PRACTICAL PROBLEMS

JOINTS & CONNECTION

LORENZO RAY NAZ TANAEL, rLA, rMP, rENP, rREB

TIGHTNESS
 Pressure test on joints and connections of pipes and
fittings in the plumbing system shall be required to
ensure gastight and watertight connections.
 DRAINAGE PIPING

 Water Test
• No section shall be tested
with less than a 3 m head
of water.

• In testing successive
sections, the upper 3 m
height of the preceding
section shall be tested
again.

• Water shall be kept at least

15 minutes before
inspection starts.
DRAINAGE PIPING

 Air Test
• Uniform gauge pressure
of 34.5 kpa or 254 mm
height column of
mercury.

• The pressure shall be

maintained for at least
15 minutes.
Inflatable Plug
Soil Pipe Ready for Water Test
Testing Plug for Running Trap
Double Testing Plug
DRAINAGE PIPING

 Smoke Testing plug

Smoke Testing plug
DRAINAGE PIPING

 Building Sewer Test

• Plugging the ends of the
building sewer

• Completely filling with

water from lowest to
highest.

• Equivalent low pressure

air test.
WATER PIPING

Water Test
• Proved tight under water pressure not less than the
working pressure plus 50%.

Air Test
• 344.5 kpa air pressure may be substituted for water
test.
TYPES OF JOINTS

 Cast Iron Pipe

• Cast Iron Caulked Joint –

wrapping oakum or
hemp around the spigot
neck & pouring lead to
harden
TYPES OF JOINTS

• Pig Lead Depth – not less

than 25.4 mm.
1 inch

• Finished joint– not to

extend more than 3.2
mm below the rim of the
hub
YARNING IRON
Caulking iron
INSIDE AND OUTSIDE CALKING IRON
PICK OUT IRON
LEAD POT AND LADDLE
HORIZONTAL CAULKED JOINTS
TYPES OF JOINTS

 Cast Iron Pipe

• Compression Joint – using neoprene rubber
compression gaskets.
TYPES OF JOINTS

 Cast Iron Pipe

• Hubless Joint – using elastomeric sealing sleeve and
stainless steel clamp.
TYPES OF JOINTS

 Threaded
Joints
– used for
galvanized iron,
steel, & plastic
pipes.
 Shall be of standard taper pipe thread.

 Threads on plastic pipe shall be factory cut or molded.

 Minimum of Schedule 80 (plastic pipe)

 Pipe joint material shall be applied only on the

male threads.
 Always used recessed drainage fittings
 Wiped joint

• Use for lead pipes &

fittings, brass or
copper pipe, ferrules,
solder nipples & traps

• Not less than 19 mm &

at least as thick as the
material being joined.
 Joints between lead
pipe & cast iron,
Steel or wrought
iron pipe shall be by
means of a caulking
ferrule or soldering
nipple.
 Solder joints

• Used for brass & copper

tubing & fittings

• Joints shall be properly

fluxed with an approved
non corrosive type flux.

• Solder & fluxes with a

lead content exceeding
0.002% are prohibited.
Brazing joint

 Brazing
 Welding

• Melting the work

pieces and adding a
filler to form a pool
of molten material
that cools to become
a strong joint.
 Compression fittings

 2 traditional types:
• Standard fittings
• Flare fittings
 Compression fittings

 Standard compression fittings – fires a ferrule

against the tube as the fitting is tightened.
 Compression fittings

• Flared joints – used

for copper tubing

• Flaring one end of a

tube in such a way
as to receive a
special fitting which
fits in the flare.
 Compression fittings

 Tubing expanded with a flaring tool.

Using flaring tool

Step 1 Step 2

Step 3
Step 4 Step 5
Step 6 Step 7
Cement mortar joints
 Concrete pipe joint using approved compression
elastomeric materials.
 Asbestos cement sewer pipe joint

• Shall use sleeve coupling of the same composition as

the pipe and
• Sealed with neoprene rubber rings
 Solvent cement plastic pipe joints

• Fusing plastic pipes & fittings by the use of an adhesive

• Comply with IAPMO Installation Standards
 Steps
• Inspecting
 Steps
• Inspecting
• Cutting
 Steps
• Inspecting
• Cutting
• Cleaning
 Steps
• Inspecting
• Cutting
• Cleaning
• Solvent welding
 Steps
• Inspecting
• Cutting
• Cleaning
• Solvent welding
• Curing
 Elastomeric Gasket joint - elastomeric ring gasket
is compressed in the annular space between a bell end
and a spigot end.
Flange joint

 Consisting of two companion flanges bolted together and

made leak proof by means of a gasket.
Crimped or Pressed Fitting
Crimped or Pressed Fitting
Heat fusion joint

• Heating both pieces simultaneously and

pressing them together.
• Used in thermoplastic pipes
Butt fusion joint
Butt fusion joint
Butt fusion joint
Fusion Outlet Joint
Socket Fusion Joint