NGT Annexure 3action Plan of Palak Dil

CONTENT
Sl Details Page no
No.
1 Cover Sheet 1
2 Introduction
i) Rationale for Management Planning 2-37
ii) Terms of reference, Approach & Method 38
3 Description of wetlands features
i) Location and extent 39-45
ii) Wetland Catchments 46-48
iii) Hydrological regimes 49-50
iv) Biodiversity 51-69
v) Ecosystem Service 70
vi) Socioeconomics and livelihood 71
4 Evaluation of Wetland features 72
5 Institutional Arrangements 73-76
i) Setting Management Objectives( Goal and purpose, Benefits 77-78
(ecological as well as societal), Management objective)
ii) Strategies 79-106
6 i) Monitoring & Evaluation Plan 107
ii) Monitoring parameters, frequency and responsibilities( 108-109
Infrastructure & human resource design, Reporting and Review
and adaptation)
7 Developing an Action Plan
i) Comprehensive list of activities 110-118
ii) All activities proposed to be funded list of the Core and 119-128
Non-Core Activities under NCPA and State Matching Share
iii) Action Plan with time frame 129-134
8 Budget and Activity phasing
i) Activity link Budget 135-145
ii) Time planning 146-190
191-211
Annexure
I Wetland notified Map and Forest’s Complex outside Wetland
area
II Wetland Complex Map showing site’ importance
III Map showing wetland boundary included zone of influence
IV List of Birds
V List of Reptiles
VI List of Amphibians
VII Brief Document of Pala Wetland
VIII Palak Lake
1
Cover Sheet
1) Wetland Name : Pala Wetland
2) Wetland Area in ha. : Water Body :135ha (1.35 sqkm)

Catchment area :2400ha
3) Location : District : Siaha,

State: Mizoram
4) Area of direct catchment

in ha. : 2400ha
5) Name of Nodal Agency for

Management Plan
Implementation. : Environment, Forest & Climate Change
Department, MADC
6) Management Plan Period : 5(Five) Year during 2020-21 to 24-25
7) Date of while approval of

State Wetland authority :
8) Total Budget : Rs. 1240.194lakhs
9) Total Fund available from

convergence since
State matching share: 124.0194 lakhs
10) Funds requested from

MoEFCC : Rs. 1116.175 lakhs
2
Chapter-I
1. Introduction:
1.1. Rational for Management Plan:

Pala lake is situated in Mara Autonomous District Council located between
Long. 92° 52' 50.00199'' to 92° 55' 30.84179'' E and Lat. 22° 10' 44.22455'' to 22° 13'
05.17914'' N in the State of Mizoram. It is the biggest lake and is Natural fresh water lake in
the State of Mizoram and Plays important role in the ecological and economic security of the
Siaha District. It has been considered to be the life-line of the people of Siaha District due to
its importance in their Socio-Economic and cultural life.
The outflows of the Pala lake Water and River Salyu with R.Tiko which was
originated in the catchment area of the Pala wetland are the main water sources for irrigation
of Salyu by(plain) WRC Phura area and Phura / Pala by(plain) WRC and water supply for
surrounding village. While the two constitute the biggest plain area for WRC in Mizoram,
and this place is considered to be the rice bowl of Maraland. The population living around
the lakes depend upon the lake as thesources for their sustenance. The staple food of Siaha
District is directly linked to the Pala wetland. The outflows of lake water can also be a Mini
Hydro Power Generation for fringe village of the Pala Wetland.
The lake is very rich in biodiversity. It is one of the lake which is qualified for
Ramsar site. Thelake is surrounded / covered on the edge by many hydrophyte and the
swampy areas with profusion of herbaceous vegetation as well as Grass, various species of
beautiful ground and epiphytes orchids. 75% of the catchment areas is covered with forest
areas and 25% covered with woody forest interfaces with Bamboo brakes. It is a home to a
ranges of Animals, birds, Amphibians and Reptiles. The survey have found more than 25
species of mammals, 120 species of Birds and 10 species of Amphibian and 22 species of
Reptiles. The area is also rich in butterflies with 38 species has been reported so far. The
lakes has been also the breeding ground of numbers of riverine fishes and continues to be a
vital fisheries resources. It support significant population of resident water fowl and some
population of migratory birds.
The Pala lake is one of the Eco-tourism potential areas in Mizoram due to
unique and pristine in nature and its rich in Biodiversity. Pala lake is situated at about
356Kms from Aizawl, the capital of Mizoram and 87 Km from Siaha and 5km from the
nearest village Phura and Tokalo village. The Pala lake canbe enjoyed by visiting the
interesting places like Saphao at R.Kolodyne, Phura by(plain)which is the Rice bowl of
Maraland and Myanmar border village Ralie and Tokalo Wildlife Sanctuary.
The Pala lake and its surrounding catchment area was notified as Forest
reserved vide L.No. LDC. F.12013/3/84-LDC (EX)/6 of 29/10/84(see appendix-I). The total
catchment area is approximately 18.5 sqkm. The Pala lake and its surrounding catchment
areas is intended to be increased by the Council Authority and issued Pre-Notification vide
L.N.MADC.23/E&F/2011-2012 of date 28.01.2014. The final notification was awaited and if
put into practice the total catchment will be increased to 24sqkm. If final notification was
approved and published to the General public. The pressure unleased from anthropogenic will
be decreased subsequently.
3
The Lake is still under stress mainly due to Anthropogenic pressures.

Deforestation and shifting cultivation and collection of minor forest produces in the
catchment area has caused soil erosion resulting in the increased of lake siltation, the problem
has further been aggravated due to prolific growth of floating weeds mainly water hyacinth.
The lake suffers from both Natural and cultural eutrophication. Besides, the nutrient from the
catchment areas, sediments which was carried by the stream and river discharges into the
lake. In addition to the above Threats, the encroachment in the lake by garden pass for
farming and roads have gradually led to the shrinkage of the lake area.
The combined threats of the above factors have given rises to the following
problems.
- Decrease in the water holding capacity.
- Prolific Growth of aquatic weeds namely water hyacinth.
- Changes in water quality.
- Decrease in migratory and resident water birds population, fish and other
fauna productivity particularly endangered and endemic species.
- Loss of biodiversity.
First Pala Wetland management plan was prepared in 2003 for Plan management
2003-2004 to 2007-2008 and submitted to as per PCCF L.No.B.15012/16/CSS/2002/PCCF of
21.8.2003 and submitted to PCCF Office Vide L.No.MADC.74/E&F/2003-04/1-26 of
4.9.2003 onward submission to Ministry Project Proposal was submitted to Director Wetland
Govt. Of India Ministry of Environment & Forest New Delhi vide L.No.15012/16-
CSS/2002/PCCF/29-71 of 9.9.2002.
On 13.11.2003 Shri S.Kaul, Director Wetland Ministry of Environment &
Forest Government of India has visited Pala Lake and inspect the surrounding catchment area
and in his Advise Project proposal was re-submitted to the Dy.Inspector General of Forests
Ministry of Environment & Forest Government vide L.No.B.11011/41/2004-FST of
dt.20.10.2004.
The main element of Management Action Plan of 2003-2004 to 2007-2008 are
briefly mention below:
1) Protection measure
2) Catchment Conservation
3) Water Management
4) Biodiversity Conservation
5) Sustainable Resources development and livelihood
6) Institutional Development
First Financial Assistance for Conservation and Management of Pala Wetland in

Mizoram was received from Ministry of Environment & Forest vide L.No.J.22012/3/2002-
E(CS) of dt.22.3.2005.
As per ministry of Environment & Forest Govt.of India direction State Level Steering
Committee on Wetlands i.e. Pala Wetland & Tam Dil Wetland was constitute by the
Government of Mizoram under Notification No.B.11015/10/2001-FST dt.22.3.2005( see
Appendix-II) and the District level Pala Wetland Development Authority Board was also
constituted vide Notification L.No.MADC.14/PWL(E&F)/06-07/7-8 of 20.8.2009(see
Appendix-III)
4
Fund received last 5 years was shown below:

Table - 1
SI No Letter Received No &Date Year Amount

1 F.No.J.22012/03/2002-CS(W)Pt.file of
03.09.2015
1) No.B.11015/22/2013-FST of 4.11.2015 2015-16 60.70 lakhs
2 2) No.B.11015/22/2013-FST of 11.2.2016 9.868 lakhs
3 No.G.25021/7-CNRE/2016-PCCF(Acct)/9 of 33.855 lakhs
201.2017 2016-17
4 No.G.25021/7-CNRE/2016-PCCF(Acct)/14 8.560 lakhs
of 16.3.2017
5 F.No.J.22012/03/2002-CS(W)Pt. of 2017-18 58.40 lakhs
28.07.2017
6 F.No.J.22012/03/2002-CS(W)Pt.File of 2018-19 73.924 lakhs
10.07.2018
7 F.No.J.22012/03/2002-CS(W)Pt.File of 2019-20 107.612 lakhs
15.7.2019
Utilization Certificate and Progress Report Enclosed Appendix-IV, V, VI, VII, VIII
and Last Progress Photos
5
Appendix-I
6
Appendix-II
7
8
Appendix-III
9
10
Appendix - IV
FORM
GRF 19-A
[See Government of India’s decision (1) Below Rule 150]
FORM OF UTILIZATION CERTIFICATE
S Letter No. and Date Amount 1. Certified that out of Rs. 70.568 lakhs of
/No grants-in-aid sanctioned during the year
(Rs in 2015-16 in favour of Pala Wetland Project
lakh) MADC, Mizoram under this
Ministry/Department letter F.No.J.22012/03/
2002-CS (W)Pt.file of 03.09.2015 &
No.B.11015/22/2013-FST of 11.2.2016
Rs.70.568 lakhs has been released for
F.No.J.22012/03/2002- implementation on Conservation and
CS(W)Pt.file of management of Pala Wetland. Wetland
03.09.2015 Project for conservation of Aquatic Eco-
systems (NPCA) for the year 2015-16 Vide L.
1)No.B.11015/22/2013- 60.70 No. given in the margin and Rs Nil on
FST of 4.11.2015 account of unspent balance of the previous
year . The Sum of Rs. 70.568 lakhs has been
2)No.B.11015/22/2013- 9.868 fully utilized for the purpose of expenditure
FST of 11.2.2016 on Conservation and Management of Pala
Wetland for which it is sanctioned.
Total 70.568
2.
Certified that I have satisfied myself that the condition on which the grant-in-aid
was sanctioned have been duly fulfilled and that I have exercised the following
checks to see that the money was actually utilized for the purpose for which it was
sanctioned.
3. Kinds of check exercised:
(i) 1. Supervision and execution of work done by Deputy Conservator of Forests, E&F
Deptt.
(ii) Field inspection done by Deputy Conservator of Forests, Environment & Forest
Department, MADC, Siaha.
Countersigned:
Chief Wildlife Warden ( THALY T.AZYU )

Aizawl, Mizoram. Deputy Conservator of Forests (H)
Mara Autonomous District Council
Siaha
11
NON-DIVERSION CERTIFICATE
Certified that out of the total sanctioned amount of Rs 70.568 lakhs, was
released during 2015-16 Vide F.No.J.22012/03/2002-CS(W)Pt.file of 03.09.2015 &
No.B.11015/22/2013-FST of 11.2.2016 amounting to Rs 70.568 lakhs (Rupees Seventy
lakhs fifty six thousand eight hundred) only for implementation of Annual Plan of
Operations of Pala Wetland Project for Conservation of Aquatic Eco-systems (NPCA).
There is no diversion of funds from the Department.
NON-EMBEZZLEMENT CERTIFICATE
I hereby certified that out of the sanctioned amount of Rs. 70.568lakhs, was
released during 2015-16 Vide No. F.No.J.22012/03/2002-CS(W)Pt.file of 03.09.2015 &
No.B.11015/22/2013-FST of 11.2.2016 amounting to Rs 70.568 lakhs Rupees Seventy
lakhs fifty six thousand eight hundred)only for implementation of Annual Plan of
Operations of Pala Wetland Project for Conservation of Aquatic Eco-systems (NPCA).
There is no embezzlement of funds allotted to the Forests Range Officer, MADC, Phura.
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE
I hereby certified that the conditions laid down in the Sanction Order and the
guidelines issued by the Government of India as well as Government of Mizoram in
connection with the implementation of Annual Plan of Operations of Pala Wetland
Project for Conservation of Aquatic Eco-systems (NPCA) have been completely followed
by the Environment & Forest Department, Mara Autonomous District Council, Siaha.
Countersigned:

Siaha
12
13
14
15
Appendix-V
FORM
GRF 19-A
S Letter No. and Date Amount 1. Certified that out of Rs 42.415 lakhs of
/No grants-in-aid sanctioned during the year 2016-17 in
(in favour of Pala Wetland Project MADC, Mizoram
Rs.lakh) under this Ministry/Department letter
No.G.25021/7-CNRE/2016-PCCF(Acct)/9 of
20.1.2017 & No.G.25021/7-CNRE/2016-
PCCF(Acct)/14 of 16.3.2017 Rs. 42.415 lakhs has
been released for implementation on Conservation
1. No.G.25021/7- and management of Pala Wetland under National
CNRE/2016- 33.855 Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Eco-systems
PCCF(Acct)/9 of (NPCA) for the year 2016-17 Vide L. No. given in
20.1.2017 the margin and Rs Nil on account of unspent
balance of the previous year . The Sum of
Rs.42.415 lakhs has been fully utilized for the
2 No.G.25021/7- 8.560 purpose of expenditure on Conservation and
CNRE/2016- Management of Pala Wetland for which it is
PCCF(Acct)/14 of sanctioned.
16.3.2017
42.415
2.
Certified that I have satisfied myself that the condition on which the grant-in-aid was sanctioned
have been duly fulfilled and that I have exercised the following checks to see that the money
was actually utilized for the purpose for which it was sanctioned.
(i) Supervision and execution of work done by Deputy Conservator of Forests, E&F Deptt.
(ii) Field inspection done by Deputy Conservator of Forests, Environment & Forest Department,
MADC, Siaha.
Countersigned:

Siaha
16
Certified that out of the total sanctioned amount of Rs. 42.415 lakhs, was
released during 2016-17 Vide No.G.25021/7-CNRE/2016-PCCF(Acct)/9 of 20.1.2017 &
No.G.25021/7-CNRE/2016-PCCF(Acct)/14 of 16.3.2017 amounting to Rs 42.415 lakhs
(Rupees Forty two lakhs forty one thousand five hundred) only for implementation of
Annual Plan of Operations of Pala Wetland Project for Conservation of Aquatic Eco-
systems (NPCA). There is no diversion of funds from the Department.
I hereby certified that out of the sanctioned amount of Rs 42.415 lakhs,

was released during 2016-17 Vide No.G.25021/7-CNRE/2016-PCCF(Acct)/9 of
20.1.2017 & No.G.25021/7-CNRE/2016-PCCF(Acct)/14 of 16.3.2017 amounting to Rs
42.415 lakhs (Rupees Forty two lakhs forty one thousand five hundred) only for
implementation of Annual Plan of Operations of Pala Wetland Project for Conservation
of Aquatic Eco-systems (NPCA). There is no embezzlement of funds allotted to the
Forests Range Officer, MADC, Phura.
I hereby certified that the conditions laid down in the Sanction Order and the
guidelines issued by the Government of India as well as Government of Mizoram in
connection with the implementation of Annual Plan of Operations of Pala Wetland
Project for Conservation of Aquatic Eco-systems (NPCA) have been completely
followed by the Environment & Forest Department, Mara Autonomous District Council,
Siaha.
Countersigned:

Siaha
17
18
19
Appendix-VI
FORM
GRF 19-A
SL/No. S Letter No. and Date Amount 1. Certified that out of Rs. 58.40 lakhs
/No of grants-in-aid sanctioned during the
(in Rs. year 2017-18 in favour of Pala Wetland
lakh)
MADC, Mizoram under this
Ministry/Department letter
F.No.J.22012/03/2002-CS(W)Pt.I of
28.07.2017 Rs.58.40 lakhs has been
1 F.No.J.22012/03/2002- released for implementation of Pala
58.40
CS(W)Pt.I of Wetland Project for conservation of
28.07.2017 Aquatic Eco-systems (NPCA) for the year
2017-18 Vide L. No. given in the margin
and Rs Nil on account of unspent balance
of the previous year . The Sum of
Rs.58.40 lakhs has been fully utilized for
the purpose of expenditure on
Management Action Plan of Palak
Wetland for which it was sanctioned.
Total 58.40
2. 2. Certified that I have satisfied myself that the condition on which the grant -in-
aid was sanctioned have been duly fulfilled and that I have exercised the
following checks to see that the money was actually utilized for the purpose for
which it was sanctioned.
(iii) (i) 1. Supervision and execution of work done by Deputy Conservator of Forests,
E&F Deptt.
(iv) (ii) Field inspection done by Deputy Conservator of Forests, Environment & Forest
Countersigned:

Government of Mizoram Deputy Conservator of Forests (H)
Aizawl. Mara Autonomous District Council
Siaha
20
Certified that out of the total sanctioned amount of Rs. 58.40 lakhs,
was released during 2017-18 Vide F.No.J.22012/03/2002-CS(W)Pt.I of
28.07.2017 amounting to Rs. 58.40 lakhs (Rupees Fifty eight lakhs forty
thousand) only for implementation of Annual Plan of Operations of Pala
Wetland Project for Conservation of Aquatic Eco-systems (NPCA). There is no
diversion of funds from the Department.
I hereby certified that out of the sanctioned amount i.e. Rs. 58.40
lakhs, was released during 2017-18 Vide F.No.J.22012/03/2002-CS(W)Pt.I of
28.07.2017 amounting to Rs. 58.40 lakhs (Rupees Fifty eight lakhs forty thousand)
only for implementation of Annual Plan of Operations of Pala Wetland Project
for Conservation of Aquatic Eco-systems (NPCA). There is no embezzlement of
funds allotted to the Forests Range Officer, MADC, Phura.
I hereby certified that the conditions laid down in the Sanction Order
and the guidelines issued by the Government of India as well as Government of
Mizoram in connection with the implementation of Annual Plan of Operations
of Pala Wetland Project for Conservation of Aquatic Eco-systems (NPCA) have
been completely followed by the Environment & Forest Department, Mara
Autonomous District Council, Siaha.
Countersigned:

Siaha
21
22
23
24
25
Appendix-VII
FORM
GRF 19-A
SL/No. S Letter No. and Date Amount 1. Certified that out of Rs. 73.924 lakhs of
/No grants-in-aid sanctioned during the year 2018-
(in 19 in favour of Pala Wetland MADC, Mizoram
Rs.lakh) under this Ministry/Department letter
F.No.J.22012/03/2002-CS(W)Pt.File of
10.07.2018 Rs.73.924 lakhs has been released
for implementation of Pala Wetland Project
for conservation of Aquatic Eco-systems
1 F.No.J.22012/03/2002- 73.924 (NPCA) for the year 2018-19 Vide L. No. given
CS(W)Pt.File of in the margin and Rs Nil on account of
10.07.2018 unspent balance of the previous year . The
Sum of Rs.73.924 lakhs has been fully utilized
for the purpose of expenditure on
Management Action Plan of Palak Wetland for
which it was sanctioned.
Total 73.924
2. 2. Certified that I have satisfied myself that the condition on which the grant-in-aid
sanctioned.

(i) Supervision and execution of work done by Deputy Conservator of Forests, E&F
Deptt.
Countersigned:

Siaha
26
Certified that out of the total sanctioned amount of Rs. 73.924

lakhs, was released during 2018-19 Vide F.No.J.22012/03/2002-CS(W)Pt.File
of 10.07.2018 amounting to Rs. 73.924 lakhs (Rupees Seventy three lakhs
ninety two thousand four hundred) only for implementation of Annual Plan
of Operations of Pala Wetland Project for Conservation of Aquatic Eco-
systems (NPCA). There is no diversion of funds from the Department.
I hereby certified that out of the sanctioned amount Rs.73.924

lakhs, was released during 2018-19 Vide F.No.J.22012/03/2002-CS(W)Pt.File of
10.07.2018 amounting to Rs. 73.924 lakhs (Rupees Seventy three lakhs ninety
two thousand four hundred) only for implementation of Annual Plan of
Operations of Pala Wetland Project for Conservation of Aquatic Eco-systems
(NPCA). There is no embezzlement of funds allotted to the Forests Range
Officer, MADC, Phura.
I hereby certified that the conditions laid down in the Sanction

Order and the guidelines issued by the Government of India as well as
Government of Mizoram in connection with the implementation of Annual
Plan of Operations of Pala Wetland Project for Conservation of Aquatic Eco-
systems (NPCA) have been completely followed by the Environment & Forest
Department, Mara Autonomous District Council, Siaha.
Countersigned:

Siaha
27
28
29
30
Appendix-VIII
FORM
GRF 19-A
SL/No. S Letter No. and Date Amount 1. Certified that out of Rs. 107.6120
/No lakhs of grants-in-aid sanctioned during the
(in Rs.) year 2018-19 in favour of Pala Wetland
MADC, Mizoram under this
Ministry/Department letter F.No.J.22012/
03/2002-CS(W)Pt.File of 15.07.2020
Rs.107.612 lakhs has been released for
implementation of Pala Wetland Project for
1 F.No.J.22012/03/2002- 107.6120 conservation of Aquatic Eco-systems (NPCA)
CS(W)Pt.File of
for the year 2019-20 Vide L. No. given in the
15.07.2019
margin and Rs Nil on account of unspent
balance of the previous year . The Sum of
Rs.107.6120 lakhs has been fully utilized for
the purpose of expenditure on
Management Action Plan of Palak Wetland
for which it was sanctioned.
Total 107.6120
2. 2. Certified that I have satisfied myself that the condition on which the grant-in-aid
sanctioned.

(i) Supervision and execution of work done by Deputy Conservator of Forests, E&F
Deptt.
( THALY T.AZYU )
Deputy Conservator of Forests
Siaha
31
Certified that out of the total sanctioned amount of Rs. 107.6120

lakhs, was released during 2019-20 Vide F.No.J.22012/03/2002-
CS(W)Pt.File of 15.07.2019 amounting to Rs. 107.6120 lakhs (Rupees One
crore seven lakhs sixty one thousand two hundred) only for implementation
of Annual Plan of Operations of Pala Wetland Project for Conservation of
Aquatic Eco-systems (NPCA). There is no diversion of funds from the
Department.
I hereby certified that out of the sanctioned amount Rs.

107.6120 lakhs, was released during 2019-20 Vide F.No.J.22012/03/2002-
CS(W)Pt.File of 15.07.2019 amounting to Rs. 107.6120 lakhs (Rupees One
crore seven lakhs sixty one thousand two hundred) only for implementation of
Annual Plan of Operations of Pala Wetland Project for Conservation of
Aquatic Eco-systems (NPCA). There is no embezzlement of funds allotted to
the Forests Range Officer, MADC, Phura.
I hereby certified that the conditions laid down in the Sanction

Order and the guidelines issued by the Government of India as well as
Government of Mizoram in connection with the implementation of Annual
Plan of Operations of Pala Wetland Project for Conservation of Aquatic Eco-
systems (NPCA) have been completely followed by the Environment &
Forest Department, Mara Autonomous District Council, Siaha.
( THALY T.AZYU )
Deputy Conservator of Forests
Siaha
32
33
34
35
36
Photos of activities undertaken

37
38
1.2 Terms of Reference:

Long term plan of the Pala Wetland was felt necessary not onlyfor providing
strategic and quality frame work for the management of wetlands resources, but also on
developing share vision among stakeholders. Likewise, it is also necessary to improve
effectiveness of programme intervention and promote collaboration among the stakeholders.
Considering this the Pala Wetland Authority intends to propose the Management Plan of the
Pala Wetland management for the next 5 years (2020-21 to 2024-25) to developed share
vision on promoting wise use of the wetland resource. The management plan will focus on at-
least the following 6 prioritized which have been identified on consultation with the stake
holder (i.e. fringe village)
1) Wetland Biodiversity Conservation
2) Livelihood improvement
3) Institutional strengthening
4) Tourism development
5) Agro/Horti biodiversity conservation
6) An understanding of the habitat and species occurring.
1.3 Approach and method

In particular management has to understand past and present human usage, its
current or future impact and the means by which sustainable usage can be achieved.
Effective management therefore means understanding the full spectrum of measures and
action necessary to sustain the site. It also has to place the site positively within the
community context and be able to restrain to any potential threatening developed that may
take place in any times.
The integrated Pala Wetland Management for the period years 2020 – 2025 inducting
operation plan for 2020-21 prepared after falling participatory and consultation process.
1) Consultation with stakeholders (Fringe village)
2) Information survey of the area and surrounding village.
3) Direct observation and personnel interview
4) Management Plan past or previous.
5) Discussion on field works
6) Developed study of secondary information / literature
As after some of the data survey / literature of Pala Wetland carried out for the
management plan are:
a) Robertson - Bird survey record(1995-1996)
b) Birand and Puwar (2001) – survey on Amphibians, Reptiles and Avi fauna
c) Roy et.at (2007) in www. Samrakshan org.- Studies the flora, fauna and its
biodiversity.
d) Dr. Lalramnghinglova et at (2006) study the Biodiversity and identified flora and
fauna
e) Dr.Nohro Seikuti Chhylai- Pollen studying the vegetation and climate change in
the Pala lake.
39
Chapter-2
2. DESCRIPTION OF W ETLANDS FEATURES
2.1 Location:
Pala Wetland is located between 22°11’ - 22°12” North latitude and

92°53’12”- 93°53’29” East Longitude.
Pala Wetland is situated at about 356Kms from Aizawl, the

capital city of Mizoram and about 87 Km from Siaha, the Hqrs of
Siaha District as well as Mara Autonomous District Council. Pala
wetland falls under Phura Range, Environment & Forest Department,
Mara Autonomous District Council. It lies and it is situated about
6Kms from the nearest village called Phura. The altitude of the area is
275-700metres above mean sea level.
2.1.1W etland type& Extent: The Mizoram State has three types of
lake, valley lake, tactonic /landslide lakes and artificial reservoir.
But the only lake significance is Pala Lake, which is natural lake in
depression in the hills. Pala lake may possibly be the combination of
valley and tectonic lakes.
Location : Pala Wetland is located between
22°11’ - 22°12” North latitude and
92°53’12”- 93°53’29” East Longitude.
Wetland Type: Permanent fresh natural lake.

Lake Body Area: 1.35sqkm
Wetland Area: 24sqkm
Significant Inter annual changes in the Wetland: The Wetland complex is

intact and no inter annual changes occurred.
Major changes in the Wetland extent in the last 20 -30yrs: The Wetland
complex is intact and no major changes occurred during the last 20 – 30 yrs.
The Pala lake is the largest lake in Mizoram and the most
famous landmark of the Mara Autonomous District Council. The Local
people call it as Pala Tipo surrounded by lush green forests and
mountains, it is a home to a ranges of animals, birds, Amphibians
and reptiles.
40
The Legend of Pala Lake:
There are many myths and legend associated with Pala Lake. It
has also feared and reserved as an abode of evil spirit. One fascinating
story about the origin of the lake is narrated below:
There was a village where the Pala lake now stands and at the
centre of which was a large stone under this lived a huge snake which
was to seized the village children at night and eat them. To avenge
the loss, the villagers decided to catch it using a strong hook tied to a
rope. They offered a dog as a bait and threw the same at the snake
hole. The snake swallowed the dog and then the villager tried to pull
the snake out. But it was so heavy that they could pull out only half of
the snake, when they could not pull out no more. They cut off the part
of the snake that was outside, while tail and the rest of the body fell
back in to the hole where it lived with a deafening sound.
From that night onwards, water began pouring out from the
lake in which the snake lived. The water soon flooded the entire village
until it was completely inundated. This was how the Pala lakeformed.
The Pala lake and its surrounding catchment area was notified
as Forest reserved vide L.No. LDC. F.12013/3/84-LDC (EX)/6 of
29/10/84.The total catchment area is approximately 18.5 sqkm. The
Pala Tipo and it surrounding catchment areasis intended to extend
the areas by the Council Authority and issued Pre -Notification vide
L.N.MADC.23/E&F/2011-2012 of date 28.01.2014. Final notification
was awaited and the total catchment will be increased to 24sqkm.
The water body (Lake) is oval shape oriented in north – west to
south east and the area is around 1.5sqkm. The central of the lake
has a depth about 18mts while average depth is 16.22mts. the surface
of the lake is 270msl. Two mountain stream out of seven is
perennials flows into the lakes and another one streams flows out
ensuring constant supply of fresh water to the fringe village.
Pala lake is unigue and pristine in nature and situated in
remote part of the Mara Autonomous District Council Mizoram. The
closes human settlement are the village of Phura(6Kms) and
Tokalo(5kms). The Pala lake is situated on the southern part of
Mizoram in Mara Autonomous District Council(MADC) 370Kms from
capital of city Aizawl and 97kms from District capital siaha. It is
located 92o52 and 95o557 length and between 22 o10 and 22o12’N
latitude. The Mara community called the lake as Pala Tipo. Pala lake
is the largest lake in Mizoram and the most famous landmark of the
Mara Autonomous District Council.
41
2.1.2 W etland areas-land use and land cover data for the
wetland(At least for two seasons-pre and post monsoon) :
There are 7 villages in the fringe areas of the Pala Wetland proposed
project area within total of 827 households having 4556 population
about 78% of them are Jhum or Shifting cultivators. These practices
are identified as one of the most detrimental factors with the
catchment area which leads to heavy siltation in the lake. Main crop
raised in the Jhum is paddy along with other crops like Maize,
Pulse, Gourds, Mustards, Cucumber, Ginger etc.
Due to the high value Biodiversity of the area, dependency of
the fringe people on the forest biomas resources for meeting their
daily needs and other livelihood formed in depleting and degradation
of the area. The condition of the socio-economic practices of the
fringe villagers are poor not only that cultural and custom are all
directly link with the forest and wetland resources around.
Collection of daily needs from the forest is traditionally free and
there is strong feeling of ownership in a stubborn manner.
Collections of NTFP, Bamboo, Pales, thatches etc., are some of the
traditional practices.
Moreover, traditional fishing was being practicebefore but, after
the lake being taken over by the Forest Department, these problems
have been curbed.
There are no major and minor industries in and around the
Wetland area.Land use and land cover :
Forest 75%
Plantation 25%
Agri 0
Settlement(Rural) 0
Settlement (Urban) 0
Industries 0
2.1.3 Significant inter annual changes in the W etland:
Significant changes have been done by the department. Over the
years, plantation has been carried out in the Jhumland area on the
identified site throughout the wetland area and these have changed
a lot about the outlook of the entire wetland.
Construction of Small scale Engineering structure such as Gabion
box, Anicut and Silt detention structure, to control silt entering into
the lake that improve the quality of water and also increase the
volume of water .
42
2.1.4 M ajor changes in the wetland extent in the last 20-30 years-
Historical map of wetland:
2004 2019
Date taken January 2010
Date taken January 2019

43
Toposheet showing Pala Wetland reserved

44
45
46
2.2 Catchment/Drainage Basin
(1) Direct and indirect catchment of the wetland:
Direct catchments include the streams/rivulets coming especially

from the western side of the lake near the Tokalo fair weather road.
Some streams also approaches from the northern side –like the
Sakatla hill. Some rivulets even comes from the southern side – the
upper stream of Salyu River.
(2) Geographical and geomorphological characteristics that have

led to the formation of the wetland:
(i) Geology and morphology:

Pala wetland is surrounded by the hillocks covered with lush
and semi-evergreen forest. There are theories and beliefs
regarding the origin of this Lake. While same believed that it
is caused by Meteoritic impact subsequently filled up by the
nearby stream and rivulets, other opined that it is formed by
the tectonic process that operated in the area. Besides it also
has its own legendary origin handed down from earlier times.
Since the Lake itself and the surrounding area do not provide
much due prior to the origin of the lake, a scientific and
convincing theory has not yet been advance so far. Perhaps a
thorough study and survey of the lake and the nearby area
may, one day be able to provide information leading to the
specific conclusion regarding the origin of the lake.
(ii) Topography:
The area is surrounded by hillocks from all sides, east to west
and south to north.
(iii) Drainage pattern:

To the eastern site of Pala Lake (water) flows and meet Palak
stream which originates from Sisaikhaohill near Vahai village.
It flows towards north – west before making an abrupt right
turn just to the north of Phura village, where it flows in the
north – east direction. It then changes its direction against
toward north – west after passing Maisa village and continues
till it implies itself into the BeinoRiver (R. Kolodyne). The total
length of Pala River is about 15Km.
47
(iv) Soil types:

The soils are very deep, dark brown to yellowish brown,
strongly Acidic, clay loam surface and clay sub-surface, well
drained, hill side slopes and hill crest / top, moderate to
severe erosion fine loam mixed, and hypothermic.
(v) Climate settings:

The area enjoys moderate climate owing to its Tropical
location. It is neither very hot nor too cold throughout the
years. And the area falls under the south west monsoon. As
such the area received an adequate amount of rainfall which
is responsible for a humid tropical climate characterized by
short winter and long summer with heavy rainfall.
During summer the temperature could riseupto a

maximum high of 34°Celsius and minimum of 19° Celsius
and during winter it has a maximum of 24°Celsius and
minimum of 8°Celsius. The temperature started to fall down
sharply from the month of November and it is minimized in
December and January. January is the coldest month of the
wetland area.
The average rainfall varies from 1700mm – 3900mm per

annum.
(3) Present land use and land cover of the catchment and their
implication for wetland:
As plantations have been done along the catchment areas, the land
cover has become thicker and thicker over the last few years. Major
improvements have been made by the Forest Department and these
have noticeably changed the overall landmarks and the sight also.
(4) M ajor development activities and their impacts:

Several projects have been carried out by the Forest Department.
Some of them are – Horticulture plantations, Gap filling plantation,
tunnel plantations, Hillock plantations, etc. Indegenious species of
seedlings have been used for plantation. Some of the tree species
are – Terminaliamyriocarpa, Bischofiajavanica, Micheliachampaca,
Dilleniaindica, Ficusspp.,etc.
These plantations have a great impact. They made the weather

cooler and retain stream water to a large extent. The whole wetland
area is demarcated by Iron pillars.
48
The following are the major development activities:
a) Two (2) spill way and Two (2) Anicut were constructed at the
trenches to check debris and sedimentation to prevent flows to
the lake.
b) Two (2) Culvertswere constructed at Small stream along the
Tokalo road to prevent direct entry of debris into the lake.
c) 0.5km pavement was constructed by Brick on Miepu to Pala

approach road which also serves to check soil erosion and
sedimentation.
d) Construction of Dam at the outflows of Lake water along the
Phura – Miepu road. This Dam construction regulates outflows
of water as well as increase water body. While construction of
the Dam 2 nos of 120mm of GI pipe was laid for irrigation
facilities to the Phura flood plain areas.
e) Vegetation bunding was constructed at the trenches.

49
2.3 Hydrological regimes-Characteristics of water body which are

repeated in tie and space, variability in its discharge through the
courses of years with response to precipitation ,temperature,
evaporation and drainage basin
(1) M ajor sources of water inflow and outflow from wetland:
Pala Lake is having spring natural water sources. There are seven
streamlets joining the lake,out of these two streams are perennial.
These increases the inflows of water in the lakeandthe water level
also increases, especially in monsoon, from the month of July –
September.
River Pala (ie. Outflows of Pala Lake water) is the one of most
important tributaries of the main Lake From Agricultural and
Horticulture point of view since it has created a vast alluvial flood
plain along its course. Pala Lakehas more or less developedthe
irrigation facilities through the irrigated area.At present it is limited
to small portions of the plainbut better development area could turn
out to be the rice bowl for the Pala River originatingfrom Pala Lake.
It has also created a vast plain along its course making its valley
suitable for Agriculture and Horticulture development.
The water level is almost similar in the whole area of the lake.
The Average depth of the lake is 18mts.
(2) M ajor sources of sediments into the wetland:
Soil erosion due to degradation of catchment area, traditional

method of land use by jhum cultivation and deforestation carries
the loose soil along the catchment areas/stream. These cause a lot
of sediments to flow to the wetland areas. Modernisation, especially
fair weather road constructions and maintenance of it is one of the
main causes of accumulation of sediments into the wetland. As a
result of siltation and prolific growth of weeds, water holding
capacity of the lake has considerably decreased.
(3) Inundation regime-inundation pattern:
The lake and sources of streams tend to be big and large especially
during monsoon. Monsoon starts from June and usually ends in
September. The inundation gradually decrease and finally some
streams tend to dry up during dry season of February to April. The
depth of the lake also decreases for approximately uptotwo to three
feet.
50
(4) Trends in water holding capacity of decline:
As a result of siltation, prolific growth of weeds, water holding

capacity of the lake has considerably decreased.
(5) W ater quality and pollution status:
Assessment was carried out during 25 th – 29th April 2013 in

which the water quality and biodiversity wasstudied. Water quality
studied was done by Ms.Lalnunsangi Research Scholar Department
of Environmental Science, Mizoram University Aizawl.
The Water sample was taken from five sites in which the lake
was divided into five sampling sites. Site-I (East), Site-II(North, Site-
III(West), Site-IV(South) centre of the lake. The result are as shown
below:
Water Quality:
SITE Site-1 Site-2 Site-3 Site-4 Site-5
Parameters East North W est South Centre
Temperature oC 30.7 31.4 32 32.1 30.7
pH 8.1 7.9 8.0 8.0 8.1
TDS ppm 52.7 50.07 51.03 52.6 50.12
Acidity mg/1 2 6 2 4 2
Alkalinity mg/1 10 9 8 10 7
Carbon dioxide 4 6 2 6 4
Dissolved 5 6 5.8 5.8 7
Oxygen
Biological 2 1.8 3.4 3.2 5
Oxygen Demand
Total Hardness 6 8 6 4 5
Nitrate mg/1 >47 >47 >47 >47 >47
The water quality was found within the limits of the standards
given by various scientific agencies except for BOD in Site 3,4 and 5
which indicate that the water is being polluted. The water quality is
within the limits but still it can be said that it is not much as good
as expected.
(6) W ater use pattern within the water catchment and implication
for wetland:
Outflows of the Pala lake water joint Pala River and make one of the
most important tributaries of the main river, from Agriculture and
Horticulture point of view since it has created a vast alluvial flood
plain along its course. Outflows of Pala water can be developed with
irrigation facilities so that more than 85% of the flooded plain area
will be irrigated and the areas could turn to be the rice bowl for the
entire district.
51
2.4 Biodiversity:
Pala Lake is very rich in Biodiversity, there are many species of Flora,
Fauna and species. From the revised literature Robertson (1995-1996)
recorded birds of Pala Wetland, Birand and Pawar (2001) has documented
and survey on Amphibians, Reptiles and Avifauna. They recorded
approximately 70 species and they found that the forest is rich in palm,
rattans, dense came brakes and reeds along the lake margin.
Roy et.at (2007)) in www.Samrakshan .org. studies the Flora and Fauna
of Pala lake biodiversity in which they recorded 136 species of avifauna from
the lake and its surrounding forest spread across three season. Common
moorhen can be regularly see with occasionally sighting of threatened
Darter. Lalramnghinglova et at (2006) studied the biodiversity and
identified Flora and Fauna species in Pala Wetland area.
Nohro Seikuti Chhylai Pollen a proxy studying the vegetation

and climate change in the Pala Wetland reserve Mizoram thesis submitted
for the degree of Doctor of Phillosophy, Pondichery University 29.7.2019.
List of the Flora, Fauna Amphibians etc found in the Pala

Wetland area see Table-2-15
List of Amphibians, Reptiles & Birds
The following symbols are used in the species lists:

√ Species recorded during this survey.
√+ Not recorded during this survey, but by others, sources from
literature. Records from
specimens found in field museums of Pas and private collections are
included.
√? Not seen in the area per se, but probably present based upon a
confirmed record nearby,
or dependable secondary information.
+ Species included in analyses
(!) See “ notes on selected species” in the next section..
1. Primary / M ature2 forest

A. Undisturbed to mildly disturbed (large, occasionally disturbed
by hunting or NTFP collection)
B. Disturbed (regular cane / palm extraction, heavy NTFP
collection, selective
logging for local consumption.
C. Heavily disturbed (selectively logged for commercial extraction,
betel vine plantation etc)
52
2. Secondary forest (Regenerating jhums/ abandoned terraced paddy

fields)
A. Woody regeneration with closed canopy (>15yrs)
B. Woody regeneration (5-15yrs)
C. Mixed stands with bamboo and trees (generally >20yrs)
D. Bamboo (generally monopodial) stands (5-20yrs)
3 Open habitat
A. Heavily felled/logged (open habitat, often maintained by heavy
grazing)
B. Recent jhums, abandones terraced paddy fields
(bushy vegetation, <5-10yrs)
C. Current to recently abandonedjhum follows (<2yrs)
D. Current agriculture land.
E. Human habitation and village garden
F. Riparian grassland (short or tall grassland, often with
scattered trees)
4. Plantations (timber as well as non-timber)
5. Other (includes aquatic habitats, birds see in flight, etc)
Table-2
HABITAT
AMPHIBIANS REMARKS
CLASS
COM MON ORIENTAL TOAD B.melanostictus 1,2,3,4
Kaloula pulchra
PAINTED KALOULA + 1,2
BERDM ORE'S ASIAN M icrohyla
1,2
NARROWMOUNTH berdmorei +
ORNATE NARROWMOUNTH M .ornata 2,3

COM MON AMOLOPS A.marmoratus + 1,2
Euphlyctis
ASIAN SKITTERER 3
cyanophlyctis
ASIAN CRICKET FROG L.limnocharis + 1,2,3,4
O.(P) of.
-NA- Tenasserimensis 1,2
+
BROW N-BACKED ORIENTAL

R.leptoglossa + 1,2,3
STREAMFROG (!)
-NA- P.sp2+ 1,2
BROAD-HEADED PHILAUTUS
P.parvulus + 1,2,3
(!)
53
Table-3
HABITAT
REPTILES REMARKS
CLASS
-NA- C.cf.altricristatus + 2
SPINY-HEADED FOREST
C.emma + 1,2
CALOTES
COM MON CALOTES Calotes versicolor 2,3,4
SPOTTED DRACO Draco maculutus + 1
SPINY-TAILED HOUSE
Hemidactylus frenatus 3
GECKO
GARNOT'S GECKO H.garnoti + 1
ASIAN FLAT-TAILED
Cosymbotus platyurus + 1,2
GECKO
TOCKAY Gekko gecko + 1,2,3
ASIAN LONG-TAILED Takydromus sexlineatus
2,3,4
GRASS LIZARD of sexlineatus +
STREAMSIDE FOREST Sphenomorphus
1,2,3,4
SKINK maculatus +
LARGE FOREST SKINK S.indicum + 1
ASIAN SUNSKINK M abuya multifasciata 2,3,4
SPECKLED LITTLE M abuya macularia
2,3,4
SUNSKINK macularia
-NA- M abuya.sp. + 2
COM MON ASIAN
Varanus bengalensis 1,2,3,4,5
M ONITOR
-NA- (!) A.xenure 1
RED-NECKED
Rhabdophis subminiatus 1,2,3,4
KEELBACK
COLLARED BLACK-
Sibynophis collaris 2
HEADED SNAKE
COPPERHEAD RACER E.radiata 1,2,3
PAINTED BRONZEBACK Dendrelaphis of.pictus 2,3
YELLOW TORTOISE (!) Indotestudo elongata 1,2
SOUTHEAST ASIAN
M anouria emys 1,2
GIANT TORTOISE (!)
SOUTHEAST ASIAN
Amyda gartilaginea 5
SOFTSHELL (!)
54
Table-4
HABITAT
BIRDS REMARKS
CLASS
Lophura
KALIJ PHEASANT + 1A,1B,1C,2A,2B,4
leucomelanos
GREY PEACOCK Polyplectron
1A,1B,2A,2B,3A
PHEASANT + bicalcaratum
WHITE-BROWED PICULET
+ Sasia ochracea 1A,2A,2D,3A
RUFOUS WOODPECKER + Celeus brachyurus 1B,4

Blythipicus
BAY WOODPECKER + 1A,1B,1C,2A,2B,4
pyrrhotis
GREATER YELLOWNAPE + P.flavinucha 1A,1B,1C,3A
Chrysocolaptes
GREATER FLAMEBACK + 1A,1C,2B,3A,3D
lucidus
GREAT BARBET + Megalaima virens 1A,1B,1C,2A,2B
BLUE THROATED BARBET
+
M.asiatica 1A,1B,1C,2A,2B,3A
ORIENTAL PIED Anthracoceros
1A,1B,1C,2B,2C,3A
HORNBILL + albirostris
Harpactes
RED-HEADED TROGON + 1A,1B,1C
erythrocephalus
Caracias
INDIAN ROLLER 3A,3D
benghalensis
Eurystomus
DOLLARBIRD + 3A,3D
orientalis
WHITE-THROATED
H.smyrnensis 3A,3D
KINGFISHER
BLACK-CAPPED
H.pileata 3D
KINGFISHER(!)
BLUE-BEARDED BEE- Nyctyornis
1B,1C,3A
EATER + athertoni
CHESTNUT-WINGE
C.coromandus 1B
CUCKOO
INDIAN CUCKOO + C.mycropterus 1B,2C
Chrysococcyx
VOILET CUCKOO 1B
xanthorhynchus
DRANGO CUCKOO Surniculus lugubris 1B,1C,3A
GREEN-BILLED MALKOHA Phaenicophaeus
1B,1C,2B,3A
+ tristis
COLLARED OWLET + G.brodiei 1A,1B,2A
ASIAN BARRED OWLET + G.cuculoides 1A,1B,1C,2A,2C,3E
GREAT EARED NIGHTJAR Eurostopodus
1B,2C
+ macrotis
LARGE-TAILED NIGHTJAR
+ C.macrurus 1A,1B,2B
MOUNTAIN IMPERIAL
D.badia 1A,1B,1C,3A
PIGEON +
55
SPOTTED DOVE S.chinensis 3A,3D,3E

EMERALD DOVE + Chalcophaps indica 1B,1C,2B,3A,3B
PAMPADOUR GREEN
Treron pompadora 1C,3A
PIGEON +
COMMON MOORHEN G.chloropus 5
CRESTED SERPENT
Spilornis cheela 2A,2B,2C,3D,3F,5
EAGLE +
Anhinga
DARTER 5
melanogaster
LITTLE EGRET Egretta garzetta -
HOODED PITTA +(!) P.sordida 1A,1B
SILVER-BREASTED
Serilophus lunatus 1A,1B,1C,2A
BROADBILL +
LONG-TAILED BROADBILL Psarisomus
1A,1B,2A,2C,3A
+ dalhousiae
ASIAN FAIRY BLUEBIRD + Irena puella 1A,1B,1C,3A
GOLDEN-FRONTED
C.aurifrons 1A,1C,2B,3A,3D
LEAFBIRD +
ORANGE-BELLIED
C.hardwickii 1A,1B,2A,2D,3A
LEAFBIRD +
GREY-BACKED SHRIKE L.tephoronotus 3A
BLACK-HOODED ORIOLE O.xanthornus 3A,3B,3C
SCARLET MINIVET + P.flammeus 1A,1B,1C,2A,2D,3D,4
BAR-WINGED
Hemipus picatus 2A,2B,3A
FLYCATCHER-SHRIKE +
Dicrurus
BLACK DRANGO 2A,3A
macrocercus
SPANGLED DRANGO + D.hottentottus 1B,1C,2B,2D,3A
GREATER RACKET-TAILED
D.paradiseus 1A,1B,1C,2B,3A,4
DRANGO +
BLACK-NAPED MONARCH
+ Hypothymis azurea 1A,1C,2B,2D,3A
ASIAN PARADISE- Terpsiphone
1A,1B,2D
FLYCATHER + paradisi
PALE-CHINNED
C.poliogenys 2A,2B,2D
FLYCATHER +
WHITE-RUMPED SHAMA + C.malabaricus 1B,1C,2C
BLACK-BACKED FORKTAIL
+ E.immaculatus 1A,1B,1C,2C,3D
HILL MYNA + Gracula religiosa 1A,1B,1C,2B,3A,3E

WHITE-THROATED Alophoixus
1A,1B,1C,2A,2B,2C
BULBUL + flaveolus
COMMON TAILORBIRD + O.sutorius 2A,3A,3E,4
YELLOW-BELLIED
A.superciliaris 2C,2D
WARBLER +
WHITE-CRESTED Garrulax
1A,1B,2A,2B
LAUGHINGTHRUSH + leocolophus
56
LESSER NECKLACED
G.monileger 1A,1B,1C,2A,2B,3A
LAUGHINGTHRUSH +
Malacocincla
ABBOTT'S BABBLER + 1B,1C,3C
abbotti
SPOT-THROATED
P.albiventre 1B,1C
BABBLER
PUFF-THROATED
P.ruficeps 1C,2D,3B
BABBLER +
SPOT-BREASTED
P.erythrocnemis 1A,1B,1C
SCIMITAR BABBLER +(!)
RUFOUS-FRONTED
Stachyris rufifrons 2D
BABBLER
GREY-THROATED
Stachyris nigriceps 1B,1C,2A,2B,2C,3A
BABBLER +
STRIPED TIT BABBLER + Macronous gularis 1B,1C,2B,2C,2D,3A
NEPAL FULVETTA + A.nipalensis 1A,1B,1C,2A,2B,2C,2D
WHITE-BELLIED YUHINA + Y.zantholeuca 1A,1B,1C,2C,2D,4
CRIMSON SUNBIRD + A.siparaja 1B,1C,2B
Arachnothera
LITTLE SPIDERHUNTER + 1B,2B,3A
longirostra
Dendronanthus
FOREST WAGTAIL + 1B
indicus
OLIVE-BACKED PIPIT + A.hodgsoni 1B,1C,2B
BRONZE-WINGED JACANA Metopidius indicus
GREEN IMPERIAL PIGEON Ducula aenea
PIN-TAILED GREEN Treron apicauda
PIGEON
THICK-BILLED GREEN Treron curvirostra
PIGEON
BANDED BAY CUCKOO Cacomantis
sonneratii
GREATER COUCAL Centropus sinensis
RUDDY-BREASTED CRAKE Porzana fusca
WHITE-BREASTED Amaurornis
WATERHEN phoenicurus
THICK-BILLED WARBLER Phragamaticola
aedon
COMMON IORA Aegithina tiphia
CHINESE POND HERON Ardeola bacchus
CINNAMON BITTERN Lxobrychus
cinnamomeus
GREAT EGRET Casmerodius albus
INDIAN POND HERON Ardeola grayii
YELLOW BITTERN Lxobrychus
sinensis
BLACK-THROATED Orthotomus
TAILORBIRD atrogularis
YELLOW-BELLIED PRINIA Prinia flaviventris
GREY TREEPIE Dendrocitta
formosae
57
JUNGLE CROW Corvus

macrorhynchos
SCARLET-BACKED Dicaeum
FLOWERPECKER cruentatum
ASHY DRONGO Dicrurus
leucophaeus
BRONZED DRONGO Dicrurus aeneus
HAIR-CRESTED DRONGO Dicrurus
hottentottus
WHITE-RUMPED MUNIA Lonchura striata
GREATER NECKLACED Garrulax pectoralis
LAUGHINGTHRUSH
BLUE WHISTLING THRUSH Myophonus
caeruleus
ORIENTAL MAGPIE ROBIN Copsychus saularis
PIED BUSHCHAT Saxicola caprata
VERDITER FLYCATCHER Eumyias
thalassinus
RUBY-CHEEKED SUNBIRD Chalcoparia
singalensis
STREAKED Arachnothera
SPIDERHUNTER magna
BLACK-HOODED ORIOLE Oriolus xanthornus
ASHY-THROATED Phylloscopus
WARBLER maculipennis
BLACK-CRESTED BULBUL Pycnonotus
melanicterus
OLIVE BULBUL Lole virescens
RED-VENTED BULBUL Pycnonotus cafer
RED-WHISKERED BULBUL Pycnonotus jocosus
WHITE-THROATED Alophoixus
BULBUL flaveolus
WHITE-BELLIED Erpornis
ERPORNIS zantholeuca
ORIENTAL WHITEEYE Zosterops
palpebrosus
WHISKERED YUHINA Yuhina flavicollis
GREATER YELLOWNAPE Picus flavinucha
ORIENTAL DARTER Anhinga
melanogaster
58
List of Species of Trees
Table-5
SI
No. BOTANICAL NAM E FAM ILY HABITAT
1 Acrocarpus fraxinifolius Arn. Fabaceae Tree
2 Actiphilla excelsa (Dalz.) Muell.-Arg Phyllanthaceae Tree
3 Aesculus punduana Wall ex Hiern Sapindaceae Tree
4 Albizia chinensis (Osbeck). Merr Fabaceae Tree
5 Albizia lebbeck Benth Fabaceae Tree
6 Albizia procera (Roxb.)Benth. Fabaceae Tree
7 Albizia odoralissima Benth Fabaceae Tree
8 Allophyllus cobbe(L.) Raeusch Sapindaceae Tree
9 Aistonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. Apocyanaceae Tree
Anogeissus acuminata (Roxb.Ex
10 Dc.)Guill.& Perr-. Combretaceae Tree
Anogeissus latifolia Roxb.Ex Dc.) Wall.ex
11 Guill. & Perr. Combretaceae Tree
12 Antidesma montanum Blume Phyllanthaceae Tree
13 Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Moraceae Tree
14 Artocarpus lakoocha Buch. - Ham Moraceae Tree
15 Baccaurea Ramiflora Lour Phyllanthaceae Tree
16 Baccaurea sapida (Roxb.) Mill.Arg Phyllanthaceae Tree
17 Bauhinia purpureaL. Fabaeeae Tree
18 Beilschmiedia longifolia Nees Lauraceae Tree
19 Bischofia javanica Blume Phyllanthaceae Tree
20 Callicarpa arborea Roxb Lamiaceae Tree
21 Callicarpa psilocalys Clarke Larniaceae Tree
22 Castanopsis armata (Roxb)., Spach Fagaceae Tree
23 Carralia brachiata (Lour.) Merr Rhizophoraceae Tree
24 Celtis tetranda Roxb Ulmaceae Tree
25 Chisocheiton cumingianus (C.DC). Harms Meliaceae Tree
26 Chisocheiton paniculatus Hiern Meliaceae Tree
27 Cryptocarpa amygdalina Nees Lauraceae Tree
28 Chukrasia tabularis Anthony Juss Meliaceae Tree
29 Derris robusta Benth Papillionaceae Tree
30 Desmos praecox Hook f &thomson Annonaceae Tree
31 Dillenia indica L Dilleniaceae Tree
32 Dipterocarpus ret usus Blume Dipteroearpaceae Tree
59
33 Dipterocarpus turbinatus C. F. Gaertner Dipteroearpaceae Tree

Drimycarpus racemosus (Roxb)Hook.f. ex
34 Merchand Anacaridacaee Tree
35 Dalbergia sisoo Roxb. Fabaceae Tree
Duabanga grandiflora (roxb ex D. C)
36 Walpers Lythraceae Tree
37 Diospyrus variegata Kurz Ebenaceae Tree
38 Dysoxylum binectariferum Blume Meliaceae Tree
39 Dysoxylum excelsum Blume Meliaceae Tree
40 Dysoxylym malabaricum Blume Meliaeeae Tree
41 Elaeocarpus serratus L. Elaeocarpaceae Tree
42 Elaeocarpus ganitrus Roxb. Ex G.Don Elaeocarpaceae Tree
43 Ficus fistulosa Reinw ex Blurne Moraceae Tree
44 Ficus genniculata Kurz Moraceae Tree
45 Ficus hispida L. Moraceae Tree
46 Ficus nervosa Roth Moraceae Tree
47 Ficus recemosa L Moraceae Tree
48 Ficus religiosa L. Moraceae Tree
49 Flemengia strobiliflora L Fabaceae Tree
50 Garcinia acuminata Planch.& Triana Clusiaceae Tree
51 Garcinia anomala, Plank Clusiaceae Tree
52 Garcinia lanceifolia Roxb Clusiaceae Tree
53 Garcinia longifolia (Don) Roxb. Clusiaceae Tree
54 Garcinia spicata Hook.f. Clusiaceae Tree
55 Garcinia x mengostana L Clusiaceae Tree
56 Gmelina arborea Roxb Lamiaceae Tree
57 Grewia laevigata Vahl Tiliaceae Tree
58 Grewia serrulata D.C Tiliaceae Tree
59 Harpullia arborea(Blanco) Radik. Sapindaeeae Tree
60 Hibiscus macrophyllus Roxb Malvaceae Tree
61 Holigarna longifolia, Buch-Ham, ex Roxb Anacardiaceae Tree
Holarrhena antidysenrerica (Roxb. ex
62 Fleming) Wallich ex A.DC. Apocyanaceae Tree
63 Adarhoda Vasica L. Acanthaceae Tree
64 Lagersrroemia permiflora Roxb Lythraceae Tree
65 Lannea coroinandelica (Houtt.)Merr. Anacardiaceae Tree
66 Lemna minor L. Lemnaceae Tree
67 Leucas aspera Willd. Lamiaceae Tree
68 Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B.Rob. Lauraceae Tree
69 Litsea laeta (Wall. ex Nees) Hook.J. Lauraceae Tree
60
70 Lirsea longifolia (Nees) Trimen Lauraceae Tree

71 Litsea monoperala (Roxb.) Pers. Lauraceae Tree
72 Litsea polyantha Juss Lauraceae Tree
73 Litsea salicifolia Roxb Lauraceae Tree
74 Macaranga denticulata (Blume) Muller Euphorbiaceae Tree
75 Macaranga indica Wight Euphorbiaceae Tree
76 Madhuca indica Roxb. Sapotaceae Tree
77 Magnolia champaca (L.)Baill.ex Pierre Magnoliaceae Tree
78 Magnolia Pterocarpa Roxb. Magnoliaceae Tree
79 Mallotus albus Muell Euphorbiaceae Tree
Mallotus nudiflorus L / trewia nudiflorus
80 (L.) Kulju &Weizen Euphorbiaceae Tree
81 Mallotus roxburghianna Mü1l.Arg. Euphorbiaceae Tree
82 Mangifera indica L. Anacardiaceae Tree
83 Memecylon umbellatum Burm.f. Melastomataceac Tree
84 Mesua ferrae L Callophyllaceae Tree
85 Miliusa roxburghiana Hook f Annonaeeae Tree
86 Mimusops elengi L Sapotaceae Tree
87 Morus laevigata L Moraceae Tree
88 Myristica/Knema linifolia (Roxb). Warb Myristicaceae Tree
89 Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser Rubiaceae Tree
90 Nyssa sessiliflora Hook.f.& Thomson Nyssaceae Tree
91 Phoebe augustifolia , Meissn Lauraceae Tree
92 Phoebe lanceolata Roxb Lauraceae Tree
93 Phyllanthus emblica L. Phyllanthaceae Tree
94 Prunus cerasus L. Rosaceae Tree
95 Pterospermum lancifolium Roxb Sterculiaceae Tree
96 Ricinus communis L. Euphorbiaeeae Tree
97 Salmalia malabarica (DC.)Schott & Endl. Malvaceae Tree
98 Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn Sapindaceae Tree
99 Schima Wallichii (DC.) Korth. Theaceae Tree
100 Shorea robusta C.F. Gaertn.f. Dipterocarpaceae Tree
101 Sterculia foetidaL. Malvaceae Tree
102 Streblus asper Lour Moraceae Tree
103 Syzygium cumini L. Myrtaceae Tree
104 Symplocos anomala Brand Symplocaceae Tree
105 Terminalia myriocarpa Van Heurck Combretaceae Tree
106 Tetrameles nudiflora R.Br. Tetramelaceae Tree
107 Toona ciliata Roemer M.J Meliaceae Tree
61
108 Walsura robusta Roxb Meliaceae Tree

109 Xerosperma glabratum Radlk Sapindaccae Tree
110 Xerosperma noronhianum Blume Sapindaceae Tree
111 Adiantum philippense L. Pteridaceae Fern
112 Actiphila Phyllanthaceae Tree
113 Albizia Fabaceae Tree
114 Allophylus Sapindaceae Tree
115 Alnus Betulaceae Tree
116 Anogeisssus Combretaceae Tree
117 Artocaipus Moraceae Tree
118 Bauhinia purpurea Phyllanthaceae Tree
119 Betula Betulaceae Tree
120 Bombaxceiba Malvaceae Tree
121 Carya Juglandaceae Tree
122 Corylus Betulaceae Tree
123 Dalbergiasisoo Fabaceae Tree
124 Datura Solanaceae Tree
125 Dilleniaindica Dilleniaceae Tree
126 Diospyrus Ebenaceae Tree
127 Dipterocarpus Dipterocarpaceae Tree
128 Driinycarpus Dipterocarpaceae Tree
129 Duabanga Lythraceae Tree
130 Dysoxylum Meliaceae Tree
131 Ficus Moraceae Tree
132 Garcinia Clusiaceae Tree
133 Gmelina Lamiaceace Tree
134 Grewia Tiliaceae Tree
135 Lagerstroemia Lythraceae Tree
136 Lannea Anacarcliaceae Tree
137 Lepisanthes Sapindaceae Tree
138 Litsea Lauraceae Tree
139 Madhuca Sapotaceace Tree
140 Mallotus Euphorbiaceae Tree
141 Memecylon Melastomataceae Tree
142 Mesuaferrae Callophyllaceae Tree
143 Mimusops Sapotaceae Tree
144 Myristica Myristicaceae Tree
145 Nyssa Nyssaceae Tree
62
146 Palmae Arecaceae Tree

147 Phyllanthus Phyllanthaceae Tree
148 Pinus Pinaceae Tree
149 Pterospemum Sterculiaceae Tree
150 Quercus Fagaceae Tree
151 Ricinus Euphorbiaceae Tree
152 Schima Theaceae Tree
153 Shorea Dipterocarpaceae Tree
154 Symplocos Symplocaceae Tree
155 Syzygium Myrtaceae Tree
156 Terminalia Cornbretaceae Tree
157 Tsuga Pinus Tree
158 Xerospermum Sapindaceae Tree
159 Elaeocarpus Elaeocarpaceae Tree
160 Artocarpus Moraceae Tree
161 Adina Rubiaceae Tree
162 Albizia Fabaceae Tree
163 Almus Betulaceae Tree
164 Allophylus Sapindaceae Tree
165 Bauhinia Phyllanthaceae Tree
166 Betula Betulaceae Tree
167 Davallia Davalliaceae Tree
168 Dillenia Ebenaceae Tree
169 Dipterocarpus Dipterocarpaceae Tree
170 Duabanga Lythraceae Tree
171 Dysoxylum Meliaceae Tree
172 Elaeocarpus Elaeocarpaceae Tree
173 Ficus Moraceae Tree
174 Gmelina Lamiaceae Tree
175 Knemalin linifolia Myristicaceae Tree
176 Madhuca Sapotaceae Tree
177 Mesua Callophylaceae Tree
178 Mimusops Sapotaceae Tree
179 Pinus Pinaceae Tree
180 Schima Theaceae Tree
181 Syzygiumcumini Myrtaceae Tree
182 Xerospermum Sapindaceae Tree
63
List of Species of Fern
Table-6
SI
Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.
1 )Brongniart Pteridaceae Fern
2 Davallia bullata WalI.ex Hook. Davalliaceae Fern
3 Dryopteris felix-mas (L.) Schott Dryopteridaceae Fern
4 Gleichenia linearis (Burm.fill) Gleicheniaceae Fern
5 Lycopodium cernuum L. Lycopodiaceae Fern
6 Lygodium microphyllum(Cav.) R.Br. Lycopodiaceae Fern
7 Polypodium undulatum Wild. Marattiaceae Fern
8 Pteris cretica L. Pteridaceae Fern
9 Equisetum Equisetaceae Fern
10 Adiantum Pteridaceae Fern
11 Ceratopteris Pteridaceae Fern
12 Cyathea Cyatheaceae Fern
13 Davallia Davalliaceae Fern
14 Dryopteris Dryopteridaceae Fern
15 Gleicheinia Gleicheiniaceae Fern
16 Lycopodium Lycopodiaceae Fern
17 Osnwnda Osmundaceae Fern
18 Pteris Pteridaceae Fern
19 Ceratopteris Pteridaceae Fern
20 Gleicheinia Gleicheiniaceae Fern
21 Pteris Pteridaceae Fern
List of Species of Herb
Table-7
SI
1 Alangium chinense (Lour.) Harms Cornaceae Herb
2 Artemisia annua L. Asteraceae Herb
3 Celosia argentea L. Amaranthaceae Herb
4 Cheilocostus speciousus C.Specht Costaceae Herb
Chrozophora rottleri (Vahl) A.Juss. Ex
5 Spreng Euphorbiaceae Herb
6 Derris marginata, Benth Papillionaeeae Herb
64
7 Datura mettel L. Solanaceae Herb

Drymaria cordata (L.)Willd.ex Roem. &
8 Schult. Caryophyllaceae Herb
9 Dracaena reflexa var. augustifolia Baker Asparagaceae Herb
10 Elastostema reticulatum Wedd Urticaceae Herb
11 Emilia sonchifolia (L.) Dc. ex Wight Asteraceae Herb
12 Euphorbia hirta L. Euphorbiaceae Herb
13 Hedychium Gracile Roxb. Zingiberaceae Herb
14 Horsfìeldia kingii (Hook. F) warb Myristicaceae Herb
15 Lepisanthes terraphylla (Vahl) Radlk. Sapindaceae Herb
16 Mallus lancifolia, Rehder Rosaceae Herb
17 Melilotus indicus (L.)All. Leguminaceae Herb
18 Osbeckia rostrata D.Don Melastomaceae Herb
19 Oscimum sanctum L. Lamiaceae Herb
20 Persicaria bistorta (L.) Samp Polygonaceae Herb
21 Phlogocanthus tubliflorus Nees Acanthaceae Herb
22 Polygonum pleibeium R.Br. Polygonaceae Herb
23 Polygonum serrulatum Lag Polygonaceae Herb
24 Premna milleflora Clarke Lamiaceae Herb
25 Scleranthus annuus L. Caryophyllaceae Herb
Strobilanthus discolor (Nees) t.
26 Anderson Acanthaceae Herb
27 Tridax procumbensL. Asteraceae Herb
28 Xanthium strumarium L. Asteraceae Herb
29 Adathoda Acanthaceae Herb
30 Artemisia Asteraceae Herb
31 Chrozophora Euphorbiaceae Herb
32 Impatiens Balsamiflaceae Herb
33 Mimosa Fabaceae Herb
34 Oscimum Larniaceae Herb
35 Fremna Lamiaceae Herb
36 Xanthium Asteraceae Herb
37 Artemisia Asteraceae Herb
38 Impaliens Balsarninaceae Herb
39 Xanthium Asteraceae Herb
65
List of Species of Shrub
Table-8
SI
1 Allophyllus zeylanicus Linn. Sapindaceae Shrub
2 Ardisia floribunda Wall Myrsinaceae Shrub
3 Ardisia humilis Vahl Myrsinaceae Shrub
4 Brucea mollis Wall ex Kurz Simaroubaceae Shrub
5 Chassalia curviflora Will Rubiaceae Shrub
Chromolaena odorata (L.)King & H.E.
6 Robins. Asteraceae Shrub
7 Clerodendroum viscosum Vent Lamiaceae Shrub
8 Clerodendrum infornatum L. Lamiaceae Shrub
9 Coffea arabica L. Rubiaceae Shrub
10 Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f.) Ettingsh Loranthaceae Shrub
11 Desmodium triqentrum (L.). D.C. Fagaeeae Shrub
12 Glycosmis cyanocarpa (B.L). Sphreng Rutaceae Shrub
13 Glycosmis mauritiana (Lam.) Tanaka Rutaceae Shrub
14 Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) D. C Rutaceae Shrub
15 Impatiens balsaminaL. Balsamninaceae Shrub
16 Ixora cuneifoliaRoxb. Rubiaceae Shrub
17 Ixora nigricans R.Br. ex Wight & Arn. Rubiaceae Shrub
18 Ixora undulata, Roxb. Rubiaceae Shrub
19 Ligustrum perotteii A.DC. Oleaceae Large Shrub
20 Melastoma malabathricum L. Melastomataceae Shrub
21 Micromeluin integerium (Buch.-Ham. Rutaceae Shrub
ex DC.) Wight & Am. ex
Micromelum minitum (G.Forst.) Wight
22 & Am. Rutaceae Shrub
23 Micromelum pubescens Blume Rutaceae Shrub
24 Mimosa pudica L. Fabaceae Shrub
25 Morinda angustifolia Roxb Rubiaceae Shrub
26 Morinda citrifolia Linn Rutaceae Shrub
27 Mussaenda glabra Vahl Rubiaceae Shrub
28 Mussaenda macrophylla Wall Rubiaceae Shrub
29 Mycetia longifolia (WalI.)Kuntze Rubiaceae Shrub
30 Pandanus pseudofoetidus Martelli Pandanaceae Shrub
31 Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir Phyllanthaceae Shrub
32 Polyathia suberosa (Roxb) thwaites Annonaceae Shrub
33 Pseudoeranthemum palatiferum Nees Acanthaceae Shrub
66
34 Psychotria adenophylla Wall Rubiaceae Shrub

35 Psychotria denticulata Wall Rubiaceae Shrub
36 Psychotria thomsonii Hook. F Rubiaceae Shrub
37 Randia dumetorum Lank Rubiaceae Shrub
38 Randia fasiculata (Roxb). D.C Rubiaceae Shrub
39 Rauvolfia serpentina(L.) Benth.ex Kurz Apocyanaceae Shrub
40 Sterculia Hamiltonii (Kuntze) Adelb Malvaceae Shrub
41 Vitex negundo L. Lamiaceae Shrub
42 Vitex trifolia L. Lamiaceae Shrub
43 Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Rhamnaceae Shrub
44 Clerodendrum Larniaceae Shrub
45 Giycosniis Rutaceae shrub
46 Lantana Verbenaceae Shrub
47 Ligustrum Oleaceae Shrub
48 Melastoma Melastornataceae Shrub
49 Morinda Rutaceae Shrub
50 Oldenlandia Oleaceae Shrub
51 Psychotria Rubiaceae Shrub
52 Randia Rubiaceae Shrub
53 Strobilanthus Acanthaceae Shrub
54 Turpinia Staphylaceae Shrub
55 Vitex Lamiaceae Shrub
56 Ligustruni Oleaceae Shrub
57 Melastoma Melastomataceae Shrub
58 Psychotria Rubiaceae Shrub
List of Species of Cane
Table-9
SI No. BOTANICAL NAM E FAM ILY HABITAT

1 Bambusa tulda Roxb. Poaceae Cane
Daemonorops jenkinsiana
2 Griffith,W. Arecaceae Cane
3 Melocanna baccifera (Roxb.) Kurz Poaceae Cane
67
List of Species of Climber
Table-10
SI
Bridelia stipularis
1 (L.)Blume Phyllanthaeeae Climber
2 Desmos chinensis Lour Annonaceae Climber
3 Dioscorea pentaphylla L. Dioscoreaceae Climber
4 Mikania micrantha Kunth Asteraceae Climber
5 Paederia foetida L. Rubiaceae Climber
6 Dendrophthoe Loranthaceae Climber
List of Species of Palmae
Table-11

1 Calamus erectus Roxb, Arecaceae Palmae
2 Caryota mitis Lour. Arecaceae Palmae
List of Species of Tree Fern
Table-12

Cyathea gigantea (Wall.ex
1 Hook.)Hollt. Cyatheaceae Tree Fern
List of Species of Aquatic
Table-13
SI
1 Cyperus platystylis R. Br Cyperaceae Aquatic
2 Eichorrnia crassipes (Mart.) Solms Pontederiaceae Aquatic
3 Leea indica(Burm. f.) Merr. Vitaceae Aquatic
4 Lugwigia prostata Roxb. Onagrace Aquatic
5 Myriophyllum indicum Wilid Holaragaceae Aquatic
6 Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn Nelumbonaceae Aquatic
7 Nymphaea L. Nymphaeaceae Aquatic
8 Stuckenia pectinata (L.) Boerner Potamogetonaceae Aquatic
9 Trapa natansL. Lythraceae Aquatic
68
10 Hygrophila Acanthaceae Aquatic

11 Lemna Lernnaceae Aquatic
12 Ludwigia Onagraceae Aquatic
13 Myriophyllum Haloragaceace Aquatic
14 Nymphaea Nymphaeaceae Aquatic
15 Nymphoides Meyanthaceae Aquatic
16 Peltandra Araceae Aquatic
17 Polygonum Polygoceae Aquatic
18 Potamogeton Potamogetonaceae Aquatic
19 Trapa Lythraceae Aquatic
20 Typha Typhaceae Aquatic
21 Lemna Lemnaceae Aquatic
22 Lycopodium Lycopodiaceae Aquatic
23 Myriophyllum Haloragaceae Aquatic
24 Nymphaea Nyrnphaeaceae Aquatic
25 Polygonum Polygonaceae Aquatic
26 Typha Typhaceac Aquatic
List of other species
Table-14
SI
1 Dendrocnide sinuata Blume. Urticaceae Large Shrub
2 Lagerstroemia speciose (L).Pers. Lythraceae Large Shrub
Haemarocarpus validus (Miers)
3 Bakh.f.ex Forman Menispermacaceae Woody Climber
Licuala peltata (Roxb.) ex Buch.-
4 Ham. Arecaceae Palm
5 M.Roem.
6 Piper nigrum L. Piperaceae Vine
Schefflera venulosa(Wight & Arn.)
7 Harms Araliaceae Vine
8 Turpinia pomifèra (Roxb.) D.C Staphylaceae Tall Shrub
9 Willughbeia edulis Roxb. Apocynaceae Climbing Shrub
10 Cyper Cyperaceae Marshy
69
Table-15
Orchids Name
Aerides odoratha Lour Ngurtinchhingi
Ceologyne suaveolens Lindl. Hk.f Hnathiang
Cymbidium aloifolium (L) Sw (Bansiau par-uk)
Dendrobium capillipes Rchb.F.
Dendrobium chrysotoxum Lindl. Banpui par-eng
Dendrobium crepidatum Lindl. Banpui
Dendrobium infundibulum Lindl.
Papilionthe teres (Roxb) Schltr. Kelabeng
Renanthera imschhotiana Rolfe. Senhri
Rhyncostylis retusa Bl. Uaihniang
70
2.5 Eco-system service:-
Pala Lake and its surrounding catchment areas has provided

good service to human kind in many ways as well as wild animals. It is a
home to ranges of Animal, Birds, Amphibians and Reptiles .
Pala Lake water is the fresh water source to the fringe villages
for drinking and is also main water source of irrigation for WRC Horticulture
and Agriculture. There are many species of fruit and food plants which is
extensively consumed by the local community. Apart from these big trees
and Bamboos within the Pala catchment area is the main sources of
materials for house construction and palm leaves are use for roof purpose.
Pala Lake produce many species of fishes which is the main
sources of fishes to the community since there is no big rivers surrounding
the Pala Lake areas.
Pala wetland is one of the recreation centreof eco-tourism
potential areas in Mizoram for last ten years. Pala Wetland has many visitor
such as from local communities and other District of Mizoram and also
outside Mizoram. Most of the visitors are student.
Pala Lake has a wide range of research scholars.only a studying
and survey of Flora and Fauna identification was carried out till today. No
proper research was carried in this Wetland area.
71
2.6 Socio Economic and livelihood:

There are 7 fringe village within the Pala Wetland surrounding
most of the population are practicing jhuming. The dependency on forest
resourcesis veryheavy by 2005 post National Conservation of Pala Wetland
implemented.
Dependency of the forest resources by way of collection of Minor
forest produces, fishing, poaching etc to meet their daily food, collection of
timber, Bamboos, Thatches, Palm leaves, fire wood for construction of their
homes and cooking purpose.
After implementation of Project and imposition of wetland Rules
2007 destruction of Wetland catchment area decrease but it rises differences
between wetland authority and communities of fringe villages. This
differences was now settle year by year by involving local communities in the
planning of wetland project and implementing of the works.
Last 4 years some alternate sources of income and assistance
to the income family through cash or kind permission scheme was carried
out under Pala Wetland Project .This led to the increase in communities to
extend more co-operation with the department.
Unless alternate sources of income generation, improve the
livelihood and alternate sources of energy was provided, Pala Wetland and
its biodiversity can’t be protect and conserved for long term. So, this
compound in the action plan is very important for long term conservation
and protection of Wetland.
The Socio-demographic of the fringe village as shown below:

Socio Demography of Fringe Village – Table 16
OccupatiGovt
Population Literacy N
on .
Nos. o.
S Name No. Emp
of o No. Gov
I of Gr of loye
Hou M i- f of t.
N Villag Ad HS ad H/ Far e
seho no TT M P/S Em
o e ult LC uat S mer perc
ld r / plo
e enta
S yee
ge
1 Kiasie 91 488 280 768 45 25 - 1 1 75 16 18
2 Phura 220 747 514 1261 64 99 1 2 2 185 35 16
3 Tokalo 105 311 251 562 44 44 1 1 3 70 35 33
4 Pala 132 377 257 634 26 66 - 1 2 88 44 33
5 Vahia 152 436 309 745 63 65 - 1 2 116 36 24
6 Miepu 66 169 151 320 12 2 - 1 1 58 11 17
7 Maisa 61 154 112 266 11 3 - 1 53 8 13

72
Chapter-3
3. Evaluation of wetlands feature
3.1 Evaluation
Wetland protection and uses of resources sometimes appear to be in conflict,
but promoting the wise use of wetland can solves the problem. Pala Wetland also face the
challenge of sustainable development of wetland to greater or lesser extent. Improper use of
the natural resources within the catchment area of Pala has endangered its existence. it is thus
necessary to provide scientific guidance to manager and users of this wetland.
The threat that adverselyaffect the priority wetland features may be broadly
categorized as under.
1) Lack of Public awareness of the need for wetland conservation.
2) Insufficient for wetland conservation and management
3) Insufficient Wetland research
4) Lack of technology input for maintenance of eco-system
The integrated management plan will respond to the above threats in such may
that the plan does not merely focus on symptoms but on the root causes.
73
Chapter-4
4. Institutional Arrangement
The sustainable Management of Wetland depend on the existence of proper
institutional framework supporting wetland government wetland social ecological system
provide livelihood benefit for many people, yet its utilization strategy that balance both
environmental development outcomes the landscape or the zone of influence of Pala wetland
combine variety of institution raising from village level institution to government department
and NGO’s of the local communities Namely.
1) Mara Thyutlia Py
2) Mara Chano Py
3) Mara Student Organization.
4.1 Government department and line agencies listed below are key stake holders among
the government agencies that inter face directly with conservation and livelihood issued
within Pala wetland and their thematic area of works and howthis stake holders converge
within Pala wetland.
Table - 17
S No Agency Major focus Potential convergence
under MPCA
1 Environment & Forest 1) Protection measures Execution of IMP under
Climate change 2) Water management Wetland authority
3) Management &
Conservation of Biodiversity
4) Resource development and
livelihood improvement
5) To improved ecological
monitoring mechanism and
research
6) Ecological tourism
2 Fishery 1) Fish seed production Fishery department

2) Promotion of Pisciculture activities form an
3) Distribution of fish seed to important complement to
fish farmer farm base activities in
4) Capacity building for fish any subsistent agriculture
farmer base livelihood strategy,
This is particularly true
of jhum base system. The
role of fishery
department in
diversifying the
livelihooh basket to
supplement jhum product
cannot be over emphasis
.
74
3 Forest Promotion of sustainable eco- The department with

Department/Tourism tourism consultation of the tourist
department can develop
eco-tourism within Pala
Wetland area and its
surrounding areas.
In term of human resources and infrastructure only the department has operational
human research and infrastructure under NCPA and is directly supervise from Phura, Tokalo,
Tourist Centre and view point.
4.2 NGO intervention:There are no NGO’s directly operating in the Pala Wetland area. In
the zone of influence social group such as youth, the age and Women are refer to as NGO’s
i.e Mara Thyutlia Py (MTP), Mara Chanô Py (MCHP), Mara Student Organization (MSO).
Among these NGO’s MTP has strongest influence with respect to biodiversity stewardship
in the respective areas and has a presence in all the fringe villages of the Pala Wetland area.
4.3 The Village Council:The Village Council has been the inheritant of traditional system of
chieftainship. An analysis of the Village Council Act shows that de jure there power are the
rather restricted.However, the de facto position on the ground is that VC’s continue to have
very significant influence on land use within VC’s area. Where VC’s have very strong
leadership, management of natural resource in general is efficiency. The VC have strong in
deed definitive control over land use within the law under their jurisdiction. much of this is
derived from the traditional role of chieftain that they inheritated and the fact that the VC’s
exert very strong influence over the decision of the of the government/Autonomous District
Council authority that impact village resident issues such as land passes beneficiaries of
government scheme and so on.
The Village Council are the institution that have a mandate to influence land use and
also have wide spread public support and legitimacy. VC’s are readily viable as institution of
governance which with appropriate capacity building and legislative empowerment can play
the role the first tier of governance and as envisaged by the constitution. From the point of
view the biodiversity conservation on general and the NPCA scheme in particular a pivotal
role for the VC’s would ensure that conservation does not remain a sectoral issue and
conservation concerned are built into the function of VC.
4.4 An Analysis of Law & Regulation:
As per Mara Autonomous District Council Forest Act 1982. The Pala Lake
and its surrounding area 18.5sqkm (approx) was notified as Forest reserves vide L.No. LDC.
F.12013/3/84-LDC (EX)/6 of 29/10/84. Pre Notification for extension of the areas issue Vide
L.No.L.N.MADC.23/E&F/2011-2012 of date 28.01.2014 final notification is awaited.
The Major law and regulation related to wetland, access and use of wetland
recourses and biodiversity include Forest (Conservation) Act 1980, Wildlife Protection Acts
1972, MADC Forest Act 1982, Biological Diversity Act 2002 and Wetlands (Conservation
and Management) Rules 2017.
75
In the context of law, regulation and policy, the project under NPCA would
need to develop facilitative frameworks and forums that enabled varied interests to came
together. The catchment area of Pala wetland and within zone of influence, harnessing efforts
from Forest Department (MADC) with active participation of village council (communities)
is imperative in management and decision making. The concerted efforts would be co-
ordinated by the state wetland Authority in such a way that legal spaces and areas of
mismatch with respect to sustainable management of Pala Wetland could be mitigated. Hence
an institutional arrangement for Pala wetland Management may be developed as delinited fig-
State Wetland Authority
Environment Forest,& Climate Change Department
Environment Forest, & Climate Change MADC
Pala Wetland
Village / Community
4.5 The Nodal Agency Responsible for managing Pala Wetland:
The Environment, Forest and Climate Change department Govt. of Mizoram is

the Nodal Agency and MADC Environment , Forest & Climate Change implementing
Agency for managing Pala Wetland under NPCA scheme. The thematic area of work, related
legal framework and extension services of the Nodal Agency and implementing Agency is
given below:
Table-18
Thematic Area Legal Frameworks Extension Service

1) Protection measure 1) Forest (Conservation) Acts 1) Building partnerships with
1980 local __
2) Water Management 2) Wildlife(Protection) Act- 2) Building trust among
1972 stakeholders
3) Catchment area treatment 3) Biological Diversity Act 3) Building awareness among
2002 stakeholders group
4) Conservation of 4) MADC Forest Acts 1982 4) _support though incentives
Biodiversity
5) Eco-development within 5) Wetlands (Conservation 5) Building capacity for
zone of influence and management) Rules 2017 continuing involvement
6) Fisheries department 6) Communication Education
and Public awareness
7) Eco-tourism 7) _ Eco tourism
8) Fishery development
76
4.6 Rules of village Council & NGO’s
In the villages within the zone of influence of Pala Tipo there are five villages
council all are under LAD MADC. The VC’s are reasonably well functioning institution of
grass root democracy.
The role played by the VC could adequate them to the role assigned to the
panchayats as part of 73rd amendment to the Indian constitution. Most activities and schemes
of government development are implemented through VC’s though the VC’s implement
various schemes, they have little or no role in planning. Therefore, the capacities of VC’s are
some what limited in visioning planning and implementing programme. Having said this it
must be remembered that these are the only institution that have mandate to influence land
use and also have legitimacy, public NGO’s support. The role that could be played by VC’s
and NGO’s with respect to the sustainable management of Pala Wetland and Management of
biodiversity with the zone of influence given in Table-19
Thematic Area Legal Frameworks Extension Service

1) Distribution of Jhum land 1) Mara Autonomous District
outside Pala wetland. (Village Council) Act 1974
2) Conservation and 2) Mara Autonomous District
Village Council Management of supply and and Forest Act 1981
safety reserves.
3) Prevention of forest fire
4) Environmental
management as envisaged in
the 73rd constitution
amendment Act
NGO 1) Conservation Education They will work in close
2) Capacity Building among collaboration with
Village communities. government department and
3) Participation in VC’s
conservation related project
implementation
77
Chapter-5
5. Setting Management objectives
The management planning from work required balance between ecosystem for
ensuring ecological integrating of Pala wetland and ensuring livelihood security to the
communities involved. An effectives institutional mechanism that harmonized planning at
various level within participation of all concerned stakeholders to achieve the objectives of
integrated conservation and livelihood. Thus in order to achieve the above.The component
like land and water resources management, biodiversity conservation, ecotourism
development, livelihood improvement and institutional development need to be considered.
5.1 Goal and purpose: The main goal and purpose of the management Action Plan of Pala
wetland is the conservation of the lake and its catchment area and sustainable utilization of
lake resource to ensure Socio-economics development of the fringe area, sound ecological
basis and also promote ecotourism of the state and ensure maximum people participation in
conservation of the area.
5.2 Benefit: When the wetland of Pala lake is well managed and ascertained its purity and
sanctity is maintain by taking preemptive measure, it leads to the development of a well
established forest. A dense forest cover in and around the lake naturally acts as a sink for
CO 2 and there by purify the quality of air and even water. Increasing the tree cover in the
catchment area not only checks the soil from getting degraded but also provides a home to
multiples species of Flora and Fauna. A forested catchment thus also maintains a perennial
supply of all water which can used by the local communities for domestic, agricultures and
other needs.
5.3 Management objective:

Base on the identified problems of the Pala wetland as discuss earlier. The objectives
of the management Action Plan are as shown below:
1) Control on encroachment within and on the periphery of the lake. to ensure the wetland
area is intact and not altered for Non wetland usage.
2) Setting out of the feeding channel and selective dredging of silted lake area to enhance
water holding capacity and reduce silted load from the catchment area.
3) Control of soil erosion from watershed and degradation of Pala wetland catchment areas.
4) To protect and preserves, the variety of species habitat ecosystem and crop diversity of the
Pala wetland area and create gene pool of fauna and flora in the area to attract and attention
of conservationist.
78
5) To provides alternate income generation activities to the fringe communities.
6) To enhance the diversity of fish.
7) To promote eco-tourism in the region.
8) To improve ecological monitoring mechanism and research.
9) Ensuring people participation at all stages in Pala wetland development programme

through various awareness programme.
10) Improve infrastructure in the management of the Pala lake.

79
5.4 Strategies
Based on the problems identified regarding the approach for the

management of the lake, the various component of Action plan are
discussed as under;
5.4.1 Protection measures
(1) Boundary delineation and demarcation, and encroachment:
Survey and demarcation and mapping with removal of encroachment
The Pala wetland are notified as Forest reserves vide No. LDC.
F.12013/3/84-LDC (EX)/6 of 29/10/84. The same notification has
been published in Mizoram Gazatte vide Vol.XXVII Aizawl, Friday 27 th
March 1998 chaitra 5. SE 1919 issue No.13 Part-II AR-13/98, within
this notification core areas, there are 8ha of Private legal pass were
excluded by the notification. These private land need to take over
through appropriate legislation or by ways of compensation for long
life term management of Wetland area. Some portion of the areas are
encroached by the fringe villages for Jhuming. To control these
encroachment, the council authority issue extension of the wetland
vide pre-notification L.No.MADC.23/E&F/2011-2012 of date
28.01.2014of Forest reserve / wetland for sustainable Management of
Pala wetland areas. The final notification was awaited, Moreover, it is
essential to survey entire lake area using remote sensing technology
supported by ground verification, jointly by Revenue department and
NGO’s. After survey and demarcation, thorough study will be made for
delineation of various zones of the lake and notifying the lake area as
Wetland under appropriate legal provision of Wetland Rules 2017.
Permanent erection of pillar along the boundary and yearly renovation
and clearance of boundary line was proposed.
The cost of estimate involved forBoundary delineation

and demarcation, and encroachment are given as below:
i) Survey & Demarcation and Mapping and yearly

maintenance boundary lines
ii) Removal of encroachment through compensation- 8ha
iii) Erection of Permanent pillar
iv) Yearly Renovation of Pillar and clearance of boundary
(2) Fencing :- Last ten years some pillar was erected along the boundary
lines and barbed wire fencing was also constructed at some portion of
80
the vulnerable areas, after proper survey of the extended areas if

necessary the boundary will be demarcated by erection of permanent
pillar, trenches permanent fencing at appropriate places.
(3) Fire Protection measures:- Fire protection measures is one of the

important measure to protect the areas, during the summer under
this component the following item measures are proposed.
a) Creation of Fire line: New creation of fire lines 5mt width was
proposed depending on the activities of fringe village ie
Jhum/Gardening at the adjacent to the Pala areas/wherever
necessary.
b) M aintenance of existing firelines: Existing fireline regular

maintenance is propose.
c) Fire Awareness campaign :The loss of Biodiversity due to the fire,

the communities of fringe village and General public need to
educate/aware the important of biodiversity conservation and its good
service to the human kind.
d) Construction of Fire W atch Tower: 4nos of fire watch tower is

proposed in the east, west, north and south respectively. These can
also be used for protection Duty post.
e) Engagement of Fire watcher: 5 five Fire watcher is propose during

fire season ie Dec – March 4 months every years.
(4) Infrastructure :- Few infrastructure development was taken up in

the last ten years. It is still require for effective management of Pala
Wetland protection of catchment areas to developed infrastructures and
yearly maintenance of existing infrastructure.
Under this component the following items /

infrastructure was proposed and maintenance of existing
infrastructure are also propose.
i) Construction of Staff quarter including Furniture
ii) Maintenance of existing Building
iii) Construction of patrolling path
iv) Maintenance of existing patrolling path
v) Construction of inspection path and its maintenance
vi) Construction of Check post at Entry point of Pala Tipo 2
location
vii) Yearly Maintenance of Phura - Pala Road 5Kms
viii) Construction of Road from Existing PWD Road to Pala Pino and
yearly subsequence maintenance
(5) Engagement of Protection squads (W ages): 7 persons of wages

(Protection squads) are engage at present, under Pala wetland areas. For
81
proper and effective protection of this wetland, it required to increase

engagement of wages atleast to 10 persons from the next 5 years Plan.
5.4.2 Catchment Conservation :The main factors of degradation of

catchment to soil erosion are - Deforestation, Practice of shifting
Cultivation in the catchment area, landslide and Land slips. Collection
of minor forest produces like firewood, Thatches and other household
material also lead degration of the areas. Together all factor of the
above leads todeposition of silt in the lake, if remain unchecked will
ultimately choke the lake and decrease its water holding capacity.
To achieve catchment conservation is essential and has to be

taken up immediately on priority. The past little effort which had been
made under the scheme have resulted in success in some places.
The past experienced have also shown that no effort could

succeed its objective without active and without co-operation of the
public and also the fringe village communities, without providing an
alternate means for meeting the demand for fuel, provision of Gas,
Household Material and basic needs to the Local fringe village,
alternate income of generation. Thus there is a need to change the
basic approach in planning and formulation of future plan of action.
In integrated approach shall be taken up with the active participation
of Local people in planning, Extension management of the plan.
Considering the total project area to one ecological unit with a view
not only to improve the ecological status of the areas.
Therefore the following intervention activities are propose to

check further degradation of catchment area leading to the siltation,
but also to improve the Local people with better alternatives for their
needs and other means of livelihood.
Afforestation AR and ANR as well as Horticulture plantation for

fringe village. Small engineering structure like Check dam, construction
of trenches, Bench terracing, Vegelatives Check dams gully plugging,
Gabion structure etc are propose as shown below.
(1) Afforestation of Artificial Regeneration and Aided Natural

regeneration:- Afforestation in the watershed will be undertaken at all
the streams directly or indirectly entering into the Pala lake to check
land degradation, put wasteland into sustainable uses. Available of fuel
wood and fodder and restore ecological balance both in the catchment
areas as well as in the lake.
82
a) Artificial Regeneration: Aims at Raising of multi-tier mixed

vegetation of suitable local species in the steep and sensitive’s
catchment areas of Rivers/Streams with the objectives of keeping
such areas under permanent vegetation cover. Items of works are as
shown below:
i) Advance work
ii) Creation of works
iii) 1st year Maintenance
iv) 2nd year maintenance
v) 3rd year maintenance
vi)
vii) 4th year maintenance
Table-20
COST OF PER HA ANALYSIS OF ARTIFICIAL REGENERATION PLANTATION
UNDER PALA WETLAND CONSERVATION
Daily Labour Rate :Rs.380/-per day (Unskilled)

SI Items of Works Man Material Wages Amount
No. days component Rate
1 ADVANCE WORK:-
a) Survey & Demarcation including Mapping 3 380 1140
b) Jungle Area clearance by cutting
Clearance grasses & shrubs 18 380 6840
c) Fire line Cutting, burning and maintenance 6 380 2280
d) Clearance of site for Nursery,
Preperation of nursery bed,
20 380 7600
filling of polybags, manuring
shed erection.
e) Cost of seed, polybags,
2160 2160
implements etc
f) Treatment and sowing of seeds 3 380 1140
g) Weeding & Watering 10 380 3800
60 24960
83
2 CREATION :-
a) Alignment & Planting 25 380 9500
b) Weeding :-
1st Weeding 20 380 7600
2nd Weeding 18 380 6840
3rd Weeding 18 380 6840
4th Weeding 11 380 4180
c) Fire protection 3 380 1140
Soil & moisture conservation
d) measures 20 380 7600
e) Fire Manuring including cost of manures
protection fertilizers LS 5400 5400
115 49100
3 MAINTENANCE 1st YEAR :-
a) 1st Weeding 12 380 4560
nd
b) 2 Weeding 10 380 3800
c) 3rd Weeding 9 380 3420
e) Fire protection 4 380 1520
d) Fencing 7 380 2660
42 15960
4 MAINTENANCE 2nd YEAR :-
a) 1st Weeding 10 380 3800
b) 2nd Weeding 8 380 3040
c) 3rd weeding 8 380 3040
d) Fire protection 4 380 1520
30 11400
5
MAINTENANCE 3rd YEAR :-
a) 1st Weeding 8 380 3040
25 9500
84
6 MAINTENANCE 4th YEAR :-

a) 1st Weeding 8 380 3040
24 9120
Total 296 120040
85
b) Aided Natural Regeneration : In order to promote recovering of

degraded forest by sowing of seeds/planting of seedling in specific areas
will be undertaken in addition to protection measures in critically
degraded areas. ANR plantation of locally useful and diverse and
indigenous trees species will be under taken. Break up of items to be
taken up yearly as under.
i) Advance work
vi) 4th year maintenance
Table-21
COST OF PER HA ANALYSIS OF AIDED NATURAL REGENERATION
PLANTATION UNDER PALA WETLAND CONSERVATION

1 ADVANCE WORK:-
12 380 4560
shed erection.
2700 2700
implements etc
40 17900
86
2 CREATION :-
b) Weeding :-
st
1 Weeding 10 380 3800
2nd Weeding 10 380 3800
3rd Weeding 8 380 3040
4th Weeding 7 380 2660
Soil & moisture conservation
d) measures 25 380 9500
75 28500
a) 1 st Weeding 8 380 3040
nd
b) 2 Weeding 8 380 3040
c) 3 rd Weeding 7 380 2660
26 9880
a) 1 st Weeding 8 380 3040
b) 2 nd Weeding 8 380 3040
25 9500
5
a) 1 st Weeding 8 380 3040
b) 2 nd Weeding 8 380 3040
24 9120
87

a) 1 st Weeding 8 380 3040
b) 2 nd Weeding 7 380 2660
22 8360
Total 212 83260
88
c) Plantation of Horticulture crop: Horticulture crop plantation is

propose to reduce and control of shifting cultivation in the catchment
areas of Pala Tipo and also to ensure people participation of all stages in
the Wetland development programme and it is also aim at alternate
source of income generation for fringe villages.
Total areas of 100ha will be covered under this component

during project proposed. Species selected for this component are
Mango, Banana, Lemon etc which are suitable crop in this areas.
This Horticulture plantation scheme will be distributed to the Jhumia
families of the fringe villages with the objectives of supplementing
their income. Items of works .
i) Advance work: Including areas clearance, nursery etc
ii) Creation of plantation : Alignment & planting, constn. Of Hut,
Inspection path planting, watering
iii) Maintenance of Plantation
a) 1st year Maintenance(after one year)
b) 2nd year maintenance
c) 3rd year maintenance
d) 4th year maintenance
Table-22
COST OF PER HA ANALYSIS OF HORTICULTURE PLANTATION
UNDER PALA WETLAND CONSERVATION

1 ADVANCE WORK:-
25 380 9500
shed erection.
5400 5400
implements etc
75 33900
89
2 CREATION :-
b) Weeding :-
st
1 Weeding 20 380 7600
2nd Weeding 20 380 7600
3rd Weeding 18 380 6840
4th Weeding 13 380 4940
d) Manuring 10 380 3800
e) Cost of manures/fertilizers LS 8100 8100
f) Soil & moisture conservation measures 40 380 15200
g) Fencing 13 380 4940
168 71940
a) 1 st Weeding 15 380 5700
b) 2 nd Weeding 14 380 5320
c) 3 rd Weeding 12 380 4560
f) Manuring 8 380 3040
g) Cost of manures/fertilizers LS 5940 5940
53 26080
a) 1 st Weeding 15 380 5700
nd
b) 2 Weeding 14 380 5320
c) 3rd weeding 12 380 4560
53 23920
5
a) 1 st Weeding 15 380 5700
b) 2 nd Weeding 14 380 5320
c) 3rd weeding 12 380 4560
53 23380
90

a) 1 st Weeding 9 380 3420
b) 2 nd Weeding 8 380 3040
25 9500
Total 427 188720
91
d) Bench Terracing: To encourage the Jhumies to settled types of

agriculture on one hand and to check soil erosion on the other and also
reduced the rate of siltation in the Pala lake. Bench terracing will be
carried out at suitable lower slope, propose hacters of area to be carry
out of bench terracing is 125 ha during the project proposed.
Priorities will be given to Horticulture crop grower families.
e) Soil conservation / through small scale Engineering:
Last 10years – 9 nos of Anicut, check dams 1000mts of contour

trenches was constructed. Due to the different Biotic and abiotic ,
there is still exist/taken place some erosion in the catchment areas,
and some areas are identified prone to erosion. To check the soil
erosion and land degraded, the following small Engineering measures
are propose during the project propose.
i) Gully plugging: 13nos of gully plugging are propose.
ii) Contour trenches : 175kms length is propose at suitable
lower areas.
iii) Construction of drainages and maintenance of existing
drainage
iv) Gabion structure: 11nos of Gabion structure are propose
v) Maintenance of Existing ancient / Spillway/check dams -
Gabion structure.
5.4.3 W ater management :-The Pala lake is under pressure due to soil
erosion from the catchment area. Prolific growth of water hycinth and
other weeds and encroachment as a result of these factor, the water
holding capacity of lake has been reduce every years though there is no
data to indicate the exact reduction capacity of the lake.
The prolific growth of Water hycinth and other aquatic weeds

have further aggravated the problem by retarding the flows of water
current which is conductive for enhancing Eutrophication.
There are numbers of streams and nallas flowing from Northern
and Eastern side of the lake which maintains a continuous supply of
lake water. Moreover these streams brings some quantities of silt in the
lake during raining season.
92
The geo-co-ordinates of inflow water ie streams and nallas are

mention below:
1) Permanent streams: Asi chavah on the Northern site of the
lakes, 22o12’33.9”N and 92o53’13.7”E with elevation – 267m
2) Ti lana Tikhao(R.Tilana) on the northern site of the lake
location 22o12’32.0”N and 92o53.08”E
3) Perrenial stream Tipo hnaw-I (R.Tipohnaw-I) on the western
side of the lake. Location 22 o12’.16”N and 92o53’04.4”E
4) Perrenial stream Tipo hnaw-II (R.Tipohnaw-II) on the western
side of the lake. Location 22 o12’12.11”N and 92o53’04.7”E
5) Stream MTP Tikhao(R.MTP) on the western site of the lake.
Location Perrenial stream Tipo hnaw-I (R.Tipohnaw-I) on the
western side of the lake. Location 22o12’12.11”N and
92o53’04.9”E
6) R.Tokalo Ti dona: South western side Location 22 o12’.11”N
and 92o53’07.6”E
7) R.Rari chava on the south western site Location
22o11’57.1”N and 92o53’13.9”E
There is only one outflows from the lake. R.Didao which

flows through WRC of Phura Plain and joint R.Kolodyne the length of
this R.Didao is about 10 Kms up to the R.Kolodyne. This R.Didao is
the main irrigation sources of Phura, Pala, Maisa WRC and good
drinking water sources of Phura village. It has very potential for Mini
Hydel Project as well as irrigation for Phura WRC, Phura plain use to
call as Rice ball of Maraland.
The above stream in the catchment area brought some

quantity of silt into the lakes during raining season every years. Last
10 years, 6 nos of silt detention structure was constructed to check /
control silt entering into the lake.
For reducing / the rate of siltation in the Pala lake

thereby to improve the water quantity and life of Pala Wetland as well
as improve/increase water sources in the catchment areas. The water
holding capacity of the Pala lake.
93
The following activities are proposed during the plan

period:
Silt Control measures/ Strategy: for silt measures will be carried
out.
1) Preventive control measures:
i) Construction of silt detention structure: Silt detention
structure will be constructed in a series at different
points/location along the feeding channel joining the lake.
These structure will be maximum height of 1.5m to 2m
and will prevent flow of course silt into the lake. This silt
will be removed from these structure periodically, nos of
structure propose during plan period are 11nos.
ii) Renovation and M aintenance of existing silt

detention structure:
Periodical renovation and maintenance of existing
structure also proposed in the plan period
iii) Silting Basin: About 5 nos silting basin will be

constructed at the appropriate location/site of major
stream flowing into the lake. Fine silt entering through
these channel will be deposited within these basin and
thus prevent its entry to the lake. Provision will also be
made for periodical clearance of these basin as whenever
necessary.
2) Curative measures:
i) Desillation by dredging: Pala lake is a natural lake it

cannot possible for flashing quantities of silt have got
deposited in the entire of lake. Enormous quantities of silt
have got deposited in the bottom of the lake. It is neither
feasible or possible to dredge the entire lake. So, it is
identified 4 location critical areas of the lake where the
removal of silt is essential to increase the water holding
capacity and improved ecological condition of the lake.
The total quantity of silt to be removed from the lake is
3100cum from 4 four location during the period of 5 years
per year. The siltation will be transported outside the
catchment areas using vehicles/ Truck.
94
ii) Construction of Drainage channel: The stream which are

directly following into the lake from the catchment areas need
construction of drainage channel to control flows of water
especially during raining season. Width of the drainage channel
will be 2m-3m width. Provision will be also made for periodical
clearance of these channel as when and necessary.
Out of 7 stream entering into the lake 2 stream are
`identified for construction of drainage channels.
The total length proposed during the plan period is 2kms ,

width : 2-3m height : 1.5m-2m
iii) Construction of weir at outlet(Pala lake water): The

construction of weir at the outlet of the Pala lake in order to
increase volume of water lake and used to measure volumatic
rate of water outflow. Total nos of weir construction propose 1
location.
iv) Construction of sluicegate: Construction of sluicegate was

propose in four identified places of water entering into the lake
to regulate / control the flows of water particularly during the
monsoon when water level rises and flows directly into the Pala
lake which bring a quantity of silt in the lake. The Total nos of
sluicegate propose 5nos.
v) Desiltation of stream: The stream which are flowing directly

into the lake from the catchment areas are heavily silted during
summer. As a result of which the Eco-system of the hydrology of
lake is affected. In order to improve the system of hydrology of
the lake, desiltation of the stream are needed. Out of 7 nos of
streams, 2nos have been identified for desiltation.
The length of stream propose for desiltation is 4.5kms
during the plan period.
vi) Peripheral bunding: Construction of Ring burn around the

lake to control flooded and defining the lake boundary is
propose. It is not possible to constructed peripheral bunding
totally, these construction may also be interfere with the natural
eco-system, so, specific location which is vulnerable to over flow
will be identified for execution of works.
The total length for the bunding has been estimated to be
2.1kms.
95
vii) W eed control : Pala lake is a shallow water lake with high
concentration levels of nutricient in sediment and good life
condition, which are conductive for luxurious growth of aquatic
plants. As a result of this prolific growth of aquatic plants in the
lake and channel draining into it thereby effecting water current
and drastically reduce high penetration of high and
consequently limit the production of fish food like,
phytoplankton, submerged plants etc. reduction in light
penetration also effects production of oxygen and during night
when plants and fish respire there is a lack of oxygen and
consequently effecting fish, it is important to recognize the rate
of aquatic plants in the wetland eco-system the area of marshy
land provides temporary homes for migratory birds etc and
therefore total removal existing vegetation from these areas may
have a definite impact on the ecology. While the growth of
aquatic reduces the nutrient loading in the lake. Therefore
removal shall not aim at total eradication of weed but
management of aquatic plants in a controlled manner.
The removal of weed like water hycinth etc will be
carried out by manually.
Total quantity to be removed is estimated 3500cum for
5 years.
5.4.4. Biodiversity Conservation:

Pala Lake and its surrounding has very rich Biodiversity,
there are many species of Flora, Fauna and other species so far.
(See table 2-15)
Since 2000 Biodiversity of Pala Lakes and its surrounding

catchment areas continues declines due to the expanding of
human population and developmental activities, habitat
destruction in order to meet their basic needs Agriculture,
Urban development, Water and household material, fish wildlife
and plant are over harvested.
Yearly maintenance of existing Kaochao – Phura Road

passing through Catchment areas of Pala wetland silted /
polluted Pala lake and its catchment areas. More-over vehicles
movement along this road incidentally brought invasive species
to this areas these species (Foreign species) established there
new Environment and spread and cover hac of area within short
period of years.
96
The above points such as deforestation, expanding of

population, developmental activities, increasing of invasive species
and Global warming causes the losses or declining Biodiversity of the
Pala lakes and its surrounding.
Now, it is necessary to protect and preserves the wealth

and variety of species, habitat, eco-system and growth diversity of the
Pala Tipo areas for our benefit health, wealth, food fuel and good
service we-depend on and also that of Wildlife, opportunities for
Education and Enjoyment of future Generation.
1) Raising a Nursery: As we already discuss there are many flora,

some are fruit bearing species which attract birds and animal to
this areas whole the year, but due to the destruction of the areas
and also collection for the food, nos of species are decreases year
by year. So it is propose to collect these seed and raised in
Nursery for Cap planting of catchment Areas as well as for
plantation.
The amount estimated at Rs. 7.5 lakhs for 5 years.
2) Gap Plantation/Habitat Restoration: There is some areas of

hac. of degraded land in the catchment area of Pala Lake due to
Jhum cultivation and destruction of forest by fringe village. This
area need restoration of Biodiversity by planting the indigenous
species, specifically fruit bearing species.
Under this cap plantation the following items / activities

was propose.
i) Survey &demarcation : The identified area for Cap
planting will be properly survey and demarcated.
ii) Clearance of sites: Planting site 1mts Raduis area will

be cleared for planting, Digging of pit and soil
ministering also will be done where ever possible.
iii) Planting of seedling : The seedling to be planted

should be large enough to have reasonal chance of
survival. The planted seedling are tugged identified and
measured for monitoring of growth and survival rate.
iv) W eeding upto 3 rdyears : 3 times weeding all

comparting unwanted vegetation such as grass, vine
atleast 1mts radius around the seedling planted to be
reward to facilitate the seedling to grow. Soil and
water conservation works will be also taken up where
ever possible. The rate of plantation may be differ every
year per the revision of schedules rate of the wages.
97
3) Improvement of W ater holes/Sources: There are many sources of

water and ponds within the catchment area of Pala lake, water level of
these water holes, pond are decreasing very low specially in the month
of march and April every years. These need to improved water level by
adopting small scale Civil Engineer structure such as check dam,
gully plugging etc for wild animal and bird.
Salt lick is also one of the important for the wild animal so it is
necessary to prepared Artificial salt lick where ever possible.
Under this component the following activities are proposal for
the Plan period.
i) Maintenance of existing Pala Tipo Pino
ii) Construction of Check Dam at Pala Tipo Hlipa
iii) Construction of Water holes.
iv) Making / Preparation of Artificial salt lick.
4) Construction of Orchid House: There are 8 species or more different

species of orchid in Pala lakes and it catchment areas. See Page 34
Appendix-XVDue to the collection of this species and de-forestation of
the areas no. of orchid species are gradually decreasing every years.
To preserves and propagate the orchid species present in the
Pala Lakes areas. Construction of orchid House was proposed
including collection of species, maintenance. During the Plan period
Rs.6.2 lakhs was estimated.
5) Programme/ Fund provision for wetland M itras (Friend of

W etland): The Wetland Mitras are a group of communities volunteer
from fringe village aims to protect and preserves wetland areas from
Biotic pressure such as collection of Minor Forest produces, fishing
poaching and encroachment of wetland area. They may also be
entrusted to organised awareness Programme in their respective
villages.
To carried out different activities such as awareness
programme on conservation wetland. Protection measures, the
estimated fund allocated for wetland at Rs.7.8 lakhs for 5 years so far
6 wetland Mitras are constituted in the falling villages.
1) Tokalo
2) Phura
3) Pala
4) Vahia
5) Miepu
6) Kiasie
98
6) Awareness Raising on Biodiversity Conservation : Awareness

raising is one of an important tools for Biodiversity conservation of
Pala Wetland area. The loss of Biodiversity of the area is mainly
human activities such as poaching, felling collection of Minor Forest
produces, collection of household material. To reduces the loss of
Biodiversity, the communities of fringes village and General public
need to Educate / Aware the important of Biodiversity conservation
and its Good service to the human kind.
Some of the activities that can be organised student, NGOs,
General Public, Govt. Servant and Politician.
1) Talk / Lecture
2) Slide shows / Film show.
3) Seminar / Workshop
4) Visit to wetland Areas
An amount of Rs.4.5lakhs is estimated for this component for 5
years.
7) Eradiction of invasive species / Reducing invasive species: There

are some invasive plant species identified in the Pala Wetland areas
such as Dichandra repens, Montis perfoliata, Claytonia perfoliata etc,
these species are very fast growing species, if these species are
uncheck, they may be suppress other species a short period of times,
hence required to be Eradict or Reduced to spread in the areas.
For removal of invasive weed / species Physical method will be
applied by engaging daily labourer from fringe village and removal will
be carried out manually uprooting and cutting and burning.
The estimated amount Rs 4.45lakhs for the period.
5.4.5 Sustainable Resources Development and Livelihood improvement:
As we know the main reason of the degradation of Flora and

Fauna in Pala Lakes and it surrounding catchment area is human
activities of the fringe Villager such as collection of Minor Forest
produces, fishing and poaching etc, to meet their daily needs. Unless
we provides alternate source of energy for cooking, alternate source of
income generation, improve their livelihood,the Pala wetland areas
and its biodiversity can’t be protect and conserves for long term. So
this component is aimed at ensuring sustained provision of Pala lakes
ecosystem service for wellbeing of Wetland dependent communities
promoting Pala lake as a part of natural infrastructure within the
livelihood capital endowment, the component would seek. Sustainable
use of wetland resources as a basis for promoting community
stewardship.
99
The following activities are proposed under this component:

1) Financial Assistance to Agriculture and Horticulture
Farmer: Financial Assistance to the Agriculture and
horticulture farmer of the fringe village farmers @Rs.25000/-
(Rupees Twenty five thousand)only for per family per years, to
improve their farming. This Assistance may be in kind or cash
depending on need base.
The Estimate amount Rs.19.5 lakhs was propose for 5
years for 74 families
2) Provision for Irrigation (Development of irrigation

facilities): The outflows of Pala lake water flows through plain
area of the Phura By which is one of the best WRC areas in
Mizoram. The communities called this flood plain areas as
called as Rice bowl of Maraland. The outflows of the water from
Pala lake is very potential irrigation for Phura By(Phura plain)
since the source of water location is much higher then Phura
By(Plain). Source of water elevation or outlet of Pala lake 274m,
Phura By (plain) elevation187m
The water will be draws through GI pipe is irrigation

channel about 2.5km – 3km, to the main reservoir. From main
reservoir water will be draws to distribution RCC reservoir, from
the distribution reservoir water will be again irrigated to the
field WRC through sprinkler. Under this component items of
works / infrastructure propose are as follows:
i) Irrigation channel through pipes including intake
chamber
ii) Construction of main reservoir
iii) Constn. of distribution reservoir including
distribution pipes
Total cost estimated at 54.5lakhs for five years.
3) Livelihood provision / activities for low income person: The

following provision was propose under this project:
i) Provision for GI sheet: To reduce collection Thatches and
Roof material from the catchment area of the Pala lake
provision for GI sheet was propose for the low income person
of the fringe villages 4bundles was proposed for per families
536bundles was propose during the project period.
100
ii) Provision of alternate source of Energy: Most of the fringe

communities 90% are depending on wood as an energy
source, fuel wood was collected from the catchment area of
Pala Wetland, this collection of fire wood degraded catchment
area of Pala wetland. To reduce the dependence on wood as
an energy source, as well as to implored the forest cover of
the areas, provision for Gas connection and the fringe
communities and installation solar light in the village was
propose as under.
Total provisions for Gas connection are 400
families (double connection) for Six fringe village for Project
propose.
iii) Solar light : Installation of solar light for six villages for
during project proposed. Total provision for solar light are
80 families.
iv) Provision of piggery /Poultry farming: Since the

catchment area of the Pala lake was prohibited from
Jhuming there is short of horticulture farming area for few
families for those families, piggery /Poultry farming was
propose. 30 families will be covered during the project period.
v) M icro-Enterprises management: Under this component,

Financial Assistance to 2 two reliable society / NGOs or
worker from each fringe village to run business of Micro
enterprises in their respective villages to improved their
livelihood.
The Estimated amount for this component at Rs.9.6lakhs for
the period of 5 years.
vi) M edical Health Camp:Medical Health camp was proposed

for fringe village every year to improve health condition of the
communities. During the Health camp free medicine will be
distributed to the patient and needed person. These
organization aim to improve the participation of the fringe
village in the conservation of the Pala wetland
101
4) Sustainable fisheries development:- Fisheries is one of the

potential occupation and sources of income for the people
around the Pala lake. There are many fish species in the lake.
Common fishes found in the lake are namely Eel-Anguillidae,
Tilapia-Oreochromis niloticus, Common carp- Cyprinus
carpio, Rohu carp-Labeo rohita,apartfrom this there are
tortoise, soft turtle also present. Hence fishery development is
one of the important component in the project period under this
component the activities are proposed.
i) Construction of Hatcharies: During the project atleast two
Hatcheries will be set up for sufficient stocking of
appropriate species of fingerlings in the lakes. The propose of
fingerlings to be introduces in the lakes are Grass carp,
Silver carps, Common carps, Rohu carp and Cattle carps etc.
ii) Constn. of fish Dam with Net:- During the raining June –
July many fishes move way from lake to the down stream. To
obstruct this movement of big and juvenile fish from lake to
down stream, construction of Dam with weir of the outflows
of the Pala lake water was propose.
An amount of Rs.4.5 lakhs was propose for
construction of fish Dam with Net.
iii) RCC Jetty / Floatable Jetty: Three no. of Jetty was propose
during the project period. These jetty will facilitate fish
landing as well as landing for Boating to the public. An
amount of Rs. 7.5 lakhs propose for construction of 3 two
nos of Jetty.
iv) Boat sheltering yard: Boat sheltering yard will be

constructed in the appropriate places for protection of fishing
Boat / Tourist Boats.
v) Purchase of fishing Boat and Fishing equipment
(including insulated fish Dam) : 2 Fishing Boat and fishing
material are proposed to purchase during the project period.
The amount estimated is Rs.2.00lakhs during the plan
period.Insulated boxes will be supply to the fisherman
ofcourse.
vi) Cage Culture: During the plan period cage culture will be
introduce in the selected location for experimental.
vii) Training & Capacity Building: Training and capacity

Building of fisherman will be organised two times in a year to
improve technique of fishing without disturbing water birds
etc and also importance of lake for future income generation.
102
viii) Regulatory measures: Appropriate regularly measures was

proposed along the plan period in the Pala lake.
a) Catching and killing of broad fishes, under size fishe s,
fish fry and prawn of various type are strickly prohibited.
b) The period from 1st june – 31st August of every years shall
observe as ‘closed season’ and fishing is strickly
prohibited in these period.
c) Nobody will be allowed for fishing in Pala lake without
consent / approval of the authority.
Proper signages will be places in appropriate
location for general Public information
5) Eco-tourism Development:
Last 10years some activities ie Nature trail, One Tourist
hut, 2 watch tower, waiting shed has been constructed and two
boat were purchase under these component, all these need to be
maintain/ renovate yearly. Action plan during the plan period
aims at tapping full potential of Pala lake as tourist site. Three
distinct of the main cluster have been identified in this plan ie:
Nature Adventure and Culture to spatially analyze the Tourism
perform and potential in spatial areas.
Under this component, the following activities are
proposed as shown below:
Development of Tourist infrastructure:
i) Construction of M ara Typical House / log House :

Construction of main typical house was propose to the
culture of the communities these can also be utilised for
Tourist / Forest Hut by providing all facilities.
The amount estimated for the above is Rs. 30.5lakhs
for 5 years.
ii) M aintenance Of existing waiting shed: To Maintain

renovation of the existing waiting shed is propose in the plan
period.
iii) Construction of interpretation Centre /Conference Hall:

Interpretation Centre / Conference Hall was proposed at the
Tokalo Tourism areas. This centre will be also be utilised for
various training programme.
The amount estimated at Rs. 15lakhs including
furniture ie. Benches, Table other etc.
103
iv) Construction of waiting shed cum selling counter:

Construction of waiting shed cum selling of ticket counter
was proposed at the core entry point of the lake to facilitate
the Tourist for resting
v) Construction of W atch Tower: Construction of watch Tower

arepropose at 5 sites for bird watching and watching of
scenic beauty of the Pala catchment areas. This can also be
utilised for duty camp as well as Fire watching Tower.
Proposed amount including maintenance Rs.18lakhs in 5
years.
vi) M aintenance of Existing watch tower: Maintenance of

Watch tower is proposed in the plan period .
vii) Connection of Electric / Installation of Solar light: Light
is one of the important component of the development of
Eco-tourism. The nearest village with light connectivity is
about 5kms from Tourist Centre at Tokalo.
The estimated amount for installation of solar
light / Light connection is Rs.11.5 lakhs including yearly
maintenance.
viii) Construction of Nature trail : 10Kms of Nature trail is

proposed during the plan period.
Estimated amount is Rs.2.00 lakhs including
existing Nature trail maintenance.
ix) M aintenance of Existing Nature trail: Maintenance of

Nature trail is propose during the plan period.
x) M aintenance of pavement along the peripheral of the

Lake:Existing maintenance of pavement along the peripheral
of the lake also proposed.
xi) Engagement of Tourist guide/Receptionist :The existing

engagement of Tourist guide / Receptionist will be continue d
during the plan period. Nos. of Tourist guide may also be
increase according to the pressure of Visitor.
xii) Engagement of Boat man: Two boatman are propose to

engage during the project period. The monthly wages rate
will be followed as per Govt. of Mizoram Scheduled rates of
wages.
104
xiii) Purchase of Boat: Tourist boat fibre Boat purchase of Fibre

boat 6 nos and 5nos of life jacket was proposed during the
project period. Estimate cost 10lakhs.
xiv) Construction of Toilet with water connectivity&

maintenance: Construction of the Toilet with water
connection was proposed in the Tourist centre at two
identified areas for visitor.
xv) Improvement / Renovation of existing furniture like

signages, Visitor guidelines, Awareness a month visitor:
Under these the following activities will be carried out:
1) Improvement of signages.
2) Training of nature guides / Boatman.
3) Development of Tourist guidance on dos and dont’s for
Nature Tourist.
4) Increase awareness among the Tourist about the social
cultural condition of the areas.
5) Improving the heritage site by involving participation
ofthe Local communities for sustainable development
of the areas.
6) Sensitize the visitor on the needs for conservation of
Wildlife while enabling them to enjoy its beauty.
xvi) Planting / Raising of Avenue Trees along the road & Eco
Park area including fencing with subsequence
M aintenance: Planting of avenues trees along the Road and
Eco-park areas are also proposed every years in the plan
period.
xvii) W aste M anagement: Under waste management the

following items are propose.
a) Preparation of Bamboo dust bin
b) Cleaning &burning of debris at incinerator Chamber
5.4.6 Institutional Development: The management of the lake eco-system

involves essentially understanding structural and functional aspects
of the lake eco-system. The lake system has its individual identity
depending upon its origin, Geological formation, climate and
ecological. Relationship between biotic and abiotic component,
complexity of the various component of the Eco-system and their inter
relationship have to be clearly understood before any management
activities are undertaken for the conservation of the lake.
105
Pala lake is a very complex eco-system with complicated and is

under serious pressures due to Antropogenic activities. The hydrology
of the lake is very complicated. No research / no systematic attempt
has been made to collect baseline date till today.
1) Research & monitoring: The main objective of setting up of

laboratory is to collect scientific data which could be utilised for
the practical management of the lake eco-system. The
laboratory will provide the necessary Assistance to the manager
by providing specific inputs on scientific basis and also
continuously monitor the eco-system response to management
activities.
As mention above no proper research as taken up

in the Pala lake and its surrounding. The research and
monitoring will be encourage in the Hydrology, linnology
and fishes, Biodiversity of the areas ie. Identification of
Flora & Fauna. Impact of activities taken up till today
advantage and disadvantage for the conservation of the
area.
a) Construction of Research and monitoring
Laboratory
b) Research on Hydrology, linnology and fishes &
Identification of Flora and Fauna
c) Impact of assessment Surveying of socio-economy
of the fringe village
d) Monitoring
2) Communication and Outreach Programme: : It is one of

the important component to delivered important conservation
of pala lake Eco system and any activities or related to the
conservation lakes message to the stakeholder and general
public under this component the following activities are
proposed.
a) Education and awareness Programme : In any

conservation Programme environmental component is
critical. Education Programme should be cover the entire
community children youth general public and other.
Therefore programme for each group has to be different.
Some activities may be common while other are more
specific and the main objectives of the programme is to
create awareness on the ecological and socio economic
aspect of the Pala lake and had the degradation of the
eco system would affect the community dependent on the
lake resources.
106
b) Conservation of world W etland day & Pala tipo: Some

of the activities that can be organized and conducted for
the different target group are:-
1) Student
1) Take / lecture class

2) Slide show
3) One day visit to the Lake
2) Teacher
1) Work-shop
2) Seminar
3)General Public
1) Presentation
2) Seminar
3) Lake visit programme
4) NGO’s/ youth
1) Leathership camp to train to about values of
Pala Lake and Participatory activities.
2) Organised work - camp
5) For Government official/ Politician:
1) Create an environment, so that a concern arises
among them which would help in formulating
and implementing friendly policies
6) Observation of world wetland day 2 nd February

to raise awareness about the value of wetland
for immunity and plant
c) Publication of booklet/ /Brochure / Calendar:

Publication of Booklet / Brochure pictorial of Flora and
Fauna related to the Pala lake conservation area are
proposed.
Under Educational awareness Programme and

Public works Rs.20lakhs was proposed for the period.
3) Equipment and Stationeries: The Implementation of the project

will required procurement of various items of equipment, special
tools and plant etc.
i) Office Equipment / Furniture etc
ii) Computer with Printer
iii) Vehicle
iv) Pumping set
v) Motor launch & JCB
vi) Laboratory equip
107
Chapter – 6
6. Monitoring and Evaluation Plan
6.1 Monitoring and Evaluation Plan is to enable assessment of overall management

effectiveness and identify needs for mid-term correction. For each of management objectives,
a set of performance indicator is identified. The performance indicator will provides evidence
on the condition of one or a set of features. For each performance indicator, a baseline value
based on information provide in various section of this integrated management plan shall be
employed. These values should be tracked over the course of management plan
implementation to assess whether the management objectives are being met. The matrix for
evaluation or performance indicator is give at table.
Performance indicator Table-23
Wetland feature Management objective Performance Indicator Means of measurement

Area Maintain wetland area Wetland area which has Area estimated from
24sqkm not analysis of remote
been altered for non- sensing images and
wetland ground truthing
usages
Catchments Reduction in silt load Silt load – 30%-80% Monitoring pilot
from catchment watersheds
Hydrological regimes Reduction in water Biological Oxygen Water quality

pollution Demand, Chemical monitoring
Oxygen Demand or
any other water quality
parameter assessed
against athreshold, PH
Alkalinity, Hardness,
Nitrate, Phosphate
Enhance hydrological Area of wetland Analysis of remote
connectivity within complex sensing data, and
wetlands complex inundated during high hydrological surveys
floods
period,
Biodiversity Maintain and enhance Area of wetland used by Physical survey

habitat of waterbirds waterbirds
Reduce area under Reduction by by 20o - Analysis of remote

o
invasive macrophyte 70 sensing images and
ground truthing
Maintain fish species Fish species increase Sampling
richness
Socioeconomics Reduce use of harmful Number of destructive Survey

fishing practices fishing
gear used in the
wetland-net fishing /
___ 60-80
Reduce direct Reduction in % of Socioeconomic surveys

dependence of income derived from
communities on capture wetland
fisheries
108
6.2 Monitoring parameters, frequency and Responsibilities
Besides setting up performance indicator for the management plan it is also

essential to set up a monitoring system for Pala wetland in order to be able to assess change
in ecosystem condition over a period of times. The matrix for monitoring, method and
frequency is given in table
Table-24 Parameters for wetland monitoring.
Wetland feature Monitoring parameter Monitoring method Frequency

Wetland extent Wetland area* Remote sensing and Once in a year
ground
truthing
Land use and land cover Remote sensing and Once in a year
within the wetland area ground
truthing
Connectivity with other Remote sensing and Once in a year

adjoining wetlands, river / ground
streams, coastal zone truthing
Wetland Climate Data from the nearest Atleast monthly

Catchment weather
station
Land use and Land Cover* Remote sensing and Once in 3 years
groundtruthing
Total sediment yield Stream gauging station Monthly
Total nutrient yield Stream gauging station Monthly
Hydrological Water inflow and outflow* Stream gauging station Monthly

regimes Waterholding capacity Bathymetric survey Once in 5 years
Peak inundation Remote sensing and Once in 2 years
ground truthing
Dissolved Oxygen, Data from water quality Atleast monthly

Biological Oxygen Demand sampling stations
*
Chemical Oxygen Demand Data from water quality Atleast monthly
** sampling stations
Number of point sources Surveys Once a year
discharging untreated
sewage into the wetland **
Biodiversity and Population of major Mid-winter counts Once a year
Habitat wetland
dependent species groups
(such as waterbirds,
mammals etc.)*
Habitat use by key species Physical surveys Once a year
Number of migratory Physical surveys Once a year
species using the wetland as
a habitat
Area under invasive Physical surveys Once a year
macrophyte**
109
Ecosystem Annual Fish yield Sampling Monthly samples

Services collated into an
annual estimate
Number of tourists Surveys Monthly samples
collated into an
annual estimate
Volume of surface water Hydrographic surveys Monthly samples
abstracted from wetland collated into an
annual estimate
Volume of groundwater Hydrographic surveys Once a year
recharged
Proportion of floodwaters Hydrographic surveys Once a year

stored in the wetland
Use of wetland for research Surveys Annual estimate

and education
Livelihoods Population living around Surveys Once every three
the Pala wetland* years
Population depending on Surveys Once every three
wetlands for livelihoods years
Number of households Surveys Once every three
around the wetland using years
safe sanitation practices will
be supported with incentives
Participation of Surveys Once every three

communities in wetlands years
management
6.3 Institutional design : The nodal department will co-ordinate all monitoring activities in such
away that the collection of specific information for management purposes in responds to hypothesis
derived from assessment activities and the use of this monitoring result for implementing management.
6.4 Infrastructure and human resources design : Apart from concurrent monitoring to ensure
effectiveness of project circle Management render by the Nodal Department, the service of research
organization NGO’s and Local University shall be harnessed with respect to third party monitoring and
evaluation.
6.5 Reporting: The concurrent monitoring evaluation be done by the Nodal department as against
time planning presented in chapter 8 of this integrated management plan whereas the 3rd party monitoring
and evaluation shall be executed once a year by research organization NGOs and Local university as
against action plan for NPCA support mention in chapter 7.
6.6 Review and adaptation : The monitoring of outcomes shall be use for mid course correction and
to adopt management. The compliance of the monitoring outcomes shall be well documented.
Chapter-7
7. Management Action Plan : The Management Action Plan focus on management objective for
restoration, creation within the catchment area of Pala wetland. The action plan included specific
interventions that address the identify management objectives. The action plan is develop to steps. First step
is comprehensive listing of activities which are required to be implemented. The activities in the second
stage are filter with core or non core activities as prescribe in NCPA.
7.1 Comprehensive list of activities: The list of activities and its activity which description indicating while
activity is required and where activities to be implemented is presented in
Table - 25
SI Management Activities Key consideration
No Plan component
1 Protection 1) Boundary delineation and Survey of the entire area will be done using
Measure demarcation remote sensing technology supported by ground
verififcation with Revenue Department and
i) Survey & Demarcation and NGO's. Permanent pillar will be erected at an
Mapping and yearly maintenance interval of 15 metres. All activities should be
completed within firest year and yearly
boundary lines
maintennace of boundary line and pillar
ii) Erection of Permanent pillar renovation required.
Pala Tipo area is notified vide
iii) Yearly Renovation of Pillar and L.No.L.N.MADC.23/E&F/2011-2012 of date
clearance of boundary 28.01.2014. within these area there is 8 hacters of
iv) Removal of encroachment through land valid pass which were excluded by the
notification. Thus the above problem may be
compensation- 8ha
addressed by adopting appropriate legislation to
that effect.
2) Fencing The proposition that has come up after
i) Construction of half RCC with conducting extensive survey was
Barbed wire fencing including yearly erection of permanent pillar, trenches
maintennace and permanent fencing at approprite
place.
3) Fire Protection measures Based on the intensity of the activities
i) Creation of Fire lines 5mts width carried out at the adjacent area, creation
of fire line was proposed.
ii) Maintenance of existing fire line For Existing fireline, regular
maintenance is propose
iii) Fire Awareness campaign to 6 An awareness about the importance of
fringe villages biodiversity conservation is needed to be
imparted to the general public.
iv) Construction of Fire Watch Tower 4nos of fire watch tower is proposed in
and its maintenance the east, west, north and south
respectively. These can also be used for
protection Duty post.
v) Engagement of fire watcher for 4 5 five Fire watcher is propose during fire
months w.e.f. Dec - March every year season ie Dec – March 4 months every
years.
No Plan component
4) Infracstructure
i) Construction of Staff quarter Sufficient infrastructure development is
including Furniture the need of the hour for effective
ii) Maintenance of existing Building management of Pala wetland and its
catchment area to be followed by yearly
iii) Construction of patrolling path maintenance of the existing infrastructure
iv) Maintennace of existing patrolling
path
v) Construction of inspection path and
its maintenance
vi) Construction of Check post at Entry
point of Pala Tipo 2 location
vii) Yearly Maitenance of Phura - Pala

Road 5Kms
viii) Constn.of Road from Existing PWD

Road to Pala Pino and yearly
subsequence maintenance
5) Engagement of Protection squads In order to carried out proper and

(Unskilled @Rs.380/-per day for effective protection of Pala Wetland it is
12 months) imperative to engaged more of persons of
wages.
2 Catchment 1) Artificial Regeneration Plantation Native species used for forestry
Conservation operation in the open area
i) Advance work
2) Aided Natural Regeneration Plantation ANR shall be employed for Forestry
operation wherein areas of secondary
i) Advance work
forest will be targeted.
No Plan component
3) Horticulture Plantation Horticulture will be raised outside the

Pala catchment area i.e. at the adjacent to
i) Advance work: Including areas
the boundary of Pala catchment area,
clearance, nursery etc
mainly Agro forest species will be raised
ii) Creation of plantation : Alignment
for fringe village.
& planting, constn. Of Hut,
iv) 1st year Maintenance(after one year)
v) 2nd year maintenance
vi) 3rd year maintenance
4) Construction of Bench Terracing @ Small scale engineering construction will
Rs.20000 per ha. be taken up in the catchment area to
5) Soil Conservation through Small check soil erosion and degradation as
i) Check dam/gully plugging with well as reduce siltation
yearly maintenance
ii) Contour trenches 2'x2½' Size with
yearly maintenance
iii) Construction of drainages and
maintenance of existing drainage
iv) Construction of Gabion structure
v) Maintenance of Existing anicut /
spillway/check dams - Gabion
structure
3 Water 1) Preventive control measures
Management i) Construction of 5ft detention Silt detention structure will be
structure constructed along the feeding channel
ii) Renovation and maintenance of e joining theand
Periodical renovation lake.
maintenance
xisting silt detention structure of existing structure also proposed in the
plan period
iii) Construction of silting basin Intercepting the entrance of silt into the
lake by constructing silting basin.
2) Curative measure
i) Desiltation by dredging from silting Though complete removal of silt from
basin as well asan identified the lake is not possible, four location has
location of the lake areas. been identified to extract the deposited
silt to some extent by using excavator
and heavy vehicles
ii) Construction of drainage channel & To control the direct flow of water into
subsequence maintenance the lake 2 streams are identified for the
construction of drainage channel.
No Plan component
iii) Construction of Weir at the outlet of Construction of weir at the outlet to

Pala lake Water & subsequence gauge the volume and rate of water
maintenace outflow.
iv) Construction of sluicecgate To regulate the flow of water from

entering directly into the lake
construction of flood gate has been
proposed.
v) Desillation of streams 2 streams To improve the system of Hydrology of
every year the lake and to control the heavily silted
stream, desiltation is needed.
vi) Construction of peripheral bunding To avert the interference with the
including yearly maitnenance natural ecosystem certain location has
been identified to take up the work of
bunding.
vii) Removal of weeds (Weed control) Judicious and prudent removal of weeds
without disturbing the balance of
ecosystem in and around the lake is
needed.
4 Biodiversity 1) Raising of indegenous fruit bearing To compensate the loss that have been
Conservation tress for gap planting, polybags 2 inflicted by rampant destruction and over
feet tall @Rs.10/per seedling utilization of the fruit bearing species
Raising of Nursery has been proposed
2) Gap planting of seedling inclding

clearance, transportation and
stacking
i) Survey & demarcation The identified area for Cap planting will
be properly survey and demarcated
ii) Clearance of site Planting site 1mts Raduis area will be
cleared for planting, Digging of pit and
soil ministering also will be done where
ever possible.
iii) Planting of seedling including, The seedling to be planted should be

transportation, clearance and stacking large enough to have reasonal chance of
survival.
To facilitate the rapid rate of growth the

iv) Weeding
seedling planted should be comparted
a) 1st weeding
and 3 times weeding should be taken up.
b) 2nd weeding
c) 3rd weeding
No Plan component
3) Improvement of water source for The sources of water in the catchment

Wildlife area recedes year by year and thus to
i) Maintenance and Renovation of Pala address this complication adoption of
Tipo(2km along from Pala lake)-Pino small scale civil engineering structure
such as check dams, gully plugging,
ii) Construction of Dam at Pala Tipo articifial salt lick is needed.
Hlipa, its subsequent maintenance
iii) Construction of Water holes
iv) Making / Preperation of salt lake site
including cost of mineral salt
4) Construction of Orchids House The number of Orchids species are
including collection of orchid and decreasing gradually year by year as a
other natural result of rampant collection and
deforestation. In order to work out this
hurdle construction of orchid house has
been proposed.
5) Fund provision for Wetland To carried out different activities such as
mintras awareness programme on conservation
wetland. Protection measures, the
estimated fund allocated for wetland at
Rs.7.8 lakhs for 5 years so far 6 wetland
Mitras are constituted in the falling
villages.
1) Tokalo( 2) Phura (3) Pala (4) Vahia
(5) Miepu (6) Kiasie
6) Biodiversity conservation To reduces the loss of Biodiversity, the
awareness communities of fringes village and
General public need to Educate / Aware
the important of Biodiversity
conservation and its Good service to the
human kind.
7) Eradiction of invassive species / There are some invassive species that
reducing invassive species need to be checked otherwise may edge
out other species in a short period of
time.
5 Sustainable 1) Financial Assistance to Agriculture Financial Assistance to the farmer of the
Resources and Horticulture farmer fringe village should be provided to improve
development their farming.
and livelihood 2) Development of irrigation facilities The outflow of Pala lake water flow through the
improvement equipment plain area of Phura By which is called the Rice
Bowl of Maraland. The water could be stored in
i) Construction of irrigation channel /
the main reservoir through GI Pipe, after which it
Pipes including intake chamber could be distributed to RCC reservoir and from
ii) Constn.of Main Reservoir
here the water would be again irrigated to the
field WRC through sprinkler.
No Plan component
iii)Constn.of distribution reservoir field WRC through sprinkler.

including distribution pipes
3) Provision for low income families
i) Provision to GI Sheet(4 bundle each Provision for GI sheet was proposed for
for 1 family) the low income person to obviate the
collection of Thatched and Roof material
from Pala catchment area.
ii) Gas Connetion To reduce the dependence on wood as an
energy source, as well as to implored the
forest cover of the areas, provision for
Gas connection and the fringe
communities and installation solar light
in the village was propose.
iii) Solar light Installation of solar light for six villages
for during project proposed
iv) Piggery Farming and poultry farming A total of 30 families would be favoured
with poultry farming in place of Jhum
practice.
v) Assistance to the Micro-enterprises In order to sustain their livelihood
financial assistance would be given to
reliable society / NGOs form each fringe
village.
vi) Medical Health Camp Health camp was proposed for fringe
village every year to improve health
condition of the communities.
4) Sustainable Fishery development
i) Construction of Hatcheries Fisheries in the one of the potential
occupation and sources of income for the
people around the Pala lake.
ii) Constn.of Fish Dam with Net at the To obstruct the movement of big and
outflow of Pala Lake juvenile fish from the lake construction
of dam with weir of the outflow of Pala
lake is proposed.
iii) Constn.of Jetty / Floatable Jetty Some fund has been alloted for the
construction of Jetty.
iv) Consnt,of Boat Sheltering yard Boat sheltering yard will be constructed
in the appropriate places for protection
of fishing Boat / Tourist Boats.
v) Purchase of fishing Boat / Dug out 2 Fishing Boat and fishing material are
Boat proposed to purchase during the project
period.
vi) Constn.& installation of Cage culture During the plan period cage culture will
be introduce in the selected location for
experimental.
No Plan component
vii) Training and capacity Building Training and capacity Building of

fisherman will be organised two times in
a yearly to improve technique of fishing.
viii) Regulatory measures likes signages / Catching and killing of broad fishes is
information. strickly prohibited. The period from 1st
june – 31st August of every years shall
observe as ‘closed season’. Nobody will
be allowed for fishing in Pala lake
without consent / approval of the
authority.
5) Eco-tourism development
i) Consnt.of Mara Typical House and Construction of Main Typical House was
subsequent proposed which can be use for Forest
Hut by providing all facility.
ii) Maint.of existing Waiting shed Maintain renovation of the existing
waiting shed is propose.
iii) Constn.of Interpretation centre Interpretation Centre / Conference Hall
was proposed at the Tokalo Tourism
areas. This centre will be also utilised for
various training programme.
iv) Cosnt.of Waiting shed and selling Construction of waiting shed cum selling
counter of ticket counter was proposed at the
core entry point of the lake to facilitate
the Tourist for resting.
v) Constn.of Watch tower Construction of watch Tower are at 5
sites for bird watching and watching of
scenic beauty of the Pala catchment areas.
vi) Maint.of existing Watch Tower Maint.of Watch tower is proposed
vii) Installation of Solar light/ connection Power is one of the important component
of electricfication and subsequent of the development of Eco-tourism.The
maintenance nearest village with light connectivity
center at Tokalo.
viii) Constn.of Nature trails and its 10Kms of Nature trail is proposed.
maintenance
ix) Maint.of Existing Nature trail Maint.of Nature trail is propose.
x) Maint.,of pavement along the Existing maintenance of pavement along
peripheral of the Lake the peripheral of the lake also propose.
xi) Enagement of Tourist The existing engagement of Tourist
quide/Receptionist @Rs.640/-per guide / Receptionist will be continue
day for 12 months during the plan period.
No Plan component
xii) Engagement of Boat man Two boatman are propose to engage

during the project period. The wages
rate will be followed as per Govt. of
Mizoram Scheduled rates of wages.
xiii) Purchase of Boat Purchase of 6 fibre boat and 5 life jacket
was proposed.
xiv) Consnt.of Toilet with water Construction of the Toilet with water
connectivity & maintenance connection was proposed in the Tourist
centre at two identified areas for visitor.
xv) Inmprovement / Renovation of Under these the following activities will
existing furniture like signages, be carried out:
Visitor guidelines, Awareness 1) Improvement of signages.
amonth visitor 2) Training of nature guides / Boatman.
3) Development of Tourist guidance on
dos and dont’s for Nature Tourist.
4) Increase awareness among the Tourist
about the social cultural condition of the
areas.
5) Improving the heritage site by
involving participating the Local
communities for sustainable
development of the areas.
6) Sensitize the visitor on the needs for
conservation of Wildlife while enabling
them to enjoy its beauty
xvi) Planting / Raising of Avenue Trees Planting of avenues trees along the Road
along the road & Eco Park area and Eco-park areas are also proposed.
including fencing with subsequence
Maintenance
xvii) Waste Management The area in and around remains neat and
a) Preperation / making of bamboo tidy by disposing the waste carefully.
Dust Bin
b) Cleaning and burning of debris at
incinerable Chamber
6 Institutional 1) Research & monitoring

development a) Identification of Avi-fauna/Flora The main objective of setting up of
and fishes study of hydrology and laboratory is to collect scientific data
linnology which could be utilised for the practical
b) Constn.of Reasearch Centre cum management of the lake eco-system. The
research Rest House with equipment laboratory will provide the necessary
materials Assistance to the manager by providing
specific inputs on scientific basis and
c) Impact of assessment Surveying of
also continuously monitor the eco-system
socio-economy of the fringe village
response to management activities.
d) Monitoring
No Plan component
2) Communication and Outreach

programme
a)) Education and awareness Programmes should be organized
programme, slide show, seminar, frequently to impart awareness on
Training programme, workshop and ecological and socio economic aspect of
like visit programme Pala Lake.
b) Conservation of world Wetland World Wetland Day is observed on 2nd
day & Pala tipo February. Pala Tipo could be conserved
more effectively by making the policy
maker to adopt a policy to that effect.
c) Publication of booklet, Broucher / Publication of Booklet / Brochure

Calendar pictorial of Flora and Fauna related to
the Pala lake conservation area are
proposed.
3) Equipment and stationeries The Implementation of the project will
i) Office equipment & furniture required procurement of various items of
equipment, special tools and plant etc.
ii) Computer with Printers
iii) Vehicle with accessories with
Maintenance
iv) Pumping set
v) Motor launch & JCB (Dradger)
vi) Loboratory equipment
7.2 All activities proposed to be funded list of the Core and Non-Core Activities under NCPA and State Matching Share
Reference
1) Core Area =
Table-26 2) Non Core Area =
SI Manage- Core Area Activities Non-Core Area Activities Quantita- Amount of Amount of Target of Target of
No ment Plan tive target Core under Non Core (SMS) Total Budget
component NCPA under
NCPA
1 Protection 1) Boundary delineation and demarcation

Measure i) Survey & Demarcation and LS 15.000 2.0000 17.000
Mapping and yearly
ii) maintenance boundary pillar
Erection of Permanent lines 240nos 2.700 0.3000 3.000
iii) Yearly Renovation of Pillar LS 5.500 1.0000 6.500
and clearance of boundary
iv) Removal of encroachment 8ha 17.500 2.5000 20.000
through compensation- 8ha
2) Fencing
i) Construction of half RCC 3kms 17.500 2.5000 20.000
with Barbed wire fencing
including yearly maintennace
3) Fire Protection measures
i) Creation of Fire lines 5mts width 5kms 4.250 0.7500 5.000
ii) Maintenance of existing fire line 9.5kms 6.747 0.7530 7.500
iii) Fire Awareness campaign to 30 times 6.797 0.7530 7.550
6 fringe villages
iv) Construction of Fire Watch 2 nos 9.800 1.2000 11.000
Tower and its maintenance
NCPA
v) Engagement of fire watcher 27 persons 12.312 12.312

for 4 months w.e.f. Dec -
March every year
4) Infracstructure
i) Construction of Staff quarter 4nos 31.500 3.5000 35.000
including Furniture
ii) Maintenance of existing Building 9nos 10.350 1.1500 11.500
iii) Construction of patrolling path 2kms 2.250 0.2500 2.500
iv) Maintennace of existing Ls 4.250 0.7500 5.000

patrolling path
v) Construction of inspection 2.5 kms 3.375 0.3750 3.750
path and its maintenance
vi) Construction of Check post at 2 nos 4.500 0.5000 5.000
Entry point of Pala Tipo 2
location
vii) Yearly Maitenance of Phura - 25kms 11.000 1.5000 12.500
Pala Road 5Kms
viii) Constn.of Road from 1.5 kms 4.275 0.4750 4.750

Existing PWD Road to Pala
Pino and yearly subsequence
maintenance
NCPA
5) Engagement of Protection 39 person 53.354 53.354

squads (Unskilled @Rs.380/-
per day for 12 months)
2 Catchment 1) Artificial Regeneration Plantation

Conserva- i) Advance work 70ha 15.660 1.7400 17.400
tion ii) Creation of works 50ha 22.550 2.0000 24.550
iii) 1st year Maintenance 35ha 5.027 0.5590 5.586
iv) 2nd year maintenance 20 ha 2.052 0.2280 2.280
v) 3rd year maintenance 10ha 0.855 0.0950 0.950
vi) 4th year maintenance 50ha 4.104 0.4560 4.560
2) Aided Natural Regeneration Plantation 0.000
i) Advance work 60ha 8.930 1.8000 10.730
ii) Creation of works 55 ha 13.675 2.0000 15.675
iii) 1st year Maintenance 40 ha 3.557 0.3950 3.952
iv) 2nd year maintenance 60 ha 4.900 0.8000 5.700
v) 3rd year maintenance 50 ha 4.104 0.4560 4.560
vi) 4th year maintenance 40 ha 3.010 0.3340 3.344
3) Horticulture Plantation
i) Advance work: Including 100 ha 30.510 3.3900 33.900
areas clearance, nursery etc
ii) Creation of plantation : 1005ha 67.824 7.7130 75.537
Alignment & planting,
constn. Of Hut, Inspection
path planting, watering
NCPA
iii) Maintenance of Plantation 0.000

a) 1st year Maintenance(after 85ha 19.951 2.2170 22.168
one year)
b) 2nd year maintenance 65ha 13.993 1.5550 15.548
c) 3rd year maintenance 45ha 9.469 1.0520 10.521
e) 4th year maintenance 25ha 2.138 0.2370 2.375
4) Construction of Bench 125ha 22.500 2.5000 25.000
Terracing @ Rs.20000 per ha.
5) Soil Conservation through Small scale Engineering 0.000
i) Check dam/gully plugging 13 nos 5.850 0.6500 6.500
with yearly maintenance
ii) Contour trenches 2'x2½' Size 1750 mt 3.938 0.4370 4.375
iii) Construction of drainages 1500 mt 3.375 0.3750 3.750
and maintenance of existing
drainage
iv) Construction of Gabion structure 11 nos 4.950 0.5500 5.500
v) Maintenance of Existing 63 nos 8.505 0.9450 9.450
anicut / spillway/check dams -
Gabion structure
3 Water 1) Preventive control measures
Managem- i) Construction of 5ft detention 11nos 14.850 1.6500 16.500
ent structure
ii) Renovation and maintenance 47 nos 8.460 0.9400 9.400
of e xisting silt detention
structure
NCPA
iii) Construction of silting basin 5nos 13.500 1.5000 15.000
2) Curative measure 0.000

i) Desiltation by dredging from 4100 cum 17.300 3.2000 20.500
silting basin as well asan
identified location of the
lake areas.
ii) Construction of drainage 2400 mt 21.500 2.5000 24.000
channel & subsequence
maintenance
iii) Construction of Weir at the 1 no 16.000 16.000
outlet of Pala lake Water &
iv) Construction maintenace
subsequence of sluicecgate 5 nos 4.000 1.0000 5.000
v) Desillation of streams 2 4.5 km 3.825 0.4250 4.250
streams every year
vi) Construction of peripheral 2100 mt 26.300 3.2000 29.500
bunding including yearly
maitnenance
vii) Removal of weeds (Weed 3500 cum 15.900 2.1000 18.000
control)
4 Biodiver- 1) Raising of indegenous fruit 70000 nos 6.000 1.5000 7.500
sity bearing tress for gap planting,
Conservati- polybags 2 feet tall
on @Rs.10/per seedling
2) Gap planting of seedling inclding clearance, transportation and stacking
i) Survey & demarcation Ls 1.129 0.1250 1.254
ii) Clearance of site Ls 1.485 0.1650 1.650
NCPA
iii) Planting of seedling 55000 nos 12.375 1.3750 13.750

including, transportation,
clearance and stacking
iv) Weeding 0.000
a) 1st weeding 40000 nos 7.200 0.8000 8.000
b) 2nd weeding 25000 nos 3.375 0.3750 3.750
c) 3rd weeding 10000 nos 0.900 0.1000 1.000
3) Improvement of water
source for Wildlife
i) Maintenance and Renovation Ls 8.505 0.9450 9.450
of Pala Tipo(2km along from
Pala lake)-Pino
ii) Construction of Dam at Pala 1 no 9.450 1.0500 10.500

Tipo Hlipa, its subsequent
maintenance
iii) Construction of Water holes 6 nos 3.060 0.3400 3.400
iv) Making / Preperation of salt 9 nos 2.025 0.2250 2.250
lake site including cost of
mineral salt
4) Construction of Orchids 1 no 5.580 0.6200 6.200
House including collection
5) of orchid
Fund and other
provision natural
for Wetland 24 nos 6.600 1.2000 7.800
mintras
6) Biodiversity conservation Ls 4.050 0.4500 4.500
awareness
NCPA
7) Eradiction of invassive Ls 4.005 0.4450 4.450

species / reducing invassive
species
5 Sustaina- 1) Financial Assistance to 74 fly 17.550 1.9500 19.500
ble Agriculture and Horticulture
Resources farmer
developme 2) Development of irrigation facilities equipment
nt and i) Construction of irrigation 2.5 km 15.300 1.7000 17.000
livelihood channel / Pipes including
improveme intake chamber
nt ii) Constn.of Main Reservoir 2 nos 15.750 1.7500 17.500
iii)Constn.of distribution 4 nos 18.000 2.0000 20.000
reservoir including
distribution pipes
i) Provision to GI Sheet(4 135 fly 6.678 0.7420 7.420
bundle each for 1 family)
ii) Gas Connetion 400 fly 14.445 1.6050 16.050
iii) Solar light 70 fly 9.450 1.0500 10.500
iv) Piggery Farming and poultry 30 fly 13.500 1.5000 15.000
farming
v) Assistance to the Micro- 17 8.640 0.9600 9.600
enterprises
vi) Medical Health Camp Ls 6.120 0.6800 6.800
i) Construction of Hatcheries 4 nos 3.400 0.6000 4.000
NCPA
ii) Constn.of Fish Dam with Net 4 nos 4.050 0.4500 4.500
at the outflow of Pala Lake
iii) Constn.of Jetty / Floatable Jetty 3 nos 6.750 0.7500 7.500

iv) Consnt,of Boat Sheltering yard 2 nos 5.400 0.6000 6.000
v) Purchase of fishing Boat / 2 nos 1.800 0.2000 2.000
Dug out Boat
vi) Constn.& installation of Cage 5 nos 2.250 0.2500 2.500
culture
vii) Training and capacity 6 times 1.500 0.5000 2.000
Building
viii) Regulatory measures likes Ls 0.900 0.1000 1.000
signages / information.
i) Consnt.of Mara Typical 5 nos 27.450 3.0500 30.500
House and subsequent
ii) Maint.of existing Waiting 10 nos 2.250 0.2500 2.500
shed
iii) Constn.of Interpretation centre 1 no 13.500 1.5000 15.000
iv) Cosnt.of Waiting shed and 1 no 5.625 0.6250 6.250

selling counter
v) Constn.of Watch tower 3 nos 16.200 1.8000 18.000
vi) Maint.of existing Watch 23 nos 5.175 0.5754 5.750
Tower
vii) Installation of Solar light/ Ls 10.350 1.1500 11.500
connection of electricfication
and subsequent maintenance
NCPA
viii) Constn.of Nature trails and 2000 mts 1.800 0.2000 2.000
its maintenance
ix) Maint.of Existing Nature trail 15000 mts 6.750 0.7500 7.500
x) Maint.,of pavement along the 12.5 kms 2.813 0.3120 3.125
peripheral of the Lake
xi) Enagement of Tourist 7 person 16.128 16.128
quide/Receptionist @Rs.640/-
per day for 12 months
xii) Engagement of Boat man 5 person 6.840 6.840
xiii) Purchase of Boat 5 person 5.400 0.6000 6.000
xiv) Consnt.of Toilet with water 3 nos 5.040 0.5600 5.600

connectivity & maintenance
xv) Inmprovement / Renovation Ls 4.050 0.4500 4.500

of existing furniture like
signages, Visitor guidelines,
Awareness amonth visitor
xvi) Planting / Raising of Avenue Ls 6.300 1.2000 7.500
Trees along the road & Eco
Park area including fencing
with subsequence
xvii) Waste Management Maintenance
a) Preperation / making of Ls 2.925 0.3250 3.250
bamboo Dust Bin
NCPA
b) Cleaning and burning of Ls 3.060 0.3400 3.400

debris at incinerable Chamber
6 Institutional 1) Research & monitoring 0.000

develop- a) Identification of Avi- Ls 24.750 2.7500 27.500
ment fauna/Flora and fishes study
of hydrology and linnology
b) Constn.of Reasearch 1 no 13.003 13.003
Centre cum research Rest
House with equipment
materials
c) Impact of assessment Ls 1.350 0.1500 1.500
Surveying of socio-economy
of Monitoring
d) the fringe village Ls 12.500 2.5000 15.000
2) Communication and
Outreach programme
a)) Education and awareness Ls 9.600 2.9000 12.500
programme, slide show,
seminar, Training
programme, workshop and
like visit programme
b) Conservation of world Ls 1.800 0.2000 2.000
Wetland day & Pala tipo
c) Publication of booklet, Ls 8.500 1.5000 10.000

Broucher / Calendar
3) Equipment and stationeries
NCPA
i) Office equipment & furniture Ls 4.500 0.5000 5.000
ii) Computer with Printers Ls 2.927 0.3250 3.250

iii) Vehicle with accessories with 1 pick-up 12.000 2.0000 14.000
Maintenance & 2 bikes
iv) Pumping set 1 no 1.350 0.1500 1.500
v) Motor launch & JCB 1 no 5.850 0.6500 6.500
(Dradger)
vi) Loboratory equipment Ls 3.150 0.3500 3.500
Total 839.335 276.840 124.0194 1240.1940
7.3 Action Plan with time frame :
The implementing schedule with year-wise break-up for various action component
Table-27
SI Plan Activitties 1st year 2nd year 3rd year 4th year 5th year
No Component 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23 2023-24 2024-25
I Protection 1) Boundary delineation and demarcation
Measure i) Survey & Demarcation and LS LS LS LS LS
Mapping and yearly maintenance
boundary lines
ii) Removal of encroachment through 2ha 4ha 2ha
compensation- 8ha
iii) Erection of Permanent pillar 240nos
iv) Yearly Renovation of Pillar and LS LS LS LS LS
clearance of boundary
2) Fencing
i) Construction of half RCC with 1Km 1Km 1Km LS LS
Barbed wire fencing including
yearly maintennace
i) Creation of Fire lines 5mts width 1Km 1km 1km 1km 1km
ii) Maintenance of existing fire line 1.5km 2Km 2km 2km 2km
iii) Fire Awareness campaign to 6 6 times 6 times 6 times 6 times 6 times
fringe villages
iv) Construction of Fire Watch Tower 1 no 1no LS LS
and its maintenance
v) Engagement of fire watcher for 4 5person 5person 5person 6person 6person
months w.e.f. Dec - March every
year
4) Infracstructure
i) Construction of Staff quarter 1no 1no 1no 1no
including Furniture
ii) Maintenance of existing Building 2nos 2 nos 2 nos 3nos LS
iii) Construction of patrolling path 1Km 1km 0.5km
iv) Maintennace of existing patrolling LS LS LS LS LS
path
v) Construction of inspection path and 1KM 0.5Km 1km
its maintenance
vi) Construction of Check post at 1 no 1 no
Entry point of Pala Tipo 2 location
vii) Yearly Maitenance of Phura - Pala 5kms 5kms 5kms 5kms 5kms
Road 5Kms
viii) Constn.of Road from Existing 1.5kms LS LS LS LS
PWD Road to Pala Pino and yearly
subsequence maintenance
Sub-Total
5) Engagement of Protection squads 7 nos 8 nos 8 nos 8 nos 8 nos
(Unskilled @Rs.380/-per day for
12 months)
II Catchment 1) Artificial Regeneration Plantation
Conserva-tion i) Advance work 10ha 10ha 15ha 15ha 20ha
ii) Creation of works 10ha 10ha 15ha 15ha
iii) 1st year Maintenance 10ha 10ha 15ha
iv) 2nd year maintenance 10ha 10ha
v) 3rd year maintenance 10ha
vi) 4th year maintenance 50ha
2) Aided Natural Regeneration Plantation
i) Advance work 10ha 10ha 10ha 15ha 15ha
ii) Creation of works 10ha 10ha 10ha 10ha 15ha
iii) 1st year Maintenance 10ha 10ha 10ha 10ha
iv) 2nd year maintenance 30ha 10ha 10ha 10ha
v) 3rd year maintenance 30ha 10ha 10ha
vi) 4th year maintenance 30ha 10ha
i) Advance work: Including areas 20ha 20ha 20ha 20ha 20ha
ii) Creation of plantation : Alignment 25ha 20ha 20ha 20ha 20ha
& planting, constn. Of Hut,
a) 1st year Maintenance(after one year) 25ha 20ha 20ha 20ha
b) 2nd year maintenance 25ha 20ha 20ha
c) 3rd year maintenance 25ha 20ha
d) 4th year maintenance 25ha
4) Construction of Bench Terracing @ 25ha 25ha 25ha 25ha 25ha

Rs.20000 per ha.
5) Soil Conservation through Small scale

i) Check dam/gully plugging with 2nos 3nos 3nos 2nos 3nos
yearly maintenance
ii) Contour trenches 2'x2½' Size with 250m 500m 500m 250m 250m
yearly maintenance
iii) Construction of drainages and 250m 250m 500m 250m 250m
iv) Construction of Gabion structure 1no 2nos` 3nos 3nos 2nos
v) Maintenance of Existing anicut / 9nos 10nos 12nos 15nos 17nos
structure
Sub-Total
III Water 1) Preventive control measures
Management i) Construction of 5ft detention 1no 2nos 2nos 3nos 3nso
structure
ii) Renovation and maintenance of e 6nos 7nos 9nos 11nos 14nos
xisting silt detention structure
iii) Construction of silting basin 1no 2nos 1no 1no
2) Curative measure
i) Desiltation by dredging from silting 200cum 400cum 1000cum 1000cum 1500cum
basin as well asan identified
location of the lake areas.
ii) Construction of drainage channel 700mt 300mt 400mt 500mt 500mt

& subsequence maintenance
iii) Construction of Weir at the outlet 1no LS LS LS LS

of Pala lake Water & subsequence
maintenace
iv) Construction of sluicecgate 1no 1no 1no 1no 1no
v) Desillation of streams 2 streams 0.5km 1km 1km 1km 1km
every year
vi) Construction of peripheral bunding 200mt 400mt 500mt 500mt 500mt
including yearly maitnenance
vii) Removal of weeds (Weed control) 300cum 500cum 700cum 1000cum 1000cum
IV Biodiversity 1) Raising of indegenous fruit bearing 5000nos 15000nos 15000nos 15000nos 20000nos
Conserva-tion tress for gap planting, polybags 2
feet tall @Rs.10/per seedling
2) Gap planting of seedling inclding

clearance, transportation and
stacking
i) Survey & demarcation LS LS LS Ls LS
ii) Clearance of site LS LS LS LS LS
iii) Planting of seedling including, 5000nos 5000nos 15000nos 15000nos 15000nos
transportation, clearance and
stacking
iv) Weeding
a) 1st weeding 5000 5000 15000 15000
b) 2nd weeding 5000 5000 15000
c) 3rd weeding 5000 5000

3) Improvement of water source for Wildlife
i) Maintenance and Renovation of LS Ls LS Ls Ls
Pala Tipo(2km along from Pala
lake)-Pino
ii) Construction of Dam at Pala Tipo 1no Ls Ls Ls Ls
iii) Construction of Water holes 2nos 1no 1no 2nos

iv) Making / Preperation of salt lake 3nos 2nos 2nos 2nos
site including cost of mineral salt
4) Construction of Orchids House 1no Ls Ls Ls Ls

including collection of orchid and
other natural
5) Fund provision for Wetland 6nos 6nos 6nos 6nos Ls
mintras
6) Biodiversity conservation Ls Ls Ls Ls Ls
awareness
7) Eradiction of invassive species / Ls Ls Ls Ls Ls
reducing invassive species
V Sustainable 1) Financial Assistance to Agriculture 6fly 12fly 18fly 18fly 20fly

Resources and Horticulture farmer
development
and livelihood 2) Development of irrigation
improvement facilities equipment
i) Construction of irrigation 2.5km Ls Ls Ls
channel / Pipes including intake
chamber
ii) Constn.of Main Reservoir 1no 1no
iii)Constn.of distribution reservoir 2nos 2nos

i) Provision to GI Sheet(4 bundle 20fly 24fly 30fly 30fly 30fly
each for 1 family)
ii) Gas Connetion 60fly 100fly 100fly 70fly 70fly
iii) Solar light 10 fly 15fly 15fly 15fly 15fly
iv) Piggery Farming and poultry 6fly 6fly 6fly 6fly 6fly
farming
v) Assistance to the Micro-enterprises 3.000 3.000 3.000 4.000 4.000
vi) Medical Health Camp LS LS LS LS LS

i) Construction of Haccheries 2nos 2nos
ii) Constn.of Fish Dam with Net at the 2 2 nos
outflow of Pala Lake
iii) Constn.of Jetty / Floatable Jetty 1no 1no 1no
iv) Consnt,of Boat Sheltering yard 1no 1no
v) Purchase of fishing Boat / Dug out 1no 1no
Boat
vi) Constn.& installation of Cage 2nos 3nos
culture
vii) Training and capacity Building 1 times 1time 2times 1time 1 time
viii) Regulatory measures likes signages LS LS LS LS LS
/ information.
i) Consnt.of Mara Typical House and 1no 1no 1no 1no 1no
subsequent
ii) Maint.of existing Waiting shed 2nos 2nos 2nos 2nos 2nos
iii) Constn.of Interpretation centre 1no
iv) Cosnt.of Waiting shed and selling 1no LS LS LS
counter
v) Constn.of Watch tower 1no 1no 1no
vi) Maint.of existing Watch Tower 4nos 4nos 4nos 5nos 6nos
vii) Installation of Solar light/ LS LS LS LS
connection of electricfication and
subsequent maintenance
viii) Constn.of Nature trails and its 1000mts 1000mts
maintenance
ix) Maint.of Existing Nature trail 2000mt 3000m 3000m 3000m 4000m
x) Maint.,of pavement along the 2.5km 2.5km 2.5km 2.5km 2.5km
xi) Enagement of Tourist 1no 1no 1no 2nos 2nos
quide/Receptionist @Rs.640/-per
day for 12 months
xii) Engagement of Boat man 1no 1no 1no 1no 1no
xiii) Purchase of Boat 1no 1no 2nos 1no
xiv) Consnt.of Toilet with water 1nos LS 1nos 1no LS

xv) Inmprovement / Renovation of LS LS LS LS LS
existing furniture like signages,
Visitor guidelines, Awareness
amonth visitor
xvi) Planting / Raising of Avenue Trees LS LS LS LS LS
along the road & Eco Park area
including fencing with subsequence
Maintenance
xvii) Waste Management
a) Preperation / making of bamboo LS LS LS LS LS

Dust Bin
b) Cleaning and burning of debris at LS LS LS LS LS
incinerable Chamber
VI Institutional 1) Research & monitoring
development a) Identification of Avi-fauna/Flora LS LS LS LS LS
and fishes study of hYdrology and
linnology
b) Constn.of Reasearch Centre cum 1no LS LS LS
research Rest House with
equipment materials
c) Impact of assessment Surveying LS LS LS LS LS
of socio-economy of the fringe
village
d) Monitoring LS LS LS LS LS
programme
a)) Education and awareness LS LS LS LS LS
programme, slide show, seminar,
Training programme, workshop
and like visit programme
b) Conservation of world Wetland LS LS LS LS LS

day & Pala tipo
c) Publication of booklet, Broucher LS LS LS LS LS
/ Calendar
i) Office equipment & furniture LS LS LS LS LS
ii) Computer with Printers LS Ls LS LS Ls
iii) Vehicle with accessories with 1pick-up 1 bike 1 bike LS LS
Maintenance
iv) Pumping set 1no
v) Motor launch & JCB (Dradger) 1no LS
vi) Loboratory equipment LS LS LS LS LS
Chapter - 8
8 Budged and Activity Phasing
8.1 Activity Link Budget
A complete list of the integrated Management Plan Items wise has been done for the entire
tenure of the plan using the existing norms of the State and central Government. Summary of cost
estimate is presented at Table -28 mapping of funds available from other source is delealinated at
Table - 29 and years -wise fund requirement is given at Table- 30
Summary budget of five year plan

Table -28 Rupees in lakhs
SI No Management Plan Component Budget
I Protection Measure 243.216

II Catchment Conservation 313.911
III Water Management 158.150
IV Biodiversity Conservation 85.454
V Sustainable Resources development and livelihood improvement 324.213
VI Institutional Development 115.250
Grand Total 1240.194
Fund requirement
Table - 29 Rupees in lakh
SI No Activity Funds from Fund from Total Budget
Central State requirement
Government Government
under NCPA (SMS) 10%
(CSS) 90%
I Protection Measure 218.894 24.3216 243.216
II Catchment Conservation 282.520 31.3911 313.911
III Water Management 142.335 15.8150 158.15
IV Biodiversity Conservation 76.909 8.5454 85.454
V Sustainable Resources 291.792 32.4213 324.213
development and
VI Institutional Development 103.725 11.5250 115.25
Grand Total 1116.175 124.0194 1240.194
Yearwise breakup of requirement of funds (Physical & Financial)
1) New Workls
2) Maintenance
3) Eco-development
4) Educational Awareness
5) Research & Monitoring
6) Development of Office
7) Enagagement of Wages
Table-30
Rupees in lakhs
SI Activity/Items of works Funds Required in Funds Required in Funds Required in Funds Required in Funds Required in Total of 5
No Yr I Yr II Yr III Yr IV Yr V year
Phy. Fin Phy. Fin Phy. Fin Phy. Fin Phy. Fin
I Protection Measure
1) Boundary delineation and demarcation
i) Survey & Demarcation and LS 5.000 LS 2.000 LS 2.000 LS 4.000 LS 4.000 17.000
Mapping and yearly maintenance
boundary lines
ii) Removal of encroachment through 2ha 5.000 4ha 10.000 2ha 5.000 20.000
compensation- 8ha
iii) Erection of Permanent pillar 240nos 3.000 3.000
iv) Yearly Renovation of Pillar and LS 1.000 LS 1.000 LS 1.500 LS 1.500 LS 1.500 6.500
Sub-Total 11.000 16.000 8.500 5.500 5.500 46.500

2) Fencing 0.000
i) Construction of half RCC with 1Km 6.000 1Km 5.000 1Km 5.000 LS 2.000 LS 2.000 20.000
yearly maintennace
Sub-Total 6.000 5.000 0.000 5.000 0.000 2.000 0.000 2.000 20.000
3) Fire Protection measures 0.000
i) Creation of Fire lines 5mts width 1Km 1.000 1km 1.000 1km 1.000 1km 1.000 1km 1.000 5.000
ii) Maintenance of existing fire line 1.5km 1.125 2Km 1.500 2km 1.500 2km 1.500 2km 1.875 7.500
iii) Fire Awareness campaign to 6 6 times 1.250 6 times 1.500 6 times 1.500 6 times 1.500 6 times 1.800 7.550
fringe villages
iv) Construction of Fire Watch Tower 1 no 5.000 1no 5.000 LS 0.500 LS 0.500 11.000
and its maintenance
v) Engagement of fire watcher for 4 5person 2.280 5person 2.280 5person 2.280 6person 2.736 6person 2.736 12.312
months w.e.f. Dec - March every
year
Sub-Total 5.655 11.280 11.280 7.236 7.911 43.362
4) Infracstructure 0.000
i) Construction of Staff quarter 1no 7.500 1no 10.000 1no 7.500 1no 10.000 35.000
including Furniture
ii) Maintenance of existing Building 2nos 2.000 2 nos 2.000 2 nos 2.000 3nos 3.000 LS 2.500 11.500
iii) Construction of patrolling path 1Km 1.000 1km 1.000 0.5km 0.500 2.500
iv) Maintennace of existing patrolling LS 0.500 LS 1.000 LS 1.000 LS 1.000 LS 1.500 5.000
path
v) Construction of inspection path 1KM 1.500 0.5Km 0.750 1km 1.500 3.750
and its maintenance
vi) Construction of Check post at 1 no 2.500 1 no 2.500 5.000
Entry point of Pala Tipo 2 location
vii) Yearly Maitenance of Phura - Pala 5kms 2.000 5kms 2.000 5kms 2.500 5kms 3.000 5kms 3.000 12.500
Road 5Kms
viii) Constn.of Road from Existing 1.5kms 2.250 LS 0.250 LS 0.500 LS 0.750 LS 1.000 4.750
PWD Road to Pala Pino and
Sub-Total 10.250 17.750 17.250 16.750 18.000 80.000
5) Engagement of Protection 7 nos 9.578 8 nos 10.944 8 nos 10.944 8 nos 10.944 8 nos 10.944 53.354
squads (Unskilled @Rs.380/-per
day for 12 months)
Sub-Total 9.578 10.944 10.944 10.944 10.944 53.354
Total of Protection measure 42.483 60.974 52.974 42.430 44.355 243.216
II Catchment Conservation
1) Artificial Regeneration Plantation

i) Advance work 10ha 2.496 10ha 2.496 15ha 3.744 15ha 3.744 20ha 4.920 17.400
ii) Creation of works 10ha 4.910 10ha 4.910 15ha 7.365 15ha 7.365 24.550
iii) 1st year Maintenance 10ha 1.596 10ha 1.596 15ha 2.394 5.586
iv) 2nd year maintenance 10ha 1.140 10ha 1.140 2.280
v) 3rd year maintenance 10ha 0.950 0.950
vi) 4th year maintenance 50ha 4.560 4.560
Sub-Total 7.056 7.406 10.250 13.845 16.769 55.326
2) Aided Natural Regeneration Plantation 0.000
i) Advance work 10ha 1.790 10ha 1.790 10ha 1.790 15ha 2.680 15ha 2.680 10.730
ii) Creation of works 10ha 2.850 10ha 2.850 10ha 2.850 10ha 2.850 15ha 4.275 15.675
iii) 1st year Maintenance 10ha 0.988 10ha 0.988 10ha 0.988 10ha 0.988 3.952
iv) 2nd year maintenance 30ha 2.850 10ha 0.950 10ha 0.950 10ha 0.950 5.700
v) 3rd year maintenance 30ha 2.736 10ha 0.912 10ha 0.912 4.560
vi) 4th year maintenance 30ha 2.508 10ha 0.836 3.344
Sub-Total 7.490 8.364 9.086 8.380 10.641 43.961

i) Advance work: Including areas 20ha 6.780 20ha 6.780 20ha 6.780 20ha 6.780 20ha 6.780 33.900
ii) Creation of plantation : 25ha 17.985 20ha 14.388 20ha 14.388 20ha 14.388 20ha 14.388 75.537
Alignment & planting, constn. Of
Hut, Inspection path planting,
watering
iii) Maintenance of Plantation 0.000
a) 1st year Maintenance(after one year) 25ha 6.520 20ha 5.216 20ha 5.216 20ha 5.216 22.168
b) 2nd year maintenance 25ha 5.980 20ha 4.784 20ha 4.784 15.548
c) 3rd year maintenance 25ha 5.845 20ha 4.676 10.521
d) 4th year maintenance 25ha 2.375 2.375
Sub-Total 24.765 27.688 32.364 37.013 38.219 160.049
4) Construction of Bench Terracing 25ha 5.000 25ha 5.000 25ha 5.000 25ha 5.000 25ha 5.000 25.000
@ Rs.20000 per ha.
Sub-Total 5.000 5.000 5.000 5.000 5.000 25.000
5) Soil Conservation through Small scale
i) Check dam/gully plugging with 2nos 1.000 3nos 1.500 3nos 1.500 2nos 1.000 3nos 1.500 6.500
yearly maintenance
ii) Contour trenches 2'x2½' Size with 250m 0.625 500m 1.250 500m 1.250 250m 0.625 250m 0.625 4.375
yearly maintenance
iii) Construction of drainages and 250m 0.625 250m 0.625 500m 1.250 250m 0.625 250m 0.625 3.750
iv) Construction of Gabion structure 1no 0.500 2nos` 1.000 3nos 1.500 3nos 1.500 2nos 1.000 5.500
v) Maintenance of Existing anicut / 9nos 1.350 10nos 1.500 12nos 1.800 15nos 2.250 17nos 2.550 9.450
structure
Sub-Total 4.100 5.875 7.300 6.000 6.300 29.575
Total of Catchment conservation 48.411 54.333 64.000 70.238 76.929 313.911
III Water Management
1) Preventive control measures
i) Construction of 5ft detention 1no 1.500 2nos 3.000 2nos 3.000 3nos 4.500 3nso 4.500 16.500
structure
ii) Renovation and maintenance of e 6nos 1.200 7nos 1.400 9nos 1.800 11nos 2.200 14nos 2.800 9.400
xisting silt detention structure
iii) Construction of silting basin 1no 3.000 2nos 6.000 1no 3.000 1no 3.000 15.000
2) Curative measure
i) Desiltation by dredging from 200cum 1.000 400cum 2.000 1000cum 5.000 1000cum 5.000 1500cum 7.500 20.500
identified location of the lake
areas.
ii) Construction of drainage channel 700mt 7.000 300mt 3.000 400mt 4.000 500mt 5.000 500mt 5.000 24.000
& subsequence maintenance
iii) Construction of Weir at the outlet 1no 10.000 LS 1.000 LS 1.500 LS 1.500 LS 2.000 16.000
of Pala lake Water & subsequence
maintenace
iv) Construction of sluicecgate 1no 1.000 1no 1.000 1no 1.000 1no 1.000 1no 1.000 5.000
v) Desillation of streams 2 streams 0.5km 0.250 1km 1.000 1km 1.000 1km 1.000 1km 1.000 4.250
every year
vi) Construction of peripheral 200mt 3.000 400mt 4.000 500mt 7.500 500mt 7.500 500mt 7.500 29.500
maitnenance
vii) Removal of weeds (Weed control) 300cum 1.500 500cum 3.000 700cum 3.500 1000cum 5.000 1000cum 5.000 18.000
Total of Water Management 29.450 25.400 31.300 35.700 36.300 158.150

IV Biodiversity Conservation
1) Raising of indegenous fruit 5000nos 1.000 15000nos 1.500 15000nos 1.500 15000nos 1.500 20000nos 2.000 7.500
bearing tress for gap planting,
polybags 2 feet tall @Rs.10/per
seedling
2) Gap planting of seedling
inclding clearance,
transportation and stacking
i) Survey & demarcation LS 0.114 LS 0.114 LS 0.342 Ls 0.342 LS 0.342 1.254
ii) Clearance of site LS 0.150 LS 0.150 LS 0.450 LS 0.450 LS 0.450 1.650
iii) Planting of seedling including, 5000nos 1.250 5000nos 1.250 15000nos 3.750 15000nos 3.750 15000nos 3.750 13.750
transportation, clearance and
stacking
iv) Weeding 0.000
a) 1st weeding 5000.000 1.000 5000 1.000 15000 3.000 15000 3.000 8.000
b) 2nd weeding 5000 0.750 5000 0.750 15000 2.250 3.750
c) 3rd weeding 5000 0.500 5000 0.500 1.000
Sub-Total 2.514 4.014 7.792 10.292 12.292 36.904
i) Maintenance and Renovation of 2km 1.500 Ls 1.750 LS 2.000 Ls 2.000 Ls 2.200 9.450
Pala Tipo(2km along from Pala
lake)-Pino
ii) Construction of Dam at Pala Tipo 1no 7.500 Ls 0.500 Ls 0.500 Ls 1.000 Ls 1.000 10.500
iii) Construction of Water holes 2nos 1.000 1no 0.500 1no 0.700 2nos 1.200 3.400
iv) Making / Preperation of salt lake 3nos 0.750 2nos 0.500 2nos 0.500 2nos 0.500 2.250
4) Construction of Orchids House 1no 5.000 Ls 0.500 Ls 0.250 Ls 0.200 Ls 0.250 6.200
including collection of orchid
and other natural
5) Fund provision for Wetland 6nos 1.200 6nos 1.500 6nos 1.500 6nos 1.800 Ls 1.800 7.800
mintras
6) Biodiversity conservation Ls 0.500 Ls 0.250 Ls 1.000 Ls 1.250 Ls 1.500 4.500

awareness
7) Eradiction of invassive species / Ls 0.500 Ls 0.750 Ls 1.000 Ls 1.000 Ls 1.200 4.450

reducing invassive species
Sub-Total 16.200 7.000 7.250 8.450 9.650 48.550

Total of Biodiversity conservation 18.714 11.014 15.042 18.742 21.942 85.454
V Sustainable Resources development and livelihood improvement
1) Financial Assistance to 6fly 1.500 12fly 3.000 18fly 4.500 18fly 4.500 20fly 6.000 19.500
Agriculture and Horticulture
farmer
2) Development of irrigation 0.000
facilities equipment
i) Construction of irrigation 2.5km 15.000 Ls 0.500 Ls 0.500 Ls 1.000 17.000
chamber
ii) Constn.of Main Reservoir 1no 15.000 1no 2.500 17.500
iii)Constn.of distribution reservoir 2nos 10.000 2nos 10.000 20.000
Sub-Total 1.500 18.000 20.000 17.500 17.000 74.000

i) Provision to GI Sheet(4 bundle 20fly 1.000 24fly 1.320 30fly 1.650 30fly 1.650 30fly 1.800 7.420
each for 1 family)
ii) Gas Connetion 60fly 2.700 100fly 3.750 100fly 4.000 70fly 2.800 70fly 2.800 16.050
iii) Solar light 10 fly 1.500 15fly 2.250 15fly 2.250 15fly 2.250 15fly 2.250 10.500
iv) Piggery Farming and poultry 6fly 3.000 6fly 3.000 6fly 3.000 6fly 3.000 6fly 3.000 15.000
farming
v) Assistance to the Micro-enterprises 3.000 1.500 3.000 1.500 3.000 1.800 4.000 2.400 4.000 2.400 9.600
vi) Medical Health Camp LS 1.000 LS 1.000 LS 1.500 LS 1.500 LS 1.800 6.800
Sub-Total 10.700 12.820 14.200 13.600 14.050 65.370
i) Construction of Haccheries 2nos 2.000 2nos 2.000 4.000
ii) Constn.of Fish Dam with Net at 2 2.000 2 nos 2.500 4.500
the outflow of Pala Lake
iii) Constn.of Jetty / Floatable Jetty 1no 2.500 1no 2.500 1no 2.500 7.500
iv) Consnt,of Boat Sheltering yard 1no 3.000 1no 3.000 6.000
v) Purchase of fishing Boat / Dug out 1no 1.000 1no 1.000 2.000
Boat
vi) Constn.& installation of Cage 2nos 1.000 3nos 1.500 2.500
culture
vii) Training and capacity Building 1 times 0.250 1time 0.300 2times 0.750 1time 0.300 1 time 0.400 2.000
viii) Regulatory measures likes LS 0.100 LS 0.150 LS 0.200 LS 0.250 LS 0.300 1.000
Sub-Total 7.850 3.450 9.450 6.550 2.200 29.500
i) Consnt.of Mara Typical House 1no 5.000 1no 6.000 1no 6.000 1no 6.500 1no 7.000 30.500
and subsequent
ii) Maint.of existing Waiting shed 2nos 0.500 2nos 0.500 2nos 0.500 2nos 0.500 2nos 0.500 2.500
iii) Constn.of Interpretation centre 1no 15.000 15.000
iv) Cosnt.of Waiting shed and selling 1no 5.000 LS 0.250 LS 0.500 LS 0.500 6.250
counter
v) Constn.of Watch tower 1no 6.000 1no 6.000 1no 6.000 18.000
vi) Maint.of existing Watch Tower 4nos 1.000 4nos 1.000 4nos 1.000 5nos 1.250 6nos 1.500 5.750
vii) Installation of Solar light/ LS 10.000 LS 0.500 LS 0.500 LS 0.500 11.500
connection of electricfication and
subsequent maintenance
viii) Constn.of Nature trails and its 1000mts 1.000 1000mts 1.000 2.000
maintenance
ix) Maint.of Existing Nature trail 2000mt 1.000 3000m 1.500 3000m 1.500 3000m 1.500 4000m 2.000 7.500
x) Maint.,of pavement along the 2.5km 0.625 2.5km 0.625 2.5km 0.625 2.5km 0.625 2.5km 0.625 3.125
xi) Enagement of Tourist 1no 2.304 1no 2.304 1no 2.304 2nos 4.608 2nos 4.608 16.128
quide/Receptionist @Rs.640/-per
day for 12 months
xii) Engagement of Boat man 1no 1.368 1no 1.368 1no 1.368 1no 1.368 1no 1.368 6.840
xiii) Purchase of Boat 1no 1.000 1no 1.250 2nos 2.500 1no 1.250 6.000
xiv) Consnt.of Toilet with water 1nos 1.500 LS 0.250 1nos 1.600 1no 1.750 LS 0.500 5.600
xv) Inmprovement / Renovation of LS 0.500 LS 0.500 LS 1.000 LS 1.000 LS 1.500 4.500
amonth visitor
xvi) Planting / Raising of Avenue LS 1.000 LS 1.250 LS 1.500 LS 1.750 LS 2.000 7.500
Trees along the road & Eco Park
area including fencing with
subsequence Maintenance
Sub-Total 30.797 31.297 25.397 31.351 29.851 148.693
a) Preperation / making of bamboo LS 0.500 LS 0.500 LS 0.500 LS 0.750 LS 1.000 3.250
Dust Bin
b) Cleaning and burning of debris at LS 0.400 LS 0.500 LS 0.750 LS 0.750 LS 1.000 3.400
incinerable Chamber
Sub-Total 0.900 1.000 1.250 1.500 2.000 6.650
Tota of Sustainable Resources development and 51.747 66.567 70.297 70.501 65.101 324.213
VI Institutional development
1) Research & monitoring
a) Identification of Avi- LS 2.500 LS 5.000 LS 5.000 LS 7.500 LS 7.500 27.500
fauna/Flora and fishes study of
hYdrology and linnology
b) Constn.of Reasearch Centre 1no 10.000 LS 1.000 LS 1.000 LS 1.000 13.000
cum research Rest House with
equipment materials
c) Impact of assessment Surveying LS 0.200 LS 0.200 LS 0.300 LS 0.300 LS 0.500 1.500

of socio-economy of the fringe
village
d) Monitoring LS 2.000 LS 2.500 LS 3.000 LS 3.500 LS 4.000 15.000

programme
a)) Education and awareness LS 2.000 LS 2.500 LS 2.500 LS 2.500 LS 3.000 12.500
b) Observation of world Wetland LS 0.250 LS 0.250 LS 0.500 LS 0.500 LS 0.500 2.000

day & Pala tipo
c) Publication of booklet, LS 1.000 LS 1.500 LS 2.000 LS 2.500 LS 3.000 10.000
Broucher / Calendar
Sub-Total 7.950 21.950 14.300 17.800 19.500 81.500
i) Office equipment & furniture LS 0.500 LS 1.000 LS 1.000 LS 1.000 LS 1.500 5.000
ii) Computer with Printers LS 1.000 Ls 0.250 LS 0.500 LS 0.500 Ls 1.000 3.250
iii) Vehicle with accessories with 1pick-up 8.500 1 bike 1.000 1 bike 2.000 LS 1.000 LS 1.500 14.000
Maintenance
iv) Pumping set 1no 1.500 1.500
v) Motor launch & JCB (Dradger) 1no 5.000 LS 1.500 6.500
vi) Loboratory equipment LS 0.500 LS 0.500 LS 0.500 LS 1.000 LS 1.000 3.500
Sub-Total 10.500 2.750 5.500 8.500 6.500 33.750
Tota of Institutional Development 18.450 24.700 19.800 26.300 26.000 115.250
Grand Total 209.255 242.988 253.413 263.911 270.627 1240.194
8.2 Time Planning
A monthly chart is presented to each years againts each management Plan component
Reference
Year 2020-2021
Seasonal execution of works
SI Plan Activitties Month

No Component April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March
I Protection 1) Boundary delineation and
Measure demarcation
i) Survey & Demarcation and
Mapping and yearly
ii) Removal of encroachment
iv) Yearly Renovation of Pillar and

2) Fencing
i) Construction of half RCC with
yearly maintennace
i) Creation of Fire lines 5mts width
ii) Maintenance of existing fire line
iii) Fire Awareness campaign to 6

fringe villages
iv) Construction of Fire Watch
v) Engagement of fire watcher for
4 months w.e.f. Dec - March
every year
4) Infracstructure
i) Construction of Staff quarter
including Furniture
iv) Maintennace of existing
patrolling path
v) Construction of inspection path
and its maintenance
vi) Construction of Check post at
location
vii) Yearly Maitenance of Phura -
Pala Road 5Kms
viii) Constn.of Road from Existing
5) Engagement of Protection

Conserva- i) Advance work
tion ii) Creation of works
i) Advance work
ii) clearance,
Creation ofnursery etc :
plantation
Alignment & planting, constn.
Of Hut, Inspection path
planting, watering
4) Construction of Bench Terracing
@ Rs.20000 per ha.
5) Soil Conservation through Small
i) Check dam/gully plugging with
yearly maintenance
ii) Contour trenches 2'x2½' Size

structure
Manageme- i) Construction of 5ft detention
nt structure
ii) Renovation and maintenance of
e xisting silt detention structure
iii) Construction of silting basin

2) Curative measure
i) Desiltation by dredging from
areas.
ii) Construction of drainage
maintenance
iii) Construction of Weir at the
subsequence maintenace
iv) Construction of sluicecgate
v) Desillation of streams 2 streams

every year
vi) Construction of peripheral
maitnenance
vii) Removal of weeds (Weed
control)
IV Biodiversity 1) Raising of indegenous fruit
Conservation bearing tress for gap planting,
seedling
inclding clearance,
i) Survey & demarcation
ii) Clearance of site
iii) Planting of seedling
iv) Weeding
a) 1st weeding
b) 2nd weeding
c) 3rd weeding
i) Maintenance and Renovation of
Pala Pino 2km away from the
lake.
ii) Construction of Dam at Pala
maintenance
iv) Making / Preperation of salt lake
4) Construction of Orchids
House including collection of
orchid and other natural
5) Fund provision for Wetland
mintras
6) Biodiversity conservation
awareness
7) Eradiction of invassive species
/ reducing invassive species
V Sustainable 1) Financial Assistance to

Resources Agriculture and Horticulture
developme- farmer
nt and 2) Development of irrigation
livelihood facilities equipment
improvement i) Construction of irrigation
chamber
iii)Constn.of distribution
reservoir including distribution
pipes
i) Provision to GI Sheet(4 bundle
each for 1 family)
ii) Gas Connetion
iii) Solar light
iv) Piggery Farming and poultry

farming
v) Assistance to the Micro-
enterprises
vi) Medical Health Camp
i) Construction of Haccheries
ii) Constn.of Fish Dam with Net at

iii) Constn.of Jetty / Floatable Jetty
iv) Consnt,of Boat Sheltering yard
v) Purchase of fishing Boat / Dug

out Boat
vi) Constn.& installation of Cage
culture
vii) Training and capacity Building
viii) Regulatory measures likes

i) Consnt.of Mara Typical House
and subsequent
ii) Maint.of existing Waiting shed
iii) Constn.of Interpretation centre
iv) Cosnt.of Waiting shed and

selling counter
v) Constn.of Watch tower
vi) Maint.of existing Watch Tower

vii) Installation of Solar light/
viii) Constn.of Nature trails and its
maintenance
ix) Maint.of Existing Nature trail
x) Maint.,of pavement along the

xi) Enagement of Tourist
xii) Engagement of Boat man
xiii) Purchase of Boat
xiv) Consnt.of Toilet with water

xv) Inmprovement / Renovation of

amonth visitor
xvi) Planting / Raising of Avenue
Park area including fencing with
a) Preperation / making of bamboo

Dust Bin
b) Cleaning and burning of debris
at incinerable Chamber

development a) Identification of Avi-
b) Constn.of Reasearch Centre
equipment materials
c) Impact of assessment
Surveying of socio-economy of
the fringe village
d) Monitoring
programme
a)) Education and awareness
b) Conservation of world
c) Publication of booklet,
Broucher / Calendar
i) Office equipment & furniture
Maintenance
iv) Pumping set

Reference
Year 2021-2022

Measure i) Survey & Demarcation and
Mapping and yearly

2) Fencing
yearly maintennace

fringe villages
every year
4) Infracstructure
including Furniture
patrolling path
and its maintenance
location
Pala Road 5Kms
Conserva-
tion i) Advance work

i) Advance work
ii) clearance,
plantation
planting, watering
@ Rs.20000 per ha.

yearly maintenance

structure
nt structure

2) Curative measure
areas.
maintenance

every year
maitnenance
control)
seedling
inclding clearance,
iv) Weeding
a) 1st weeding
b) 2nd weeding
c) 3rd weeding
lake.
maintenance
mintras
awareness

developme- farmer
chamber
pipes
each for 1 family)
ii) Gas Connetion
iii) Solar light
farming
enterprises


out Boat
culture

and subsequent

selling counter

maintenance


amonth visitor

Dust Bin

equipment materials
the fringe village
d) Monitoring
programme
seminar, Training programme,
workshop and like visit
programme
Broucher / Calendar
Maintenance
iv) Pumping set

Reference
Year 2022-2023

Mapping and yearly

2) Fencing
yearly maintennace

fringe villages
every year
4) Infracstructure
including Furniture
patrolling path
and its maintenance
location
Pala Road 5Kms
Conserva-

i) Advance work
ii) clearance,
plantation
planting, watering
@ Rs.20000 per ha.

yearly maintenance

structure
nt structure

2) Curative measure
areas.
maintenance

every year
maitnenance
control)
seedling
inclding clearance,
iv) Weeding
a) 1st weeding
b) 2nd weeding
c) 3rd weeding
lake.
maintenance
mintras
awareness

developme- farmer
chamber
pipes
each for 1 family)
ii) Gas Connetion
iii) Solar light

farming
enterprises


out Boat
culture

and subsequent

selling counter

maintenance

amonth visitor
Dust Bin
equipment materials
the fringe village
d) Monitoring
programme
programme
Broucher / Calendar
Maintenance
iv) Pumping set

Reference
Year 2023-2024

Mapping and yearly

2) Fencing
yearly maintennace

fringe villages

every year
4) Infracstructure
including Furniture
patrolling path
and its maintenance
location
Pala Road 5Kms
Conserva-

i) Advance work
ii) clearance,
plantation
planting, watering
@ Rs.20000 per ha.

yearly maintenance

structure
nt structure

2) Curative measure
areas.
maintenance

every year
maitnenance
control)
seedling
inclding clearance,
iv) Weeding
a) 1st weeding
b) 2nd weeding
c) 3rd weeding
lake.
maintenance
mintras
awareness

developme- farmer
chamber
pipes
each for 1 family)
ii) Gas Connetion
iii) Solar light

farming
enterprises


out Boat
culture

and subsequent

selling counter

maintenance



amonth visitor
Dust Bin
equipment materials
the fringe village
d) Monitoring
programme
programme
Broucher / Calendar
Maintenance
iv) Pumping set

Reference
Year 2024-2025

Measure demarcation
i) Survey & Demarcation and
Mapping and yearly

2) Fencing
yearly maintennace

fringe villages
every year
4) Infracstructure
including Furniture
patrolling path
and its maintenance
location
Pala Road 5Kms
Conserva-

i) Advance work
ii) clearance,
plantation
planting, watering
@ Rs.20000 per ha.

yearly maintenance

structure
nt structure

2) Curative measure
areas.
maintenance

every year
maitnenance
control)
seedling
inclding clearance,
iv) Weeding
a) 1st weeding
b) 2nd weeding
c) 3rd weeding
lake.
maintenance
mintras
awareness

developme- farmer
chamber
pipes
each for 1 family)
ii) Gas Connetion
iii) Solar light

farming
enterprises


out Boat
culture

and subsequent

selling counter

maintenance



amonth visitor
Dust Bin
equipment materials
the fringe village
d) Monitoring
programme
programme
Broucher / Calendar
Maintenance
iv) Pumping set

Annexure I
Annexure II
Annexure III
Annexure IV: List of Birds
HABITAT
BIRDS PA REMARKS
CLASS
+
KALIJ PHEASANT Lophura leucomelanos 1A,1B,1C,2A,2B,4 √
+ Polyplectron bicalcaratum 1A,1B,2A,2B,3A √
GREY PEACOCK PHEASANT
+ Sasia ochracea 1A,2A,2D,3A √
WHITE-BROWED PICULET
+ Celeus brachyurus 1B,4 √
RUFOUS WOODPECKER
+ Blythipicus pyrrhotis 1A,1B,1C,2A,2B,4 √
BAY WOODPECKER
+ P.flavinucha 1A,1B,1C,3A √
GREATER YELLOWNAPE
+ Chrysocolaptes lucidus 1A,1C,2B,3A,3D √
GREATER FLAMEBACK
GREAT BARBET + Megalaima virens 1A,1B,1C,2A,2B √
+ M.asiatica 1A,1B,1C,2A,2B,3A √
BLUE THROATED BARBET
ORIENTAL PIED HORNBILL+ Anthracoceros albirostris 1A,1B,1C,2B,2C,3A √
+ Harpactes erythrocephalus 1A,1B,1C √
RED-HEADED TROGON
INDIAN ROLLER Caracias benghalensis 3A,3D √
+ Eurystomus orientalis 3A,3D √
DOLLARBIRD
WHITE-THROATED KINGFISHER H.smyrnensis 3A,3D √
BLACK-CAPPED KINGFISHER(!) H.pileata 3D √
+ Nyctyornis athertoni 1B,1C,3A √
BLUE-BEARDED BEE-EATER
CHESTNUT-WINGE CUCKOO C.coromandus 1B √
+ C.mycropterus 1B,2C √
INDIAN CUCKOO
VOILET CUCKOO Chrysococcyx xanthorhynchus 1B √
DRANGO CUCKOO Surniculus lugubris 1B,1C,3A √
+ Phaenicophaeus tristis 1B,1C,2B,3A √
GREEN-BILLED MALKOHA
+ G.brodiei 1A,1B,2A √
COLLARED OWLET
+ G.cuculoides 1A,1B,1C,2A,2C,3E √
ASIAN BARRED OWLET
+ Eurostopodus macrotis 1B,2C √
GREAT EARED NIGHTJAR
+ C.macrurus 1A,1B,2B √
LARGE-TAILED NIGHTJAR
+ D.badia 1A,1B,1C,3A √
MOUNTAIN IMPERIAL PIGEON
SPOTTED DOVE S.chinensis 3A,3D,3E √
+ Chalcophaps indica 1B,1C,2B,3A,3B √
EMERALD DOVE
PAMPADOUR GREEN PIGEON + Treron pompadora 1C,3A √
COMMON MOORHEN G.chloropus 5 √
CRESTED SERPENT EAGLE + Spilornis cheela 2A,2B,2C,3D,3F,5 √
DARTER Anhinga melanogaster 5 √
LITTLE EGRET Egretta garzetta - √
HOODED PITTA +(!) P.sordida 1A,1B √
+ Serilophus lunatus 1A,1B,1C,2A √
SILVER-BREASTED BROADBILL
+ Psarisomus dalhousiae 1A,1B,2A,2C,3A √
LONG-TAILED BROADBILL
+ Irena puella 1A,1B,1C,3A √
ASIAN FAIRY BLUEBIRD
+ C.aurifrons 1A,1C,2B,3A,3D √
GOLDEN-FRONTED LEAFBIRD
+ C.hardwickii 1A,1B,2A,2D,3A √
ORANGE-BELLIED LEAFBIRD
GREY-BACKED SHRIKE L.tephoronotus 3A √
BLACK-HOODED ORIOLE O.xanthornus 3A,3B,3C √
+ P.flammeus 1A,1B,1C,2A,2D,3D,4 √
SCARLET MINIVET
+ Hemipus picatus 2A,2B,3A √
BAR-WINGED FLYCATCHER-SHRIKE
BLACK DRANGO Dicrurus macrocercus 2A,3A √
+ D.hottentottus 1B,1C,2B,2D,3A √
SPANGLED DRANGO
GREATER RACKET-TAILED DRANGO + D.paradiseus 1A,1B,1C,2B,3A,4 √
+ Hypothymis azurea 1A,1C,2B,2D,3A √
BLACK-NAPED MONARCH
ASIAN PARADISE-FLYCATHER + Terpsiphone paradisi 1A,1B,2D √
+ C.poliogenys 2A,2B,2D √
PALE-CHINNED FLYCATHER
+ C.malabaricus 1B,1C,2C √
WHITE-RUMPED SHAMA
+ E.immaculatus 1A,1B,1C,2C,3D √
BLACK-BACKED FORKTAIL
+ Gracula religiosa 1A,1B,1C,2B,3A,3E √
HILL MYNA
+ Alophoixus flaveolus 1A,1B,1C,2A,2B,2C √
WHITE-THROATED BULBUL
+ O.sutorius 2A,3A,3E,4 √
COMMON TAILORBIRD
+ A.superciliaris 2C,2D √
YELLOW-BELLIED WARBLER
+ Garrulax leocolophus 1A,1B,2A,2B √
WHITE-CRESTED LAUGHINGTHRUSH
+ G.monileger 1A,1B,1C,2A,2B,3A √
LESSER NECKLACED LAUGHINGTHRUSH
+ Malacocincla abbotti 1B,1C,3C √
ABBOTT'S BABBLER
SPOT-THROATED BABBLER P.albiventre 1B,1C √
+ P.ruficeps 1C,2D,3B √
PUFF-THROATED BABBLER
+
SPOT-BREASTED SCIMITAR BABBLER (!) P.erythrocnemis 1A,1B,1C √
RUFOUS-FRONTED BABBLER Stachyris rufifrons 2D √
GREY-THROATED BABBLER + Stachyris nigriceps 1B,1C,2A,2B,2C,3A √
+ Macronous gularis 1B,1C,2B,2C,2D,3A √
STRIPED TIT BABBLER
NEPAL FULVETTA + A.nipalensis 1A,1B,1C,2A,2B,2C,2D √
+ Y.zantholeuca 1A,1B,1C,2C,2D,4 √
WHITE-BELLIED YUHINA
CRIMSON SUNBIRD + A.siparaja 1B,1C,2B √
+ Arachnothera longirostra 1B,2B,3A √
LITTLE SPIDERHUNTER
+ Dendronanthus indicus 1B √
FOREST WAGTAIL
+ A.hodgsoni 1B,1C,2B √
OLIVE-BACKED PIPIT
BRONZE-WINGED JACANA Metopidius indicus
GREEN IMPERIAL PIGEON Ducula aenea
PIN-TAILED GREEN PIGEON Treron apicauda
THICK-BILLED GREEN PIGEON Treron curvirostra
BANDED BAY CUCKOO Cacomantis sonneratii
GREATER COUCAL Centropus sinensis
RUDDY-BREASTED CRAKE Porzana fusca
WHITE-BREASTED WATERHEN Amaurornis phoenicurus
THICK-BILLED WARBLER Phragamaticola aedon
COMMON IORA Aegithina tiphia
CHINESE POND HERON Ardeola bacchus
CINNAMON BITTERN Lxobrychus cinnamomeus
GREAT EGRET Casmerodius albus
INDIAN POND HERON Ardeola grayii
YELLOW BITTERN Lxobrychus sinensis
BLACK-THROATED TAILORBIRD Orthotomus atrogularis
YELLOW-BELLIED PRINIA Prinia flaviventris
GREY TREEPIE Dendrocitta formosae
JUNGLE CROW Corvus macrorhynchos
SCARLET-BACKED FLOWERPECKER Dicaeum cruentatum
ASHY DRONGO Dicrurus leucophaeus
BRONZED DRONGO Dicrurus aeneus
HAIR-CRESTED DRONGO Dicrurus hottentottus
WHITE-RUMPED MUNIA Lonchura striata
GREATER NECKLACED LAUGHINGTHRUSH Garrulax pectoralis
BLUE WHISTLING THRUSH Myophonus caeruleus
ORIENTAL MAGPIE ROBIN Copsychus saularis
PIED BUSHCHAT Saxicola caprata
VERDITER FLYCATCHER Eumyias thalassinus
RUBY-CHEEKED SUNBIRD Chalcoparia singalensis
STREAKED SPIDERHUNTER Arachnothera magna
BLACK-HOODED ORIOLE Oriolus xanthornus
ASHY-THROATED WARBLER Phylloscopus maculipennis
BLACK-CRESTED BULBUL Pycnonotus melanicterus
OLIVE BULBUL Lole virescens
RED-VENTED BULBUL Pycnonotus cafer
RED-WHISKERED BULBUL Pycnonotus jocosus
WHITE-THROATED BULBUL Alophoixus flaveolus
WHITE-BELLIED ERPORNIS Erpornis zantholeuca
ORIENTAL WHITEEYE Zosterops palpebrosus
WHISKERED YUHINA Yuhina flavicollis
GREATER YELLOWNAPE Picus flavinucha
ORIENTAL DARTER Anhinga melanogaster
Annexure V: List of Reptiles
HABITAT
REPTILES PL REMARKS
CLASS
-NA- C.cf.altricristatus + 2 √
SPINY-HEADED FOREST CALOTES + 1,2 √
C.emma
COMMON CALOTES Calotes versicolor 2,3,4 √
SPOTTED DRACO Draco maculutus + 1 √
SPINY-TAILED HOUSE GECKO Hemidactylus frenatus 3 √
GARNOT'S GECKO H.garnoti + 1 √
ASIAN FLAT-TAILED GECKO + 1,2 √
Cosymbotus platyurus
TOCKAY Gekko gecko + 1,2,3 √
ASIAN LONG-TAILED GRASS LIZARD Takydromus sexlineatus of sexlineatus + 2,3,4 √
STREAMSIDE FOREST SKINK Sphenomorphus maculatus + 1,2,3,4 √
LARGE FOREST SKINK + 1 √
S.indicum
ASIAN SUNSKINK Mabuya multifasciata 2,3,4 √
SPECKLED LITTLE SUNSKINK Mabuya macularia macularia 2,3,4 √
-NA- Mabuya.sp. + 2 √
COMMON ASIAN MONITOR Varanus bengalensis 1,2,3,4,5 √
-NA- (!) A.xenure 1 √
RED-NECKED KEELBACK Rhabdophis subminiatus 1,2,3,4 √
COLLARED BLACK-HEADED SNAKE Sibynophis collaris 2 √
COPPERHEAD RACER E.radiata 1,2,3 √
PAINTED BRONZEBACK Dendrelaphis of.pictus 2,3 √
YELLOW TORTOISE (!) Indotestudo elongata 1,2 √*
SOUTHEAST ASIAN GIANT TORTOISE (!) Manouria emys 1,2 √*
SOUTHEAST ASIAN SOFTSHELL (!) Amyda gartilaginea 5 √
Annexure VI: List of Amphibians
HABITAT
AMPHIBIANS PL REMARKS
CLASS
COMMON ORIENTAL TOAD B.melanostictus 1,2,3,4 √
PAINTED KALOULA + 1,2 √
Kaloula pulchra
Microhyla berdmorei +
BERDMORE'S ASIAN NARROWMOUNTH 1,2 √
ORNATE NARROWMOUNTH M.ornata 2,3 √
COMMON AMOLOPS + 1,2 √
A.marmoratus
ASIAN SKITTERER Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis 3 √
ASIAN CRICKET FROG + 1,2,3,4 √
L.limnocharis
-NA- + 1,2 √
O.(P) of. Tenasserimensis
BROWN-BACKED ORIENTAL
R.leptoglossa + 1,2,3 √
STREAMFROG (!)
-NA- P.sp2 + 1,2 √
BROAD-HEADED PHILAUTUS (!) + 1,2,3 √
P.parvulus
Annexure VII: Brief Document of Pala Wetland
State / Union Territory: Mizoram
Name and address of person(s) compiling this information:

Thaly T.Azyu, Deputy Conservator of Forest, MADC
Phone No.9436149073, Email ID: mafcf12@gmail.com
Section 1: Identification, Location and Jurisdiction

1.1 Name of the Wetland (Alternative names, including in local language should be given in
parenthesis after official name)
Pala Wetland(Pala Lake) (Pala Tipo-Local Name)
1.2 Name of the Village(s) , Tehsil(s), Municipal area (s)

Five fringe Village : 1) Phura Village (2) Tokalo Village
(3) Miepu Village (4) Pala Village (5) Vahia Village
1.3 Name of the District(s) in which wetland complex is located

Siaha District
1.4 Geographical coordinates (Latitude and Longitude, to degree, minutes and second)
Latiitude: From22° 10' 44.22455'' to 22° 13' 05.17914'' E
Longitude: From 92° 52' 50.00199'' to 92° 55' 30.84179'' E
1.5 Name of the Department / Agency which has jurisdiction over the wetland / wetlands complex
Environment & Forest Department, Mara Autonomous District Council, Siaha
Section 2: Site Characteristics

2.1 Area of wetland / wetlands category (ha) : 135ha (1.35 sqkm) Water Body Catchment area : 24sqkm
Wetland type (Please tick appropriate categories and sub-categories)

Category Subcategory
√ Natural (Inland) √
Category Subcategory
2.2 Depth (m) Average 6mt Maximum 20mt

2.3 Elevation (m above mean sea level) : 274mt
2.4 Water regimes
a) Main source of water (tick all applicable)
√Rainfall √Groundwater
√ Direct / indirect inflow from river(Stream)
Others, please specify 2 perennial stream

b) Water permanence
√Mostly permanent
c) Destination of water from wetland
√To river
d) Water pH
e) Water salinity
f) Nutrient in water
√Not known
2.5 Climatic setting
a) Annual Rainfall /Snowfall(mm) : Annual rainfall- 2200 - 3000 mm
b) Temperature (oC) Minimum _____12oC_______ Maximum ______35oC______
c) Humidity (%) Minimum _____25%______ Maximum _____85%_______
2.6 Area of zone of influence (in ha) : 15ha(Catchment area)
2.7 Major land use within zone of influence (provide as approximate % of catchment area)
Forests ______1______%
Plantation Department plantation 2%
Agriculture (Jhum) 2%
Settlements (Rural) _____Nil_______%
Settlements (Urban) _____Nil_______%
Industrial ______Nil______%
2.8 Map of wetland complex and zone of influence

(To be enclosed as Annex I and II to this proposal)
Section 3: Biodiversity
3.1 Notable plant species present in wetland
Dillenia indica, Citrus macroptera
3.2 Notable animal species present in wetland
Reticulated Python Care sheet, Sambar deer, Slow Loris, Red juglefowl
3.3 Species of conservation significance (rare, endangered, threatened, endemic species)

Reticulated Python Care sheet
3.4 Major plant invasive alien species

Common water hycinth, Common reed grass(Reed canary grass)
3.5 Major animal invasive alien species
1) Wild Boar(Sus scrofa) (2) Wild Cat (Felis silvestris)
3) Reticulated Python (4) Monitor Lizards
Section 4: Ecosystem services

Importance Relevant for the site If Yes, Details (upto 50 wordsfor
(please tick yes or no) each category)
Source of drinking water for people living and Pala Lake and its catchment area
around plays a vital role on the lives of the
people living in the vicinity of the
lake. This fresh water lake is
perennial and is very much the
source of drinking water for the
people living nearby. Two notable
rivers in the catchment area of Pala
wetland area are Salyu river and the
outlet of the lake itself. Salyu river
rises in the catchment area and
contributes significantly to the
community accommodating along its
course like Miepu, Supha, Lopu and
Khaikhy. The outlet of the lake is
also a lifeline to many who live along
its course and the flood plain like
Maisa. Phura and Pala.
Source of water for agriculture Not only the Pala Lake ease the impact
of flooding and drought by storing large
amount of water but is also an important
source of irrigation for agriculture. Due
to the advantage of locating at a higher
altitude, the adjacent low land could
avail of its precious water by
channelizing through the outlet using
gravity. It acts as a moderator by
dampening the low land area during lean
season thereby making the land fertile
which is pre-requisite condition for
practicing agriculture.
Fisheries As the lake is bestowed with plenty of
fish, it has a great prospect. However
fishing is strictly regulated and if at all
permitted only after obtaining prior
consent from the competent authority
and that to a limited extent only at a
subsistence level.
Cultivation of aquatic food plants
For buffalo wallowing and use of

domesticated animals
Medicinal plants Despite its beauty and multiple uses
Pala lake served as a habitat of
wildlife and thrive with different
plant species. The following are
some of the plants which have
medicinal values:- (1) Oroxylum
indicum (2) Aporusa octandra (3)
Clerodendrum colebrookianum (4)
Cissus javana
(5) Mussaenda parryorum
Is a recreational site Pala lake not only provide us with

number of environmental benefits it
is also a perfect site for recreation.
Every year people across Mizoram
visited the site who were on
excursion and official tour. Students,
Tourist, Officials etc. were enticed
by its majestic and appealing
countenance. Local officials have
acknowledged this growing eco-
tourisms potential. The only
drawback is the pathetic and poor
road condition especially during
monsoon season which often hinder
the visitors from exploring the site.
Buffering communities from extreme events as

floods and storms
Groundwater recharge During rainy season the water gets
accumulated in the nearby
catchment forest area. Due to the
presence of thick forest cover in the
nearby lake, the retention capacity is
enormous. With the rise in
temperature and the arrival of
summer the water from the lake
evaporate at higher rate and the
water level recedes subsequently.
However the surrounding catchment
area acts as a fountain by constantly
discharging water from all direction
thus forming a centripetal drainage
pattern
Water purification The thick lush green vegetation
present on the lake side and the
aquatic plants that grow in and near
water act as a natural filtration by
intercepting the runoff waste to
directly enter the lake. Surface
runoff after heavy rain in the
catchment area is also regulated to a
large extent by the construction of
multiple check dam. By this process
the water remain pure requiring no
special chemical treatment which
could have adverse effect on the
aquatic life.
Acts as a sink for sediments The swift water current and surface
water runoff during heavy rain may
be control to some extent by taking
pre-emptive measures by means of
retaining larger rocks, sands and
pebbles. However finer sediments,
silt, clay etc could permeate though
this natural barrier and finally
settled at the bottom of the lake. The
lake thus act as a sink for finer
sediments and suspended particles.
Has significant cultural and religious values Pala Lake has not only been the
source of livelihood for many but has
also influenced on the cultural
diversity, artistic and folk stories of
the Mara community. This
freshwater lake has diverse
relationship with the community of
Maras and deeply rooted in the
psyche of every Mara since
childhood through folklore, customs
and traditions. It is inseparable facet
of Mara society. In a nutshell the
lake is culturally intertwined with
lives of the people living in its
vicinity.
Is a site for recreation and tourism

Supports noteworthy plants species Emergent hydrophytes.
I. Typha domingensis.
II. Cyperus rotundus.
III. Phragmites karka.
IV. Persicaria glabra.
V. Limonophyton obtusifolium.
VI. Marsilea.
Rooted with floating leaves
hydrophytes.
I. Water chestnut
II. Ottelia alismoides
III. Ipomoea aquatic
IV. Water hyacinth
Submerge hydrophytes.
I. Hydrilla verticillata.
II. Ceratophyllum demersum
Free floating hydrophytes
I. Salvinia pteridophytes
II. Neptunia oleracea
III. Lemna duckweeds
Others
I. Hygrophila auriculate
II. Ammania baccifera
Supports noteworthy animal species Fishes.

I. Eel
Reptiles.
I. Reticulated python.
II. Monitor lizard
Mammals.
I. Sambar deer.
II. Slow loris
III. Asian palm civet
Amphibians.
I. Softshell turtle
Site of high congregation of migratory water

birds
Supports life cycle of fish or amphibians
Mining
Any other, please list

Section 5: Pre-Existing Rights and Privileges
Nature of right and privilege Relevant for the Site Does this Brief description
(please tick yes or no) negatively impact (upto 50 words for
the wetland’s each category)
ecological health?
Community Fishing (without any
lease or permission from
government department)
Fishing under lease from Fishing is not under
government department lease from government
department. However it
is practice at a rate
that nature can replace
using primitive technics
only for a period of a
day or two after
obtaining prior
permission from the
competent authority.
Normally permission
was issued in the
months of Sept - Feb
and remain closed for
the rest of the months.
Harvest of plants (without any

lease or permission from
government department)
Harvest of plants under lease from
government department
Agriculture or horticulture within
wetland
Grazing
Religious practices
Withdrawal of water for domestic

use
Withdrawal of water for
agriculture or fisheries
Bathing or wallowing of domestic
animals
Playing of boats There are few Boats
attached with the lake
used mainly for the
purpose of recreational
and to some extent for
patrolling and fishing
purposes.
Any other, please list here
Section 6: Present and Potential Threats

Threat Degree Present or Potential Additional
information, if any
Changes in water inflow
and outflow
Pollution
Unsustainable harvest of
biological resources
Mining not arises
Siltation
Encroachment
Spread of invasive
species
Any other, please list
Section 7: Activities Proposed to be prohibited (other than those listed in Rule 4(2) of Wetlands
Rules)
Activity Prohibited within Details of Name of Additional
wetlands or zone specific area department/ information, if
of influence wherein agency any
activity is responsible for
prohibited regulation
√ Wetland / Road passing District Diversion of
Wetlands through Magistrate Road
Vehicle passing through Wetland complex Wetland in Phura-Tokalo
Catchment boundary Phura-Tokalo Phura-Miepu
Phura-Miepu work has been
influence under taken
by PWD Dept.
Section 8: Activities Proposed to be regulated

Activity Place a Regulation within Level of Name of Additional
tick mark wetlands or zone regulation (in department/agen information, if
if of influence terms of cy responsible any
relevant people, for regulation
Withdrawal of water / √ restricted
impoundment/diversion or Wetlands complex 4month
Irrigation/PHE
any other hydrological boundary seasonal
intervention
Harvesting of resources √ Seasonal Forest Dept. Minor Forest
(living / non-living) Wetlands complex
produce
collection in the
boundary
boundary area
Grazing √
Wetlands complex Not arise
boundary
√
Discharge of treated sewage/
effluent / wastewater Wetlands complex Not arise
boundary
Construction of boat jetties, √

and facilities for temporary Wetlands complex
For visitor Forest Dept.
use , as pontoon bridges boundary
Aquaculture, agriculture and √ Agro Forestry

horticulture activities within Wetlands complex and
Forest Dept.
the wetland boundaries. boundary Horticulture
activities
Any other, please list √ For fringe
Wetlands complex villages for 4
months Forest Dept.
boundary
Section 9: Activities Proposed to be permitted

Activity Place a Within wetlands or Additional information, if any
tick mark zone of influence
if
relevant
1) Collection of minor Purpose to be permitted seasonally
Forest produce Wetlands complex (species specified by the Department.)
boundary
2) Fishing Net Fishing and Angling may be permitted

Wetlands complex for the fringe villages on obtaining prior
boundary permission from Department
3) Camping within the To be permitted for scholar for research

Wetland Reserve Wetlands complex & Education
Forest boundary
4) Drainage of water The water drained from wetland in certain

Wetlands complex seasons may be utilised for agricultiral
boundary purposes
5) Souvinier Shop Souvinier Shop to be permitted during

Wetlands complex visiting period for Eco-development
boundary activity
6) Flying of Boat Boat to be permited for tourist attraction

Wetlands complex and improves eco-tourism
boundary
7) Camera Still Camera and Video Camera to be

/Photography/ Wetlands complex permitted on payment of fees
Videography boundary
Section 10: Listing of Available Scientific Resources Used

1) Samrakshan-Heritage Consultants Pvt. Ltd. 93, Triveni Apartments West Enclave
Pitampura, New Delhi. India
2) Samraat Pawar Aysequl Birand, Centre for Ecological Research and Conservation,
Research Unit of the Nature Conservation Foundation 3076/5, IV Cross, Gokulam Park,
Mysore 570002, INDIA
Section 11: Contact Persons:
1) Shri Liandawla, IFS Principal Chief Concervator of Forest
cum Chief Wildlife Warden, Govt.of Mizoram
2)Shri Thaly T.Azyu, Deputy Conservator of Forest, Mara Autonomous District Council, Siaha
Phone No. 9436149073
3) Shri B.Hleisa, Forest Range Officer, Phura
Phone No.8837408548
CHECKLIST
=>(See Section-11)
ground truthing => See Annexure-I
=>SeeAnnexure-II
=>SeeAnnexure-III
=>See Annexure-II
=>(See Section-3 Sub No.3.1 to 3.5)
=>(See Section-5)
knowledge
=>(See Section-6)
=>(See Section-7)
=>(See Section-8)
=>(See Section-9)
(See Annexure-IV)
(See Annexure-V)
(See Annexure-VI)
(See Annexure-VII)
Annexure VIII: Palak Lake

NGT Annexure 3action Plan of Palak Dil

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NGT Annexure 3action Plan of Palak Dil

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CONTENT

1) Wetland Name : Pala Wetland

2) Wetland Area in ha. : Water Body :135ha (1.35 sqkm)

3) Location : District : Siaha,

4) Area of direct catchment

5) Name of Nodal Agency for

6) Management Plan Period : 5(Five) Year during 2020-21 to 24-25

7) Date of while approval of

8) Total Budget : Rs. 1240.194lakhs

9) Total Fund available from

10) Funds requested from

1.1. Rational for Management Plan:

The Lake is still under stress mainly due to Anthropogenic pressures.

First Financial Assistance for Conservation and Management of Pala Wetland in

Fund received last 5 years was shown below:

SI No Letter Received No &Date Year Amount

FORM OF UTILIZATION CERTIFICATE

Chief Wildlife Warden ( THALY T.AZYU )

Chief Wildlife Warden ( THALY T.AZYU )

FORM OF UTILIZATION CERTIFICATE

Chief Wildlife Warden ( THALY T.AZYU )

I hereby certified that out of the sanctioned amount of Rs 42.415 lakhs,

Chief Wildlife Warden ( THALY T.AZYU )

FORM OF UTILIZATION CERTIFICATE

Chief Wildlife Warden ( THALY T.AZYU )

Chief Wildlife Warden ( THALY T.AZYU )

FORM OF UTILIZATION CERTIFICATE

3. Kinds of check exercised:

Chief Wildlife Warden ( THALY T.AZYU )

Certified that out of the total sanctioned amount of Rs. 73.924

I hereby certified that out of the sanctioned amount Rs.73.924

I hereby certified that the conditions laid down in the Sanction

Chief Wildlife Warden ( THALY T.AZYU )

FORM OF UTILIZATION CERTIFICATE

3. Kinds of check exercised:

Certified that out of the total sanctioned amount of Rs. 107.6120

I hereby certified that out of the sanctioned amount Rs.

I hereby certified that the conditions laid down in the Sanction

Photos of activities undertaken

1.2 Terms of Reference:

1.3 Approach and method

2. DESCRIPTION OF W ETLANDS FEATURES

Pala Wetland is located between 22°11’ - 22°12” North latitude and

Pala Wetland is situated at about 356Kms from Aizawl, the

Wetland Type: Permanent fresh natural lake.

Significant Inter annual changes in the Wetland: The Wetland complex is

The Legend of Pala Lake:

Date taken January 2010

Date taken January 2019

Toposheet showing Pala Wetland reserved

2.2 Catchment/Drainage Basin

(1) Direct and indirect catchment of the wetland:

Direct catchments include the streams/rivulets coming especially

(2) Geographical and geomorphological characteristics that have

(i) Geology and morphology:

(iii) Drainage pattern:

(iv) Soil types:

(v) Climate settings:

During summer the temperature could riseupto a

The average rainfall varies from 1700mm – 3900mm per

(4) M ajor development activities and their impacts:

These plantations have a great impact. They made the weather

The following are the major development activities: