Professional Documents
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True-False 1,2
Short-Answer 1
Essay
Essay
Short-Answer 2-4
Essay
Essay
Short-Answer 5
Essay
Essay 1
Essay 2,3
8) Human can detect wavelengths of light between the ________ rays and the ________ rays.
A) X-; gamma
B) X-; ultraviolet
C) gamma; ultraviolet
D) ultraviolet; infrared
E) infrared; radar
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 130 Objective: Factual
LO:6.1 APA:
9) A human can detect wavelengths of light that are between ________ and ________ nm.
A) 100; 200
B) 100; 380
C) 200; 380
D) 380; 760
E) 760; 980
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 130 Objective: Factual
LO:6.1 APA:1.1
10) The perceptual color attribute of ________ corresponds to that of light wavelength.
A) saturation
12) A normal human exposed to a light stimulus that contains an equal number of all wavelengths will
report a perception of
A) purple.
B) a rainbow of colors.
C) black.
D) white.
E) a fuzzy set of alternating black and white bars.
Answer: D
Rationale: A normal human exposed to a light stimulus that contains an equal number of all wavelengths
will report a perception of white.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 130 Objective: Conceptual
LO:6.1 APA:1.1
13) Variation in the ________ of a light will result in variation in the perception of ________.
A) wavelength; saturation
B) saturation; brightness
C) wavelength; brightness
D) intensity; purity
E) wavelength; hue
Answer: E
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 130 Objective: Factual
LO:6.1 APA:1.1
14) A light stimulus that is composed of only one wavelength would be said to exhibit
A) reduced saturation.
B) decreased brightness.
C) hue.
D) purity.
E) reduced contrast.
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 130 Objective: Factual
LO:6.1 APA:1.1
17) The bony cavities of the skull that contain the eyes are the
A) orbits.
B) optic disks.
C) optic sinuses.
D) conjunctivae.
E) optic ossicles.
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 131 Objective: Factual
LO:6.1 APA:1.1
18) The human eye is composed of a number of layers of tissue. The outermost layer is the
A) cornea.
B) sclera.
C) lens.
D) retina.
E) vitreous humor.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 131 Objective: Factual
LO:6.1 APA:1.1
19) A tear in the muscles that connect the orbits with the sclera would be expected to
A) reduce the diameter of the pupil.
B) impair movements of an eye.
C) change the rate of eye blinking.
D) impair the ability of a person to blink to an air puff.
E) dilate the pupil.
Answer: B
Rationale: The membrane that lines the eyelids and attaches to the eye around the cornea is called the
conjunctiva.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 131 Objective: Applied
LO:6.1 APA:1.1
20) The membrane that lines the eyelids and attaches to the eye around the cornea is called the
A) sclera.
B) vitreous humor.
C) conjunctiva.
D) cornea.
E) iris.
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 131 Objective: Factual
29) A disease that attacks the photoreceptors of the retinal periphery would be expected to
A) impair night vision.
B) disrupt color vision.
C) impair eye movements.
D) impair vision for fine detail.
E) diminish our ability to perceive depth.
Answer: A
Rationale: A disease that attacks the photoreceptors of the retinal periphery would be expected to impair
night vision.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 131 Objective: Applied
LO:6.2 APA:1.1
33) The optic nerve is formed by axons that arise from the ________ retinal cells.
A) ganglion
B) photoreceptor
C) horizontal
D) amacrine
E) bipolar
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 131 Objective: Factual
LO:6.2 APA:1.1
34) The human retina contains about ________ rods and about ________ cones.
A) 60 million; 3 million
B) 9 million; 120 million
C) 32 million; 320 million
D) 120 million; 6 million
E) 160 million; 3 million
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 131 Objective: Factual
LO:6.2 APA:1.1
35) The ________ cell is interposed in the pathway between the photoreceptors and the ganglion cells.
A) multipolar
B) horizontal
C) bipolar
D) amacrine
E) unipolar
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 131 Objective: Factual
40) Visual information from the retina is carried by ________ to the ________.
A) short axon fibers; optic chiasm
B) ganglion cell axons; thalamic medial geniculate nucleus
C) axons from bipolar cells; thalamic medial geniculate nucleus
D) ganglion cell axons; thalamic dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus
E) ganglion cell axons; striate cortex
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 133 Objective: Factual
LO:6.2 APA:1.1
42) The parvocellular and magnocellular layers of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus
A) may belong to different visual systems.
B) analyze the same kind of information from the visual field.
C) are connected to the nasal and temporal halves of the retina, respectively.
D) receive input from the contralateral and ipsilateral halves of the visual field, respectively.
E) analyze acuity and spatial frequency, respectively.
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 133 Objective: Factual
LO:6.2 APA:3,1
43) Three distinct sets of layers in the lateral geniculate nucleus first receive input from the
A) bipolar cells.
B) horizontal cells.
C) ganglion cells.
D) photoreceptors.
E) amacrine cells.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 133 Objective: Factual
LO:6.2 APA:1.1
45) The manner in which visual information is carried from the retina to the cortex results in
A) information from the temporal ganglion cells projecting to the opposite hemisphere.
B) information from the nasal ganglion cells projecting to the ipsilateral hemisphere.
C) information from one side of the visual field being transmitted to the opposite hemisphere.
D) visual information remaining on the same side of the brain from retina to cortex.
E) information from each retina directly reaching both sides of the visual cortex.
Answer: C
Rationale: The manner in which visual information is carried from the retina to the cortex results in
information from one side of the visual field being transmitted to the opposite hemisphere.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 134 Objective: Conceptual
LO:6.2 APA:1.1
47) Select the correct sequence for processing of information in the primary visual pathway.
A) retina - > dorsal lateral geniculate (DLG) -> striate cortex
B) retina -> striate cortex -> extrastriate cortex -> inferior temporal cortex
C) retina -> DLG -> inferior temporal cortex -> amygdala
D) DLG -> retina -> striate cortex -> primary visual cortex
E) DLG-> frontal cortex -> amygdala -> extrastriate cortex
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 134 Objective: Factual
LO:6.2 APA:1.1
48) A microelectrode is inserted into a neuron within the primate visual system. Various stimuli are
presented to the eyes and changes in firing rate are recorded from this visual system neuron. The part of
the visual field to which a neuron responds is termed the
A) magnocellular visual system.
B) parvocellular visual system.
C) striate response field.
D) tuning curve.
E) receptive field.
Answer: E
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 135 Objective: Factual
LO:6.2 APA:1.1
49) Which of the following is an explanation for the higher acuity of the visual system at the fovea,
relative to the periphery of the retina?
A) A foveal ganglion cell may receive information from a single photoreceptor, whereas a peripheral
ganglion cell may receive information from multiple photoreceptors.
B) The fovea contains only rods which are directly connected to the ganglion cells.
C) The foveal photoreceptor cells contain more photopigment per cell.
D) Peripheral photoreceptors are more likely to be damaged by prolonged light exposure.
E) Peripheral photoreceptors require greater activation in order to provoke a visual response.
Answer: A
Rationale: An explanation for the higher acuity of the visual system at the fovea, relative to the periphery
of the retina is that a foveal ganglion cell may receive information from a single photoreceptor, whereas a
peripheral ganglion cell may receive information from multiple photoreceptors.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 135 Objective: Conceptual
LO:6.2 APA:1.1
53) In ________, a combination of yellow and blue ________ will form the color green.
A) color mixing; lights
B) pigment mixing; lights
C) the trichromatic theory; afterimages
D) pigment mixing; pigments
E) the opponent-process system; dyes
Answer: D
Rationale: In pigment mixing, a combination of yellow and blue pigments will form the color green.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 136-137 Objective: Conceptual
LO:6.2 APA:3.1
56) The fact that we experience the color green after viewing a red object would be taken as support for
the
A) notion that the retina contains three types of photopigments.
B) importance of color mixing in the visual system.
C) opponent-process theory of color vision.
D) idea that the visual system performs an algebraic summation of lights to generate a color perception.
E) trichromatic theory of color vision.
Answer: C
Rationale: The fact that we experience the color green after viewing a red object would be taken as
support for the opponent-process theory of color vision.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 138 Objective: Conceptual
LO:6.3 APA:3.1
58) Research by Hubel and colleagues indicate that neurons of the ________ show responses to ________
of the visual field.
A) lateral geniculate nucleus; moving bars of light in the center
B) retinal periphery; color stimuli
C) striate cortex; points of light and darkness
D) retina; points of light and darkness
E) striate cortex; specific features
Answer: E
Rationale: Research by Hubel and colleagues indicate that neurons of the striate cortex show responses to
specific features of the visual field.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 139 Objective: Applied
LO:6.3 APA:1.1
60) A complex cell located within the striate cortex would be most activated by a
A) line moving perpendicular to its orientation.
B) stationary line placed at the edge of the field.
C) dark, stationary circle.
D) black dot that moved erratically around the visual field.
E) set of fuzzy parallel lines of low spatial frequency.
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 139 Objective: Factual
LO:6.3 APA:1.1
61) Imagine that you are looking at a bronze cast depicting the face of Mick Jagger and a second cast
showing the face of Casper the Ghost. Which of the following statements would be true of the spatial
frequencies represented in these casts?
A) Mick's face contains mostly low-frequency elements.
B) Mick's face contains many high-frequency elements.
C) Casper's face would be an example of an image made fuzzy because it lacks low-frequency
information.
D) Casper's face contains much higher frequency information.
E) Mick's wrinkles represent low-frequency features.
Answer: B
Rationale: Imagine that you are looking at a bronze cast depicting the face of Mick Jagger and a second
cast showing the face of Casper the Ghost. Mick's face contains many high-frequency elements.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 140 Objective: Applied
LO:6.3 APA:1.1
62) The perception of depth cue that is provided by input from both eyes is termed
A) atmospheric haze.
B) relative retinal size.
C) perspective.
D) stereopsis.
E) color vision.
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 140 Objective: Factual
LO:6.3 APA:1.1
66) Information from the red and green ganglion cells is transmitted through the ________ layers of the
LGN to the ________ of the striate cortex.
A) magnocellular; cytochrome oxidase blob regions
B) parvocellular; inter-blob regions
C) magnocellular; inter-blob regions
D) koniocellular; cytochrome oxidase blob regions
E) parvocellular; cytochrome oxidase blob regions
Answer: E
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 141 Objective: Factual
LO:6.3 APA:1.1
67) The neurons from the parvocellular and magnocellular layers of the primate lateral geniculate send
their information to layer(s) ______ of the striate cortex.
A) 1
B) 2A
C) 3B
D) 4C
E) 5–6
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 141 Objective: Factual
LO:6.3 APA:1.1
68) The central region of a module of the primary visual cortex that is revealed by a stain for the
mitochondrial enzyme cytochrome oxidase is termed a(n)
A) extra-blob region.
B) blob.
C) ganglion cell.
D) simple cell.
E) complex unit.
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 140 Objective: Factual
69) Most neurons between the blob regions of a striate cortex module are sensitive to all of the following
EXCEPT
A) retinal disparity.
B) orientation.
C) color.
D) spatial frequency.
E) movement.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 141 Objective: Factual
LO:6.3 APA:1.1
70) Imagine that a scientist has discovered a nerve toxin that selectively destroys the columns of neurons
that lie within the blob regions of striate cortex modules. Which of the following would you expect to be
most profoundly impaired by this toxin?
A) movement sensitivity
B) orientation sensitivity
C) depth perception
D) color vision
E) texture perception
Answer: D
Rationale: Assuming that a nerve toxin can selectively destroy the columns of neurons that lie within the
blob regions of striate cortex modules, one would expect color to be most profoundly impaired by this
toxin.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 141 Objective: Applied
LO:6.3 APA:1.1
71) The modules of primary visual cortex project their information mostly to
A) the amygdala.
B) the frontal cortex.
C) the auditory association cortex.
D) the primary motor cortex.
E) the extrastriate cortex.
Answer: E
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 142 Objective: Factual
LO:6.3 APA:1.1
72) In thinking of the pathways taken by visual information within the association cortex, the dorsal
stream projects to the ________ and is involved in ________.
A) temporal association cortex; object form
B) parietal association cortex; the analysis of where an object is located in space
C) primary motor cortex; object texture
D) parietal association cortex; the analysis of object identity
E) inferior temporal cortex; the analysis of where an object is located in space
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 142 Objective: Factual
LO:6.3 APA:1.1
73) In thinking of the pathways taken by visual information within the association cortex, the ventral
74) Which of the following is NOT a function of the human magnocellular visual system?
A) movement perception
B) perception of large objects
C) brightness perception
D) color vision
E) perception of retinal disparity
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 144 Objective: Factual
LO:6.4 APA:1.1
75) Tasks that involve identification of an object would be expected to activate neurons of the ________,
while tasks that identify the location of an object would activate the ________.
A) area V5; area V1
B) frontal cortex; parietal cortex
C) ventral stream; dorsal stream
D) parietal cortex; frontal cortex
E) dorsal stream; ventral stream
Answer: C
Rationale: Tasks that involve identification of an object would be expected to activate neurons of the
ventral stream, while tasks that identify the location of an object would activate the dorsal stream.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 144 Objective: Applied
LO:6.4 APA:1.1
77) The neurons of area ______ are important for the analysis of color.
A) TEO
B) V8
C) V7
D) MT+
E) V4
Answer: E
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 144 Objective: Factual
82) The inability to perceive or identify a stimulus via a particular sensory modality is
A) agnosia.
B) prosopagnosia.
C) insomnia.
D) aphagia.
E) amnesia.
Answer: A
83) Damage limited to the fusiform region of the right hemisphere would be expected to impair the
recognition of
A) movement of objects through space.
B) fruits and vegetables.
C) faces.
D) object location.
E) color.
Answer: C
Rationale: Damage limited to the fusiform region of the right hemisphere would be expected to impair
the recognition of faces.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 146 Objective: Conceptual
LO:6.6 APA:1.1
84) Prosopagnosia is
A) an inability to distinguish colors.
B) the inability to recognize a particular face.
C) usually accompanied by achromatopsia.
D) a difficulty in recognizing objects by texture cues.
E) a problem in linking remote memories with new memories.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 146 Objective: Factual
LO: APA:1.1
86) What brain region is most important for perception of movement in monkeys?
A) Area V5 in the extrastriate cortex.
B) The cells within blobs of the cortical modules.
C) Area TEO in the inferior temporal cortex.
D) Area TE in the inferior temporal cortex.
E) Area V8
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 149 Objective: Factual
LO:6.7 APA:1.1
88) Temporary inactivation of an area in the human cortex that is analogous to area V5 in the primate
brain would be expected to
A) improve facial recognition.
B) impair perception of movement.
C) alter color perception.
D) impair facial recognition.
E) impair object identification.
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 149 Objective: Factual
LO:6.7 APA:1.1
89) According to Goodale, the key function of the dorsal visual stream is to
A) recognize objects.
B) integrate vision with language output.
C) guide motor movements.
D) integrate vision with audition.
E) integrate the analysis of form and color.
Answer: C
Rationale: According to Goodale, the key function of the dorsal visual stream is to guide motor
movements.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 151 Objective: Applied
LO: APA:1.1
6.2 True-False
1) The visual disorder suffered by Mrs. R in the prologue is an example of visual agnosia.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 129,146
6) There are fewer "blue" cones in the retina than "red" or "green" cones.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 137
8) A cell in the visual cortex that has a "complex" receptive field may serve as a movement detector.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 139
10) Neurons within the blob portion of the cortical modules are insensitive to color.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 140-141
11) Cells within a CO "blob" region of a module in striate cortex are sensitive to orientation, movement,
and texture cues.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 141
12) The extrastriate cortex is also called the prestriate or circumstriate cortex.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 142
13) The parvocellular visual system receives information from "red" and "green" cones.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 143
14) The determination of the "what" of an object is a key function of the dorsal visual stream.
15) People with visual agnosias have normal acuity, but are unable to recognize objects.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 146
19) Approximately 25% of human cerebral cortex is dedicated to the analysis of visual information.
Answer: True
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 152
2) Describe how the physical dimensions of light correspond to the psychological dimensions of light.
Answer: Wavelength of light refers to the distance between successive light wave peaks and determines
the hue (perceived color) of a light. The intensity of light corresponds to the psychological dimensions of
brightness. Finally, purity refers to whether a light contains one or more wavelengths, and this
corresponds to the dimension of color saturation.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 130-131
8) Explain why Goodale argues that the actual function of the dorsal stream is "how" rather than "where."
Answer: Goodale suggests that neurons in the posterior parietal cortex are involved in analyses that allow
a person to locate an object in space and to judge the distance to the object as well as how to grasp or
manipulate the object.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 151-152
6.4 Essay
1) Explain the concept of a receptive field in the visual system and provide an example of this concept for
a ganglion cell within the cat retina.
Answer: Ganglion cells are the first cells in the visual system to show action potentials (APs), and it is
possible to record the number of APs per unit time in a conscious animal while stimulating the retina with
various lights. A receptive field is that portion of the visual field of the organism that responds to a light
with a change in AP firing rate (increase/decrease). Ganglion cells in the cat show circular receptive
fields. In some instances, the circular center responds with an increased firing rate when light is shown on
the retina (ON response). Light shown on a ring around the center of such a cell would decrease the firing
rate of the cell (OFF response).
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 135-136
2) Explain the organization of neurons into modules in the striate cortex. Specify which neurons respond
to color, orientation, spatial frequency, movement, and retinal disparity.
Answer: The striate cortex is organized into about 2500 modules, each containing about 150,000 neurons.
Each module has two segments that surround a central region—termed a blob—that contains cells that
stain positively for cytochrome oxidase. Cells within the blob receive information about color and low
spatial frequencies. Cells outside the blob are sensitive to different orientations, movement, spatial
frequency, and texture, but not color. Each neuron in the module receives information from the same
4) Delineate the structure and functions of the magnocellular and parvocellular visual systems.
Answer: The lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus (LGN) is organized into six layers. The inner two
layers contain large cells (magnocellular), while the outer four layers are comprised of small cells. The
magnocellular layers project to portions of the striate cortex that mediate visual processes other than color
(e.g., form, movement, and depth). The parvocellular layers are involved in the perception of color and
fine detail.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 133-134, 144