The Constitution of India and Education

Preamble of the Constitution

The Preamble of the Constitution is the heart of the entire Indian

Constitution. It can provide very comprehensive information related to
education, because education policies came into existence only
because of this. It says:

We the people of India are determined to make India a sovereign,

socialist, democratic republic and its citizens:

Justice: Independence at the social, economic and political level: of

thought, expression, perseverance, faith and worship, equality: status
and opportunity and its communication among all; Fraternity: To
achieve respect and national unity and integrity of the individual
The preamble of the Indian Constitution serves as a brief introductory
statement of the Constitution that sets out the guiding purpose, principles
and philosophy of the Indian Constitution.[1]By 42nd Constitutional
Amendment, 1976, it was amended which determined to constitute India
into a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular and Democratic Republic. It secures
justice, liberty, equality to all citizens of India and promotes fraternity
amongst the people. The idea of the following things can be given by the
Preamble which are:

·Source of the Constitution

·Nature of Indian State
·A statement of its objectives
·Date of its adoption[2]

The Preamble of Indian Constitution

WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India
into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and
to secure to all its citizens:
JUSTICE, social, economic and political;
LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;
EQUALITY of status and of opportunity;
and to promote among them all
FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and
integrity of the Nation;

In Our Constituent Assembly this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949,

do Hereby Adopt, Enact And Give To Ourselves This Constitution.[3]
Components of Preamble
1. It is indicated by the Preamble that the source of authority of the
Constitution lies with the people of India.
2. Preamble declares India to be a sovereign, socialist, secular and
democratic republic.
3. The objectives stated by the Preamble are to secure justice, liberty,
equality to all citizens and promote fraternity to maintain unity and integrity
of the nation.
4. The date is mentioned in the preamble when it was adopted i.e.
November 26, 1949.[4]

(Constitutional Provisions on Education) The constitutional clauses of

education are given in the following table. Serial current

Section Number Female Education CORATORaoyonur 15 (100301610

Secular Education Establishing Educational Institutions Compulsory
Elementary Education for Minorities

45 education of backward classes

15,17,46 Education in Federally Administered Areas

239 (1) (2) Anglo-Indian community education

337 8. Elementary education in mother tongue

350-A Development of Hindi

351 10. List of various statutory powers for educational work., List॥
And

11 List III which is included in the 42nd Constitutional

Amendment.Indian Constitution and education

Indian Constitution provides for the educational functions of the government

at all levels. It gives equal rights to people residing in India. For example
Article 21A gives the right to education according to which states shall
provide free and compulsory education to all children between the age of six
and fourteen. They are free to determine laws to ensure this.
 Article 45 makes provisions for early childhood care and education to
children below the age of 6 years. This responsibility comes under the state
government.

According to Article 51 A(K) – Fundamental duties

It shall be the duty of every citizen of India who is parent or guardian to

provide oppertunitiesfor education to his child, as the case may be ward
between the age of six and fourteen years Under the guidance of the Indian
constitution, an Indian Education commission was built in 1964-66. This
commission was called the Kothari Commission. This commission was to
advise the government on the national pattern of education. It also tells about
general policies for the development of education for all stages.

Constitutional provisions related to education

Following are the articles in Indian constitution that are related to Education
in Indian Constitution :

1. Article 29 – provides equal opportunities in educational institutions.

2. Article 30 – Provides minorities the right to establish and administer
educational institutions.
3. Article 45 – provisions for free and compulsory education for all children till
the age of fourteen years.
4. Article 46 – talks about taking special care to promote education and
economic interests of SC/STs and other weaker sections.
5. Article 337 – provides special provisions to education for the Anglo-Indian
community.
6. Article 330 A – related to facilities for educational instructions in the mother
tongue
7. Article 351 – related to the development and promotion of the Hindi
Language.
 1. Women Education

Under Article 1501 of the Constitution or not, the government cannot

distinguish a citizen on the basis of sexuality. Section 15 (3) provides
that the government should take special steps for the welfare of women
and children, including education. According to 16 (1), all citizens (men
and women) of the state will get equal opportunities for employment or
appointment in an office.

The main privileges granted to women by Constitution of India are as follows:

Preamble of the Constitution
Under the Constitutional law, women have equal rights as men so as to
enable them to take part effectively in the administrative of the country.
Equality before law

Article 14 embodies the general principles of equality before law and equal
protection of laws.
Prohibition from discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or
place of birth

 Article 15(1) and (2)prohibits the state from discriminating against any
citizen only on the basis of any one or more of the aspects such as
religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them.
 Article 15(3) makes it possible for the state to create special provisions
for protecting the interests of women and children.
 Article 15(4) capacitates the State to create special arrangements for
promoting interests and welfare of socially and educationally backward
classes of society.
Equality of Opportunity

 Article 16 provides for equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters

relating to employment or appointment to any office under the State.
 Article 39 requires the State to direct its policy towards securing for
men and women equally the right to an adequate means of livelihood
[Article 39(a)]:, and equal pay for equal work for both men and women
[Article 39(d)].
 Article 39A directs the State to promote justice, on the basis of equal
opportunity and to promote free legal aid by suitable legislation or
scheme or in any other way to ensure that opportunities for securing
justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other
disabilities.

Humane Conditions at Work

Article 42 directs the State to make provision for securing justice and humane
conditions of work and for maternity relief.
Fundamental Duty
Article 51A (e)enjoins upon every citizen to renounce practices derogatory
to the dignity of women.
Reservation of seats for Women in Panchayats and Municipalities
Article 243 D (3) and Article 243 T(3) provide for reservation of not less than
one third of total number of seats in Panchayats and Municipalities for
women to be allotted by rotation to different Constituencies.
Article 243 D(4) T(4) provides that not less than one third of the total number
of officers of chairperson in the Panchayat and Municipalities at each level
to be reserved for women.
Voting rights/Electoral law

 Not less than one-third seats shall be reserved for women. Such seats
may be allotted by rotation to different constituencies in a Panchayat.
 The office of the chairperson in the Panchayat at the village or any
other level shall be reserved for SCs, STs and women in such manner
as the legislature of state may, by law provide.
 Reservation of seats for women in Municipalities is provided

To uphold the Constitutional mandate, the state has enacted various

legislative measures intended to ensure equal rights, to counter social
discrimination and various forms of violence and atrocities and to provide
support services especially to working women. Although women may be
victims of any of the crimes such as ‘Murder’, ‘Robbery’, ‘Cheating’ etc, the
crimes, which are directed specifically against women, are characterized as
‘Crime against Women’. These are broadly classified under two categories.
2. Secular Education

india is a secular and every religion has the right to spread its religious
views. section
According to the Indian Constitution, it is the provision that all entitlements
have the right to adopt, live and propagate religion according to their wishes.

According to Section 28 (1), educational institutions run by state grants.

There will be a ban on those institutions giving religious education.

Section 28 (2) clarifies that section 28 (1) shall apply to an institution which
is managed by the State Government but which is established by a law of
any trust, with special rights etc.

According to Section 28 (3), though religious education can be imparted in

state-aided or recognized schools, no person can be compelled to participate
in religious education. If that adult

If you are a minor, then if you are a minor, then your religious education will
have to be accepted / received from his parents.

In this way, the Constitution has given religious freedom to Indians. Religious
education cannot be imparted in schools without the will of the students or
during the normal time of school. Secondary education in this regard

3. Right to establish and run educational institutions for minorities.

men Education): Under Article 1501 of the Constitution or not, the

government cannot discriminate against a citizen on the basis of sexuality.
Section 15 (3) provides that the government should take special steps for
the welfare of women and children, including education. According to 16 (1),
all citizens (men and women) of the state will get equal opportunities for
employment or appointment in an office.

Secular means that the relationship between the government and religious
groups are determined according to constitution and law. It separates the
power of the state and religion. By the 42nd Amendment in 1976, the term
"Secular" was also incorporated in the Preamble. There is no difference of
religion i.e. Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, Christianity and Islam a
re equally respected and moreover, there is no state religion. All the citizens
of India are allowed to profess, practice and propagate. Explaining the
meaning of secularism as adopted by India, Alexander Owics has written,
"Secularism is a part of the basic structure of the Indian Constitution and it
means equal freedom and respect for all religions."

4. Educational Institutions:

Article 29(1) states “No citizen shall be denied admission into any
educational institution maintained by the State or receiving aid out of State
funds, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, language or any of them.”
The Fundamental Rights of the Indian Constitution has also adopted the
fourfold ideal of justice, Liberty, Equality and Fraternity. Our Constitution laid
down that in the eyes of law, everyone should have an equal status, to no
one the justice be denied, everyone should have liberty of thought,
expression.

The fundamental right of equality clearly signifies that in the eyes of law no
distinction can be made on the basis of any position, caste, class or creed.
Side by side the right of equality of opportunities to all is also provided. The
equality of opportunity is meaningless, unless there are equal opportunities
for one’s education.

The well-known Kothari Commission, 1964-66 recommended that Central

Government should undertake the responsibility in education for the
equalization of educational opportunities with special reference to the
reduction of inter-state differences and the advancement of the weaker
section of the community.

Who has the right to preservation of a different language, script or rite. Any
citizen being run by the state and or in a state-funded institution, religion,
caste,

According to Section 30 (i) all minority people, irrespective of religion or

language, are not denied entry due to discrimination of language.

Educational institutions will have to be established and managed. There is

no consideration in giving the state aid grant that it will discriminate that the
education institution Minority People
Is subordinate whose basis is religion or language. (Under Section 850-B, it
has been arranged that a special officer be appointed to investigate the
affairs of the minority people of the language, who will provide them
constitutional protection and report to the President.

In this way, every minority community will have the right to establish their
own educational institutions and educate the people of their community in
the language. Although there is no constitutional arrangement for grant of
any aid on behalf of the government, but if the government provides grants-
in-aid to any institution, then it will not have any right to impose any kind of
rules or conditions on that institution. state government . The minority can
focus on the administration and management of educational institutions.

On this subject, the Secondary Education Commission was of the view that
many minority communities were adopting wrong practices in recruitment
and recruitment of staff. Huh. The Education Commission of India also had
the same view.

5. Free and Compulson

Primary Education: Article 45 of the Constitution Directive Principles of

Politics. According to this arrangement, the state will try to provide free
and compulsory elementary education to all children who have
completed 14 years of income during ten years of the implementation
 of the constitution. In this section, the word 'State'. Is defined according
to. According to Section 12, the word 'State'

Education is the primary vehicle for human, economic and social

development, profiting both the individual and society. The Supreme Court
in Mohini Jain[i] and Unnikrishnan[ii] cases recognized the right to
education is an implied fundamental right. According to the court, the
education has proximate relationship with life, protection of environment,
eradication of untouchability, and other related rights. The National
Commission on review of the working of the Constitution has also endorsed
the similar view. As a result the parliament inserted Article 21-A to
the Constitution by the 86th Constitutional amendment in 2002. This
amendment also introduced new fundamental duty on parents to provide
education to their children under Article 51-A to take affirmative action to
full-fill the Constitutional mandate, the Parliament passed the Right to
Education Act, 2009 with effect from April 1st 2010. The Act deals with
various facets like appointment of teachers, standards, curriculum,
infrastructure, community participation and responsibility of the State to
provide primary education etc.
According to Section 3 of The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory
Education Act, 2009, “Every child of the age of six to fourteen years shall
have a right to free and compulsory education in a neighbourhood school till
completion of elementary education.” Sections 8 and 9 of the same Act
provides for certain duties of appropriate Government and local authority to
be achieved viz., provide free and compulsory elementary education to every
child, ensure that the child belonging to weaker section and the child belong
to disadvantaged group are not discriminated against and prevented from
pursuing and completing elementary education on any grounds, ensure
timely prescribing curriculum and courses of study for elementary education.

Government of India, and Parliament and other local powers within the
limits of India which are under the control of India.

According to this constitutional system in our country, by 1960 AD, every

child in the initial 6-14 years was to be compulsory and free, but the purpose
remained incomplete. Even though there was a surprising improvement in
the initial language after independence in India, yet this education could not
be provided to every child even today.
There are many reasons for universalisation of elementary education such
as: Li) illiteracy of parents. (i) Poverty of parents. (ii) Opposition to women's
education. (iv) Lack of economic resources. (v) Increase in population. (vi)
Handing over of children to parental employment. (vii) Lack of cooperation
on behalf of the people. (viii) Failure of children in elementary education.

base

(ix) Lack of interest in education. (E) wasteful expenditure in elementary

education etc.

Some of the important functions of the Central Government in relation to

elementary education are as follows:

(i) To freeze the work as an agency for mutual coordination among the
states. (ii) To develop discovery in elementary education. (ii) To provide
financial assistance to less developed states. (iv) Provide equality
opportunities by removing differences in various states.

do. (v) To initiate a pilot program.

Governments have also enacted and implemented Essential Education Acts

to make elementary education ubiquitous. As a result, there is an increase
in the education of children in schools. This program has also been given
importance in the five-year plans.

Contemporary issues and head in secondary education. Under this

arrangement, a child whose age is less than 14. can be employed in factories
or mines or any other harmful occupations. This further strengthens the
resolve of elementary education

The 93rd amendment to the constitution made free and compulsory

education for children aged 6-14 years a fundamental right for children. Due
to this, instructions were given to the states for this, but after this historical
revision, elementary education became the legal right of children. Year 2002

And the state governments have tried to meet the constitutional answer by
providing free and compulsory education to 6-18 children under the Sarva
Shiksha Abhiyan.
 6. Education for weatic sections . Drapery

According to Section 46), the State will develop carefully the education and
interests and interests of the citizens of weaker sections and will especially
protect the people belonging to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
from social justice and all forms of exploitation.

According to Hayat Section 15, it has been arranged that the state cannot
discriminate on the basis of religion, race, caste or sex at any civil pace. Gin

According to Section 17, untouchability has been abolished and it has been
totally forbidden to use it. If there is no intention to enforce it forcefully, it will
be punished according to the law, considering it a violation.

The 'weaker sections' used above are not limited only to the scheduled
castes or tribes, but also include women and children with disabilities.

Under Section 15 (3), it has been arranged that special emphasis should be
laid on the education of women and children.

Special institutions have also been arranged for the education of

handicapped children. Apart from this, programs have been made from time
to time to provide many types of facilities for the educational advancement
of scheduled castes and tribes. Nowadays Scheduled Castes are not only
being treated well or are also encouraged. In 1953, the government
introduced Kaka Sahib Kelkar and in 1980 AD, B.P. Backward classes under
the mandal
9 Promotion of Hindi: The Indian Constitution has provided for the
development and propagation of the national language Hindi. According to
Section 351, it is the special duty of the Center to develop a national
language (hit) so that it can also be made an expression of the elements of
Indian culture.

7. Promotion of Hindi

The article 351 which we are about to deal with has a very important
relationship with the union or public at large. Also, the present article is
related with lots of controversies, many legal fraternities and other renowned
personalities who were of the opinion that the Article 351 is against
the fundamental right and the ethos of the country where more than 15000
languages and dialects exist so promoting one language is not justified at all.
Though Hindi is the mother tongue of the majority population in India and
also the official language of India, Hindi cannot be considered as the mother
tongue of every state in India. For example, In Maharastra for regional
people, Marathi is their mother tongue, and they accept this very proudly. If
we see other states in India like Tamilnadu, Karnataka, West Bengal, Andhra
Pradesh, Kerala they have their regional languages which are the mother
tongue of their citizens.

Therefore, as per the principle of Unity in Diversity, the promotion of a single

language to all over the nation is not a good idea. Although if we see the
number of percentages who speaks Hindi in the country, according to the
census of 2001 is near about 52% of the Indian population and it also means
that near about 48 percent of the total population in India do not speak Hindi.
So, in the country where more than 40 % of the population is speaking other
languages, then how can a single language be promoted.

Article 351 definition

For further discussion under this, first, we need to see what defined in Article
351 of the constitution of India. So, the present article is defined under
Chapter IV (comprises of 3 articles, i.e., 350A, 350B and 351) of part XVII
titled “Directive for development of the Hindi language.” It states that-

” It shall be the duty of the Union to promote the spread of the Hindi language,
to develop it so that it may serve as a medium of expression for all the
elements of the composite culture of India and to secure its enrichment by
assimilating without interfering with its genius, the forms, style and
expressions used in Hindustani and in the other languages of India specified
in the Eighth Schedule, and by drawing, wherever necessary or desirable,
for its vocabulary, primarily on Sanskrit and secondarily on other languages
”

So, in a nutshell, It would appear that all languages in the Eighth Schedule
were completely intended to be promoted. It is also important to see the
whole list (22 languages) mentioned int the 8th schedule which are,

(1) Assamese, (2) Bengali, (3) Gujarati, (4) Hindi, (5) Kannada, (6) Kashmiri,
(7) Konkani, (8) Malayalam, (9) Manipuri, (10) Marathi, (11) Nepali, (12)
Oriya, (13) Punjabi, (14) Sanskrit, (15) Sindhi, (16) Tamil, (17) Telugu, (18)
Urdu (19) Bodo, (20) Santhali, (21) Maithili and (22) Dogri.

Of these languages mentioned above, 14 languages were included initially

in the Indian Constitution. The Sindhi language was added in the year of
1967. After, three more languages viz., Konkani, Manipuri, and Nepali were
added in the year 1992. Lastly, Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, and Santhali were
included in the year 2004 as the official language of India. Along with that,
38 more languages were demanded to add in the 8th schedule.

10. Legislative Power for Different Educational Functions: The Constitution

of India is federal. In this, the statutory powers are divided between the
Center and the states and the powers are concurrent. Accordingly, the
Center has the right to enact and enforce laws on the subjects included in
the Lis I-Union List. This topic is related to the welfare of the entire nation.
Similarly the second list. Or the state government has the right to make laws
on the subjects included in the list (List II - State List). This is the subject that
local requirements. Is related to Apart from this, the subjects included in the
third list ie List ll Concurrent are the rights of the Central and State
Governments. Come to the area. It is also called a joint list. The detailed
description of these lists is as follows:

As provided for in Article 73 of the Basic Law, the Legislative Council

exercises the following powers and functions:

(1) To enact, amend or repeal laws in accordance with the provisions of the
Basic Law and legal procedures;

(2) To examine and approve budgets introduced by the Government;

(3) To approve taxation and public expenditure;

(4) To receive and debate the policy addresses of the Chief Executive;

(5) To raise questions on the work of the Government; (6) To debate any
issue concerning public interests;

The recommendation was introduced. Implemented 2003.

The federal

According to section 239 (1), if public

Education in Union Territories

Ansar, if done by the Lok Sabha or by law, then President's rule over it.

Paddy stream

Someone in the areas of

Possible, under a rule Nayala 239 (2) or

Rather President Rai would be the Administrator or Independent

Administrator of the territory and subject to the husband.

It will be run by the commissioner whom he appoints.

Nor has it been arranged that the Governor of the State will be appointed as
the Administrator of the State Administrator and he will assist the Council of
Ministers.

Will act as that. Thus in the federal territories the Administrator is

subordinated. To pay attention to education in these areas

The responsibility rests with the administrator.

The responsibility rests on the administrator. Union Territories have their own
Education Department, Think and Education Responsibility Centers

It is the responsibility of the Central or State Government. And Education of

Anglo-Indian Community: Education as per section 337 to Anglo-Indian
educational institutions

There is a system of grant of Ta-grant. In the constitution, special facilities

were provided to them like unsolicited caste and tribe.

So that this class can progress. It is worth mentioning here that in modern
times, there is no grant of any kind to the educational institutions of the Yoga
Glo-Indian community because their educational needs according to the
constitution.

Has improved. Nathi 8. Education in Motherlongue at Primary Stage: Indian

constitution recognized mother-language for elementary level education in
mother-language.

. Section 350 (A) should be the endeavor of every state in a non-partisan

manner, to make proper arrangements for imparting mother-language
education to children of linguistic minorities at an early stage and the
President to any state which

Proper system of teaching in Gaya

Kajak deems such

Understanding can also issue instructions to provide such facilities.

Secondary Education Commission has also kept relations with linguistic
minority community
Moments Early Education for Mother-Language

According to the idea of mother-language, the commission also said, "Get

selected, get your

Emphasis has been given on the teaching of mother tongue in mother

tongue. Kothari has confirmed to make mother-language a medium of
education. The commission's "selected mediums enable children to be able
to easily, express their views clearly and lively and

8. Contemporary Mahes in Secondary Education.

Which does not belong to section 63-66 of the Association; Regarding

the subject of applied technical training of workers, both the Center and
the state ears. Possesses authority.

Section 26 (Entry 26): Accordingly, the Central and State can take important
steps for the development of Kanani and other professional education

Thus the Indian Constitution has completely protected their education rights
by the fundamental rights of special arrangements for education. Religion
cannot discriminate against a person residing within the boundaries of the
nation on the basis of caste, religion, sex, place or any other basis. Everyone
has the right to equality in education. After the inclusion of education in the
concurrent list by amendment, the country got universal structure and
uniform education was started to the people of the entire country.

163 (Entry 63): Central to it

It consists of Central Universities (Banaras Hindu Garh Muslim University,

University of Delhi) and institutions of national importance declared by the
law of Parliament.Of

Schools, Aligarh Mari Institutions which Parliament

A Section 64 (Entry64): In this, going through Divine Assistance.

1164): This includes institutions of national importance declared by the

Government of India through whole or in part scientific and technical
education institutions.

(1) There shall be a council of Ministers with the chief Minister at the head to
aid and advise the Governor in the exercise of his functions, except in so far
as he is by or under this constitution required to exercise his functions or any
of them in his discretion

(2) If any question arises whether any matter is or is not a matter as respects
which the Governor is by or under this Constitution required to act in his
discretion, the decision of the Governor in his discretion shall be final, and
the validity of anything done by the Governor shall not be called in question
on the ground that he ought or ought not to have acted in his discretion

(3) The question whether any, and if so what, advice was tendered by
Ministers to the Governor shall not be inquired into in any court

65): It has federal or central agencies and institutions.

Sep

Section 65 (Entry 65): It contains federal or

Professional and technical training including training of police officers.

Encouraging special study or discovery. To assist in the search or detection
of crimes

Scientific and technical support is included. Section 66 (Entry66): This

includes setting up and leveling synergies in higher education or search
institutions.

THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA 1949

Preamble

WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India

into a SOVEREIGN, SOCIALIST, SECULAR, DEMOCRATIC, REPUBLIC
and to secure to all its citizens: JUSTICE, social, economic and political;

LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;

EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all

FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and
integrity of the nation;

IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty sixth day of November

1949 , do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS
CONSTITUTION

PART I

THE UNION AND ITS TERRITORY

1. Name and territory of the Union

(1) India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States

(2) The States and the territories thereof shall be as specified in the First
Schedule

(3) The territory of India shall comprise

1. The territories of the States; the Union territories specified in the First
Schedule; and such other territories as may be acquired

2. Admission or establishment of new States: Parliament may by law admit

into the Union, or establish, new States on such terms and conditions, as it
thinks fit

2A. Sikkim to be associated with the Union Rep by the Constitution Thirty six
Amendment Act, 1975 , Section 5 (w e f 26 04 1975 )

3. Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of

existing States: Parliament may by law

(a) form a new State by separation of territory from any State or by uniting
two or more States or parts of States or by uniting any territory to a part of
any State;

(b) increase the area of any State;

(c) diminish the area of any State;

(d) alter the boundaries of any State;

(e) alter the name of any State; Provided that no Bill for the purpose shall be
introduced in either House of Parliament except on the recommendation of
the President and unless, where the proposal contained in the Bill affects the
area, boundaries or name of any of the States, the Bill has been referred by
the President to the Legislature of that State for expressing its views thereon
within such period as may be specified in the reference or within such further
period as the President may allow and the period so specified or allowed has
expired Explanation I In this article, in clauses (a) to (e), State includes a
Union territory, but in the proviso, State does not include a Union territory
Explanation II The power conferred on Parliament by clause (a) includes the
power to form a new State or Union territory by uniting a part of any State or
Union territory to any other State or Union territory

Section 67 (Entry): It contains China and historical monuments, places of

excavation and relics of national importance declared by law of Parliament.

(ii) Second List - List II: State List: There are total subjects in the State List,
out of which two are related to education, which provide education autonomy
to the states.

Section 11 (Entry 11): Education including education of universities.

Education will be a State subject except List-1 Section-63.64.65.66 and
Section 25 of List-III.

said

Section 12 (Entry 12): This includes libraries, halls and other such institutions
and ancient historical monuments declared without national importance and

And those employed by the state and organized financially. (ii) Third List -
List-III Concurrent List: This list has a total of 47 topics out of which the
following head

There are teachings of which directly and indirectly from the following
education.