Test Bank For Psychology Themes and Variations Briefer Version 9th Edition Weiten

Test Bank for Psychology Themes and Variations Briefer Version, 9th Edition : Weiten
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Chapter 7 A--Human Memory
Student: ___________________________________________________________________________
1. The three basic processes in memory are

A. encoding, storage, and retrieval.
B. acoustic, semantic, and eidetic.
C. recall, recognition, and relearning.
D. sensation, perception, and cognition.
2. The basic process in memory that involves formation of a memory code is

A. encoding.
B. storage.
C. retrieval.
D. sensation.
3. The order of the basic memory processes in which information enters our memory system and is used later is
A. encoding ® retrieval ® storage.
B. encoding ® storage ® retrieval.
C. storage ® retrieval ® acquisition.
D. acquisition ® encoding ® retrieval.
4. In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be

A. ablated.
B. modeled.
C. retrieved.
D. encoded.
5. The basic process in memory that involves maintaining information in memory is

A. encoding.
B. storage.
C. retrieval.
D. sensation.
6. Shayla is able to retain the vocabulary she learned in her first semester Spanish class after the class has
ended. The main memory process that accounts for the fact that Shayla can hold information in her memory for
extended periods of time is
A. encoding.
B. retrieval.
C. chunking.
D. storage.
7. In order for a memory to be retrieved, it must first be

A. ablated.
B. modeled.
C. stored.
D. encoded.
8. If you were attempting to recall a memory, the memory process you would be using is
A. encoding.
B. storage.
C. retrieval.
D. acquisition.
9. The process of recalling information from memory is referred to as

A. retrieval.
B. encoding.
C. storage.
D. information registry.
10. Zachariah was not sure that he was ready for his midterm exams, but once he started the exams, he found
that he was able to accurately recall the information he had learned that related to each question. The main
memory process that accounts for the fact that Zachariah could access and utilize the information in his memory
is
A. encoding.
B. storage.
C. retrieval.
D. rehearsal.
11. Which of the following does not describe one of the three main processes involved in memory?
A. evaluating information in memory
B. maintaining information in memory
C. pulling information out of memory
D. putting information into memory
12. The first memory process that involves getting information into memory is
A. memorization.
B. storage.
C. encoding.
D. retrieval.
13. The memory process of storage involves

A. recovering information from memory stores.
B. forming a memory code.
C. linking new information to other information.
D. maintaining information in memory over time.
14. The process of locating and recovering information from your memory store is
A. remembering.
B. retrieval.
C. storage.
D. encoding.
15. Focusing awareness on a narrow range of stimuli or events involves

A. encoding.
B. attention.
C. elaboration.
D. clustering.
16. Early-selection theories of attention propose that

A. stimuli are screened out before the brain processes the meaning of sensory input.
B. stimuli are screened out after the brain processes the meaning of sensory input.
C. attention is distributed equally among all stimulus inputs that are above threshold.
D. stimuli are screened out before they reach the sense organs.
17. Kwan is driving to campus and his phone rings, based on the results of studies on divided attention, should
Kwan answer the phone?
A. No, he would experience a negative impact on his driving behavior since he would focus more on the phone
call than on traffic signals.
B. He should only answer the phone if he is an experienced driver who is driving in a familiar location.
C. Yes, his attention system will allow him to process both traffic information and his phone conversation
equally.
D. He should only answer the phone if he has a hands-free device, so that he is not distracted by having to hold
the phone.
18. Curtis is working on a presentation and doesn't hear the phone ringing in the background. Later, he is
surprised to find three phone messages have come in for him, because he was totally unaware that the phone
had even rung. Incidents of this type would lend support to
A. a late-selection model of attention.
B. a proactive model of attention.
C. an early-selection model of attention.
D. an acoustic-blocking model of attention.
19. Which statement best represents current thinking about early-selection versus late-selection theories of
attention?
A. The preponderance of evidence supports early selection.
B. The preponderance of evidence supports late selection.
C. The preponderance of evidence supports intermediate selection.
D. The location of the attention filter may be flexible.
20. Frances is daydreaming during her botany class, and has not been listening to the lecture at all. She is
suddenly aware that her professor has just called her name, and is waiting for her to respond to a question that
has been asked. Incidents of this type lend support to
A. a retroactive model of attention.
B. a late-selection model of attention.
21. Sarah is studying for her psychology exam and listening to the television. Studies on divided attention
would suggest that
A. she would experience a negative impact on her studying since she would focus more on the TV since
auditory cues will be attended to over visual cues.
B. the effect will be neutral.
C. she will experience a negative impact on her memory and not remember much of either the TV show or her
studying.
D. she would experience a positive impact on her studying since the TV would serves as noise and would allow
her to focus her attention on her textbook.
22. According to Lavie, the location of the attention filter depends on the "cognitive load" of the current
information processing. Selection tends to occur early when individuals
A. are involved in simple, low-load tasks
B. are attending to complicated, high-load tasks
C. are processing familiar information
D. do not expect to be tested on the material
information processing. Selection tends to occur late when individuals
A. are attending to complicated, high-load tasks.
B. are processing new information.
C. expect to be tested on the material.
D. are involved in simple, low-load tasks.
24. Based on Lavie's research into the location of the attention filter, which of the following pairs of terms is
matched CORRECTLY?
A. high-load task - late filter
B. simple task - early filter
C. low-load - early filter
D. complicated task - early filter
matched INCORRECTLY?
B. simple task - late filter
C. complicated task - early filter
D. low-load task - late filter
26. You are observing another student reading in the cafeteria. There are several distracting sounds, but the
individual does not look up or otherwise appear to notice any of the disruptions. Based on Lavie's view of the
attention filter, you should conclude that the person is reading ____ material because external information is
being filtered ____.
A. complicated or complex; early
B. complicated or complex; late
C. simple; early
D. simple; late
27. Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines
A. perception.
B. processing.
C. attention.
D. sensation.
28. When individuals are instructed to divide their attention between a memory encoding task and other tasks,
their performance on the encoding task generally shows
A. a marked improvement.
B. a small decline.
C. a large decline.
D. no significant change.
29. Which of the following was NOT a level of processing associated with verbal information as suggested by
Craik and Lockhart (1972)?
A. semantic
B. structural
C. phonemic
D. functional
30. Kiana was given a list of words as part of a memory test that included: "dog, pail, and hate." Later, she
recalled these words as: "dig, paint, and hard." Kiana's errors in recall suggest that she had encoded the original
word list
A. phonemically.
B. semantically.
C. implicitly.
D. structurally.
31. In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?

A. morphemic
B. phonemic
C. mnemonic
D. platonic
32. Xavier was given a list of words as part of a memory test that included: dog, pail, and hate. Later, he
recalled these words as: "log, whale, and late." Xavier's errors in recall suggest that he had encoded the original
word list
A. phonemically.
B. structurally.
C. semantically.
D. retroactively.
33. A memory code that emphasizes the meaning of verbal input is called
A. a structural code.
B. a phonemic code.
C. a semantic code.
D. an episodic code.
34. Taryn was given a list of words as part of a memory test that included: "dog, pail, and hate." Later, she
recalled these words as: "pup, bucket, and loathe." Taryn's errors in recall suggest that she had encoded the
original word list
A. proactively.
B. semantically.
C. phonemically.
D. structurally.
35. Which of the following sequences represents progressively deeper levels of processing?
A. phonemic, semantic, structural
B. structural, semantic, phonemic
C. semantic, phonemic, structural
D. structural, phonemic, semantic
36. The deepest level of processing of information in memory, emphasizing the meaning of the information
being processed, is
A. the triarchic level of encoding.
B. the semantic level of encoding.
C. attentional encoding.
D. dyadic encoding.
37. Which level of processing should result in the longest lasting memory codes?
A. structural encoding
B. mnemonic encoding
C. semantic encoding
D. phonemic encoding
38. Two students took a memory test. Twenty nouns were shown sequentially on a TV monitor. Mallory tried to
think of rhymes for each word as it appeared on the monitor. Bailey tried to think of ways each word could be
used in a sentence. Based on Craik and Lockhart's levels-of-processing theory, you should predict that
A. Mallory will have better recall of the words because she used semantic encoding.
B. both students should have equivalent recall of the words.
C. Bailey will have better recall of the words because she used semantic encoding.
D. Bailey will have poorer recall of the words because she used structural encoding.
39. The shallowest level of processing of verbal information is ____ encoding.

A. structural
B. semantic
C. verbal
D. phonemic
40. When processing verbal information, if you focus attention on the sounds of words you are engaging in
____ encoding.
A. verbal
B. phonemic
C. semantic
D. structural
41. The semantic level of processing focuses attention on

A. the visual structure of written words.
B. the meaning of words.
C. the spelling of words.
D. the sounds of spoken words.
42. Level of processing theory suggests that longer-lasting memory codes are the result of ____ levels of
processing.
A. broader
B. narrower
C. deeper
D. shallower
43. If you are given a list of vocabulary words to study briefly before being tested on your memory of the
words, as you read through the list you should
A. count how many letters are in each word.
B. concentrate on the first letter of each word.
C. think of a word that rhymes with each word.
D. use each word in a sentence.
44. Elaboration involves

A. the creation of visual images to represent the words to be remembered.
B. decreasing the complexity of the material to be remembered.
C. forming two kinds of memory code for each word.
D. linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding.
45. Hugh is studying for his geography test. He is in a hurry, so he focuses on the main points of the text and
skips all of the examples that the authors provide to illustrate each main point. In this case, Hugh is using
A. an efficient study strategy, because examples often cause students to become confused about key issues.
B. chunking to create fewer storage units, and this should aid his later recall of the information.
C. deep processing, which should produce a very durable memory for the material.
D. an ineffective study strategy and will probably not retain many of the main ideas that he reads.
46. Naomi is studying for her law exam. While she is studying, she is trying to think of as many examples as
she can to illustrate key ideas. In this case, Naomi is using
A. an efficient study strategy, because examples should help her to recall key ideas.
B. an ineffective study strategy that will probably cause her to confuse many of the key ideas.
C. shallow processing that does not focus on the underlying meaning of the material she is reading.
D. the linking method, to create a more complete semantic network.
47. Karina is given a list of words to memorize, and she forms a mental image of each word on the list. Calvin
is given the same list of words, and he thinks of words that rhyme with each of the words on the list. Based on
the research that has focused on the process of encoding, you should expect that on a memory test
A. both Karina and Calvin will recall the same number of words.
B. Karina will recall more words than Calvin.
C. Calvin will recall more words than Karina.
D. Karina is more likely to make "look-alike" errors in recall.
48. Norm is studying for his law exam. While he is studying, he is trying to think of as many examples as he
can to illustrate key ideas. In this case, Norm is using
A. elaboration.
B. visual imagery.
C. self-referent encoding.
D. phonemic encoding.
49. Erin is studying for her anatomy exam. While she is studying, she tries to create as many pictures as she can
to illustrate key ideas. In this case, Erin is using
A. elaboration.
B. visual imagery.
50. The dual-coding theory argues that memory is

A. enhanced by forming either semantic or visual codes.
B. composed of declarative and procedural elements.
C. composed of episodic and semantic codes.
D. composed of schematic and nonschematic elements.
51. Self-referent encoding involves

B. making the material to be remembered personally meaningful.
C. forming two kinds of memory codes for each word.
52. Whitney's neighbors are surprised that she never forgets their anniversary, but their wedding anniversary
falls on the same day as Whitney's birthday, so she finds it an easy date to remember. Whitney's easy recall of
the anniversary date illustrates the influence of
A. semantic encoding.
B. spreading activation in a semantic network.
C. prospective memory processes.
D. self-referent encoding.
53. Several students are arguing over the actual year that the Berlin wall came down. Some of the students think
it was in 1990, several think it was in 1991, and one student thinks it may have been 1988. Seth confidently tells
them it was in November 1989, because it came down the same week he won a statewide spelling bee. The fact
that Seth is able to accurately recall the date illustrates the impact of
A. prospective memory processes.
B. self-referent encoding.
C. semantic encoding.
D. spreading activation in a semantic network.
54. Which of the following is NOT listed in the textbook as a method to enrich encoding of to-be-stored
information?
A. self-referent encoding
B. visual imagery
C. rote memorization
D. elaboration
55. When studying for her psychology exam, Amy would read each word from the list of key terms at the end
of the chapter, read the definition of the term and then think of an example that illustrated each term. Amy was
using the process of ____ to hopefully enhance her memory of the terms.
A. elaboration
B. expanded attention
C. retrieval
D. imagery
56. Which theory suggests that memory is enhanced by forming both semantic and visual codes?
A. encoding-storage theory
B. information-processing theory
C. enhanced imagery theory
D. dual-coding theory
57. When their mom took them to the store yesterday she asked David and Andrew to help her remember to buy
apples. While David focused his attention on how apples were his favorite fruit, Andrew thought of seeing a bag
of big red apples in the shopping cart. David was using ____ and Andrew ____.
A. elaboration; structural encoding
B. elaboration; visual imagery
C. phonemic encoding; structural encoding
D. phonemic encoding; visual imagery
58. The approach to encoding that involves deciding how or whether information is personally relevant is
A. deep processing encoding.
B. semantic encoding.
D. dual-code encoding.
59. The Atkinson-Shiffrin memory model proposes that memory has

A. sensory, short-term, medium-term, and long-term stores.
B. short-, medium-, and long-term stores.
C. four different memory stores.
D. sensory, short-term, and long-term stores.
60. Which of the following researchers conducted a classic experiment that demonstrated the brief duration of
information in sensory memory?
A. Richard Atkinson
B. Hermann Ebbinghaus
C. George Miller
D. George Sperling
61. According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory, the memory system that allows for the sensation of a
visual pattern, sound, or touch to longer for a brief moment after the sensory stimulation is over is called?
A. semantic memory
B. sensory memory
C. long term memory
D. short-term memory
62. Cindy is watching her little sister as she skips rope. As long as the rope is turning, all Cindy can see is a blur
of color. She can only make out the shape of the skipping rope when her sister stops skipping. The "blurred"
image that Cindy sees while the rope is moving results from the way in which
A. flashbulb memories are formed.
B. episodic memory is encoded.
C. sensory memory works.
D. rehearsal works in short-term memory.
63. A 1-800 number for a product Ronald was interested in flashed on the television screen. Unfortunately the
number disappeared before Ronald was able to write down the last three digits. However, Ronald found he had
a momentary mental image of the phone number, and he was able to complete it, even though the number had
disappeared. Ronald's experience BEST illustrates
A. cued recall.
B. sensory memory.
C. procedural memory.
D. a flashbulb memory.
64. A sensory memory

A. usually lasts for about 30 seconds.
B. can be maintained by rehearsal.
C. is usually stored acoustically.
D. gives you additional time to try to recognize a stimulus.
65. Which stage, according to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory, is the first stage of memory processing?
A. short-term memory
B. sensory memory
C. long-term memory
D. semantic memory
66. The function of sensory memory is to

A. put information into long-term memory.
B. hold the immediate perception of what was perceived.
C. hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer.
D. hold information for a lifetime.
67. Information-processing theory subdivides the memory process of ____ into three separate components.
A. remembering
B. retrieval
C. encoding
D. storage
68. Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory comprise the three components of
A. memory.
B. encoding.
C. retrieval.
D. storage.
69. Sensory memory
A. is the same as the working memory.
B. is a limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to about 20 seconds.
C. preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second.
D. is an unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time.
70. If your psychology professor brags that she has a good memory because she can remember everything she
saw one-fourth of a second ago, your professor is referring to her
A. instantaneous memory.
B. sensory memory.
C. working memory.
D. short-term memory.
71. The observation that when a flashlight is waved quickly through the air in a circular pattern, you perceive a
circle of light and not just a "single point" of light is consistent with the functioning of your
A. visual memory.
B. long-term memory.
C. sensory memory.
72. The memory system that holds information in storage just long enough to give you additional time to
recognize the stimulus is
A. sensory memory.
B. short-term memory.
C. long-term memory.
D. working memory.
73. When you listen to a lecture, the information is held in ____ memory until you write it in your notes.
A. trace
B. sensory
C. short-term
D. long-term
74. You look up the phone number of the new Pizza Hut and repeat the number silently in your head until you
find a pad of paper to write it down. The process of actively repeating the number is called
A. chunking.
B. rehearsal.
C. encoding.
D. retrieval.
75. As Kayla was introduced to the seven members of the committee who would be interviewing her for a
scholarship, she silently repeated all the names to herself, in order. Kayla was using
A. chunking to increase the capacity of her short-term memory.
B. rehearsal to temporarily store the names in short-term memory.
C. filtering to temporarily bloc other information out of short-term memory.
D. acoustic encoding to process the names semantically.
76. With rehearsal, information in short-term memory can be maintained for some time. Without rehearsal, the
duration of short-term memory is
A. no longer than 1 second.
B. about 5 seconds.
C. about 20 seconds.
D. 1-2 minutes.
77. You are absorbed in reading your psychology text when the phone rings. After talking on the phone, you
can't remember the last thing you read. This information was lost from ____ memory, because the phone
conversation distracted you from ____ the information.
A. sensory; perceiving
B. short-term; rehearsing
C. long-term; rehearsing
D. long-term; retrieving
78. Which of the following researchers is known for identifying the capacity of short-term memory as "seven
plus or minus two" items?
A. Richard Atkinson
C. George Miller
D. George Sperling
79. Research by George Miller suggested that the capacity of short-term memory is about ____ chunks of
unrelated acoustically coded information.
A. 3
B. 5
C. 7
D. 12
80. Nelson Cowan cites evidence indicating that the capacity of short-term memory is actually
A. seven, plus or minus two.
B. nine, plus or minus one.
C. four, plus or minus one.
D. five, plus or minus three.
81. According to Cowan, the capacity of short-term memory has been ____ because researchers have not
controlled for ____ by participants.
A. overestimated; covert chunking
B. underestimated; covert chunking
C. overestimated; serial positioning
D. underestimated; serial positioning
82. Mark is listening as his roommate lists 14 things that they need to buy for their apartment before the end of
the week. Based on George Miller's research into the capacity of short-term memory, if Mark doesn't write the
items down as he hears them, he is most likely to remember
A. less than 5 of the items from the list.
B. approximately 10 to 12 items from the list.
C. the entire list.
D. between 5 and 9 items from the list.
83. Jade rearranges the letters HI TRE DBA T into "hit red bat." This is an example of
A. chunking.
B. elaboration.
C. rehearsal.
D. clustering.
84. Chunking involves

A. the internal repetition of material a person is trying to remember.
B. forming connections between new information and information already in memory.
C. creating visual images of information to be stored in memory.
D. rearranging incoming information into meaningful or familiar patterns.
85. Short-term memory

A. can maintain rehearsed information for approximately five minutes.
86. Which of the following statements concerning short-term memory is false?
A. short-term memory is also referred to as working memory
B. the storage capacity of short-term memory is approximately seven items
C. unrehearsed information is usually maintained in short-term memory for approximately five minutes
D. information in short-term memory is usually stored according to sounds
87. Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in ____ memory.

A. sensory
B. short-term
C. intermediate-term
D. long-term
88. While driving with her two young children Kathy's car broke down. She called her husband on her cell
phone and he told her the phone number of a towing company to call. If the children's behavior prevents her
from repeating the phone number to herself, most likely Kathy will need to dial the phone number within the
next ____ or she will forget the number.
A. minute
B. 45 seconds
C. 20 seconds
D. 2 seconds
89. The storage capacity of short-term memory is approximately ____ items.

A. 4
B. 7
C. 10
D. 12
90. The storage capacity of short-term memory can be increased by combining items in larger units called
A. categories.
B. words.
C. groups.
D. chunks.
91. Which memory system is referred to in your text as "working memory"?

A. sensory memory
B. short-term memory
C. long-term memory
D. all of these collectively
92. According to Baddeley, short-term or working memory does NOT include which of the following
components?
A. a rehearsal loop
B. a feature-detection element
C. a visuospatial sketchpad
D. an executive control system
93. When you mentally picture the road between your house and school, you are relying on which component of
working memory?
A. the visuospatial sketchpad
B. the conceptual hierarchy
C. the rehearsal loop
D. the executive control system
94. As Art was walking out the door of his apartment, he was quickly running through a mental list of all the
things he was supposed to take with him. He went through the complete list of items four or five times, just to
make sure he hadn't forgotten anything. Based on Baddeley's model of working memory, Art was utilizing
A. the visuospatial sketchpad to arrange all the information he needed.
B. the rehearsal loop to temporarily hold his list of essential items.
C. the executive control system to juggle all the information he needed to consider.
D. his prospective memory to remember the actions he still needed to perform.
95. Mia was trying to figure out how to fit the box that contained her new computer into the trunk of her car.
She mentally manipulated the position of the box, trying to figure out a way to make it fit. Based on Baddeley's
model of working memory, Mia was utilizing
A. the visuospatial sketchpad to mentally manipulate the box's position.
B. the rehearsal loop while she worked repeatedly on the problem.
C. the executive control system to juggle all the information she needed to consider.
D. her prospective memory to remember the actions she would need to perform.
96. The ability of people to "juggle" information in working memory in order to reason and make decisions is
handled by the ____ component of working memory.
A. executive control system
B. rehearsal loop
C. visual imagery
D. schematic
97. Graham has selected four different universities that he might like to attend, and now he is trying to decide
which of the four he should apply to. He has all the material spread out in front of him, and he is carefully
considering all the advantages and disadvantages associated with each campus. Based on Baddeley's model of
working memory, Graham is utilizing
A. the rehearsal loop to repeat only the most important aspects of each campus.
B. the executive control system to juggle all the information he needs to consider.
C. the visuospatial sketchpad to mentally manipulate the pros and cons for each campus.
D. his prospective memory to keep in mind his overall goals in attending university.
98. Baddeley's concept of working memory

A. integrates sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory into a single, complex system.
B. expands the functions and processes of short-term memory.
C. takes the place of the old concept of sensory memory.
D. expands the functions and processes of long-term memory.
99. Which of the following is NOT a component of working memory?

A. visuospatial sketchpad
B. executive control system
C. phonological rehearsal loop
D. semantic buffer
100. While at a yard sale, you and your roommate find a great old sofa. As you are trying to decide if it will fit
in your dorm room if you rearrange the beds, dressers, and desks, you would be using the ____ component of
working memory.
B. semantic buffer
C. executive control system
D. phonological rehearsal loop
101. The ____ component of working memory serves as the interface between working and long-term memory.
A. episodic buffer
B. semantic buffer
D. visuospatial sketchpad
102. Penfield's studies suggest that long-lost memories can be elicited through electrical stimulation of the
brain. This suggests the possibility that forgetting may be a matter of
A. retrieval failure.
B. displacement.
C. gradual decay.
D. unconscious wishes to forget.
103. The memory system that is described as a "giant storehouse that never quite fills up" is the
A. time-based memory.
C. working memory.
D. sensory memory.
104. The memory system that has an almost unlimited storage capacity is
C. working memory.
D. auditory sensory memory.
105. Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called
A. episodic memories.
B. flashbulb memories.
C. sensory memories.
D. nondeclarative memories.
106. Miles has very vivid memories of a car accident he witnessed five years ago. When he closes his eyes and
thinks about the accident, he feels as if he can recall every detail of it, right down to the brand name printed on
the tires of one of the cars. This type of memory is called
A. sensory memory.
B. procedural memory.
C. a flashbulb memory.
D. an implicit memory.
107. In Serena's law class they are discussing high-profile cases, and when they get to the O. J. Simpson case,
Serena suddenly has a vivid memory of watching the white Bronco driving slowly down the freeway. She feels
like she can recall every detail of that night, right down to the snacks she and her roommate were eating. This
would be an example of
A. a flashbulb memory.
B. sensory memory.
108. Researchers who investigated the accuracy of flashbulb memories following the 9/11 terrorist attacks
found that
A. there were no appreciable differences between subjects flashbulb memories and their everyday memories in
consistency over time, but participants viewed their everyday memories as more accurate.
B. immediate memories were accurate, but 6 weeks later over 40% of individuals showed major memory
distortions in their flashbulb memories.
C. there were appreciable differences between subjects flashbulb memories and their everyday memories in
consistency over time, participants correctly viewed their flashbulb memories as more accurate.
D. there were no appreciable differences between subjects flashbulb memories and their everyday memories in
consistency over time, but participants viewed their flashbulb memories as more accurate.
109. Follow-up research by Talarico and Rubin, which tested the accuracy of flashbulb memories one year after
the 9/11 terrorist attacks, found flashbulb memories
A. become more accurate and detailed over time.
B. fade much the same as everyday memories.
C. fade much more slowly than other types of memories.
D. remain fairly constant and do not fade over time.
110. Based on the research by Talarico and Rubin, which tested the accuracy of flashbulb memories one year
after the 9/11 terrorist attacks, which of the following is NOT one of the things that makes flashbulb memories
special?
A. Unlike other memories, flashbulb memories do not fade over time.
B. People subjectively feel that these memories are exceptionally vivid.
C. People have exceptional confidence in the accuracy of these memories.
D. There is more emotional intensity attached to these memories.
111. Long-term memory

A. is a limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to about 20 seconds.
B. are unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events.
C. is an unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time.
D. preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second.
112. One general question regarding long-term memory involves whether
A. long-term memory is the working memory?
B. long-term memories are stored permanently?
C. long-term memory has an unlimited storage?
D. flashbulb memories are long-term memories?
113. Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are referred to as
C. tip-of-the-tongue memories.
D. long-term memories.
114. The results of the Featured Study on flashbulb memories that compared participant's memories of the 9/11
terrorist attacks and memories of personal events found that compared to personal memories flashbulb
memories were ____ and participants were ____ in the accuracy of the flashbulb memory.
A. more accurate; less confident
B. more accurate; more confident
C. no more accurate; less confident
D. no more accurate; more confident
115. A handful of theorists have questioned the concept of sensory memory on the grounds that
A. it may be nothing more than perceptual processes at work.
B. information doesn't last long enough to be tested.
C. it really isn't all that different from short-term memory.
D. it seems to work only for auditory stimuli.
116. Some theorists have questioned the concept of short-term memory on the grounds that
A. its capacity is simply too limited.
B. information in short-term memory doesn't last long enough to be tested.
C. it really isn't all that different from sensory memory.
D. it really isn't all that different from long-term memory.
117. The view that short-term and long term memory were independent systems was based originally on the
idea that short-term memory depended on ____ encoding and long-term memory depended on ____ encoding.
A. phonemic; semantic
B. acoustic; semantic
C. semantic; acoustic
D. phonemic; acoustic
idea that information loss from short-term memory depended on ____ and long-term memory loss was due to
____.
A. decay; interference
B. interference; decay
C. limited capacity; retrieval failure
D. retrieval failure; limited capacity
119. Currently there is a debate among psychologists concerning whether

A. short-term memory has a limited storage capacity.
B. long-term memory has an unlimited storage capacity.
C. short-term memory is separate from long-term memory.
D. sensory memory is separate from short-term memory.
120. One current view of memory storage systems suggests that ____ should be considered a continually
changing portion of ____.
A. sensory memory; short-term memory
B. short-term memory; sensory memory
C. short-term memory; long-term memory
D. long-term memory; short-term memory
121. Clustering occurs when one

A. remembers similar or related items in groups.
B. uses a semantic network to encode new information.
C. recalls information based on the use of related schemata or scripts.
D. associates various stimuli in order to maintain a greater quantity of information in short-term memory.
122. Maria is trying to recall the names of all 48 of the contiguous United States. She begins by naming the
New England states, followed by the mid-Atlantic states, the states in the Southeast, the Midwest, the
Southwest, and finally the states in the Pacific Northwest. Maria's pattern of recall illustrates the concept of
A. the primacy effect.
B. levels-of-processing.
C. the serial-position effect.
D. clustering.
123. When information in long-term memory (LTM) is organized according to a clustering principle, it means
that
A. items that occurred close together in time are grouped together in LTM.
B. related items tend to be remembered in groups or categories.
C. words that look alike are grouped together in LTM.
D. people create a network of nodes in LTM, with links to related concepts.
124. A multilevel classification system based on common properties among items is called
A. a script.
B. a schema.
C. a conceptual hierarchy.
D. a mnemonic device.
125. Meredith is trying to memorize the various eras and periods in the geologic table. She begins by
memorizing the Cenozoic, Mesozoic and Paleozoic as three eras. She then memorizes the three periods from the
Cenozoic, the three periods from the Mesozoic and the six periods from the Paleozoic. Meredith's method of
organizing the material she is trying to remember illustrates the concept of
A. conceptual hierarchies.
D. source monitoring.
126. An organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from previous experiences
with the object or event is known as
A. a schema.
B. a cluster.
C. a stereotype.
D. category.
127. A schema is
A. an organized general knowledge structure.
B. a specific type of representative heuristic.
C. a specific type of availability heuristic.
D. a peculiar form of amnesia.
128. A student's organized set of expectations about how a college professor is supposed to act is an example of
a
A. schema.
B. chunk.
C. semantic network.
D. script.
129. Brock was describing the inside of his doctor's office to one of his friends. In his description he mentions
that there were two diplomas on the wall, even though this doctor does not have any diplomas displayed on the
wall. Brock's error in recall illustrates
A. the role of semantic networks in long-term memory.
B. the need for conceptual hierarchies in long-term memory.
C. the need for a good executive control system in short-term memory.
D. the role of schemas in long-term memory.
130. Nodes representing concepts joined together by pathways that link related concepts is referred to as
A. a clustering hierarchy.
B. an organizational schema.
C. a lexical ordering.
D. a semantic network.
131. According to the notion of semantic networks, which pair of words should be linked most closely?
A. car-nose
B. boat-goat
C. fill-feed
D. tree-bird
132. The idea that when you think about a word it triggers related words is referred to as
A. a conceptual hierarchy response.
B. clustering.
C. elaborative rehearsal.
D. spreading activation within a semantic network.
133. Three friends are having a discussion about taxes, but the conversation is soon sidetracked as different
statements bring up related ideas. The conversation drifts from taxes, to politicians, to the election, to fund
raising. This shift in the focus of the conversation is consistent with Collins and Loftus' theory of
B. spreading activation within a semantic network.
C. schema-based recall of information.
D. mood-congruent memory.
134. The tendency of people to remember factual information by routinely organizing the information into
categories is referred to as
A. clustering.
B. chunking.
C. spreading activation.
135. A multilevel classification system based on common properties among items describes
A. a conceptual hierarchy.
B. clustering.
C. a semantic network.
D. schemas.
136. An organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event that is abstracted from previous
experience with the object or event is a
A. stereotype.
B. semantic network.
C. schema.
D. retrieval cue.
137. Which of the following statements concerning schemas is NOT correct?

A. schemas sometimes cause individuals to remember information inaccurately
B. schemas always result in increasing the accuracy of individual's memory
C. schemas make individuals more likely to remember typical events
D. schemas sometimes make individuals more likely to remember unusual events
138. Christine says the birthday party she just attended was a lot of fun: "We played games, had cake and ice
cream, and got goodie bags." In reality, the ice cream was served with a brownie and not birthday cake.
Christine's inaccurate memory most likely resulted from
A. her birthday party schema.
B. the misinformation effect.
C. the source-monitoring error.
D. repression.
139. A semantic network

A. is an organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event.
B. consists of nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts.
C. is a group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit.
D. assumes that cognitive processes depend on patterns of activation in highly interconnected computational
networks.
140. The process of ____ explains why when we think of one word, such as "fruit," it triggers our thinking of
other words, such as "apples and oranges."
A. parallel distributed processing
B. the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
C. spreading activation within a schema
D. spreading activation within a semantic network
141. According to the concept of semantic networks, you would be most likely to easily remember John F.
Kennedy's name if the professor in your history class was discussing
A. the second half of the 20th century.
B. U.S. presidents.
C. assassinated U.S. presidents.
D. democratic U.S. presidents.
142. Models of memory that are based on the assumption that cognitive processes depend on patterns of
activation in interconnected computational networks that resemble neural networks are called
A. functional models.
B. dual coding models.
C. information processing models.
D. parallel distributed processing models.
143. Connectionist models of memory tend to be based on
A. how computers process information.
B. how neural networks handle information.
C. the principles of operant conditioning.
D. the principles of Gestalt psychology.
144. Parallel distribute processing models of memory assert that specific memories correspond to
A. spreading activation within a semantic network.
B. particular patterns of activation in the network of neurons.
C. excitatory signals to cells in the hippocampus.
D. inhibitory signals to cells in the hippocampus.
145. A parallel distributed processing system consists of a large network of interconnected computing units, or
nodes, that operate much like
A. neurons.
B. computer chips.
C. chromosomes.
D. wheels on a car.
146. Which of the following are not considered strengths of the parallel distributed processing models?
A. They provide a plausible account for how mental structures may be derived from neural structures.
B. They make sense based on research from neurophysiological research.
C. It explains the blazing speed of human's cognitive functioning better then other models do.
D. It requires the execution of operations in a sequence.
147. Connectionist models of memory are based on

A. connections between sensory, short-term, and long-term memory.
B. connections between encoding, storage, and retrieval.
C. how neural networks process information.
D. how computer systems process information.
148. The memory for an item of knowledge is represented by a specific pattern of activation in the
A. semantic network model of memory.
B. connectionist model of memory.
C. information-processing model of memory.
D. schema model of memory.
149. The "tip of the tongue" phenomenon refers to
A. saying something before you've had a chance to think about it.
B. dreamlike material that you recall during alpha-wave presleep.
C. a mnemonic device to help you store information in long-term memory.
D. feeling like you know something but are unable to recall it.
150. If you try to remember something but cannot, yet know the information is in memory, you are
experiencing the
A. tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
B. psuedoamnesia phenomenon.
C. Krensky syndrome.
D. retrieval-delay phenomenon.
151. Adan has been trying to recall the name of the musical artist who released the song that was #1 when he
was 14. Adan feels somewhat frustrated because he is certain he knows the artist's name, but he just can't seem
to recall it at this moment. Adan is experiencing something referred to as
A. retrograde amnesia.
B. the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
C. proactive interference.
D. a source-monitoring error.
152. A retrieval cue is

A. a brain structure stimulus used to locate a particular memory.
B. the same thing as an elaboration encoding variable.
C. a stimulus associated with a memory that is used to locate that memory.
D. always based on the mood you were in when a memory was first encoded.
153. Ten-year-old Kylee is trying to remember the capital of North Carolina during a game of "Where Are
You?" Her father tells her to think of the letter "R," and she quickly comes up with Raleigh. In this case, Kylee's
memory was assisted using
A. an effective retrieval cue.
B. semantic network activation.
C. the method of loci.
D. transfer-appropriate processing.
154. A visit to your elementary classroom might help you remember more of the names of some of your
classmates because you are
A. using the serial position effect.
B. relying on a flashbulb memory.
C. in the same context as you were when you learned them.
D. relying on schemas to enhance the retrieval process.
155. Which of the following statements regarding the role of context in memory is MOST accurate?
A. Context cues often facilitate the retrieval of information.
B. Context cues generally facilitate the retrieval of visual information, but interfere with the ability to recall
auditory information.
C. Context cues generally facilitate the retrieval of auditory information, but interfere with the ability to recall
visual information.
D. Context exerts no systematic influence on the encoding and retrieval of information.
156. Investigators were asking employees at a construction site what they were doing last Tuesday, at ten
o'clock. Some of the workers were having a difficult time remembering details until the foreman reminded them
that the foundations for the building were poured that morning. If the workers are now able to recall details of
their actions, the foreman has been able to
A. prime the workers' conceptual hierarchies.
B. successfully reinstate the context.
C. effectively overcome proactive interference.
D. activate transfer-appropriate processing.
157. You attended your high school graduation over 20 years ago. You are now trying to recall as much as
possible about the graduation ceremonies. Which of the following would be the BEST retrieval cue?
A. the number of students who graduated
B. the year the ceremony took place
C. the time of day the ceremony took place
D. the featured speaker at the ceremony
158. We can probably attribute the failing memory of senior citizens who move from a home they've lived in for
an extended time into another residence to
A. a protein deficiency.
B. the lack of retrieval cues.
C. a lack of elaboration.
D. the confusion associated with a decaying memory.
159. Students who study in the same room that they will be tested in find that their recall for test material is
better and they tend to do better on exams. This can be attributed to
A. encoding specificity.
C. déjà vu.
D. content dependent memory.
160. The memory process of retrieval is associated with

A. only short-term memory.
B. only long-term memory.
C. both short-term and long-term memory.
D. sensory, short-term, and long-term memory.
161. The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can be best described as an instance of

A. complete storage failure.
B. complete retrieval failure.
C. partial retrieval.
D. partial storage.
162. Often individuals are not able to answer a straightforward question such as "Who was president after
Richard Nixon?", but they can remember the answer (Gerald Ford) when given a hint such as "He has the same
name as a type of car." The hint serves as a
A. tip-of-the-tongue cue.
B. semantic cue.
C. rehearsal cue.
D. retrieval cue.
163. Beth is trying to remember the name of the regular babysitter she had when she was younger. When her
dad reminds her that he called the sitter Sarge because she strictly enforced the rules, Beth correctly remembers
her name as Marge. In this example "Sarge" served as a
A. phonemic cue.
B. semantic cue.
C. hint.
D. retrieval cue.
164. People often find that they can remember events more easily when in the same place as they were when
they first experienced the event. This is because of the influence of ____ on ____.
A. context: encoding
B. context: retrieval
C. imagery: retrieval
D. imagery: encoding
165. When Karen visited her old elementary school for her niece's band concert, she was overwhelmed with
long-forgotten memories of her friends, teachers, and events from her childhood. Returning to her former school
provided Karen with ____ for her memories.
A. retrieval cues
B. context cues
C. delayed cues
D. tip-of-the-tongue cues
166. What is said to occur when a participant's recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing
misleading postevent information?
A. a misinformation effect
B. a post hypnotic suggestion
C. the tip of the tongue phenomenon
D. ineffective encoding
167. The work of researchers like Bartlett and Loftus on errors in memory suggests that memory is best viewed
as
A. a tape recording.
B. storage on a computer disc.
C. a literal record of events.
D. a reconstruction of events or materials.
168. Loftus' work on eyewitness testimony has clearly demonstrated that

A. memory errors come mostly from erroneous original encoding.
B. most memory errors are constructive.
C. information given after an event can alter a person's memory of the event.
D. most memory errors are simply omissions of details of the event.
169. Tyler witnessed an automobile accident and heard one of the bystanders casually mention that the driver
was probably intoxicated. Even though the driver had not been drinking, and had never crossed the center line,
Tyler tells the police officer who is investigating the accident that the car had been "weaving all over the road."
Tyler's faulty recall illustrates
A. proactive interference.
B. implicit memory readjustment.
C. the misinformation effect.
D. mood-dependent memory.
170. Which stage(s) of memory is(are) best characterized as a "reconstruction of the past?"
A. sensory memory
C. long-term memory
D. short-term and long-term memory
171. Research by Loftus on eyewitness testimony indicates that what people recall of an accident or crime
scene
A. is so vivid that it is subject to very little memory error.
B. can be influenced by the types of questions they are asked.
C. can be significantly improved by the use of hypnosis.
D. is distorted by emotion and is completely inaccurate.
172. When an individual's memory for an event is altered by the later introduction of inaccurate or misleading
information, it is referred to as the
A. reconstruction effect.
B. postcontext effect.
C. source-monitoring effect.
D. misinformation effect.
173. The process of making attributions about the origins of memories is referred to as
A. reality monitoring.
B. source monitoring.
C. buffering.
D. a contraindication.
174. During a party, Michael was talking to a friend about the symbolism involved in a recent movie. Michael
attributed the explanation of the symbolism to a prominent movie critic, when actually he heard it from his
roommate. This example illustrates which of the following phenomena?
A. amnesia
B. cryptomnesia
C. source-monitoring error
D. serial-position effect
175. Gregory is telling Molly a joke when she suddenly stops him and tells him that she told him that same joke
last week. In this example, Gregory
A. has apparently made a source-monitoring error.
B. appears to have made a reality-monitoring error.
C. is showing the misinformation error.
D. is experiencing proactive interference.
176. Jack and Sophia are having a debate over a recent news story. Sophia finally brings in the latest issue of
the Weekly Bulletin to show Jack that she is correct. However, Sophia can't find the information in the Weekly
Bulletin, and now she is wondering where she read the news story. In this example, Sophia
A. appears to have made a reality-monitoring error.
B. is showing the misinformation error.
C. is experiencing proactive interference.
D. has apparently made a source-monitoring error.
177. Inadvertent "plagiarism" that occurs when people come up with an idea that they think is original, when
they were actually exposed to it earlier, is known as
A. cryptomnesia.
B. state-dependent memory.
D. retroactive interference.
178. Jeannie believes her research idea was original with her, but it was really one she had heard from a
colleague in an earlier discussion. Jeannie's belief is referred to as an example of
A. cryptomnesia.
B. anterograde amnesia.
C. retrograde amnesia.
D. plagiarasmia.
179. Rachel asks Chandler to proofread her history essay. He goes through it fairly carefully and makes quite a
few suggestions for revisions. The next semester Chandler takes the same course, and he is surprised when the
professor suggests that his first essay is "not original work." When Chandler reads Rachel's essay again, he sees
that he has included a number of her ideas in his paper. In this example, it is likely that Chandler experienced
A. a reality-monitoring error.
C. cryptomnesia.
D. proactive interference.
180. The process of deciding on whether a memory is based on an external source or an internal source is
referred to as
B. transmogrification.
C. either an internal or external attribution.
D. the locus of causality.
181. Leah is surprised to receive a second notice regarding her electric bill. She is sure that she mailed in the
check. As a matter of fact, she can see herself writing out the check and mailing it. However, when she goes
through her duplicate checks, she cannot find a copy of the check to the electric company. In this example,
Leah
A. is showing the misinformation error.
C. has apparently made a source-monitoring error.
182. The study of source monitoring - the process of making attributions about the origins of memories - is
MOST closely associated with which of the following researchers?
A. Brenda Milner
B. Endel Tulving
C. Marcia Johnson
D. Elizabeth Loftus
183. If you incorrectly recall your psychology professor as saying "Psychology is a poor choice for a college
major," when in reality it was really your philosophy professor who made the statement, you would be making
a
A. source-monitoring error.
B. misinformation error.
C. retention error.
D. reality-monitoring error.
184. If you are trying to remember whether you told your roommate that you would not be home for dinner
tomorrow, or you just thought about telling her, you are engaging in
A. imagination inflation.
B. reality monitoring.
C. reconstruction.
185. Which of the following is not a type of clue that is commonly used to make reality monitoring inferences
that an event really happened?
A. the memory is easily retrieved
B. the memory is rich in sensory information
C. the memory involves contextual information
D. the memory involves other individuals
186. The first person to conduct scientific studies of forgetting was

A. Sigmund Freud.
B. Hermann Ebbinghaus.
C. John Watson.
D. George Miller.
187. Ebbinghaus used which of the following as stimuli in his classic studies of forgetting?
A. geometric shapes
B. nonsense syllables
C. common English words
D. uncommon English words
188. Ebbinghaus' original forgetting curves, which graphed his retention over time, suggested that most
forgetting occurs
A. very gradually over long periods of time.
B. only after several days have passed.
C. as a result of interference with other information.
D. very rapidly after learning something.
189. Imagine you complete a computer-programming course, but never have a chance to use the programming
language once the course is over. Based on the research results reported by Ebbinghaus, over the years you
should expect
A. there will be a constant, steady decline in what you are able to recall from the programming course.
B. most of what you learned will be forgotten early, but later there will be a slow, steady increase in what you
are able to recall from the programming course.
C. very little of what you learned will be forgotten early, but later there will be a rapid decline in what you are
able to recall from the programming course.
D. most of what you learned will be forgotten early, and there will continue to be a slow decline in what you are
190. The probable reason that Ebbinghaus' forgetting curves were so steep was that Ebbinghaus
A. had a poor memory.
B. learned too many lists.
C. used very meaningless materials.
D. used autobiographical materials.
191. In studies of forgetting, the retention interval is the length of time

A. between the presentation of stimuli and the complete forgetting of the information.
B. between the presentation of stimuli and the measurement of forgetting.
C. during which the stimulus material is available to be studied by the subjects.
D. over which the subject has 100 percent recall of the material.
192. Roberto was attacked while he was walking in the park. The police who are investigating the crime ask
Roberto to describe his attacker in as much detail as possible. The police are basically using
A. transfer-appropriate encoding to recover information from Roberto's memory.
B. a recall task to recover information from Roberto's memory.
C. a recognition task to recover information from Roberto's memory.
D. a misinformation task to recover information from Roberto's memory.
193. LeAnn had her purse snatched as she walked out to her car. The police who are investigating the crime ask
LeAnn to try to pick the purse-snatcher out of a line-up of eight suspects. The police are basically using
A. a recognition task to recover information from LeAnn's memory.
B. a recall task to recover information from LeAnn's memory.
C. transfer-appropriate encoding to recover information from LeAnn's memory.
D. a misinformation task to recover information from LeAnn's memory.
194. Multiple choice tests like this one use which measure of retention?
A. recall
B. recognition
C. relearning
D. reiteration
195. The measure of memory that requires subjects to reproduce information on their own, without any cues, is
A. recall.
B. recognition.
C. relearning.
D. reiteration.
196. An essay exam is most similar to the ____ method of measuring retention.
A. recognition
B. recall
C. relearning
D. production
197. A relearning measure requires subjects to

A. memorize information a second time to determine how much time or effort is saved.
B. select previously learned information from an array of options.
C. reproduce information on their own without any cues.
D. indicate whether a given piece of information is familiar.
198. Noah had learned to play Mozart's Concerto Number 21 when he was eight years old. He is now 30 years
old and hasn't played the piano for 12 years, but his sister has asked him to play the concerto at her wedding.
When Noah sits down to practice, he finds that he has the piece mastered in just a few hours, even though it
took him weeks to learn the first time. This example illustrates
A. recognition as a measure of memory retention.
B. recall as a measure of memory retention.
C. relearning as a measure of memory retention.
D. the impact of pseudoforgetting.
199. Ebbinghaus' research suggested that memory for meaningless information is forgotten
A. very gradually over several days.
B. very gradually for several hours and then at a very rapid rate.
C. very rapidly in the first few hours after learning.
D. immediately.
200. Which of the following is NOT a commonly used technique to measure forgetting?
A. relearning
B. retention
C. recognition
D. recall
201. The measure of retention that requires individuals to reproduce information on their own without any cues
is
A. recitation.
B. recognition.
C. recall.
D. relearning.
202. A history teacher who asks his students to state from memory the first ten amendments to the U.S.
Constitution is assessing retention by using the ____ method.
A. recall
B. recognition
C. relearning
D. recitation
203. The recognition measure of retention requires an individual

A. to reproduce information on her own without any cues.
B. to select previously learned information from an array of options.
C. to predict how well she will perform on a later memory test.
D. to memorize information a second time to determine how much time or effort is saved.
204. Multiple choice exams such as this one measure retention by using the ____ method.
A. recall
B. recognition
C. relearning
D. recitation
205. The measure of retention that requires an individual to memorize information a second time to determine
how much time or effort is saved is
A. relearning.
B. recognition.
C. recitation.
D. recall.
206. Savings scores are associated with the ____ method of measuring forgetting.
A. recognition
B. retention
C. recall
D. relearning
207. Pseudoforgetting is information loss due to ineffective

A. encoding only.
B. storage only.
C. retrieval only.
D. encoding, storage, and retrieval.
208. Pseudoforgetting is viewed as a function of

A. interference effects.
B. lack of attention.
C. hippocampal damage.
D. insufficient retrieval cues.
209. Joel is asked to provide a description of his neighbor's car, after the car and the neighbor both disappear.
He is surprised to find that he really can't accurately recall the make of the car, or any special details that might
help in identifying the vehicle. In this case, Joel may be experiencing
B. retrograde amnesia.
C. pseudoforgetting.
D. cryptomnesia.
210. If you're thinking about your plans for the weekend while you are reading your psychology textbook, the
reason you will probably forget most of what you read is that you've used ____ encoding, which is inferior to
____ encoding for retention of verbal material.
B. semantic; reconstructive
C. phonemic; proactive
D. proactive; semantic
211. ____ would best explain your behavior if as you are reading this question you cannot think of the correct
term and you say to yourself, "I can't believe I forgot this" when in reality you never knew the answer in the
first place.
A. Retrieval failure
B. Interference
C. Pseudoforgetting
D. Decay
212. Poor memory for information often occurs when the information only receives a shallow level of
processing. In this case, the memory failure would be the result of
A. ineffective encoding.
B. storage failure.
C. retrieval failure.
D. interference.
213. According to interference theory

A. people forget information because of competition from other material.
B. forgetting is due to ineffective encoding.
C. the principal cause of forgetting should be the passage of time.
D. the events that occur during the retention interval do not affect forgetting.
214. Decay theory suggests that forgetting is due to

B. impermanent storage.
D. interference effects.
215. Imagine that researchers find some memories are lost very quickly from memory, while other memories
last much longer. This evidence would create the MOST problems for
A. the decay theory of forgetting.
B. the interference theory of forgetting.
C. the repression theory of forgetting.
D. the neurochemical theory of forgetting.
216. In studies of long-term memory, researchers have found that

A. the mere passage of time is the sole cause of forgetting.
B. the passage of time is more influential than what happens during the time interval.
C. the passage of time is not as influential as what happens during the time interval.
D. subjects who sleep during the retention interval forget more than those who remain awake.
217. According to interference theory failure to recall information stored in the brain may be due to
A. inadequate organization or categorization of the information.
B. decay of the memory trace with time.
C. competition from other material.
D. a lack of attention during encoding.
218. You have an exam at 8 a.m. and it is now 8 p.m. the night before. You have studied well. The BEST thing
to do now is
A. study some other similar topic.
B. study some other very different topic.
C. play cards with others in the dorm.
D. sleep all night.
219. ____ occurs when new information impairs the retention of previously learned information.
A. Retroactive interference
B. Proactive interference
C. Retrograde amnesia
D. Anterograde amnesia
220. Tara's bank assigned her a personal identification number (PIN) of 927321 when she was first issued her
credit card. Last week, a different company bought out the credit card division and Tara was issued a new PIN
of 840645. If Tara experiences retroactive interference when she enters her PIN, you would expect that she will
enter the digits
A. 840321, using the last three digits of her old number in error.
B. 840645, her new PIN.
C. 927321, her old PIN.
D. 927645, using the first three digits of her old number in error.
221. You move to a new house and memorize your new phone number. Now, you can't remember your old
phone number. This is an example of
A. retroactive interference.
B. proactive interference.
D. motivated forgetting.
222. Curtis has been testing a new software package for the past two months. However, he decides not to switch
and he goes back to using his old software. Unfortunately, he is now having some problems in recalling how to
do certain tasks with the old software, and often finds himself trying to do things the way he did with the new
software he was testing. Curtis' problems illustrate the effects of
B. state-dependent forgetting.
D. memory reconstruction.
223. Interference effects on retention are greatest when the interfering learning is
A. similar to the material to be remembered.
B. dissimilar to the material to be remembered.
C. unrelated to the material to be remembered.
D. similarity of the materials does not seem to affect retention.
224. Isabella spent one hour studying American History prior to 1800, and then spent one hour studying
European History prior to 1800. Victor spent one hour studying American History prior to 1800, and then spent
one hour studying Calculus. In this example, it is likely that
A. Victor will have better recall of events in early American History.
B. Isabella will have better recall of events in early American History.
C. both students will have equivalent recall of events in early American History.
D. neither student will have good recall of the material studied during the second hour.
225. Proactive interference occurs when

A. new information impairs the retention of previously learned information.
B. previously learned information interferes with the retention of new information.
C. a person loses memories of events that occurred prior to a head injury.
D. a person loses memories of events that occur after a head injury.
226. Your female friend recently got married and changed her last name to that of her husband's. You have
difficulty remembering her new last name because of
B. retroactive interference.
C. memory decay.
D. response inhibition.
227. During the month of January when you write the date on your checks you often will write the wrong year
on the check. You have difficulty remembering to write the new year because of
C. memory decay.
228. Allen was recently traded to a new basketball team, and he is having a hard time remembering all the new
plays because he keeps using the plays from his former team. Allen's problems illustrate the effects of
229. Ivan's bank assigned him a personal identification number (PIN) of 8624 when he was first issued his
credit card. Last week a different company bought out the credit card division and Ivan was issued a new PIN of
9317. If Ivan experiences proactive interference when he enters his PIN, you would expect that he will enter the
digits
A. 9317, his new PIN.
B. 9324, using the last two digits of his old number in error.
C. 8617, using the first two digits of his old number in error.
D. 8624, his old PIN.
230. Decay theory proposes that forgetting occurs due to

A. competition from other memories.
B. the deterioration of the nervous system with increasing age.
C. the passage of time.
D. ineffective encoding of information.
231. Research has not been able to demonstrate that decay is a cause of forgetting information from
A. sensory memory.
D. short-term and long-term memory.
232. Research suggests that when information is forgotten from long-term memory ____ exerts a stronger
influence on forgetting than ____.
A. the passage of time; interference
B. interference; the passage of time
C. ineffective encoding; interference
D. ineffective encoding; the passage of time
233. We may forget information because of experiences we have either before or after learning the information
according to
A. decay theory.
B. interference theory.
D. ineffective encoding.
234. Intervening material is most likely to cause an increase in forgetting when the intervening material is very
similar to the information that is to be remembered as a result of
B. motivated forgetting.
D. interference.
235. If forgetting occurs because newly learned information impairs the memory of previously learned
information it is referred to as
C. negative interference.
D. positive interference.
236. Alan took three years of French in high school before switching to studying German in college. He has
noticed that he has forgotten a lot of his French vocabulary. His forgetting of French is MOST likely the result
of
A. decay.
237. If forgetting occurs because previously learned information interferes with the ability to retain new
information, it is referred to as
C. positive interference.
D. negative interference.
238. The encoding specificity principle states that

A. forgetting is due only to the passage of time.
B. forgetting is usually due to interference from competing memories.
C. retrieval failure is often due to a mismatch between the available retrieval cues and the memory code.
D. forgetting involves purposeful suppression of memories.
239. The principle that proposes that the values of a retrieval cue depends on how well it corresponds to the
memory code is known as
A. tip of the tongue.
B. encoding specificity.
C. long-term potentiation.
D. transfer appropriate.
240. To be most effective, a retrieval cue should be

A. congruent with the original encoding of material.
B. similar in meaning to the material.
C. similar in sensory appearance to the material.
D. very distinctive in character.
241. You meet a man at a party and carefully store his name along with an image of his face. The next day, he
calls you on the phone, but you can't remember his name. According to the encoding specificity principle, this is
because
A. the sound of his voice is an inappropriate retrieval cue.
B. you never paid attention to his name in the first place.
C. the name is no longer in your long-term memory.
D. the name is in your sensory store only.
242. ____ has occurred when the initial processing of information is similar to the type of processing required
for retention.
A. Lexical matching
B. Episodic processing
C. Transfer-appropriate processing
D. Phonemic processing
243. Brendan knows that her professor plans to give essay exams throughout the semester, so she prepares for
the exams by thinking of questions that ask about key concepts and writing out answers to those questions. In
this case, Brendan is trying to maximize her exam performance
A. by reducing the misinformation effect.
B. by eliminating proactive interference.
C. through the use of transfer-appropriate processing.
D. through the use of state-dependent memory.
244. Which theory of forgetting would best explain Emily's being unable to remember her second grade
teacher's name yesterday, but today Emily can remember her teacher's name?
A. interference
B. motivated forgetting
C. retrieval failure
D. decay
245. Skyler took part in a memory experiment. As he studied a list of words he was to remember, he formed a
vivid image of each object on the list. He was confident he would do well on the memory test, but instead of
asking for the actual words, they asked Skyler whether each word was printed in italics or bold-faced type.
Skyler did poorly on the memory test. Because he did not know how he would be tested, Skyler
A. showed evidence of retroactive interference.
B. did not use transfer-appropriate processing.
C. experienced repression.
D. experienced the misinformation effect.
246. Jason has been trying unsuccessfully for days to remember the name of a song that was popular when he
was in the tenth grade. The "oldies" radio station just played the song and after hearing only the first few
seconds of the song the name of the song "popped into his head." The opening seconds of the song provided
Jason appropriate ____ for him to overcome his retrieval failure.
A. context cues
B. retrieval cues
C. proactive cues
D. retroactive cues
247. The concept of motivated forgetting is based largely on the work of which of the following early
psychologists?
A. Hermann Ebbinghaus
B. Sigmund Freud
C. John Watson
D. Wilhelm Wundt
248. Which of the following terms is synonymous with "motivated forgetting"?

A. regression
B. repression
C. sublimation
D. rationalization
249. Which of the following terms refers to the process of keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in
the unconscious?
A. regression
B. repression
C. sublimation
D. rationalization
250. According to Sigmund Freud, the process that is at work when distressing thoughts and feelings remain
buried in the unconscious is
C. repression.
D. Korsakoff's syndrome.
Chapter 7 A--Human Memory Key
1. The three basic processes in memory are

A. encoding, storage, and retrieval.
B. acoustic, semantic, and eidetic.
C. recall, recognition, and relearning.
D. sensation, perception, and cognition.
2. The basic process in memory that involves formation of a memory code is

A. encoding.
B. storage.
C. retrieval.
D. sensation.
3. The order of the basic memory processes in which information enters our memory system and is used later is
A. encoding ® retrieval ® storage.
B. encoding ® storage ® retrieval.
C. storage ® retrieval ® acquisition.
D. acquisition ® encoding ® retrieval.
4. In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be

A. ablated.
B. modeled.
C. retrieved.
D. encoded.
5. The basic process in memory that involves maintaining information in memory is

A. encoding.
B. storage.
C. retrieval.
D. sensation.
6. Shayla is able to retain the vocabulary she learned in her first semester Spanish class after the class has
ended. The main memory process that accounts for the fact that Shayla can hold information in her memory for
extended periods of time is
A. encoding.
B. retrieval.
C. chunking.
D. storage.
7. In order for a memory to be retrieved, it must first be

A. ablated.
B. modeled.
C. stored.
D. encoded.
8. If you were attempting to recall a memory, the memory process you would be using is
A. encoding.
B. storage.
C. retrieval.
D. acquisition.
9. The process of recalling information from memory is referred to as

A. retrieval.
B. encoding.
C. storage.
D. information registry.
10. Zachariah was not sure that he was ready for his midterm exams, but once he started the exams, he found
that he was able to accurately recall the information he had learned that related to each question. The main
memory process that accounts for the fact that Zachariah could access and utilize the information in his memory
is
A. encoding.
B. storage.
C. retrieval.
D. rehearsal.
11. Which of the following does not describe one of the three main processes involved in memory?
A. evaluating information in memory
B. maintaining information in memory
C. pulling information out of memory
D. putting information into memory
12. The first memory process that involves getting information into memory is
A. memorization.
B. storage.
C. encoding.
D. retrieval.
13. The memory process of storage involves

A. recovering information from memory stores.
B. forming a memory code.
C. linking new information to other information.
D. maintaining information in memory over time.
14. The process of locating and recovering information from your memory store is
A. remembering.
B. retrieval.
C. storage.
D. encoding.
15. Focusing awareness on a narrow range of stimuli or events involves

A. encoding.
B. attention.
C. elaboration.
D. clustering.
16. Early-selection theories of attention propose that

A. stimuli are screened out before the brain processes the meaning of sensory input.
B. stimuli are screened out after the brain processes the meaning of sensory input.
C. attention is distributed equally among all stimulus inputs that are above threshold.
D. stimuli are screened out before they reach the sense organs.
17. Kwan is driving to campus and his phone rings, based on the results of studies on divided attention, should
Kwan answer the phone?
A. No, he would experience a negative impact on his driving behavior since he would focus more on the phone
call than on traffic signals.
B. He should only answer the phone if he is an experienced driver who is driving in a familiar location.
C. Yes, his attention system will allow him to process both traffic information and his phone conversation
equally.
D. He should only answer the phone if he has a hands-free device, so that he is not distracted by having to hold
the phone.
18. Curtis is working on a presentation and doesn't hear the phone ringing in the background. Later, he is
surprised to find three phone messages have come in for him, because he was totally unaware that the phone
had even rung. Incidents of this type would lend support to
A. a late-selection model of attention.
B. a proactive model of attention.
19. Which statement best represents current thinking about early-selection versus late-selection theories of
attention?
A. The preponderance of evidence supports early selection.
B. The preponderance of evidence supports late selection.
C. The preponderance of evidence supports intermediate selection.
D. The location of the attention filter may be flexible.
20. Frances is daydreaming during her botany class, and has not been listening to the lecture at all. She is
suddenly aware that her professor has just called her name, and is waiting for her to respond to a question that
has been asked. Incidents of this type lend support to
A. a retroactive model of attention.
B. a late-selection model of attention.
21. Sarah is studying for her psychology exam and listening to the television. Studies on divided attention
would suggest that
A. she would experience a negative impact on her studying since she would focus more on the TV since
auditory cues will be attended to over visual cues.
B. the effect will be neutral.
C. she will experience a negative impact on her memory and not remember much of either the TV show or her
studying.
D. she would experience a positive impact on her studying since the TV would serves as noise and would allow
her to focus her attention on her textbook.
information processing. Selection tends to occur early when individuals
A. are involved in simple, low-load tasks
B. are attending to complicated, high-load tasks
C. are processing familiar information
D. do not expect to be tested on the material
information processing. Selection tends to occur late when individuals
A. are attending to complicated, high-load tasks.
B. are processing new information.
C. expect to be tested on the material.
D. are involved in simple, low-load tasks.
matched CORRECTLY?
B. simple task - early filter
C. low-load - early filter
D. complicated task - early filter
matched INCORRECTLY?
B. simple task - late filter
C. complicated task - early filter
D. low-load task - late filter
26. You are observing another student reading in the cafeteria. There are several distracting sounds, but the
individual does not look up or otherwise appear to notice any of the disruptions. Based on Lavie's view of the
attention filter, you should conclude that the person is reading ____ material because external information is
being filtered ____.
A. complicated or complex; early
B. complicated or complex; late
C. simple; early
D. simple; late
27. Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines
A. perception.
B. processing.
C. attention.
D. sensation.
28. When individuals are instructed to divide their attention between a memory encoding task and other tasks,
their performance on the encoding task generally shows
A. a marked improvement.
B. a small decline.
C. a large decline.
D. no significant change.
29. Which of the following was NOT a level of processing associated with verbal information as suggested by
Craik and Lockhart (1972)?
A. semantic
B. structural
C. phonemic
D. functional
30. Kiana was given a list of words as part of a memory test that included: "dog, pail, and hate." Later, she
recalled these words as: "dig, paint, and hard." Kiana's errors in recall suggest that she had encoded the original
word list
A. phonemically.
B. semantically.
C. implicitly.
D. structurally.
31. In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?

A. morphemic
B. phonemic
C. mnemonic
D. platonic
32. Xavier was given a list of words as part of a memory test that included: dog, pail, and hate. Later, he
recalled these words as: "log, whale, and late." Xavier's errors in recall suggest that he had encoded the original
word list
A. phonemically.
B. structurally.
C. semantically.
D. retroactively.
33. A memory code that emphasizes the meaning of verbal input is called
A. a structural code.
B. a phonemic code.
C. a semantic code.
D. an episodic code.
34. Taryn was given a list of words as part of a memory test that included: "dog, pail, and hate." Later, she
recalled these words as: "pup, bucket, and loathe." Taryn's errors in recall suggest that she had encoded the
original word list
A. proactively.
B. semantically.
C. phonemically.
D. structurally.
35. Which of the following sequences represents progressively deeper levels of processing?
A. phonemic, semantic, structural
B. structural, semantic, phonemic
C. semantic, phonemic, structural
D. structural, phonemic, semantic
36. The deepest level of processing of information in memory, emphasizing the meaning of the information
being processed, is
A. the triarchic level of encoding.
B. the semantic level of encoding.
C. attentional encoding.
D. dyadic encoding.
37. Which level of processing should result in the longest lasting memory codes?
A. structural encoding
B. mnemonic encoding
C. semantic encoding
D. phonemic encoding
38. Two students took a memory test. Twenty nouns were shown sequentially on a TV monitor. Mallory tried to
think of rhymes for each word as it appeared on the monitor. Bailey tried to think of ways each word could be
used in a sentence. Based on Craik and Lockhart's levels-of-processing theory, you should predict that
A. Mallory will have better recall of the words because she used semantic encoding.
B. both students should have equivalent recall of the words.
C. Bailey will have better recall of the words because she used semantic encoding.
D. Bailey will have poorer recall of the words because she used structural encoding.
39. The shallowest level of processing of verbal information is ____ encoding.

A. structural
B. semantic
C. verbal
D. phonemic
40. When processing verbal information, if you focus attention on the sounds of words you are engaging in
____ encoding.
A. verbal
B. phonemic
C. semantic
D. structural
41. The semantic level of processing focuses attention on

A. the visual structure of written words.
B. the meaning of words.
C. the spelling of words.
D. the sounds of spoken words.
42. Level of processing theory suggests that longer-lasting memory codes are the result of ____ levels of
processing.
A. broader
B. narrower
C. deeper
D. shallower
43. If you are given a list of vocabulary words to study briefly before being tested on your memory of the
words, as you read through the list you should
A. count how many letters are in each word.
B. concentrate on the first letter of each word.
C. think of a word that rhymes with each word.
D. use each word in a sentence.
44. Elaboration involves

B. decreasing the complexity of the material to be remembered.
C. forming two kinds of memory code for each word.
45. Hugh is studying for his geography test. He is in a hurry, so he focuses on the main points of the text and
skips all of the examples that the authors provide to illustrate each main point. In this case, Hugh is using
A. an efficient study strategy, because examples often cause students to become confused about key issues.
B. chunking to create fewer storage units, and this should aid his later recall of the information.
C. deep processing, which should produce a very durable memory for the material.
D. an ineffective study strategy and will probably not retain many of the main ideas that he reads.
46. Naomi is studying for her law exam. While she is studying, she is trying to think of as many examples as
she can to illustrate key ideas. In this case, Naomi is using
A. an efficient study strategy, because examples should help her to recall key ideas.
B. an ineffective study strategy that will probably cause her to confuse many of the key ideas.
C. shallow processing that does not focus on the underlying meaning of the material she is reading.
D. the linking method, to create a more complete semantic network.
47. Karina is given a list of words to memorize, and she forms a mental image of each word on the list. Calvin
is given the same list of words, and he thinks of words that rhyme with each of the words on the list. Based on
the research that has focused on the process of encoding, you should expect that on a memory test
A. both Karina and Calvin will recall the same number of words.
B. Karina will recall more words than Calvin.
C. Calvin will recall more words than Karina.
D. Karina is more likely to make "look-alike" errors in recall.
48. Norm is studying for his law exam. While he is studying, he is trying to think of as many examples as he
can to illustrate key ideas. In this case, Norm is using
A. elaboration.
B. visual imagery.
49. Erin is studying for her anatomy exam. While she is studying, she tries to create as many pictures as she can
to illustrate key ideas. In this case, Erin is using
A. elaboration.
B. visual imagery.
50. The dual-coding theory argues that memory is

A. enhanced by forming either semantic or visual codes.
B. composed of declarative and procedural elements.
C. composed of episodic and semantic codes.
D. composed of schematic and nonschematic elements.
51. Self-referent encoding involves

B. making the material to be remembered personally meaningful.
C. forming two kinds of memory codes for each word.
52. Whitney's neighbors are surprised that she never forgets their anniversary, but their wedding anniversary
falls on the same day as Whitney's birthday, so she finds it an easy date to remember. Whitney's easy recall of
the anniversary date illustrates the influence of
A. semantic encoding.
B. spreading activation in a semantic network.
C. prospective memory processes.
D. self-referent encoding.
53. Several students are arguing over the actual year that the Berlin wall came down. Some of the students think
it was in 1990, several think it was in 1991, and one student thinks it may have been 1988. Seth confidently tells
them it was in November 1989, because it came down the same week he won a statewide spelling bee. The fact
that Seth is able to accurately recall the date illustrates the impact of
B. self-referent encoding.
C. semantic encoding.
D. spreading activation in a semantic network.
54. Which of the following is NOT listed in the textbook as a method to enrich encoding of to-be-stored
information?
A. self-referent encoding
B. visual imagery
C. rote memorization
D. elaboration
55. When studying for her psychology exam, Amy would read each word from the list of key terms at the end
of the chapter, read the definition of the term and then think of an example that illustrated each term. Amy was
using the process of ____ to hopefully enhance her memory of the terms.
A. elaboration
B. expanded attention
C. retrieval
D. imagery
56. Which theory suggests that memory is enhanced by forming both semantic and visual codes?
A. encoding-storage theory
B. information-processing theory
C. enhanced imagery theory
D. dual-coding theory
57. When their mom took them to the store yesterday she asked David and Andrew to help her remember to buy
apples. While David focused his attention on how apples were his favorite fruit, Andrew thought of seeing a bag
of big red apples in the shopping cart. David was using ____ and Andrew ____.
A. elaboration; structural encoding
B. elaboration; visual imagery
C. phonemic encoding; structural encoding
D. phonemic encoding; visual imagery
58. The approach to encoding that involves deciding how or whether information is personally relevant is
A. deep processing encoding.
B. semantic encoding.
D. dual-code encoding.
59. The Atkinson-Shiffrin memory model proposes that memory has

A. sensory, short-term, medium-term, and long-term stores.
B. short-, medium-, and long-term stores.
C. four different memory stores.
D. sensory, short-term, and long-term stores.
60. Which of the following researchers conducted a classic experiment that demonstrated the brief duration of
information in sensory memory?
A. Richard Atkinson
C. George Miller
D. George Sperling
61. According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory, the memory system that allows for the sensation of a
visual pattern, sound, or touch to longer for a brief moment after the sensory stimulation is over is called?
A. semantic memory
B. sensory memory
C. long term memory
D. short-term memory
62. Cindy is watching her little sister as she skips rope. As long as the rope is turning, all Cindy can see is a blur
of color. She can only make out the shape of the skipping rope when her sister stops skipping. The "blurred"
image that Cindy sees while the rope is moving results from the way in which
A. flashbulb memories are formed.
B. episodic memory is encoded.
C. sensory memory works.
D. rehearsal works in short-term memory.
63. A 1-800 number for a product Ronald was interested in flashed on the television screen. Unfortunately the
number disappeared before Ronald was able to write down the last three digits. However, Ronald found he had
a momentary mental image of the phone number, and he was able to complete it, even though the number had
disappeared. Ronald's experience BEST illustrates
A. cued recall.
B. sensory memory.
D. a flashbulb memory.
64. A sensory memory

A. usually lasts for about 30 seconds.
B. can be maintained by rehearsal.
C. is usually stored acoustically.
D. gives you additional time to try to recognize a stimulus.
65. Which stage, according to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory, is the first stage of memory processing?
A. short-term memory
B. sensory memory
C. long-term memory
D. semantic memory
66. The function of sensory memory is to

A. put information into long-term memory.
B. hold the immediate perception of what was perceived.
C. hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer.
D. hold information for a lifetime.
67. Information-processing theory subdivides the memory process of ____ into three separate components.
A. remembering
B. retrieval
C. encoding
D. storage
68. Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory comprise the three components of
A. memory.
B. encoding.
C. retrieval.
D. storage.
69. Sensory memory
A. is the same as the working memory.
70. If your psychology professor brags that she has a good memory because she can remember everything she
saw one-fourth of a second ago, your professor is referring to her
A. instantaneous memory.
B. sensory memory.
C. working memory.
71. The observation that when a flashlight is waved quickly through the air in a circular pattern, you perceive a
circle of light and not just a "single point" of light is consistent with the functioning of your
A. visual memory.
C. sensory memory.
72. The memory system that holds information in storage just long enough to give you additional time to
recognize the stimulus is
A. sensory memory.
D. working memory.
73. When you listen to a lecture, the information is held in ____ memory until you write it in your notes.
A. trace
B. sensory
C. short-term
D. long-term
74. You look up the phone number of the new Pizza Hut and repeat the number silently in your head until you
find a pad of paper to write it down. The process of actively repeating the number is called
A. chunking.
B. rehearsal.
C. encoding.
D. retrieval.
75. As Kayla was introduced to the seven members of the committee who would be interviewing her for a
scholarship, she silently repeated all the names to herself, in order. Kayla was using
A. chunking to increase the capacity of her short-term memory.
B. rehearsal to temporarily store the names in short-term memory.
C. filtering to temporarily bloc other information out of short-term memory.
D. acoustic encoding to process the names semantically.
76. With rehearsal, information in short-term memory can be maintained for some time. Without rehearsal, the
duration of short-term memory is
A. no longer than 1 second.
B. about 5 seconds.
C. about 20 seconds.
D. 1-2 minutes.
77. You are absorbed in reading your psychology text when the phone rings. After talking on the phone, you
can't remember the last thing you read. This information was lost from ____ memory, because the phone
conversation distracted you from ____ the information.
A. sensory; perceiving
B. short-term; rehearsing
C. long-term; rehearsing
D. long-term; retrieving
78. Which of the following researchers is known for identifying the capacity of short-term memory as "seven
plus or minus two" items?
A. Richard Atkinson
C. George Miller
D. George Sperling
79. Research by George Miller suggested that the capacity of short-term memory is about ____ chunks of
unrelated acoustically coded information.
A. 3
B. 5
C. 7
D. 12
80. Nelson Cowan cites evidence indicating that the capacity of short-term memory is actually
A. seven, plus or minus two.
B. nine, plus or minus one.
C. four, plus or minus one.
D. five, plus or minus three.
81. According to Cowan, the capacity of short-term memory has been ____ because researchers have not
controlled for ____ by participants.
A. overestimated; covert chunking
B. underestimated; covert chunking
C. overestimated; serial positioning
D. underestimated; serial positioning
82. Mark is listening as his roommate lists 14 things that they need to buy for their apartment before the end of
the week. Based on George Miller's research into the capacity of short-term memory, if Mark doesn't write the
items down as he hears them, he is most likely to remember
A. less than 5 of the items from the list.
B. approximately 10 to 12 items from the list.
C. the entire list.
D. between 5 and 9 items from the list.
83. Jade rearranges the letters HI TRE DBA T into "hit red bat." This is an example of
A. chunking.
B. elaboration.
C. rehearsal.
D. clustering.
84. Chunking involves

A. the internal repetition of material a person is trying to remember.
B. forming connections between new information and information already in memory.
C. creating visual images of information to be stored in memory.
D. rearranging incoming information into meaningful or familiar patterns.
85. Short-term memory

A. can maintain rehearsed information for approximately five minutes.
86. Which of the following statements concerning short-term memory is false?
A. short-term memory is also referred to as working memory
B. the storage capacity of short-term memory is approximately seven items
C. unrehearsed information is usually maintained in short-term memory for approximately five minutes
D. information in short-term memory is usually stored according to sounds
87. Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in ____ memory.

A. sensory
B. short-term
C. intermediate-term
D. long-term
88. While driving with her two young children Kathy's car broke down. She called her husband on her cell
phone and he told her the phone number of a towing company to call. If the children's behavior prevents her
from repeating the phone number to herself, most likely Kathy will need to dial the phone number within the
next ____ or she will forget the number.
A. minute
B. 45 seconds
C. 20 seconds
D. 2 seconds
89. The storage capacity of short-term memory is approximately ____ items.

A. 4
B. 7
C. 10
D. 12
90. The storage capacity of short-term memory can be increased by combining items in larger units called
A. categories.
B. words.
C. groups.
D. chunks.
91. Which memory system is referred to in your text as "working memory"?

A. sensory memory
C. long-term memory
D. all of these collectively
92. According to Baddeley, short-term or working memory does NOT include which of the following
components?
A. a rehearsal loop
B. a feature-detection element
C. a visuospatial sketchpad
D. an executive control system
93. When you mentally picture the road between your house and school, you are relying on which component of
working memory?
A. the visuospatial sketchpad
B. the conceptual hierarchy
C. the rehearsal loop
D. the executive control system
94. As Art was walking out the door of his apartment, he was quickly running through a mental list of all the
things he was supposed to take with him. He went through the complete list of items four or five times, just to
make sure he hadn't forgotten anything. Based on Baddeley's model of working memory, Art was utilizing
A. the visuospatial sketchpad to arrange all the information he needed.
B. the rehearsal loop to temporarily hold his list of essential items.
C. the executive control system to juggle all the information he needed to consider.
D. his prospective memory to remember the actions he still needed to perform.
95. Mia was trying to figure out how to fit the box that contained her new computer into the trunk of her car.
She mentally manipulated the position of the box, trying to figure out a way to make it fit. Based on Baddeley's
model of working memory, Mia was utilizing
A. the visuospatial sketchpad to mentally manipulate the box's position.
B. the rehearsal loop while she worked repeatedly on the problem.
C. the executive control system to juggle all the information she needed to consider.
D. her prospective memory to remember the actions she would need to perform.
96. The ability of people to "juggle" information in working memory in order to reason and make decisions is
handled by the ____ component of working memory.
A. executive control system
B. rehearsal loop
C. visual imagery
D. schematic
97. Graham has selected four different universities that he might like to attend, and now he is trying to decide
which of the four he should apply to. He has all the material spread out in front of him, and he is carefully
considering all the advantages and disadvantages associated with each campus. Based on Baddeley's model of
working memory, Graham is utilizing
A. the rehearsal loop to repeat only the most important aspects of each campus.
B. the executive control system to juggle all the information he needs to consider.
C. the visuospatial sketchpad to mentally manipulate the pros and cons for each campus.
D. his prospective memory to keep in mind his overall goals in attending university.
98. Baddeley's concept of working memory

A. integrates sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory into a single, complex system.
B. expands the functions and processes of short-term memory.
C. takes the place of the old concept of sensory memory.
D. expands the functions and processes of long-term memory.
99. Which of the following is NOT a component of working memory?

B. executive control system
C. phonological rehearsal loop
D. semantic buffer
100. While at a yard sale, you and your roommate find a great old sofa. As you are trying to decide if it will fit
in your dorm room if you rearrange the beds, dressers, and desks, you would be using the ____ component of
working memory.
B. semantic buffer
D. phonological rehearsal loop
101. The ____ component of working memory serves as the interface between working and long-term memory.
A. episodic buffer
B. semantic buffer
D. visuospatial sketchpad
102. Penfield's studies suggest that long-lost memories can be elicited through electrical stimulation of the
brain. This suggests the possibility that forgetting may be a matter of
A. retrieval failure.
B. displacement.
C. gradual decay.
D. unconscious wishes to forget.
103. The memory system that is described as a "giant storehouse that never quite fills up" is the
C. working memory.
D. sensory memory.
104. The memory system that has an almost unlimited storage capacity is
C. working memory.
D. auditory sensory memory.
105. Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called
C. sensory memories.
D. nondeclarative memories.
106. Miles has very vivid memories of a car accident he witnessed five years ago. When he closes his eyes and
thinks about the accident, he feels as if he can recall every detail of it, right down to the brand name printed on
the tires of one of the cars. This type of memory is called
A. sensory memory.
B. procedural memory.
C. a flashbulb memory.
107. In Serena's law class they are discussing high-profile cases, and when they get to the O. J. Simpson case,
Serena suddenly has a vivid memory of watching the white Bronco driving slowly down the freeway. She feels
like she can recall every detail of that night, right down to the snacks she and her roommate were eating. This
would be an example of
A. a flashbulb memory.
B. sensory memory.
108. Researchers who investigated the accuracy of flashbulb memories following the 9/11 terrorist attacks
found that
A. there were no appreciable differences between subjects flashbulb memories and their everyday memories in
consistency over time, but participants viewed their everyday memories as more accurate.
B. immediate memories were accurate, but 6 weeks later over 40% of individuals showed major memory
distortions in their flashbulb memories.
C. there were appreciable differences between subjects flashbulb memories and their everyday memories in
consistency over time, participants correctly viewed their flashbulb memories as more accurate.
D. there were no appreciable differences between subjects flashbulb memories and their everyday memories in
consistency over time, but participants viewed their flashbulb memories as more accurate.
109. Follow-up research by Talarico and Rubin, which tested the accuracy of flashbulb memories one year after
the 9/11 terrorist attacks, found flashbulb memories
A. become more accurate and detailed over time.
B. fade much the same as everyday memories.
C. fade much more slowly than other types of memories.
D. remain fairly constant and do not fade over time.
110. Based on the research by Talarico and Rubin, which tested the accuracy of flashbulb memories one year
after the 9/11 terrorist attacks, which of the following is NOT one of the things that makes flashbulb memories
special?
A. Unlike other memories, flashbulb memories do not fade over time.
B. People subjectively feel that these memories are exceptionally vivid.
C. People have exceptional confidence in the accuracy of these memories.
D. There is more emotional intensity attached to these memories.
111. Long-term memory

A. is a limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to about 20 seconds.
B. are unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events.
C. is an unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time.
D. preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second.
112. One general question regarding long-term memory involves whether
A. long-term memory is the working memory?
B. long-term memories are stored permanently?
C. long-term memory has an unlimited storage?
D. flashbulb memories are long-term memories?
113. Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are referred to as
C. tip-of-the-tongue memories.
D. long-term memories.
114. The results of the Featured Study on flashbulb memories that compared participant's memories of the 9/11
terrorist attacks and memories of personal events found that compared to personal memories flashbulb
memories were ____ and participants were ____ in the accuracy of the flashbulb memory.
A. more accurate; less confident
B. more accurate; more confident
C. no more accurate; less confident
D. no more accurate; more confident
115. A handful of theorists have questioned the concept of sensory memory on the grounds that
A. it may be nothing more than perceptual processes at work.
B. information doesn't last long enough to be tested.
C. it really isn't all that different from short-term memory.
D. it seems to work only for auditory stimuli.
116. Some theorists have questioned the concept of short-term memory on the grounds that
A. its capacity is simply too limited.
B. information in short-term memory doesn't last long enough to be tested.
C. it really isn't all that different from sensory memory.
D. it really isn't all that different from long-term memory.
idea that short-term memory depended on ____ encoding and long-term memory depended on ____ encoding.
B. acoustic; semantic
C. semantic; acoustic
D. phonemic; acoustic
idea that information loss from short-term memory depended on ____ and long-term memory loss was due to
____.
A. decay; interference
B. interference; decay
C. limited capacity; retrieval failure
D. retrieval failure; limited capacity
119. Currently there is a debate among psychologists concerning whether

A. short-term memory has a limited storage capacity.
B. long-term memory has an unlimited storage capacity.
C. short-term memory is separate from long-term memory.
D. sensory memory is separate from short-term memory.
120. One current view of memory storage systems suggests that ____ should be considered a continually
changing portion of ____.
A. sensory memory; short-term memory
B. short-term memory; sensory memory
C. short-term memory; long-term memory
D. long-term memory; short-term memory
121. Clustering occurs when one

A. remembers similar or related items in groups.
B. uses a semantic network to encode new information.
C. recalls information based on the use of related schemata or scripts.
D. associates various stimuli in order to maintain a greater quantity of information in short-term memory.
122. Maria is trying to recall the names of all 48 of the contiguous United States. She begins by naming the
New England states, followed by the mid-Atlantic states, the states in the Southeast, the Midwest, the
Southwest, and finally the states in the Pacific Northwest. Maria's pattern of recall illustrates the concept of
A. the primacy effect.
D. clustering.
123. When information in long-term memory (LTM) is organized according to a clustering principle, it means
that
A. items that occurred close together in time are grouped together in LTM.
B. related items tend to be remembered in groups or categories.
C. words that look alike are grouped together in LTM.
D. people create a network of nodes in LTM, with links to related concepts.
124. A multilevel classification system based on common properties among items is called
A. a script.
B. a schema.
C. a conceptual hierarchy.
D. a mnemonic device.
125. Meredith is trying to memorize the various eras and periods in the geologic table. She begins by
memorizing the Cenozoic, Mesozoic and Paleozoic as three eras. She then memorizes the three periods from the
Cenozoic, the three periods from the Mesozoic and the six periods from the Paleozoic. Meredith's method of
organizing the material she is trying to remember illustrates the concept of
A. conceptual hierarchies.
126. An organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from previous experiences
with the object or event is known as
A. a schema.
B. a cluster.
C. a stereotype.
D. category.
127. A schema is
A. an organized general knowledge structure.
B. a specific type of representative heuristic.
C. a specific type of availability heuristic.
D. a peculiar form of amnesia.
128. A student's organized set of expectations about how a college professor is supposed to act is an example of
a
A. schema.
B. chunk.
C. semantic network.
D. script.
129. Brock was describing the inside of his doctor's office to one of his friends. In his description he mentions
that there were two diplomas on the wall, even though this doctor does not have any diplomas displayed on the
wall. Brock's error in recall illustrates
A. the role of semantic networks in long-term memory.
B. the need for conceptual hierarchies in long-term memory.
C. the need for a good executive control system in short-term memory.
D. the role of schemas in long-term memory.
130. Nodes representing concepts joined together by pathways that link related concepts is referred to as
A. a clustering hierarchy.
B. an organizational schema.
C. a lexical ordering.
D. a semantic network.
131. According to the notion of semantic networks, which pair of words should be linked most closely?
A. car-nose
B. boat-goat
C. fill-feed
D. tree-bird
132. The idea that when you think about a word it triggers related words is referred to as
A. a conceptual hierarchy response.
B. clustering.
C. elaborative rehearsal.
D. spreading activation within a semantic network.
133. Three friends are having a discussion about taxes, but the conversation is soon sidetracked as different
statements bring up related ideas. The conversation drifts from taxes, to politicians, to the election, to fund
raising. This shift in the focus of the conversation is consistent with Collins and Loftus' theory of
B. spreading activation within a semantic network.
C. schema-based recall of information.
D. mood-congruent memory.
134. The tendency of people to remember factual information by routinely organizing the information into
categories is referred to as
A. clustering.
B. chunking.
C. spreading activation.
135. A multilevel classification system based on common properties among items describes
A. a conceptual hierarchy.
B. clustering.
C. a semantic network.
D. schemas.
136. An organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event that is abstracted from previous
experience with the object or event is a
A. stereotype.
B. semantic network.
C. schema.
D. retrieval cue.
137. Which of the following statements concerning schemas is NOT correct?

A. schemas sometimes cause individuals to remember information inaccurately
B. schemas always result in increasing the accuracy of individual's memory
C. schemas make individuals more likely to remember typical events
D. schemas sometimes make individuals more likely to remember unusual events
138. Christine says the birthday party she just attended was a lot of fun: "We played games, had cake and ice
cream, and got goodie bags." In reality, the ice cream was served with a brownie and not birthday cake.
Christine's inaccurate memory most likely resulted from
A. her birthday party schema.
B. the misinformation effect.
C. the source-monitoring error.
D. repression.
139. A semantic network

A. is an organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event.
B. consists of nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts.
C. is a group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit.
D. assumes that cognitive processes depend on patterns of activation in highly interconnected computational
networks.
140. The process of ____ explains why when we think of one word, such as "fruit," it triggers our thinking of
other words, such as "apples and oranges."
A. parallel distributed processing
B. the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
C. spreading activation within a schema
D. spreading activation within a semantic network
141. According to the concept of semantic networks, you would be most likely to easily remember John F.
Kennedy's name if the professor in your history class was discussing
A. the second half of the 20th century.
B. U.S. presidents.
C. assassinated U.S. presidents.
D. democratic U.S. presidents.
142. Models of memory that are based on the assumption that cognitive processes depend on patterns of
activation in interconnected computational networks that resemble neural networks are called
A. functional models.
B. dual coding models.
C. information processing models.
D. parallel distributed processing models.
143. Connectionist models of memory tend to be based on
A. how computers process information.
B. how neural networks handle information.
C. the principles of operant conditioning.
D. the principles of Gestalt psychology.
144. Parallel distribute processing models of memory assert that specific memories correspond to
A. spreading activation within a semantic network.
B. particular patterns of activation in the network of neurons.
C. excitatory signals to cells in the hippocampus.
D. inhibitory signals to cells in the hippocampus.
145. A parallel distributed processing system consists of a large network of interconnected computing units, or
nodes, that operate much like
A. neurons.
B. computer chips.
C. chromosomes.
D. wheels on a car.
146. Which of the following are not considered strengths of the parallel distributed processing models?
A. They provide a plausible account for how mental structures may be derived from neural structures.
B. They make sense based on research from neurophysiological research.
C. It explains the blazing speed of human's cognitive functioning better then other models do.
D. It requires the execution of operations in a sequence.
147. Connectionist models of memory are based on

A. connections between sensory, short-term, and long-term memory.
B. connections between encoding, storage, and retrieval.
C. how neural networks process information.
D. how computer systems process information.
148. The memory for an item of knowledge is represented by a specific pattern of activation in the
A. semantic network model of memory.
B. connectionist model of memory.
C. information-processing model of memory.
D. schema model of memory.
149. The "tip of the tongue" phenomenon refers to
A. saying something before you've had a chance to think about it.
B. dreamlike material that you recall during alpha-wave presleep.
C. a mnemonic device to help you store information in long-term memory.
D. feeling like you know something but are unable to recall it.
150. If you try to remember something but cannot, yet know the information is in memory, you are
experiencing the
A. tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
B. psuedoamnesia phenomenon.
C. Krensky syndrome.
D. retrieval-delay phenomenon.
151. Adan has been trying to recall the name of the musical artist who released the song that was #1 when he
was 14. Adan feels somewhat frustrated because he is certain he knows the artist's name, but he just can't seem
to recall it at this moment. Adan is experiencing something referred to as
A. retrograde amnesia.
B. the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
D. a source-monitoring error.
152. A retrieval cue is

A. a brain structure stimulus used to locate a particular memory.
B. the same thing as an elaboration encoding variable.
C. a stimulus associated with a memory that is used to locate that memory.
D. always based on the mood you were in when a memory was first encoded.
153. Ten-year-old Kylee is trying to remember the capital of North Carolina during a game of "Where Are
You?" Her father tells her to think of the letter "R," and she quickly comes up with Raleigh. In this case, Kylee's
memory was assisted using
A. an effective retrieval cue.
B. semantic network activation.
C. the method of loci.
D. transfer-appropriate processing.
154. A visit to your elementary classroom might help you remember more of the names of some of your
classmates because you are
A. using the serial position effect.
B. relying on a flashbulb memory.
C. in the same context as you were when you learned them.
D. relying on schemas to enhance the retrieval process.
155. Which of the following statements regarding the role of context in memory is MOST accurate?
A. Context cues often facilitate the retrieval of information.
B. Context cues generally facilitate the retrieval of visual information, but interfere with the ability to recall
auditory information.
C. Context cues generally facilitate the retrieval of auditory information, but interfere with the ability to recall
visual information.
D. Context exerts no systematic influence on the encoding and retrieval of information.
156. Investigators were asking employees at a construction site what they were doing last Tuesday, at ten
o'clock. Some of the workers were having a difficult time remembering details until the foreman reminded them
that the foundations for the building were poured that morning. If the workers are now able to recall details of
their actions, the foreman has been able to
A. prime the workers' conceptual hierarchies.
B. successfully reinstate the context.
C. effectively overcome proactive interference.
D. activate transfer-appropriate processing.
157. You attended your high school graduation over 20 years ago. You are now trying to recall as much as
possible about the graduation ceremonies. Which of the following would be the BEST retrieval cue?
A. the number of students who graduated
B. the year the ceremony took place
C. the time of day the ceremony took place
D. the featured speaker at the ceremony
158. We can probably attribute the failing memory of senior citizens who move from a home they've lived in for
an extended time into another residence to
A. a protein deficiency.
B. the lack of retrieval cues.
C. a lack of elaboration.
D. the confusion associated with a decaying memory.
159. Students who study in the same room that they will be tested in find that their recall for test material is
better and they tend to do better on exams. This can be attributed to
A. encoding specificity.
C. déjà vu.
D. content dependent memory.
160. The memory process of retrieval is associated with

A. only short-term memory.
B. only long-term memory.
C. both short-term and long-term memory.
D. sensory, short-term, and long-term memory.
161. The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can be best described as an instance of

A. complete storage failure.
B. complete retrieval failure.
C. partial retrieval.
D. partial storage.
162. Often individuals are not able to answer a straightforward question such as "Who was president after
Richard Nixon?", but they can remember the answer (Gerald Ford) when given a hint such as "He has the same
name as a type of car." The hint serves as a
A. tip-of-the-tongue cue.
B. semantic cue.
C. rehearsal cue.
D. retrieval cue.
163. Beth is trying to remember the name of the regular babysitter she had when she was younger. When her
dad reminds her that he called the sitter Sarge because she strictly enforced the rules, Beth correctly remembers
her name as Marge. In this example "Sarge" served as a
A. phonemic cue.
B. semantic cue.
C. hint.
D. retrieval cue.
164. People often find that they can remember events more easily when in the same place as they were when
they first experienced the event. This is because of the influence of ____ on ____.
A. context: encoding
B. context: retrieval
C. imagery: retrieval
D. imagery: encoding
165. When Karen visited her old elementary school for her niece's band concert, she was overwhelmed with
long-forgotten memories of her friends, teachers, and events from her childhood. Returning to her former school
provided Karen with ____ for her memories.
A. retrieval cues
B. context cues
C. delayed cues
D. tip-of-the-tongue cues
166. What is said to occur when a participant's recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing
misleading postevent information?
A. a misinformation effect
B. a post hypnotic suggestion
C. the tip of the tongue phenomenon
D. ineffective encoding
167. The work of researchers like Bartlett and Loftus on errors in memory suggests that memory is best viewed
as
A. a tape recording.
B. storage on a computer disc.
C. a literal record of events.
D. a reconstruction of events or materials.
168. Loftus' work on eyewitness testimony has clearly demonstrated that

A. memory errors come mostly from erroneous original encoding.
B. most memory errors are constructive.
C. information given after an event can alter a person's memory of the event.
D. most memory errors are simply omissions of details of the event.
169. Tyler witnessed an automobile accident and heard one of the bystanders casually mention that the driver
was probably intoxicated. Even though the driver had not been drinking, and had never crossed the center line,
Tyler tells the police officer who is investigating the accident that the car had been "weaving all over the road."
Tyler's faulty recall illustrates
B. implicit memory readjustment.
D. mood-dependent memory.
170. Which stage(s) of memory is(are) best characterized as a "reconstruction of the past?"
A. sensory memory
C. long-term memory
D. short-term and long-term memory
171. Research by Loftus on eyewitness testimony indicates that what people recall of an accident or crime
scene
A. is so vivid that it is subject to very little memory error.
B. can be influenced by the types of questions they are asked.
C. can be significantly improved by the use of hypnosis.
D. is distorted by emotion and is completely inaccurate.
172. When an individual's memory for an event is altered by the later introduction of inaccurate or misleading
information, it is referred to as the
A. reconstruction effect.
B. postcontext effect.
C. source-monitoring effect.
D. misinformation effect.
173. The process of making attributions about the origins of memories is referred to as
B. source monitoring.
C. buffering.
D. a contraindication.
174. During a party, Michael was talking to a friend about the symbolism involved in a recent movie. Michael
attributed the explanation of the symbolism to a prominent movie critic, when actually he heard it from his
roommate. This example illustrates which of the following phenomena?
A. amnesia
B. cryptomnesia
C. source-monitoring error
D. serial-position effect
175. Gregory is telling Molly a joke when she suddenly stops him and tells him that she told him that same joke
last week. In this example, Gregory
A. has apparently made a source-monitoring error.
C. is showing the misinformation error.
176. Jack and Sophia are having a debate over a recent news story. Sophia finally brings in the latest issue of
the Weekly Bulletin to show Jack that she is correct. However, Sophia can't find the information in the Weekly
Bulletin, and now she is wondering where she read the news story. In this example, Sophia
A. appears to have made a reality-monitoring error.
B. is showing the misinformation error.
C. is experiencing proactive interference.
D. has apparently made a source-monitoring error.
177. Inadvertent "plagiarism" that occurs when people come up with an idea that they think is original, when
they were actually exposed to it earlier, is known as
A. cryptomnesia.
B. state-dependent memory.
178. Jeannie believes her research idea was original with her, but it was really one she had heard from a
colleague in an earlier discussion. Jeannie's belief is referred to as an example of
A. cryptomnesia.
D. plagiarasmia.
179. Rachel asks Chandler to proofread her history essay. He goes through it fairly carefully and makes quite a
few suggestions for revisions. The next semester Chandler takes the same course, and he is surprised when the
professor suggests that his first essay is "not original work." When Chandler reads Rachel's essay again, he sees
that he has included a number of her ideas in his paper. In this example, it is likely that Chandler experienced
A. a reality-monitoring error.
C. cryptomnesia.
D. proactive interference.
180. The process of deciding on whether a memory is based on an external source or an internal source is
referred to as
B. transmogrification.
C. either an internal or external attribution.
D. the locus of causality.
181. Leah is surprised to receive a second notice regarding her electric bill. She is sure that she mailed in the
check. As a matter of fact, she can see herself writing out the check and mailing it. However, when she goes
through her duplicate checks, she cannot find a copy of the check to the electric company. In this example,
Leah
A. is showing the misinformation error.
C. has apparently made a source-monitoring error.
182. The study of source monitoring - the process of making attributions about the origins of memories - is
MOST closely associated with which of the following researchers?
A. Brenda Milner
B. Endel Tulving
C. Marcia Johnson
D. Elizabeth Loftus
183. If you incorrectly recall your psychology professor as saying "Psychology is a poor choice for a college
major," when in reality it was really your philosophy professor who made the statement, you would be making
a
A. source-monitoring error.
B. misinformation error.
C. retention error.
D. reality-monitoring error.
184. If you are trying to remember whether you told your roommate that you would not be home for dinner
tomorrow, or you just thought about telling her, you are engaging in
A. imagination inflation.
B. reality monitoring.
C. reconstruction.
185. Which of the following is not a type of clue that is commonly used to make reality monitoring inferences
that an event really happened?
A. the memory is easily retrieved
B. the memory is rich in sensory information
C. the memory involves contextual information
D. the memory involves other individuals
186. The first person to conduct scientific studies of forgetting was

A. Sigmund Freud.
B. Hermann Ebbinghaus.
C. John Watson.
D. George Miller.
187. Ebbinghaus used which of the following as stimuli in his classic studies of forgetting?
A. geometric shapes
B. nonsense syllables
C. common English words
D. uncommon English words
188. Ebbinghaus' original forgetting curves, which graphed his retention over time, suggested that most
forgetting occurs
A. very gradually over long periods of time.
B. only after several days have passed.
C. as a result of interference with other information.
D. very rapidly after learning something.
189. Imagine you complete a computer-programming course, but never have a chance to use the programming
language once the course is over. Based on the research results reported by Ebbinghaus, over the years you
should expect
A. there will be a constant, steady decline in what you are able to recall from the programming course.
B. most of what you learned will be forgotten early, but later there will be a slow, steady increase in what you
are able to recall from the programming course.
C. very little of what you learned will be forgotten early, but later there will be a rapid decline in what you are
D. most of what you learned will be forgotten early, and there will continue to be a slow decline in what you are
190. The probable reason that Ebbinghaus' forgetting curves were so steep was that Ebbinghaus
A. had a poor memory.
B. learned too many lists.
C. used very meaningless materials.
D. used autobiographical materials.
191. In studies of forgetting, the retention interval is the length of time

A. between the presentation of stimuli and the complete forgetting of the information.
B. between the presentation of stimuli and the measurement of forgetting.
C. during which the stimulus material is available to be studied by the subjects.
D. over which the subject has 100 percent recall of the material.
192. Roberto was attacked while he was walking in the park. The police who are investigating the crime ask
Roberto to describe his attacker in as much detail as possible. The police are basically using
A. transfer-appropriate encoding to recover information from Roberto's memory.
B. a recall task to recover information from Roberto's memory.
C. a recognition task to recover information from Roberto's memory.
D. a misinformation task to recover information from Roberto's memory.
193. LeAnn had her purse snatched as she walked out to her car. The police who are investigating the crime ask
LeAnn to try to pick the purse-snatcher out of a line-up of eight suspects. The police are basically using
A. a recognition task to recover information from LeAnn's memory.
B. a recall task to recover information from LeAnn's memory.
C. transfer-appropriate encoding to recover information from LeAnn's memory.
D. a misinformation task to recover information from LeAnn's memory.
194. Multiple choice tests like this one use which measure of retention?
A. recall
B. recognition
C. relearning
D. reiteration
195. The measure of memory that requires subjects to reproduce information on their own, without any cues, is
A. recall.
B. recognition.
C. relearning.
D. reiteration.
196. An essay exam is most similar to the ____ method of measuring retention.
A. recognition
B. recall
C. relearning
D. production
197. A relearning measure requires subjects to

A. memorize information a second time to determine how much time or effort is saved.
B. select previously learned information from an array of options.
C. reproduce information on their own without any cues.
D. indicate whether a given piece of information is familiar.
198. Noah had learned to play Mozart's Concerto Number 21 when he was eight years old. He is now 30 years
old and hasn't played the piano for 12 years, but his sister has asked him to play the concerto at her wedding.
When Noah sits down to practice, he finds that he has the piece mastered in just a few hours, even though it
took him weeks to learn the first time. This example illustrates
A. recognition as a measure of memory retention.
B. recall as a measure of memory retention.
C. relearning as a measure of memory retention.
D. the impact of pseudoforgetting.
199. Ebbinghaus' research suggested that memory for meaningless information is forgotten
A. very gradually over several days.
B. very gradually for several hours and then at a very rapid rate.
C. very rapidly in the first few hours after learning.
D. immediately.
200. Which of the following is NOT a commonly used technique to measure forgetting?
A. relearning
B. retention
C. recognition
D. recall
201. The measure of retention that requires individuals to reproduce information on their own without any cues
is
A. recitation.
B. recognition.
C. recall.
D. relearning.
202. A history teacher who asks his students to state from memory the first ten amendments to the U.S.
Constitution is assessing retention by using the ____ method.
A. recall
B. recognition
C. relearning
D. recitation
203. The recognition measure of retention requires an individual

A. to reproduce information on her own without any cues.
B. to select previously learned information from an array of options.
C. to predict how well she will perform on a later memory test.
D. to memorize information a second time to determine how much time or effort is saved.
204. Multiple choice exams such as this one measure retention by using the ____ method.
A. recall
B. recognition
C. relearning
D. recitation
205. The measure of retention that requires an individual to memorize information a second time to determine
how much time or effort is saved is
A. relearning.
B. recognition.
C. recitation.
D. recall.
206. Savings scores are associated with the ____ method of measuring forgetting.
A. recognition
B. retention
C. recall
D. relearning
207. Pseudoforgetting is information loss due to ineffective

A. encoding only.
B. storage only.
C. retrieval only.
D. encoding, storage, and retrieval.
208. Pseudoforgetting is viewed as a function of

A. interference effects.
B. lack of attention.
C. hippocampal damage.
D. insufficient retrieval cues.
209. Joel is asked to provide a description of his neighbor's car, after the car and the neighbor both disappear.
He is surprised to find that he really can't accurately recall the make of the car, or any special details that might
help in identifying the vehicle. In this case, Joel may be experiencing
C. pseudoforgetting.
D. cryptomnesia.
210. If you're thinking about your plans for the weekend while you are reading your psychology textbook, the
reason you will probably forget most of what you read is that you've used ____ encoding, which is inferior to
____ encoding for retention of verbal material.
B. semantic; reconstructive
C. phonemic; proactive
D. proactive; semantic
211. ____ would best explain your behavior if as you are reading this question you cannot think of the correct
term and you say to yourself, "I can't believe I forgot this" when in reality you never knew the answer in the
first place.
A. Retrieval failure
B. Interference
C. Pseudoforgetting
D. Decay
212. Poor memory for information often occurs when the information only receives a shallow level of
processing. In this case, the memory failure would be the result of
B. storage failure.
D. interference.
213. According to interference theory

A. people forget information because of competition from other material.
B. forgetting is due to ineffective encoding.
C. the principal cause of forgetting should be the passage of time.
D. the events that occur during the retention interval do not affect forgetting.
214. Decay theory suggests that forgetting is due to

B. impermanent storage.
D. interference effects.
215. Imagine that researchers find some memories are lost very quickly from memory, while other memories
last much longer. This evidence would create the MOST problems for
A. the decay theory of forgetting.
B. the interference theory of forgetting.
C. the repression theory of forgetting.
D. the neurochemical theory of forgetting.
216. In studies of long-term memory, researchers have found that

A. the mere passage of time is the sole cause of forgetting.
B. the passage of time is more influential than what happens during the time interval.
C. the passage of time is not as influential as what happens during the time interval.
D. subjects who sleep during the retention interval forget more than those who remain awake.
217. According to interference theory failure to recall information stored in the brain may be due to
A. inadequate organization or categorization of the information.
B. decay of the memory trace with time.
C. competition from other material.
D. a lack of attention during encoding.
218. You have an exam at 8 a.m. and it is now 8 p.m. the night before. You have studied well. The BEST thing
to do now is
A. study some other similar topic.
B. study some other very different topic.
C. play cards with others in the dorm.
D. sleep all night.
219. ____ occurs when new information impairs the retention of previously learned information.
A. Retroactive interference
B. Proactive interference
C. Retrograde amnesia
D. Anterograde amnesia
220. Tara's bank assigned her a personal identification number (PIN) of 927321 when she was first issued her
credit card. Last week, a different company bought out the credit card division and Tara was issued a new PIN
of 840645. If Tara experiences retroactive interference when she enters her PIN, you would expect that she will
enter the digits
A. 840321, using the last three digits of her old number in error.
B. 840645, her new PIN.
C. 927321, her old PIN.
D. 927645, using the first three digits of her old number in error.
221. You move to a new house and memorize your new phone number. Now, you can't remember your old
phone number. This is an example of
D. motivated forgetting.
222. Curtis has been testing a new software package for the past two months. However, he decides not to switch
and he goes back to using his old software. Unfortunately, he is now having some problems in recalling how to
do certain tasks with the old software, and often finds himself trying to do things the way he did with the new
software he was testing. Curtis' problems illustrate the effects of
223. Interference effects on retention are greatest when the interfering learning is
A. similar to the material to be remembered.
B. dissimilar to the material to be remembered.
C. unrelated to the material to be remembered.
D. similarity of the materials does not seem to affect retention.
224. Isabella spent one hour studying American History prior to 1800, and then spent one hour studying
European History prior to 1800. Victor spent one hour studying American History prior to 1800, and then spent
one hour studying Calculus. In this example, it is likely that
A. Victor will have better recall of events in early American History.
B. Isabella will have better recall of events in early American History.
C. both students will have equivalent recall of events in early American History.
D. neither student will have good recall of the material studied during the second hour.
225. Proactive interference occurs when

A. new information impairs the retention of previously learned information.
B. previously learned information interferes with the retention of new information.
C. a person loses memories of events that occurred prior to a head injury.
D. a person loses memories of events that occur after a head injury.
226. Your female friend recently got married and changed her last name to that of her husband's. You have
difficulty remembering her new last name because of
C. memory decay.
227. During the month of January when you write the date on your checks you often will write the wrong year
on the check. You have difficulty remembering to write the new year because of
C. memory decay.
228. Allen was recently traded to a new basketball team, and he is having a hard time remembering all the new
plays because he keeps using the plays from his former team. Allen's problems illustrate the effects of
229. Ivan's bank assigned him a personal identification number (PIN) of 8624 when he was first issued his
credit card. Last week a different company bought out the credit card division and Ivan was issued a new PIN of
9317. If Ivan experiences proactive interference when he enters his PIN, you would expect that he will enter the
digits
A. 9317, his new PIN.
B. 9324, using the last two digits of his old number in error.
C. 8617, using the first two digits of his old number in error.
D. 8624, his old PIN.
230. Decay theory proposes that forgetting occurs due to

A. competition from other memories.
B. the deterioration of the nervous system with increasing age.
C. the passage of time.
D. ineffective encoding of information.
231. Research has not been able to demonstrate that decay is a cause of forgetting information from
A. sensory memory.
D. short-term and long-term memory.
232. Research suggests that when information is forgotten from long-term memory ____ exerts a stronger
influence on forgetting than ____.
A. the passage of time; interference
B. interference; the passage of time
C. ineffective encoding; interference
D. ineffective encoding; the passage of time
233. We may forget information because of experiences we have either before or after learning the information
according to
A. decay theory.
B. interference theory.
D. ineffective encoding.
234. Intervening material is most likely to cause an increase in forgetting when the intervening material is very
similar to the information that is to be remembered as a result of
D. interference.
235. If forgetting occurs because newly learned information impairs the memory of previously learned
information it is referred to as
C. negative interference.
D. positive interference.
236. Alan took three years of French in high school before switching to studying German in college. He has
noticed that he has forgotten a lot of his French vocabulary. His forgetting of French is MOST likely the result
of
A. decay.
237. If forgetting occurs because previously learned information interferes with the ability to retain new
information, it is referred to as
C. positive interference.
D. negative interference.
238. The encoding specificity principle states that

A. forgetting is due only to the passage of time.
B. forgetting is usually due to interference from competing memories.
C. retrieval failure is often due to a mismatch between the available retrieval cues and the memory code.
D. forgetting involves purposeful suppression of memories.
239. The principle that proposes that the values of a retrieval cue depends on how well it corresponds to the
memory code is known as
A. tip of the tongue.
B. encoding specificity.
C. long-term potentiation.
D. transfer appropriate.
240. To be most effective, a retrieval cue should be

A. congruent with the original encoding of material.
B. similar in meaning to the material.
C. similar in sensory appearance to the material.
D. very distinctive in character.
241. You meet a man at a party and carefully store his name along with an image of his face. The next day, he
calls you on the phone, but you can't remember his name. According to the encoding specificity principle, this is
because
A. the sound of his voice is an inappropriate retrieval cue.
B. you never paid attention to his name in the first place.
C. the name is no longer in your long-term memory.
D. the name is in your sensory store only.
242. ____ has occurred when the initial processing of information is similar to the type of processing required
for retention.
A. Lexical matching
B. Episodic processing
C. Transfer-appropriate processing
D. Phonemic processing
243. Brendan knows that her professor plans to give essay exams throughout the semester, so she prepares for
the exams by thinking of questions that ask about key concepts and writing out answers to those questions. In
this case, Brendan is trying to maximize her exam performance
A. by reducing the misinformation effect.
B. by eliminating proactive interference.
C. through the use of transfer-appropriate processing.
D. through the use of state-dependent memory.
244. Which theory of forgetting would best explain Emily's being unable to remember her second grade
teacher's name yesterday, but today Emily can remember her teacher's name?
A. interference
B. motivated forgetting
C. retrieval failure
D. decay
245. Skyler took part in a memory experiment. As he studied a list of words he was to remember, he formed a
vivid image of each object on the list. He was confident he would do well on the memory test, but instead of
asking for the actual words, they asked Skyler whether each word was printed in italics or bold-faced type.
Skyler did poorly on the memory test. Because he did not know how he would be tested, Skyler
A. showed evidence of retroactive interference.
B. did not use transfer-appropriate processing.
C. experienced repression.
D. experienced the misinformation effect.
246. Jason has been trying unsuccessfully for days to remember the name of a song that was popular when he
was in the tenth grade. The "oldies" radio station just played the song and after hearing only the first few
seconds of the song the name of the song "popped into his head." The opening seconds of the song provided
Jason appropriate ____ for him to overcome his retrieval failure.
A. context cues
B. retrieval cues
C. proactive cues
D. retroactive cues
Test Bank for Psychology Themes and Variations Briefer Version, 9th Edition : Weiten
247. The concept of motivated forgetting is based largely on the work of which of the following early
psychologists?
A. Hermann Ebbinghaus
B. Sigmund Freud
C. John Watson
D. Wilhelm Wundt
248. Which of the following terms is synonymous with "motivated forgetting"?

A. regression
B. repression
C. sublimation
D. rationalization
249. Which of the following terms refers to the process of keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in
the unconscious?
A. regression
B. repression
C. sublimation
D. rationalization
250. According to Sigmund Freud, the process that is at work when distressing thoughts and feelings remain
buried in the unconscious is
C. repression.
D. Korsakoff's syndrome.
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1. The three basic processes in memory are

2. The basic process in memory that involves formation of a memory code is

4. In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be

5. The basic process in memory that involves maintaining information in memory is

7. In order for a memory to be retrieved, it must first be

9. The process of recalling information from memory is referred to as

13. The memory process of storage involves

15. Focusing awareness on a narrow range of stimuli or events involves

16. Early-selection theories of attention propose that

31. In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?

39. The shallowest level of processing of verbal information is ____ encoding.

41. The semantic level of processing focuses attention on

44. Elaboration involves

50. The dual-coding theory argues that memory is

51. Self-referent encoding involves

59. The Atkinson-Shiffrin memory model proposes that memory has

64. A sensory memory

66. The function of sensory memory is to

84. Chunking involves

85. Short-term memory

87. Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in ____ memory.

89. The storage capacity of short-term memory is approximately ____ items.

91. Which memory system is referred to in your text as "working memory"?

98. Baddeley's concept of working memory

99. Which of the following is NOT a component of working memory?

111. Long-term memory

119. Currently there is a debate among psychologists concerning whether

121. Clustering occurs when one

137. Which of the following statements concerning schemas is NOT correct?

139. A semantic network

147. Connectionist models of memory are based on

152. A retrieval cue is

160. The memory process of retrieval is associated with

161. The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can be best described as an instance of

168. Loftus' work on eyewitness testimony has clearly demonstrated that

186. The first person to conduct scientific studies of forgetting was

191. In studies of forgetting, the retention interval is the length of time

197. A relearning measure requires subjects to

203. The recognition measure of retention requires an individual

207. Pseudoforgetting is information loss due to ineffective

208. Pseudoforgetting is viewed as a function of

213. According to interference theory

214. Decay theory suggests that forgetting is due to

216. In studies of long-term memory, researchers have found that

225. Proactive interference occurs when

230. Decay theory proposes that forgetting occurs due to

238. The encoding specificity principle states that

240. To be most effective, a retrieval cue should be

248. Which of the following terms is synonymous with "motivated forgetting"?

1. The three basic processes in memory are

2. The basic process in memory that involves formation of a memory code is

4. In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be

5. The basic process in memory that involves maintaining information in memory is

7. In order for a memory to be retrieved, it must first be

9. The process of recalling information from memory is referred to as

13. The memory process of storage involves

15. Focusing awareness on a narrow range of stimuli or events involves

16. Early-selection theories of attention propose that

31. In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?