MODALS OF PROHIBITION

Modal verbs are used for prohibition. These situations are the opposite of giving permission. This modal
verbs for prohibition lesson shows you how to use may and can to prohibit someone or create rules.
Can is a modal often used to ask for and give permission. It means something is allowed and can be
done.
Both cannot (can’t) and must not (mustn’t) are modals used to show that something is prohibited – it is
not allowed.
1. Can't' usually gives the idea of something that is against the rules.
a. Christine Joy can’t enter the school because she has no ID.
b. Ma. Cecilia can’t drive the car unless she has driver’s license.
2. Mustn’t usually means that it is the speaker who is setting the rule.
a. Parent to child: You mustn’t insult your brother in front of the crowd.
b. Teacher to student: You mustn't be late to class next time.
Activity: HELLO OBLIGATION!
Directions: Use must, have to, should and ought to correctly in the following sentences.
1. Children __________ obey their parents.
2. Parents ___________ respect their children too.
3. Challenges ___________ not keep us from achieving our dreams.
4. Parents ___________ send their children to school.
5. Before, one talks about an issue, he/she ___________ read about it first.
6. Family members __________ understand that they have important roles to perform in keeping the
family strong.
7. Friends __________ be carefully chosen for the influence they can have.
8. The school, as a second home _________ constantly nurture and protect.
9. We __________ obey the school rules.
10. I think we __________ go back to school now.

LESSON 2. CONDITIONING CONDITIONALS

Conditionals are sometimes called “if clauses”. They describe the result of something that might happen (in the
present or future) or might have happened but didn9t (in the past). They are made using different English verb
tenses.
There are four types of conditionals:
TYPE 1 – Present or Future Real Conditional
The first conditional has the present simple after if, then the future simple in the other clause:
- If + present simple…..will + infinitive
It’s used to talk about things which might happen in the future. Of course, we can’t know what will happen
in the future, but this describes possible things, which could easily come true.
Examples:
a. If you don’t hurry, you will miss the plane.
(It’s about what will happen today, another day might be different.)
b. If she studies harder, she’ll pass the examination.
(It’s possible she will study harder and so she’ll pass.)
 TYPE 2 - Present Unreal Conditional
The second conditional uses the simple past after if, then would and the infinitive:
- If + Simple past……would + infinitive
It has two uses:
A. We use it to talk about things in the future that are probably not going to be true.
Examples:
a. If I had enough money, I would buy a house with twenty bedrooms and a swimming pool.
(I’m probably not going to have much money, it’s just a dream, not very real.)
b. She would pass the examination if she ever studied.
(She never studies, so this won’t happen.)

B. We use it to talk about something in the present which is impossible, but because it’s not true.
Examples:
a. If I had his number, I would call him.
(I don’t have his number now, so it’s impossible for me to call him.)
b. If I were you, I wouldn’t go out with that man. (but I’m not you)

TYPE 3- Past Unreal Conditional

We make the third conditional by using the past perfect after if, then would have and the past
participle in the second part of the sentence:
- If + past perfect…..would + have + past participle
It talks about the past. It is used to describe a situation that didn9t happen, and to imagine the result of this
situation.
Examples:
a. If she had studied, she would have passed the examination.
(But, really we know she didn’t study and so she didn’t pass.)
b. If I had eaten so much, I wouldn’t have felt sick. (But I did eat a lot, and so I did feel sick.)

ZERO TYPE CONDITIONAL – Present Real Conditional

We can make a zero-conditional sentence with two present simple verbs (one in the if clause and one in
the main clause):
- If + present simple….present simple
This conditional is used when the result will always happen.
Example:
a. If water reaches 100 degrees, it boils. (It is always true, there can’t be a different result sometimes.)