 1.2
Learning Objective 6.5 - What are the various types of long-term memory, and how is information stored in long-
term memory organized?
75. Which type of long-term memory is most resistant to loss with Alzheimer’s disease?
a) procedural
Correct. Procedural memory, which is unconscious, is most resistant to loss. It is a separate system from the others
and usually regards skills.
b) semantic
c) episodic
d) none of these
Incorrect. Procedural memory is rarely lost. Episodic and semantic memories are more easily lost by people with
Alzheimer’s.
ANS: a, pp. 224, F, LO=6.5, (2)
% correct 40 a= 40 b= 7 c= 14 d= 39 r = .34
APA: LO 1.2
76. A police officer is shot in a gun battle with bank robbers. Although emergency brain surgery saves his life, it
leaves him unable to store new information. The officer’s family is applying to the state for compensation for his
injuries. When asked to provide a diagnosis of the difficulties he suffers, what will they write?
a) proactive amnesia
b) anterograde amnesia
Correct. Anterograde amnesia occurs when new long-term memories cannot be formed.
c) retrograde amnesia
Incorrect. Retrograde amnesia deals with not being able to get old information out of storage.
d) retroactive amnesia
ANS: b, p. 224, A, LO=6.5, (3)
77. Which type of long-term memory is most difficult to bring into conscious awareness?
a) episodic memory
b) procedural memories
Correct. Procedural memory, such as how to tie shoes, is unconscious.
c) declarative memories
d) semantic memory
Incorrect. It is difficult to bring procedural memory into conscious awareness. It is not difficult to consciously recall
something that is part of semantic memory, like a word meaning or a math term.
ANS: b, p. 224, C, LO=6.5, (2)
% correct 37 a= 16 b= 37 c= 2 d= 45 r = .47
% correct 43 a= 18 b= 43 c=15 d= 25 r =.46
APA: LO 1.2
78. Memories for general facts and personal information are called _________.
a) episodic memory
Correct. Memories for general facts and personal information are called declarative memories.
d) factual memory
Incorrect. Factual memory is not the term used; declarative memory stores general facts.
ANS: c, p. 225, F, LO=6.5, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
79. Patients with anterograde amnesia were taught to solve the Tower of Hanoi problem. It was later found that they
_______________.
a) remembered solving the problem and could do so again
Incorrect. It was later found that they didn’t remember solving the problem but could do it again. This is because
anterograde amnesia involves an inability to store new information into long-term memory.
b) didn’t remember the problem and couldn’t solve it
c) remembered solving the problem but couldn’t do it again
d) didn’t remember solving the problem but could do it again
Correct. It was later found that they didn’t remember solving the problem but could do it again.
ANS: d, p. 224, F, LO=6.5, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
80. Declarative memories are to ________ memories as procedural memories are to __________ memories.
a) implicit; explicit
Incorrect. Declarative memories are consciously accessible, so they are not implicit. Procedural memories are skill
based, and you are not consciously aware of them.
b) explicit; implicit
Correct. Procedural memories are to implicit memories as declarative memories are to explicit memories.
c) general knowledge; personal facts
d) personal facts; general knowledge
ANS: b, pp. 224-225, C, LO=6.5, (2)
% correct 35 a= 30 b= 35 c= 30 d= 5 r = .44
APA: LO 1.2
81. General knowledge, language, and concepts are seen as parts of ___________.
a) episodic memory
Incorrect. Procedural memory is used for skills and is usually nonverbal.
d) semantic memory
Correct. Semantic memory includes general knowledge, language, and concepts, among other things.
ANS: d, p. 225, F, LO=6.5, (1)
% correct 75 a= 3 b= 11 c= 10 d= 75 r = .32
APA: LO 1.2
82. Personal facts and memories of one’s personal history are parts of ___________.
a) episodic memory
Correct. Episodic memory includes personal facts and memories.
Incorrect. Declarative memory is concerned with general facts and not personal ones.
d) semantic memory
ANS: a, p. 225, F, LO=6.5, (1)
% correct 81 a= 81 b= 2 c= 8 d= 8 r = .39
% correct 82 a= 82 b= 1 c= 9 d= 8 r = .34
APA: LO 1.2
83. Recalling the definition of long-term memory is an example of ________.

a) episodic memory
Incorrect. Episodic memory refers to memories of events that are associated with a particular time, place, and
circumstance.
b) semantic memory
Correct. Semantic memory refers to the memory of the meanings of words, concepts, and general facts about the
world.
c) working memory
d) implicit memory
ANS: B, p. 225, A, LO=6.5, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
84. In the game show Jeopardy! contestants are tested on general information. The type of memory used to answer
these kinds of questions is _________.
a) procedural
b) semantic
Correct. Semantic memory concerns common knowledge.
c) episodic
d) working
Incorrect. The type of memory needed to access the answers to these kinds of questions is semantic and not a form of
short-term memory. Working, or short-term, memory is not permanent.
ANS: b, p. 225, A, LO=6.5, (2)
% correct 85 a= 4 b= 85 c= 5 d= 6 r = .40
% correct 62 a= 11 b= 62 c= 22 d= 6 r = .51
APA: LO 1.2
85. Remembering your first day of college classes is an example of ________ memories.
a) episodic
Correct. Episodic memory refers to memories of events that are associated with a particular time, place, and
circumstance.
b) semantic
Incorrect. Semantic memory includes general knowledge, language, and concepts, among other things.
c) working
d) implicit
ANS: A, p. 225-226, A, LO=6.5, (1)
86. Jesse still has very vivid memories of his first romantic kiss. This example illustrates a specific form of
________ memory known as a(n) ________ memory.
a) semantic; autobiographical
b) episodic; autobiographical
Correct. Autobiographical memories refer to memories of things that have occurred in our own lives.
c) semantic; personal
d) episodic; personal
Incorrect. The form of episodic memory that is referred to in this question is called autobiographical, not personal
memory.
ANS: B, p. 225, A, LO=6.5, (2)
87. Talya, a psychology major, just conducted a survey for class where she asked students about their opinions
regarding evolution. When Talya thinks back on this experience, which of the following statements is accurate?
a) Talya will be using her episodic memory only.
Incorrect. Talya would be using both episodic and semantic memory in this example.
b) Talya will be using her semantic memory only.
c) Talya’s ability to recall the factual details about the survey illustrates episodic memory, while her
recollections of talking with the students illustrates semantic memory
d) Talya’s ability to recall the factual details about the survey illustrates semantic memory, while her
recollections of talking with the students illustrates episodic memory
Correct. Correct. Episodic memory refers to memories of events that are associated with a particular time, place,
and circumstance, while semantic memory includes general knowledge, language, and concepts, among other
things.
ANS: D, p. 225, A, LO=6.5, (3)
88. Which of the following statements is true about semantic and episodic memories?
a) The former is always implicit, and the latter is always explicit.
Incorrect. Under the right circumstances, both memories can demonstrate implicit and explicit characteristics.
Neither one is locked into being just explicit or implicit.
b) The former is always explicit, and the latter is always implicit.
c) Both of them are always implicit.
d) Under the right circumstances, both memories can demonstrate implicit and explicit characteristics.
Correct. Under the right circumstances, both memories can demonstrate implicit and explicit characteristics.
ANS: d, pp. 225-226, C, LO=6.5, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
89. _____________ memory is constantly updated.

a) Procedural
b) Declarative
Incorrect. Declarative memory deals with facts and is not updated every day. Episodic memory is revised and
updated more or less constantly, as it is the record of your day-to-day life.
c) Semantic
d) Episodic
Correct. Episodic memory is revised and updated more or less constantly to keep track of day-to-day life.
ANS: d, pp. 225-226, F, LO=6.5, (1)
% correct 61 a= 4 b= 25 c= 11 d= 61 r = .49
% correct 62 a= 11 b= 11 c= 16 d= 62 r = .38
APA: LO 1.2
90. Declarative memories are to ________ memories as nondeclarative memories are to __________ memories.
a) implicit; explicit
Incorrect. Declarative memories are consciously accessible, so they are not implicit. Nondeclarative memories are
skill based, and you are not consciously aware of them.
b) explicit; implicit
Correct. Nondeclarative memories are to implicit memories as declarative memories are to explicit memories.
c) general knowledge; personal facts
d) personal facts; general knowledge
ANS: B, pp. 225, C, LO=6.5, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
91. Long-term memory is thought to be organized in the form of ___________.

a) semantic networks or nodes of related information spreading out from a central piece of knowledge
Correct. Long-term memory is thought to be organized in the form of semantic networks or nodes of related
information spreading out from a central piece of knowledge.
b) conditioned responses and associations
c) alphabetical lists of semantic concepts, time-based lists of life events, body-part–specific motor skills
Incorrect. Long-term memory is thought to be organized in the form of semantic networks or nodes of related
information spreading out from a central piece of knowledge. Studies do not show a list arrangement, as items seem
to be recalled in a related fashion and not serially.
d) none of these
ANS: a, pp. 226-227, C, LO=6.5, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
92. According to the semantic network model, it would take less time to answer “true” to which sentence?
a) “A salmon is an animal.”
b) “A salmon is a fish.”
Correct. Salmon and fish are conceptually closer and, thus, comparing them would be faster than comparing
something like salmon and animals that are conceptually further apart.
c) “A canary is an animal.”
d) All of these would take the same time.
Incorrect. Salmon and fish are conceptually closer and, thus, comparing them would be faster than comparing
something like salmon and animal that are conceptually further apart.
ANS: b, pp. 227, A, LO=6.5, (3)
% correct 68 a= 0 b= 68 c= 8 d= 25 r = .29
APA: LO 1.2
93. According to the semantic network model, it would take more time to answer “true” to which sentence?
a) “A salmon is an animal.”
Correct. It would take more time to answer “true” to “A salmon is an animal.”
b) “A salmon is a fish.”
c) “A canary is a bird.”
d) All of these would take the same time.
Incorrect. It would take more time to answer “true” to “A salmon is an animal.” The concept in the model is that
salmon and fish are closer together and, thus, comparing them would be faster than comparing something like
salmon and animal, which would be further away.
ANS: a, pp. 227, A, LO=6.5, (2) SG
APA: LO 1.2
94. In the semantic network model of memory, concepts that are related in meaning _________________.
a) are not physically proximal
b) are archaic
c) are stored physically closer to each other than concepts that are not highly related
Correct. This is an assumption of the Semantic Network Model.
d) All of these are true
Incorrect. Only answer c is correct.
ANS: c. pp. 227, F, LO=6.5, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
95. The Internet, with its series of links from one site to many others, is a good analogy for the organization of
______________.
a) short-term memory
b) episodic memory
c) long-term memory
Correct. Long-term memory is organized with links that branch out to other links in a manner similar to the
organization of the Internet.
Incorrect. Procedural memory is the memory that stores skills, whereas the Internet is more like the network models
of long-term memory.
ANS: c, p. 226-227, C, LO=6.5, (3)
APA: LO 1.2
Getting It Out: Retrieval of Long-Term Memories
Learning Objective 6.6 - What kinds of cues help people remember?
96. If memory were like the sea, we could say that ______ is long-term memory, ______ are the specific memories,
and _______ are retrieval cues.
a) the sea; fish; hooks
Correct. The sea is long-term memory, fish are the memories, and hooks are retrieval cues.
b) a boat; worms; fish
c) a boat; hooks; worms
d) an island; worms; fishing poles
Incorrect. The sea is long-term memory, fish are the memories, and hooks are retrieval cues. The sea is a large
container (long-term memory), it contains fish (specific memories), and you catch fish with hooks (cues).
ANS: a, p. 229, C, LO=6.6, (3) SG
% correct 94 a= 94 b= 1 c= 2 d= 4 r = .29
APA: LO 1.2
97. How do retrieval cues help you to remember?

a) They provide inferences.
b) They help chunk information.
Incorrect. Chunking is a process that is used in short-term memory. Cues are related to long-term memory.
c) They direct you to relevant information stored in long term memory.
Correct. Cues help prime your long-term memory to find a specific piece of information that is needed.
d) They provide numbers for ideas.
ANS: C, p. 229, C, LO=6.6, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
98. Someone asks you to name the twenty-second president of the United States, but you can’t remember. To aid
your memory, the person then tells you that the president’s name is the same as that of a large city on Lake Erie.
Upon hearing the hint, you instantly realize that Grover Cleveland is the answer. In this situation, the hint acted as
a(n) ______.
a) elaborative rehearsal cue
Incorrect. You are not rehearsing or repeating anything in this task as you would in an elaborative rehearsal
process.
b) cross code
c) structural cue
d) retrieval cue
Correct. The hint that made you think of the city of Cleveland helped you retrieve the name of Grover Cleveland.
ANS: d, p. 229, A, LO=6.6, (2)
99. When asked to recall the date of John Kennedy’s assassination, Peter draws a blank; however, when asked
whether it was October 24, 1962, November 22, 1963, or February 1, 1965, he correctly answers with the second of
the choices. This example most clearly demonstrates the value of ______.
a) state-dependent memory
b) retrieval cues
Correct. This example most clearly demonstrates the value of retrieval cues as Peter probably had the date stored in
memory and then just had to take a set of dates and check which one he had stored.
c) cross links in deep structure
d) mnemonic devices
Incorrect. This example most clearly demonstrates the value of retrieval cues. A mnemonic is a poem or acronym
that aids memory through aiding retrieval.
ANS: b, p. 229, A, LO=6.6, (2)
100. Which of the following statements is true of retrieval cues?

a) They are important in helping us remember items stored in long-term memory.
Correct. Retrieval cues are important in helping us remember items stored in long-term memory. Think of trying to
find your keys and trying to remember where you last saw them. That’s how you would use retrieval cues.
b) They are aids in rote rehearsal in short-term memory.
c) They can be helpful in both long- and short-term memory.
d) They have been recently shown to have little effect on the accessibility of information.
Incorrect. Retrieval cues are important in helping us remember items stored in long-term memory. In fact, lack of
retrieval has been seen as a major cause of forgetting.
ANS: a, p. 229, C, LO=6.6, (1)
% correct 69 a= 69 b= 7 c= 24 d= 0 r = .21
% correct 57 a= 57 b= 8 c= 36 d= 0 r = .19
APA: LO 1.2
101. The best place to take your biology exam to ensure good retrieval of biology concepts is in _____________.
a) the biology classroom
Correct. If you could take the test where you studied, that would be the best.
b) an auditorium to prevent cheating
c) the English classroom
d) the special testing room used for all exams
Incorrect. The special testing room won’t give you any retrieval cues; the best place is in the biology classroom.
ANS: a, p. 229, A, LO=6.6, (1)
% correct 94 a= 94 b= 1 c= 0 d= 5 r = .21
APA: LO 1.2
102. “The effectiveness of memory retrieval is directly related to the similarity of cues present when the memory
was encoded to the cues present when the memory is retrieved.” What concept does this statement describe?
a) memorability
b) registered learning
Incorrect. Encoding specificity is being described. Registered learning is not a real term.
c) encoding specificity
Correct. Encoding specificity is being described as it refers to the similarity of the learning and testing situation and
how it aids performance.
d) accessible decoding
ANS: c, p. 229, C, LO=6.6, (3)
APA: LO 1.2
103. Encoding specificity refers to _______________.

a) using physical surroundings or emotions as retrieval cues for specific memories
Correct. Encoding specificity refers to using physical surroundings or emotions as retrieval cues for specific
memories.
b) particular codes such as Morse code to transform information into bits
c) the discrete and specific links that occur in a Collins and Quillan network
Incorrect. Encoding specificity refers to using physical surroundings or emotions as retrieval cues for specific
memories. Although such cues might lead to forming a network such as Collins and Quillan proposed, the process is
not referred to in terms of their model.
d) none of these
ANS: a, p. 229, C, LO=6.6, (2)
% correct 76 a= 76 b= 0 c= 22 d= 3 r = .36
APA: LO 1.2
104. Godden and Baddeley found that if you study on land, you do better when tested on land, and if you study
underwater, you do better when tested underwater. This finding is an example of_______________.
a) memorability
b) registered learning
c) encoding specificity
Correct. Godden and Baddeley’s 1975 finding is an example of encoding specificity.
d) accessible decoding
Incorrect. Godden and Baddeley’s 1975 finding is an example of encoding specificity. Accessible decoding is not a
term in current use.
ANS: c, p. 229, C, LO=6.6, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
105. The research of Eich and Metcalf would suggest that if you were really happy when you were learning math,
you should be ______ when taking the math exam to do well.
a) calm
Incorrect. You should match your mood if you can and, thus, you should be happy.
b) nervous
c) happy
Correct. You should be happy when taking the final exam for best retrieval because matching moods leads to best
retrieval.
d) depressed
ANS: c, p. 230, C, LO=6.6, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
106. Which of the following pairings would result in the best overall memory?
a) sad during learning and happy at recall
b) happy during learning and sad during recall
Incorrect. This inconsistency between the encoding and retrieval states would probably interfere with memory.
c) serious during learning and serious during recall
Correct. State-dependent memories suggests that retrieval of information is easier when we are in the same
psychological state during retrieval as we were during encoding.
d) intoxicated during learning and intoxicated during recall
ANS: C, p. 230, A, LO=6.6, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
Learning Objective 6.7 – How do the retrieval processes of recall and recognition differ, and how reliable are our
memories of events?
107. Which of the following is an example of a test using recall?

a) short answer
b) essay
c) fill-in-the-blank
Incorrect. All of these are examples that use recall. Fill-ins are just one type.
d) All of these are examples that use recall.
Correct. All of these are examples that use recall.
ANS: d, p. 230, F, LO=6.7, (1)
% correct 86 a= 0 b= 7 c= 8 d= 86 r = .20
APA: LO 1.2
108. Under most circumstances, when you are intentionally trying to remember an item of information,
___________ is an easier task than __________.
a) recognition; recall
Correct. Recognition is an easier task than recall.
b) recall; recognition
Incorrect. Recognition is an easier task than recall. Recognition always entails a hint that enables you to check the
given answers against memory.
c) priming; the savings method
d) the savings method; priming
ANS: a, p. 230, C, LO=6.7, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
109. Janie is taking an exam in her history class. On the exam there is a question that asks her to state and discuss
the five major causes of the Trans-Caspian War. Janie remembers four of them. She knows there is a fifth and can
almost remember it; she knows that it is something like taxes. Janie is walking down the stairs, when all of a sudden,
she remembers that the fifth point is taxes, but it is too late. Janie was suffering from ______________.
a) encoding problems
Incorrect. Janie was suffering from tip-of-the-tongue effects. She probably had encoded the information, but she
couldn’t find it; thus, it was a retrieval problem.
b) storage inversion
c) the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Correct. Janie was suffering from the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon as she felt the information was almost ready to
be said or on the tip of her tongue.
d) evaluation overload
ANS: c, p. 230, A, LO=6.7, (2)
110. When the sound of the word is the aspect that cannot be retrieved, leaving only the feeling of knowing the word
without the ability to pronounce it, this is known as _________.
a) encoding failure
Incorrect. This is known as the tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) effect. The information had been encoded but when you
couldn’t find it and only have a sense that it is in memory, you have TOT.
b) extinction of acoustic storage
c) auditory decay
d) the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Correct. This is known as the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
ANS: d, p. 230, C, LO=6.7, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
111. Studies have found that the best way to overcome the tip-of-the-tongue effect is to _____________.
a) try even harder to remember the items
Incorrect. Studies have found that the best way to overcome the tip-of-the-tongue effect is to try to forget about it;
the item might just come to you. Trying harder sometimes just locks in the item you are incorrectly recalling.
b) take a nap
c) forget about it and let the item just come to you
Correct. Studies have found that the best way to overcome the tip-of-the-tongue effect is to forget about it because
then the item might just come to you.
d) None of these will work.
ANS: c, p. 230, F, LO=6.7, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
112. Moishe can remember only the first two items and the last two items on the grocery list that his wife just read
to him over the phone. The other five items in between are gone. This is an example of the _____________.
a) encoding specificity effect
b) serial position effect
Correct. The finding is known as the serial position effect, as it refers to the ability to better remember things at the
beginning and end of a list.
c) TOT effect
Incorrect. TOT is when you know the item but can’t retrieve it at a particular moment, which is not the case in this
example. Moishe’s problem is with the serial position effect.
d) reintegrative effect
ANS: b, p. 231, A, LO=6.7, (2)
% correct 93 a= 1 b= 93 c= 2 d= 3 r = .41
APA: LO 1.2; LO 4.4
113. The fact that it is easier to recall items at the beginning and end of a list of unrelated items is known as the
__________.
a) phi phenomenon
b) implicit memory effect
c) serial position effect
Correct. The finding is known as the serial position effect, as it refers to the ability to better remember things at the
beginning and end of a list.
d) sequestering effect
Incorrect. The finding is known as the serial position effect. The sequestering effect is not a term used in memory
research.
ANS: c, p. 231, F, LO=6.7, (1)
% correct 91 a= 1 b= 6 c= 91 d= 2 r = .34
% correct 84 a= 0 b= 7 c= 84 d= 9 r = .36
114. When given a list of items to remember, people tend to do better at recalling the first items on the list than the
middle of the list. This is known as the __________.
a) phi phenomenon
b) recency effect
Incorrect. This is known as the primacy effect. The recency effect refers to improved memory for items at the end of
the list.
c) chunking effect
d) primacy effect
Correct. This is known as the primacy effect or having a better memory for the beginning of the list as compared to
the middle.
ANS: d, p. 231, F, LO=6.7, (1)
% correct 82 a= 0 b= 11 c= 7 d= 82 r = .29
% correct 86 a= 0 b= 9 c= 5 d= 86 r = .32
115. Adrianna is trying to memorize the names of the bones in the hand. She had gone through a list of them when
her phone rang. After she gets off the phone, she is MOST likely to remember the first few bone names because of
the ________.
a) elaboration effects
b) recency effect
Incorrect. The recency effect suggests that we have a strong memory of things that are presented to us at the end of
a list of items.
c) primacy effect
Correct. The primacy effect suggests that we have a strong memory of things that are presented to us at the
beginning of a list of items.
d) maintenance effect
ANS: C, p. 231, A, LO=6.7, (2)
APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 1.3; APA: LO 4.4
116. When given a list of items to remember, you are more likely to remember _______.
a) the items in the beginning better than those in the middle or at the end
b) the items in the middle more than those at the beginning or at the end
Incorrect. People are more likely to remember the items at the beginning and at the end of a list than those in the
middle because of the recency effect in short-term memory and the primacy effect in long-term memory.
c) the items at the end more than those in the middle or at the beginning of the list
d) the items at the beginning and at the end more than those in the middle of the list
Correct. When given a list of items to remember, you are more likely to remember the items at the beginning and at
the end more than those in the middle of the list.
ANS: d, p. 231, F, LO=6.7, (2)
117. Which of the following statements is true about the serial position curve?
a) It is used as evidence of separate long-term and short-term memory systems.
Incorrect. All of these answers are true.
b) It is found when someone tries to recall items in long-term memory, such as the names of the presidents.
c) It is due, in part, to the fact that the middle items of a serial list get less rehearsal than items at the
beginning of the list.
d) All of these are true.
Correct. All of these answers are true.
ANS: d, p. 231, C, LO=6.7, (2)
% correct 51 a= 14 b= 0 c= 33 d= 51 r = .24
APA: LO 1.2
118. When given a list of items to remember, people tend to do better at recalling the last items on the list. This is
known as the ______.
a) phi phenomenon
b) chunking effect
c) recency effect
Correct. The recency effect helps you recall the last thing your significant other said when you would rather watch
TV and your significant other is going on and on.
d) primacy effect
Incorrect. This is known as the recency effect as the last items are remembered best. The primacy effect is having a
better memory for the beginning of the list as compared to the middle.
ANS: c, p. 231, C, LO=6.7, (1)
119. Moishe can remember only the first two items and the last two items on the grocery list that his wife just read
to him over the phone. The other five items in between are gone. His memory of things at the end of the list
demonstrates the
a) encoding specificity effect
b) primacy effects
Incorrect. The primacy effect refers to remembering things at the beginning of a list.
c) recency effect
Correct. The recency effect refers to remembering things at the end of a list.
d) TOT effect.
ANS: C, p. 231, A, LO=6.7, (2)
120. According to primacy and recency effects, when reading the chapters of the textbook, you are most likely to
forget ________.
a) the information you first read
Incorrect. The primacy effect suggests that we would be least likely to forget this information.
b) the information you most recently read
c) the information in the middle of the chapter
Correct. The primacy and recency effects suggest that we remember things that are presented to us at the beginning
and end of the list. Therefore we would have the most difficulty remembering items in the middle of a list.
d) the information from the summary
ANS: C, p. 231, A, LO=6.7, (2)
121. Examples of tests that use recognition are _____________.

a) multiple choice
b) matching
c) none of these
Incorrect. Both multiple-choice and matching tests use recognition. In both you are given the correct answer to test
against memory, which involves recognition.
d) both multiple choice and matching
Correct. Both multiple-choice and matching tests use recognition. In both you are given the correct answer to test
against memory, which involves recognition.
ANS: d, p. 230, F, LO=6.7, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
122. In one study, over 2,500 photographs were shown to participants, one every 10 seconds. Participants were then
shown pairs of photographs in which one member of each pair was one of the previously seen photographs.
Accuracy for identifying the previously seen photos was __________.
a) 10 to 20 percent
Incorrect. Accuracy for identifying the previously seen photos was 85 to 95 percent.
b) 50 to 60 percent
c) 70 to 80 percent
d) 85 to 95 percent
Correct. Accuracy for identifying the previously seen photos was 85 to 95 percent.
ANS: d, p. 232, F, LO=6.7, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
123. False positives occur when a person incorrectly “matches” a stimulus that is merely similar to a real memory to
that memory. One major problem with eyewitness testimony is that _______________.
a) extinction of auditory memories causes the witness to forget what was said
b) witnesses are prone to habituate to the courtroom and forget what happened
Incorrect. False positives can cause eyewitness testimony to be quite inaccurate. Thus, an innocent person may be
found guilty and sent to jail.
c) false positives can cause eyewitness testimony to be quite inaccurate
Correct. False positives can cause eyewitness testimony to be quite inaccurate and innocent people may to go to
jail.
d) None of these are true.
ANS: c, p. 232, C, LO=6.7, (3) SG
% correct 92 a= 3 b= 6 c= 92 d= 0 r = .21
124. The case of Father Bernard Pagano, who was identified by seven eyewitnesses as a criminal, was an instance of
a ____________.
a) tip-of-the-tongue effect
Incorrect. The Pagano case was an instance of a false positive. Tip-of-the-tongue effect occurs when people can’t
readily recall an item totally It is not an instance of identifying someone who didn’t do a crime.
b) retrieval failure
c) primacy effect
d) false positive
Correct. The Pagano case was an instance of a false positive or identifying someone as committing a crime when
that person didn’t do it.
ANS: d, p. 232, A, LO=6.7, (2)
125. A witness on the stand swears that he saw someone commit a crime. Must you believe that the testimony is
valid when a witness testifies so forcefully?
a) Yes, because seeing is believing.
Incorrect. Eyewitnesses have been shown to be incorrect, even when they sound very convincing.
b) No, because eyewitnesses are not usually honest.
c) Yes, because eyewitnesses are very confident about their testimony.
d) No, because there is a great possibility of a “false positive” identification.
Correct. A great number of “false positive” identifications have been made. Witnesses sometimes construct
memories after the fact and convince themselves of their validity.
ANS: d, p. 232, C, LO=6.7, (2)
126. The most influential researcher into eyewitness memory has been ______.
a) Broadbent
Incorrect. The most influential researcher into eyewitness memory has been Loftus. Broadbent is best known for
research on attention.
b) Sperling
c) Loftus
Correct. The most influential researcher into eyewitness memory has been Loftus.
d) Treisman
ANS: c, pp. 232, F, LO 6.7, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
127. Many middle-aged adults can vividly recall where they were and what they were doing the day that John F.
Kennedy was assassinated, although they cannot remember what they were doing the day before he was
assassinated. This is an example of ______.
a) an eidetic image
Incorrect. This is an example of a flashbulb memory. Eidetic images are perfect images formed by a person with
photographic memory; they are of anything the person sees, not just highly significant events.
b) a flashbulb memory
Correct. This is an example of a flashbulb memory, which is like a flash picture of a highly emotional event and is
not always accurate.
c) a semantic memory
d) a procedural memory
ANS: b, pp. 233-234, A, LO=6.7, (2)
% correct 94 a= 4 b= 94 c= 4 d= 2 r = .23
128. Flashbulb memories ______.

a) are not subject to periodic revision
b) usually concern events that are emotionally charged
Correct. Flashbulb memories usually concern events that are emotionally charged.
c) are almost always highly accurate
Incorrect. Flashbulb memories usually concern events that are emotionally charged but quite often they are
incorrect if the details are checked.
d) usually concern events from early childhood
ANS: b, p. 233-234, F, LO=6.7, (2) SG
APA: LO 1.2
129. Memories that concern events that are highly significant and are vividly remembered are called ______.
a) eidetic images
Incorrect. Eidetic images are perfect images formed by a person with photographic memory; they are images of
anything the person experiences, not just highly significant or emotional events.
b) elaborative rehearsals
c) flashbulb memories
Correct. Memories that concern events that are highly significant and are vividly remembered are called flashbulb
memories.
d) eyewitness images
ANS: c, p. 233-234, F, LO=6.7, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
130. Which of the following is most likely to be memorable for most people?
a) a photograph of a dead soldier
Correct. Because this would elicit strong emotions, it would probably be encoded as a flashbulb memory.
b) a photograph of a bird
c) a photograph of the earth from space
Incorrect. Although this might be an amazing photograph, the lack of emotions associated with it would not make it
the best answer to this question.
d) a random photograph
ANS: A, p. 233-234, A, LO=6.7, (2)
131. Your memory for the moment you heard about the planes crashing into New York’s Twin Towers would be
most appropriately termed a(n) ________ memory.
a) episodic
b) autobiographical
Incorrect. While this memory may be autobiographical in nature, the best answer to this question is a flashbulb
memory.
c) flashbulb
Correct. This incredibly emotional memory would be an example of a flashbulb memory.
d) repressed
ANS: C, p. 233-234, A, LO=6.7, (2)
132. Which of the following statements about flashbulb memories is true?

a) Flashbulb memories tend to be about as accurate as other types of memories.
Correct. Although researchers used to think of flashbulb memories were more accurate than other memories, recent
research has debunked that belief.
b) People feel unconfident about their recall of flashbulb memories.
Incorrect. In fact, while people’s confidence about the accuracy of flashbulb memories is very high, the actual
accuracy of those memories is about equal to other types of memory.
c) A major news event automatically causes a person to store a flashbulb memory.
d) Your memory of how you felt at the onset of a flashbulb memory rarely changes over time.
ANS: A, p. 233-234, C, LO=6.7, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
The Reconstructive Nature of Long-Term Memory Retrieval: How Reliable Are Memories?
Learning Objective 6.8 - How are long-term memories formed, and how can this process lead to inaccuracies in
memory?
133. As memories get older, they are most likely ____________________.

a) to get lost
b) to become stronger, more accurate, and more vivid
c) to be regarded as unreliable by the person using them
Incorrect. Studies show that people usually don’t realize how unreliable their memories actually are. As memories
get older, they are most likely to be changed or altered in some fashion.
d) to become changed or altered in some fashion
Correct. As memories get older, they are most likely to become changed or altered in some fashion. More new items
interfere with them.
ANS: d, p. 235, C, LO=6.8, (2)
% correct 92 a= 5 b= 1 c= 2 d= 92 r = .43
% correct 95 a= 4 b= 1 c= 0 d= 95 r = .32
APA: LO 1.2
134. For which famous memory researcher is memory a problem-solving activity in which the problem is to give a
coherent account of some past event, and the memory is the solution to that problem?
a) Bartlett
Correct. The researcher in question is Bartlett.
b) Meyer
c) Ebbinghaus
Incorrect. The researcher in question is Bartlett. Ebbinghaus was concerned with the memory for nonsense syllables
and not stories like Bartlett.
d) Skinner
ANS: a, p. 235, F, LO=6.8, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
135. Retrieving information from long-term memory is done by assembling information from various brain locations
in a process known as ______________.
a) consolidation
Incorrect. Bits and pieces of information are gathered from various areas and put back together in a process called
constructive processing. Consolidation is the process of establishing memories.
b) reintegration
c) constructive processing
Correct. Bits and pieces of information are gathered from various areas of the brain and put back together in a
process called constructive processing.
d) automatic processing
ANS: c, p. 235, C, LO=6.8, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
136. Rochelle remembered getting “B’s” in her English lit classes in college. But years later when she applied for a
job and took out her transcript, she was shocked to find that she had actually gotten “C–” grades. She then started
telling everyone she remembers being a pretty poor student. Her erratic memory of her mediocre performance is
most likely due to ___________.
a) her poor memory
Incorrect. Although Rochelle may have a poor memory, which is why she received a C–, the most likely reason is
hindsight bias.
b) hindsight bias
Correct. Her altered recall of her memories of the past is most likely due to hindsight bias as Rochelle wants to
think the best of herself.
c) consolidation
d) eidetic imagery
ANS: b, p. 235-236, A, LO=6.8, (3)
137. In this view, memories are literally “built” from the pieces stored away at encoding. This view is called
______________.
a) constructive processing
Correct. Building memory is constructive processing.
b) hindsight bias
c) adaptation of memory traces
d) flashbulb integration
Incorrect. Flashbulb integration is a made-up term.
ANS: a, p. 235, C, LO=6.8, (2) SG
APA: LO 1.2
138. It’s Thanksgiving and the whole family has gotten together. You start to reminisce about your childhood and
get into an argument with your brother. Both of you claim that you were the innocent victim of the other. This is an
example of __________.
a) constructive processing
Correct. You are constructing a memory to favor yourself.
b) hindsight bias
Incorrect. This is an example of constructive processing or altering the memory at recall.
c) adaptation of memory traces
d) flashbulb integration
ANS: a p. 235, A, LO=6.8, (2)
139. Based on Loftus’s 1978 study, subjects viewed a slide presentation of an accident, and some of the subjects
were asked a question about a blue car when the actual slides contained pictures of a green car. When these same
subjects were asked about the color of the car at the accident, they were found to be confused. This is an example of
the ____________.
a) instant replay effect
b) constructive processing effect
Incorrect. Although constructive processing is what caused them to reconstruct their memories, the effect in this
example is known as the misinformation effect. New information interfered with old information.
c) levels-of-processing effect
d) misinformation effect
Correct. This is an example of the misinformation effect where new information replaces older information. It has
been a crucial addition to our knowledge of why court proceedings sometimes lead to the wrong conclusions about
guilt or innocence.
ANS: d, p. 236, F, LO=6.8, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
Learning Objective 6.9 - What is false-memory syndrome?
140. According to Elizabeth Bowman, ____________.

a) hypnosis makes production of false memories easier
Incorrect. All of these statements are true.
b) hypnosis increases confidence in memories, even fake ones
c) therapists have produced false memories through hypnosis
d) all of these statements are true.
Correct. All of these statements are true. Despite TV portrayals and the opinions of nonscientific psychologists,
hypnosis is not that reputable.
ANS: d, p. 236, F, LO=6.9, (1)
% correct 99 a= 0 b= 0 c= 1 d= 99 r = .02
APA: LO 1.2
141. Which of the following statements about memory retrieval while under hypnosis is NOT TRUE?
a) These memories are more accurate than other kinds of memories.
b) Age regression through hypnosis can increase the accuracy of recall of early childhood memories.
Incorrect. Although this is not true, all of the statements are also not true. Hypnosis is not regarded as really an aid
to the courts.
c) Therapists have induced false memories through hypnosis.
d) All of the statements are not true.
Correct. Hypnosis is no guarantee of accurate memories.
ANS: d, pp. 236-237, F, LO=6.9, (3)
APA: LO 1.2
142. Which of these individuals is the most typical person involved in a case in which memories of past childhood
abuse are recalled later in life?
a) Thirty-year-old Charlotte who sought therapy for anxiety, depression, and recent weight gain with a
therapist who uses hypnosis
Correct. Hypnosis is not really that reputable a treatment among scientifically oriented therapists. Much research
has shown it to be based on social conformity rather than inducing a real trance.
b) Thirty-year-old Steve who sought therapy for symptoms that developed after serving in Desert Storm
c) Ten-year-old Willard who was referred by a pediatrician for symptoms that appear to meet the diagnostic
criteria for hyperactivity
d) Fifty-year-old Agnes who fell, hit her head, and suddenly began remembering that her brother abused
her sexually when she was eight years old
Incorrect. Recovered memories of abuse have not been found to be related to injury.
ANS: a, p. 236, A, LO=6.9, (2)
143. Which technique is widely used by therapists to help clients recover lost childhood memories?
a) hypnosis
Correct. Hypnosis is widely used by therapists to help clients recover lost childhood memories. Remember that
hypnosis is not well respected by scientifically trained therapists.
b) “truth” serum
c) Gestalt therapy
Incorrect. Hypnosis is widely used by therapists to help clients recover lost childhood memories. Gestalt therapy
doesn’t use hypnosis as a core technique.
d) electroconvulsive therapy
ANS: a, p. 236, F, LO=6.9, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
144. Researchers using MRI scanning have found that _______________.

a) false memories of visual images and visual images of real events are processed in different brain
locations
b) false memories of visual images and visual images of real events are processed in much the same way
Correct. Researchers using MRI scanning have found that false memories of visual images and visual images of real
events are processed in overlapping brain locations.
c) they could not localize where false visual images were processed
d) they could not localize where correct or real visual images were processed
Incorrect. Researchers using MRI scanning have found that false memories of visual images and visual images of
real events are processed in overlapping brain locations.
ANS: b, pp. 236-237, F, LO=6.9, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
145. Pezdek and colleagues found that for a person to interpret thoughts and fantasies about false events as true
memories ________________.
a) the event must seem as vivid as possible
b) the person must believe in hypnosis
c) they must be plausible
Correct. Pezdek found that plausible false events were more likely to be remembered as false memories than were
implausible false events.
d) they must hear about the event several times
Incorrect. Repetition of the events was not found to be a factor.
ANS: c, p. 237, F, LO=6.9, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
What Were We Talking About? Forgetting
Learning Objective 6.10 - Why do we forget?
146. A. R. Luria studied an individual with phenomenal memory. This person was a ____________.
a) gestaltiker
Incorrect. This person was a mnemonist. There is no such thing as a gestaltiker.
b) hypnotist
c) child prodigy
d) mnemonist
Correct. This person was a mnemonist, or someone with exceptional memory. The term comes from the Greek god of
memory.
ANS: d, p. 239, F, LO=6.10, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
147. A. R. Luria studied a mnemonist with phenomenal memory. This person had several problems associated with
the ability. Which was one was reported in your textbook?
a) repressed memory syndrome
Incorrect. He did not suffer from repressed memory syndrome.
b) tip-of-the-tongue aphasia
c) separating trivial from important memories.
Correct. Trivial memories interfered with important ones.
d) cognitive penetrance
ANS: c, p. 239, F, LO=6.10, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
148. Ebbinghaus found that information is forgotten ____________.

a) more rapidly as time goes by
b) gradually at first, then with increasing speed
c) quickly at first, then tapers off gradually
Correct. Ebbinghaus found that information is forgotten quickly at first, then tapers off gradually.
d) most quickly one day after learning
Incorrect. Ebbinghaus found that information is forgotten quickly at first, then tapers off gradually. After a day, the
rate of forgetting becomes stable.
ANS: c, p. 239, F, LO=6.10, (2) SG
% correct 56 a=21 b= 18 c= 56 d= 6 r = .39
APA: LO 1.2
149. In the curve of forgetting developed by Ebbinghaus, the greatest amount of forgetting occurs _____________.
a) within the first hour after learning new material
Correct. The greatest amount of forgetting occurs within the first hour after learning new material.
b) within the first day after learning new material
c) near the end of the retrieval period
Incorrect. The greatest amount of forgetting occurs within the first hour after learning the material. The rate of
forgetting was fairly stable after a long retrieval period.
d) near the middle of the retrieval period
ANS: a, p. 239, F, LO=6.10, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
150. Your teacher has given each student the name of a key figure in the history of psychology. The assignment is to
describe at least one significant contribution made by this person. If your historical figure is Hermann Ebbinghaus,
what contribution might you describe to the class?
a) He described the limits of sensory storage.
Incorrect. Ebbinghaus created nonsense syllables that were crucial to studying learning. Sperling was crucial in the
study of sensory storage.
b) He discovered the parts of the brain responsible for processing memories.
c) He created nonsense syllables in order to study memory in a “pure” form.
Correct. Ebbinghaus created nonsense syllables that were crucial to studying learning.
d) He developed a series of memory aids that is still used by students today.
ANS: c, p. 239, A, LO=6.10, (2)
% correct 65 a= 10 b= 14 c=65 d= 11 r = .36
APA: LO 1.2
151. What type of stimuli did Hermann Ebbinghaus use in his memory experiments?
a) words
Incorrect. Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables to avoid the associations that words would have. He wanted a
stimulus that would seem similar to the neutral stimuli used in conditioning experiments.
b) numbers
c) pictures
d) nonsense syllables
Correct. Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables because he wanted a stimulus that would seem similar to the neutral
stimuli used in conditioning experiments.
ANS: d, p. 239, F, LO=6.10, (1)
% correct 84 a= 4 b= 7 c= 5 d= 84 r = .36
APA: LO 1.2
152. You are invited to take part in a study by a researcher trying to replicate the work of Hermann Ebbinghaus.
What might this researcher ask you to do?
a) “Write down all the words you can remember.”
b) “Read this poem and then interpret its meaning.”
c) “Listen to me: BEC, DAX, FER, KOJ; now repeat what I said.”
Correct. Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables to avoid previous associative links.
d) “Listen to these sounds and write down words that come to mind.”
Incorrect. He would probably say, “BEC, DAX, FER, KOJ; now repeat what I said.” Ebbinghaus used nonsense
syllables because they had no previous associations.
ANS: c, p. 239, A, LO=6.10, (3)
APA: LO 1.2
153. Most people have difficulty actually recognizing the correct image of the Lincoln penny. The most likely cause
of this problem is _______________.
a) interference
b) memory trace decay
Incorrect. The most likely cause of this problem is encoding failure. You probably never notice and stored this level
of detail.
c) encoding failure
Correct. The most likely cause of these problems is encoding failure. Who notices those details unless you are a
numismatist—look it up. Not noticing causes the information not to be processed or encoded.
d) repression
ANS: c, p. 240, C, LO=6.10, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
154. A psychologist asks people to recall the name of their kindergarten teacher. Surprisingly, the majority of people
correctly do this and comment, “Gee whiz, I haven’t thought about that old bat [or old coot] in years!” Their ability
to do so is a severe problem for which theory of forgetting?
a) interference theory
b) decay or disuse
Correct. Their ability to do so is a severe problem for the decay or disuse theory of forgetting because people are
able to remember even when they haven’t used that particular memory trace for a very long time. If decay was a
constant process, that memory and all those from that time should be gone. However, we do have clear memories
from long ago.
c) encoding failure
Incorrect. Their ability to do so is a severe problem for the decay or disuse theory of forgetting.
d) retroactive interference
ANS: b, p. 240, A, LO=6.10, (3)
APA: LO 1.2
155. Decay theory works well to explain forgetting in _____________.

a) sensory memory only
Incorrect. Decay has been proposed to explain forgetting in both sensory memory and short-term memory.
b) short-term memory only
c) long-term memory only
d) sensory memory and short-term memory
Correct. Decay has been proposed to explain forgetting in both sensory memory and short-term memory.
ANS: d, p. 240, C, LO=6.10, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
156. Proactive interference as used in the study of memory refers to when _____________.
a) older information already in memory interferes with the retrieval of newer information
Correct. Proactive interference as used in the study of memory refers to when older information already in memory
interferes with the retrieval of newer information.
b) newer information interferes with the retrieval of older information
Incorrect. Proactive interference as used in the study of memory refers to when older information already in
memory interferes with the retrieval of newer information. Retroactive interference is the reverse, as described in
this choice.
c) information is not attended to and fails to be encoded
d) information that is not accessed decays from the storage system over time
ANS: a, p. 241, C, LO=6.10, (2)
% correct 61 a= 61 b= 37 c= 2 d= 0 r = .35
APA: LO 1.2
157. You start out using Firefox, then change to Explorer because your company demands that browsers be
Microsoft products. If you have trouble with Explorer, it is most likely due to ______________.
a) proactive interference
Correct. In proactive interference, older information interferes with newer information.
b) retroactive interference
Incorrect. In retroactive interference, newer information interferes with older information. In this example, the old
interferes with the new, which is proactive interference.
c) anterograde interference
d) consolidation problems
ANS: a, p. 241, A, LO=6.10, (3)
158. Imagine that the first car you learned to drive was a manual transmission with a clutch, but the car you drive
now is an automatic. Sometimes you find yourself reaching for the clutch that is no longer there. This example
illustrates ________.
a) retroactive interference
Incorrect. Retroactive interference is the tendency for new or recently learned material to interfere with the retrieval
of older material.
b) proactive interference
Correct. Proactive interference is the tendency for older or previously learned material to interfere with the
retrieval of newer, more recently learned material.
d) anterograde amnesia
ANS: B, p. 241, A, LO=6.10, (2)
159. Forgetting in long-term memory is most likely due to _____________.

a) interference from other information
Correct. Forgetting in long-term memory is most likely due to interference from other information.
b) decay or disuse
Incorrect. Forgetting in long-term memory is most likely due to interference from other information. Decay or the
fading of information has not been conclusively shown to occur and, in fact, there is evidence against it.
c) encoding failure
d) none of these
ANS: a, p. 241, C, LO=6.10, (2)
% correct 33 a= 33 b= 49 c= 5 d= 13 r = .27
APA: LO 1.2
160. Shalissa has two exams today. One is in French and the other is in history. Last night she studied French before
history. When she gets to her history test, all she can remember is French! Shalissa’s memory is suffering from
_____________.
a) cue-dependent forgetting
Correct. Shalissa’s memory is suffering from proactive interference.
c) decay
Incorrect. Shalissa’s memory is suffering from proactive interference as old information is knocking out the new.
Retroactive interference is the reverse.
ANS: b, p. 241, A, LO=6.10, (3) SG
% correct 69 a= 1 b= 69 c= 0 d= 28 r = .29
161. _________________ is the tendency for older or previously learned material to interfere with the retrieval of
newer, more recently learned material.
a) Cue-dependent forgetting
b) Proactive interference
Correct. Proactive interference is the tendency for older or previously learned material to interfere with the
retrieval of newer, more recently learned material.
c) Decay
d) Retroactive interference
Incorrect. Retroactive interference is the tendency for new or recently learned material to interfere with the retrieval
of older material.
ANS: b, p. 241, F, LO=6.10, (1)
% correct 54 a= 1 b= 54 c= 0 d= 45 r = .43
% correct 68 a= 0 b= 68 c= 0 d= 32 r = .57
APA: LO 1.2
162. Jessica took psychology in the fall semester and is now taking sociology. Several of the concepts are similar,
and Jessica finds that she sometimes has trouble recalling some of the major psychological theorists. She keeps
getting them confused with sociological theorists. Jessica’s problem is most likely due to _______________.
a) decoding failure
b) retroactive interference
Correct. In retroactive interference, new information interferes with older information.
c) proactive interference
Incorrect. In proactive interference, older information interferes with newer information, but in this example the
situation is reversed.
d) Toronto syndrome
ANS: b, p. 241, A, LO=6.10, (3)
% correct 62 a= 2 b= 62 c= 35 d= 0 r = .21
163. Retroactive interference as used in the study of memory refers to when_________.

a) older information already in memory interferes with the retrieval of newer information
b) newer information interferes with the retrieval of older information
Correct. Retroactive interference as used in the study of memory refers to when newer information interferes with
the retrieval of older information.
c) information is not attended to and fails to be encoded
d) information that is not accessed decays from the storage system over time
Incorrect. Retroactive interference as used in the study of memory refers to when newer information interferes with
the retrieval of older information. Decay refers to the information fading on its own.
ANS: b, p. 241, C, LO=6.10, (2)
% correct 70 a= 30 b= 70 c= 0 d= 0 r = .48
APA: LO 1.2
164. Shalissa has two exams today. One is in French and the other is in history. Last night she studied French before
history. When she gets to her French test, all she can remember is history! Shalissa’s memory is suffering from
____________.
Incorrect. In proactive interference, old information interferes with new. In Shalissa’s situation, the new information
(history) is interfering with the old (French), which is called retroactive interference.
c) decay
Correct. Retroactive interference occurs when new information interferes with old.
ANS: d, p. 241, A, LO=6.10, (3)
165. When newer information interferes with the retrieval of older information, this is called ______________.
Incorrect. In proactive interference, old information interferes with new.
c) decay
Correct. In retroactive interference, new information interferes with old.
ANS: d, p. 241, F, LO=6.10, (1)
% correct 68 a= 1 b= 31 c= 0 d= 68 r = .20
APA: LO 1.2
Memory and the Brain: The Physical Aspects of Memory
Learning Objective 6.11 - How and where are memories formed in the brain?
166. Evidence suggests that short-term memories are stored in the _____________.
a) cerebellum
b) prefrontal lobes of the cortex
Correct. Evidence suggests that short-term memories are stored in the prefrontal lobes of the cortex.
c) hippocampus
Incorrect. Evidence suggests that short-term memories are stored in the prefrontal lobes of the cortex. The
hippocampus is involved in processing thoughts.
d) amygdala
ANS: b, p. 242, F, LO=6.11, (1)
% correct 58 a= 7 b= 58 c= 30 d= 5 r = .24
APA: LO 1.2
167. Short-term memories appear to be localized in the _________________.

a) occipital lobe
b) cingulate gyrus
Incorrect. Short-term memories appear to be stored in the prefrontal lobes. This area might be involved but not as
the storage area.
c) amygdala
d) prefrontal lobes
Correct. Short-term memories appear to be stored in the prefrontal lobes.
ANS: d, p. 242, F, LO=6.11, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
168. Evidence suggests that procedural memories are stored in the _____________.
a) cerebellum
Correct. Evidence suggests that procedural memories are stored in the cerebellum.
b) prefrontal and temporal lobes of the cortex
c) hippocampus
Incorrect. Evidence suggests that procedural memories are stored in the cerebellum. The hippocampus is involved
in other memory systems.
d) amygdala
ANS: a, p. 242, F, LO=6.11, (1)
% correct 25 a= 25 b= 14 c= 35 d= 25 r = .40
APA: LO 1.2
169. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

a) All memories are stored in one place in the brain.
Incorrect. Different parts of the brain are specialized for the storage of memories. Many sites are active depending
on the specific task.
b) Memories are randomly distributed throughout the brain.
c) Different parts of the brain are specialized for the storage of memories.
Correct. Different parts of the brain are specialized for the storage of memories.
d) Almost all memories are primarily stored in the brain stem.
ANS: c, p. 242, F, LO=6.11, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
170. Mateo is 70 years old and had a stroke last year. He is now unable to remember how to get to and return from
his new doctors office using a specific route. What brain structure was potentially damaged by Mateo’s stroke?
a) his amygdala
Incorrect. While the amygdala may be related to fear-based memories, the best answer to this question is the
hippocampus.
b) his hypothalamus
c) his hippocampus
Correct. Research has found that the hippocampus is essential in the formation and encoding of new memories.
d) his cerebellum
ANS: C, p. 242, A, LO=6.11, (2)
171. A man known as H. M. lost the ability to form new memories after an operation removed portions of his
____________.
a) cortex and medulla
b) cerebellum and pons
c) hippocampus
Correct. H. M. lost the ability to form new memories after an operation removed portions of his hippocampus.
d) hypothalamus and thalamus
Incorrect. H. M. lost the ability to form new memories after an operation removed portions of his hippocampus. The
hypothalamus is concerned with motivation and the thalamus with sensation.
ANS: c, p. 242, F, LO=6.11, (2)
% correct 92 a= 0 b= 0 c= 92 d= 8 r = .19
% correct 84 a= 3 b= 7 c= 84 d= 4 r = .38
172. In the famous case of H. M., after having part of his brain removed, he could no longer ______.
a) pay attention to specific stimuli
b) retrieve memories
Incorrect. In the famous case of H. M., after having part of his brain removed, he could no longer form new
memories. In these cases, older memories are still available.
c) form new memories
Correct. In the famous case of H. M., after having part of his brain removed, he could no longer form new
memories.
d) make sense of memories
ANS: c, p. 242, F, LO=6.11, (2) SG
% correct 92 a= 1 b=6 c= 92 d= 1 r = .37
APA: LO 1.2
173. H. M., a famous amnesiac, gave researchers solid information that the ______________ was important in
storing new long-term memories.
a) hippocampus
Correct. The role of the hippocampus in the formation of new long-term memories was first made apparent in the
case of H. M.
b) amygdala
Incorrect. The amygdala is involved in emotion and memory. However, the role of the hippocampus in the formation
of new long-term memories was first made apparent in H.M.’s case.
c) frontal lobes
d) cerebellum
ANS: a, p. 242, A, LO=6.11, (2)
% correct 68 a= 68 b= 10 c= 15 d= 7 r = .21
% correct 93 a= 93 b= 4 c= 3 d= 0 r = .19
APA: LO 1.2
174. A patient’s chart indicates he just had surgery to remove his hippocampus as a result of a tumor. What change
do you anticipate in the patient after the operation?
a) The patient will not be able to process colors.
b) The patient will have problems experiencing hunger.
c) The patient will not be able to remember new information.
Correct. Damage to the hippocampus results in long-term memory problems.
d) The patient will not be able to perform tasks such as block designs.
Incorrect. The patient will not be able to remember new information because the hippocampus is crucial in storing
information in long-term memory.
ANS: c, p. 242, A, LO=6.11, (3)
% correct 96 a= 0 b= 0 c= 96 d= 4 r = .19
175. In the famous case of H. M., after having part of his brain removed, he could ______.
a) no longer form new explicit memories
b) read the same magazine over and over and not realize that he was reading it over and over
c) still form procedural memories
Incorrect. All of these choices are correct.
d) All of these choices are correct
Correct. All of these choices are correct.
ANS: d, p. 242, A, LO=6.11, (3)
% correct 79 a= 12 b= 4 c= 4 d= 79 r = .29
APA: LO 1.2
176. ______________ appears to be responsible for the storage of new long-term memories. If it is removed, the
ability to store anything new is completely lost.
a) The cerebellum
b) The prefrontal and temporal lobes of the cortex
c) The hippocampus
Correct. The hippocampus is responsible for the storage of new long-term memories.
d) The amygdala
Incorrect. The hippocampus is responsible for the storage of new long-term memories. The amygdala is related to
emotional processing.
ANS: c, p. 242, F, LO=6.11, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
Learning Objective 6.12 - How does amnesia occur?
177. When a person’s ____________is damaged or removed, anterograde amnesia, or the inability to form new
memories, results.
a) hippocampus
Correct. When a person’s hippocampus is damaged or removed, anterograde amnesia results.
b) prefrontal lobe
c) amygdala
d) cerebellum
Incorrect. When a person’s hippocampus is damaged or removed, anterograde amnesia results. The cerebellum’s
loss would interfere with the formation of conditioned responses.
ANS: a, p. 244, F, LO=6.12, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
178. Malcolm, aged 35, is severely depressed. Because of this he is given electroconvulsive therapy. After
treatment, he is sent home and does much better. However, his TV-watching behavior is strange. Malcolm thinks
that last year’s episodes of his favorite series are new. Malcolm is showing signs of ______________.
a) anterograde amnesia
Incorrect. Malcolm is showing signs of retrograde amnesia. Anterograde amnesia would entail his not remembering
older memories. However, he does do that.
b) retrograde amnesia
Correct. Malcolm is showing signs of retrograde amnesia, which is the loss of past memories.
c) childhood amnesia
d) senile dementia
ANS: b, pp. 243-244, A, LO=6.12, (3)
% correct 68 a= 30 b= 68 c= 0 d= 1 r = .32
179. If ____________is like losing a document in the computer because of a power loss, __________ is like pushing
the “save” key and having the document disappear instead of being stored.
a) anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia
Incorrect. If retrograde amnesia is like losing a document in the computer because of a power loss, anterograde
amnesia is like pushing the “save” key and having the document disappear instead.
b) retrograde amnesia, anterograde amnesia
Correct. If retrograde amnesia is like losing a document in the computer because of a power loss, anterograde
amnesia is like pushing the “save” key and having the document disappear instead.
c) adolescent amnesia, conductive amnesia
d) procedural amnesia, implicit amnesia
ANS: b, pp. 241-242, C, LO=6.12, (3)
180. Work with electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT) for severe depression suggests that consolidation
___________.
a) only takes a short time
Incorrect. Work with ECT for severe depression suggests that consolidation may take years to complete.
b) may take months to complete
c) may take years to complete
Correct. Work with ECT for severe depression suggests that consolidation may take years to be complete.
d) may take weeks to complete
ANS: c, pp. 243-244, C, LO=6.12, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
181. Malcolm, aged 35, is severely depressed. Because of this he is given electroconvulsive shock therapy. After
treatment, he is sent home and does much better. However, his TV-watching behavior is strange. Which is the most
likely behavior pattern?
a) Malcolm does not remember that he has a TV.
Incorrect. ECT would not interfere with very long-term memories such as the purchase of a TV set more than three
years ago.
b) Malcolm does not remember any episodes of shows going back 25 years.
c) Malcolm thinks that last year’s episodes of his favorite series are new.
Correct. Studies show that ECT can disrupt memory consolidation for memories created as long as three years prior
to the therapy.
d) Malcolm can no longer understand long sentences if they occur in the dialogue.
ANS: c, pp. 243-244, A, LO=6.12, (3)
182. Retrograde amnesia is to anterograde amnesia as ________.

a) mild is to severe
b) severe is to mild
c) remembering old is to learning new
Correct. Retrograde amnesia deals with not being able to get old information out of storage.
d) remembering new is to learning old
Incorrect. Anterograde amnesia occurs when new long-term memories cannot be formed.
ANS: C, pp. 243-244, C, LO=6.12, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
183. People with dementia typically have a memory problem known as ____________.
a) amygdaloid amnesia
b) inferograde amnesia
Incorrect. The type of memory problem that people with dementia, including Alzheimer’s, typically have is called
anterograde amnesia. They cannot form new memories.
d) anterograde amnesia
Correct. The type of memory problem that people with dementia, including Alzheimer’s, typically have is called
anterograde amnesia.
ANS: d, p. 244, F, LO=6.12, (1)
% correct 46 a= 4 b= 7 c= 43 d= 46 r = .20
APA: LO 1.2
184. Loss of memory from the point of injury or illness forward is called _________________ .
a. anterograde amnesia
Correct. Loss of memory from the point of illness or injury forward is called anterograde amnesia.
b. retrograde amnesia
Incorrect. Loss of memory from the point of illness or injury forward is called anterograde amnesia.
c. consolidation
d. infantile amnesia
ANS: a, p. 244, F, LO=6.12, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
185. Which of these is an example of what has been called infantile amnesia?
a) Betty, age 25, can recall only good memories of what happened when she was 4 to 5
years old.
b) Johnny, age 10, has no memory of a family vacation that occurred when he was 2 years old.
Correct. Infantile amnesia refers to the tendency to not remember things that happened before the age of 3.
c) When faced with a horrible stressor, some people return to an earlier stage of
development, such as infancy, for the comfort that it provides.
d) Despite the fact that Alice, age 35, played the piano from ages 3 through 13, she has
very little ability to do so now.
Incorrect. Infantile amnesia doesn’t refer to skills; rather, it refers to the tendency to not remember things that
happened before the age of 3.
ANS: b, p. 244, A, LO=6.12, (3) SG
Learning Objective 6.13 – What are the facts about Alzheimer’s disease?
186. Alzheimer’s disease accounts for between ____ and _____ percent of all dementia cases in the United States.
a. 50-70
b. 60-80
c. 70-90
d. 90-95
ANS: b, p. 246, F, LO=6.13, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
187. Which of the following is the proper sequence of symptom development in most cases of Alzheimer’s disease?
a. Anterograde amnesia followed by retrograde amnesia
b. Retrograde amnesia followed by proactive amnesia
c. Retroactive amnesia followed by anterograde amnesia
d. Retrograde amnesia followed by aneterograde amnesia
ANS: a, p. 246, F, LO=6.13, (1)
APA: LO 1.2
188. The breakdown of which of the following seems to be responsible for the impaired ability to form new
memories?
a. Gama-aminobutyric Acid (GABA) in the hypothalamus
b. Leptin in the pancreas
c. Serotonin in the amygdala
d. Acetylcholine in the hippocampus
ANS: d, p. 246, F, LO=6.13, (2)
APA: LO 1.2
TRUE OR FALSE
1. Iconic memory is the visual sensory memory, in which an afterimage or icon will be held in neural form for about
.50 to 2.00 seconds.
ANS: F, p. 218, LO=6.2
APA: LO 1.2
2. Iconic memory allows the eye to fuse the images from each tiny movement of the eye into a smooth, continuous
pattern.
ANS: T, p. 218, LO=6.2
APA: LO 1.2
3. Iconic memory allows us to remember the beginnings of sentences long enough to have meaningful
conversations.
ANS: F, p. 219, LO=6.2
APA: LO 1.2
4. Echoic memory is the auditory form of sensory memory, which takes the form of an echo that lasts for up to 1.5
seconds.
ANS: F, p. 219, LO=6.2
APA: LO 1.2
5. Short-term memory is where information is held while it is conscious and being used.
ANS: T, p. 219, LO=6.3
APA: LO 1.2
6. Short-term memory is where information is held before conscious use of the material and is unlimited in capacity.
ANS: F, p. 219, LO=6.3
APA: LO 1.2
7. One task useful in testing short-term memory capacity is the digit-span test.
ANS: T, p. 221, LO=6.3
APA: LO 1.2
8. Short-term memory can hold about 12 plus or minus 2 bits of information.

ANS: F, p. 221, LO=6.3
APA: LO 1.2
9. Elaborative rehearsal is defined as the rote repetition of material in order to maintain its availability in memory.
ANS: F, p. 223-224, LO 6.4
APA: LO 1.2
10. Elaborative rehearsal is a way of transferring information from short-term memory into long-term memory by
making that information meaningful in some way.
ANS: T, pp. 223-224, LO=6.4
APA: LO 1.2
11. Declarative memory can be divided into semantic memory and episodic memory.
ANS: T, p. 225, LO=6.5
APA: LO 1.2
12. Declarative memory can be divided into short-term memory and working memory.
ANS: F, p. 225, LO=6.5
APA: LO 1.2
13. Episodic memory consists of personal facts and memories of one’s personal history.
ANS: T, p. 225-226, LO=6.5
APA: LO 1.2
14. Recall is a type of memory retrieval in which the information to be retrieved must be “pulled” out of memory
with few or no cues.
ANS: T, p. 230, LO=6.7
APA: LO 1.2
15. Recognition is the ability to match information with stored images or facts.
ANS: T, p. 230, LO=6.7
APA: LO 1.2
16. Recognition is typically harder than recall.

ANS: F, p. 230, LO=6.7
APA: LO 1.2
17. Loftus has found that eyewitness memory is extremely reliable and doesn’t change over time.
ANS: F, p. 232-233, LO=6.7
APA: LO 1.2
18. Constructive processing is the process of altering memories of the past so that they are more positive.
ANS: F, p. 235, LO=6.8
APA: LO 1.2
19. Loftus and others have found that people constantly update and revise their memories of events, adding
information to a memory that occurred later even when that information is in error.
ANS: T, p. 235-236, LO 6.8
APA: LO 1.2
20. Hindsight bias is the process of altering memories of the past so that they are more in line with accurate
information that is learned later—the Monday morning quarterback effect.
ANS: T, pp. 235-236, LO=6.8
APA: LO 1.2
21. The misinformation effect refers to the tendency of people who are asked misleading questions or given
misleading information to incorporate that information into their memories for a particular event.
ANS: T, p. 236, LO=6.8
APA: LO 1.2
22. The constructive processing effect refers to the tendency of people who are asked misleading questions or given
misleading information to incorporate that information into their memories for a particular event.
ANS: F, p. 235, LO=6.8
APA: LO 1.2
23. Hypnosis enhances the confidence people have in their memories, regardless of their accuracy or inaccuracy.
ANS: T, p. 236-237, LO=6.9
APA: LO 1.2
24. Memories retrieved while under hypnosis are no more accurate than memories retrieved while not under
hypnosis, but persons who retrieve memories under hypnosis are far more reluctant to change their answers even
when told that they may be wrong.
ANS: T, p. 236-237, LO=6.9
APA: LO 1.2
25. Memories retrieved while under hypnosis are more accurate than memories retrieved while not under hypnosis,
but persons who retrieve memories under hypnosis are far less reluctant to change their answers even when told that
they may be wrong.
ANS: F, p. 236-237, LO=6.9
APA: LO 1.2
26. Hypnotized people report more accurate AND inaccurate information than people who are not hypnotized.
ANS: T, p. 236-237, LO=6.9
APA: LO 1.2
27. Pezdek and colleagues have found that false memories are more likely to be formed for plausible false events
than for implausible ones.
ANS: T, p. 236-237, LO=6.9
APA: LO 1.2
28. Pezdek and colleagues have found that false memories are more likely to be formed for implausible false events
than for plausible ones.
ANS: F, p. 236-237, LO=6.9
APA: LO 1.2
29. A mnemonist is a person with exceptional memory ability.

ANS: T, p. 239, LO=6.10
APA: LO 1.2
30. Luria’s mnemonist suffered from the problem of not being able to forget trivial things.
ANS: T, p. 239, LO=6.10
APA: LO 1.2
31. Encoding failure is often the reason some memories cannot be retrieved, because they were never actually
encoded in the first place.
ANS: T, p. 240, LO=6.10
APA: LO 1.2
32. Memory trace decay theory assumes the presence of a physical memory trace that decays with disuse over time.
ANS: T, p. 240, LO=6.10
APA: LO 1.2
33. Memory trace decay theory can explain forgetting from sensory memory and short-term memory but does not
adequately explain forgetting from long-term memory.
ANS: T, p. 240, LO=6.10
APA: LO 1.2
34. When newer information interferes with the retrieval of older information, this is called proactive interference.
ANS: F, p. 241, LO=6.10
APA: LO 1.2
35. When old information interferes with the retrieval of newer information, this is called retroactive interference.
ANS: F, p. 241, LO=6.10
APA: LO 1.2
36. Evidence suggests that procedural memories are stored in the cerebellum, whereas short-term memories are
stored in the prefrontal and temporal lobes of the cortex.
ANS: T, p. 242, LO=6.11
APA: LO 1.2
37. Evidence suggests that procedural memories are stored in the hippocampus, whereas short-term memories are
stored in the occipital and temporal lobes of the cortex.
ANS: F, p. 242, LO=6.11
APA: LO 1.2
38. Semantic and episodic memories may be stored in the frontal and temporal lobes as well but in different
locations than short-term memory.
ANS: T, p. 242, LO=6.11
APA: LO 1.2
39. Memory for fear of objects is most likely stored in the cerebellum.
ANS: F, p. 242, LO=6.11
APA: LO 1.2
40. The hippocampus appears to be responsible for the storage of new long-term memories. If it is removed, the
ability to store anything new is completely lost.
ANS: T, p. 242, LO=6.11
APA: LO 1.2
41. ECT, or electroconvulsive shock therapy, can disrupt consolidation and cause retrograde amnesia.
ANS: T, p. 242-243, LO= 6.11 & 6.12
APA: LO 1.2
42. In anterograde amnesia, memory for anything new becomes impossible, although old memories may still be
retrievable.
ANS: T, pp. 244, LO=6.12
APA: LO 1.2
43. In anterograde amnesia, memory for anything new becomes impossible, although infantile memories may still be
retrievable.
ANS: F, p. 244, LO=6.12
APA: LO 1.2
44. Infant memories are mostly implicit and, therefore, difficult to bring into conscious awareness. When children
become more verbal, their explicit memories become more dominant.
ANS: T, p. 244, LO=6.12
APA: LO 1.2
45. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia found in adults and the elderly.
ANS: T, p. 246, LO=6.13
APA: LO 1.2
46. Researchers have identified the cause of Alzheimer’s disease as a decrease in the tangles of gamma-amyloid
protein deposits in the brain
ANS: F, p. 246, LO=6.13
APA: LO 1.2
SHORT ANSWER
1. What is the definition of memory?

p. 214, L0=6.1
APA: LO 1.2
2. Name the three parts of the information-processing model of memory.

p. 215, LO=6.1
APA: LO 1.2
3. What type of memory stores brief visual images and for how long are these images stored?
p. 217, L0=6.2
APA: LO 1.2
4. Which part(s) of a serial list is/are remembered most poorly? Which part(s) is/are remembered the best?
p. 231, LO=6.7
APA: LO 1.2
5. What is a false memory?

pp. 236-237, LO=6.9
APA: LO 1.2
6. Define the memory trace decay theory of forgetting.

p. 240, LO=6.10
APA: LO 1.2
7. Give a short example of retroactive interference.

p. 241, LO=6.10
APA: LO 1.2
8. What part of H.M.’s brain was damaged and what memory problem did this cause him?
p. 242, LO=6.11
APA: LO 1.2
9. Define infantile amnesia.

p. 244, LO=6.12
APA: LO 1.2
10. Describe two hypothesized causes of the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease.

p. 246, LO=6.13
APA: LO 1.2
ESSAY
1. The information-processing of memory is one of the best-known models in all of psychology. Describe the three
stages of memory and their characteristics. Explain how the three-stage model of memory might explain the famous
serial position effect.
pp. 215-231, LO=6.1-6.7
2. What is iconic memory? Describe what it is and how it works. Be sure to include a description of Sperling’s
experiment, which was used to demonstrate and investigate iconic memory.
pp. 218-219, LO=6.2
APA: LO 1.2
3. Let’s say you are a defense attorney and are defending a client on a murder charge. The victim was found in a
dark alley. A witness had a glimpse of a shadowy figure standing over the body. The police thoroughly interrogate
the witness and arrest a young man. The man has an alibi. There is no other evidence against him, except that of the
witness. The witness is positive. What factors may lead you to doubt this strong testimony of the witness? Pretend
you are the defense attorney and, with your knowledge of the problems with eyewitness testimony and memory, tell
the jury why they should be doubtful of the witness.
pp. 232-233, LO=6.7
4. What is meant by a flashbulb memory? Describe its characteristics. Give an example that is well known. Some
psychologists are not impressed by these well-known examples of this phenomenon. What are some of the criticisms
of the idea of flashbulb memory?
pp. 233-234, LO=6.7
5. The other day, you had to remember some items for an important exam. You are sure you studied them and knew
them before you entered the classroom. However, you drew a blank when you took the test. What happened? Why
might you not have remembered them? What might you have done to avoid this?
pp. 239-241, LO=6.10
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Key: Answer, Page, Type, Learning Objective, Level

9. Which of the following statements is true about retrieval?

21. In the parallel distributed processing model of memory, __________.

The Information-Processing Model: The Stages of Memory

Learning Objective 6.2 – How does sensory memory work?

34. Iconic memory is to echoic memory as ________.

39. What is one of the real-world uses of iconic storage?

41. Which type of memory allows us to have meaningful conversations?

57. Chunking is a means of ______.

63. Maintenance rehearsal is defined as ________________.

83. Recalling the definition of long-term memory is an example of ________.

89. _____________ memory is constantly updated.

91. Long-term memory is thought to be organized in the form of ___________.

Getting It Out: Retrieval of Long-Term Memories

Learning Objective 6.6 - What kinds of cues help people remember?

97. How do retrieval cues help you to remember?

100. Which of the following statements is true of retrieval cues?

103. Encoding specificity refers to _______________.

107. Which of the following is an example of a test using recall?

121. Examples of tests that use recognition are _____________.

128. Flashbulb memories ______.

132. Which of the following statements about flashbulb memories is true?

133. As memories get older, they are most likely ____________________.

Learning Objective 6.9 - What is false-memory syndrome?

140. According to Elizabeth Bowman, ____________.

144. Researchers using MRI scanning have found that _______________.

What Were We Talking About? Forgetting

Learning Objective 6.10 - Why do we forget?

148. Ebbinghaus found that information is forgotten ____________.

155. Decay theory works well to explain forgetting in _____________.

159. Forgetting in long-term memory is most likely due to _____________.

163. Retroactive interference as used in the study of memory refers to when_________.

Memory and the Brain: The Physical Aspects of Memory

167. Short-term memories appear to be localized in the _________________.

169. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Learning Objective 6.12 - How does amnesia occur?

182. Retrograde amnesia is to anterograde amnesia as ________.

8. Short-term memory can hold about 12 plus or minus 2 bits of information.

16. Recognition is typically harder than recall.

29. A mnemonist is a person with exceptional memory ability.

1. What is the definition of memory?

2. Name the three parts of the information-processing model of memory.

5. What is a false memory?

6. Define the memory trace decay theory of forgetting.

7. Give a short example of retroactive interference.

9. Define infantile amnesia.

10. Describe two hypothesized causes of the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease.

APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 1.3

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