OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY

QUEZON CITY

NCMB 315

NURSING
RESEARCH 2

Rose Ann C. Lacuarin

ACADEMICIAN HEAD
 PRELIMS
Week 3

TYPES OF RESEARCH &

RESEARCH VARIABLES
Week 1

INTRODUCTION TO NURSING
RESEARCH

Week 4

PLANNING YOUR RESEARCH

STUDY (STEP 1)

Week 2

PHASES OF NURSING
RESEARCH

Week 5

INTRODUCTION &
FORMULATION OF
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Rose Ann C. Lacuarin

ACADEMICIAN HEAD
 WEEK 1
RESEARCH
Is a diligent, systematic inquiry or study
that validates and refines existing
knowledge and develops new
knowledge.
Scientific investigation, systematic,
controlled,and empirical inquiry about a
subject/topic through a problem-
solving process using a method.
PURPOSE OF RESEARCH
That helps us discover new knowledge.
That helps us answer questions, solve
problems, and make decisions.
That help us identify and understand the
causes
Effects of a situation or phenomenon
To validate or test an existing theory
SCIENTIFIC UNDERTAKINGS
IN RESEARCH
Medical Research
Experts in the field of medicine have
found out effective treatment for
some killer diseases.
Children now enjoy new flavor of
medicines.
Business Research
Products in the market are more
competitive than before
Producers of consumer goods are
always re- inventing products.
Agricultural Research
Research contributed to increased
production of agricultural goods;
Research plays an important role in
sustaining food for humankind
ICT Research
Researchers change the way we
communicate
I. NURSING RESEARCH
Is a systematic inquiry designed to
develop trustworthy evidences about
issues and importance to the nursing
profession, including:
o Nursing practice
o Education
o Administration
o Informatics
Rose Ann C. Lacuarin
ACADEMICIAN HEAD
PURPOSE OF NURSING RESEARCH
Description
Describing a phenomenon affecting
the nursing profession.
Describing varied phenomena such
as: stress & coping, pain
management, adaptation, health
beliefs & practices
Explanation
It offers understanding, clarification,
and information on why a certain
phenomenon occurs.
Why is it significant to provide for
psychological needs of patients in
ICU?
Prediction
It estimates and anticipates the
probability of a certain outcome in a
specific situation like nursing
intervention.
What are the effects of prolonged
bed rest on the hospitalized
patient’s recovery?
Control
The manipulation of a given
situation to produce the desired
outcome.
Therapeutic effects of touch help a
patient & family cope with their
fears
◦ IMPORTANCE
Serves as tool for the continual
development of a relevant body of
knowledge in nursing.
Generates information from nursing
investigations which help define the
unique role of nursing as a
profession.
Demonstrates professional
accountability as research evidence
applied to their clinical decisions.
 WEEK 1
Facilitates evaluation of the
efficacy of nursing practice which
may articulate their role in the
delivery of health services.
IMPORTANCE FOR BEING A NURSE
Understand a particular nursing situation
about which little is known,
Assess the need for an intervention,
Identify factors that must be considered in
planning nursing care,
Predict the probable outcomes of certain
nursing decisions,
Control the occurrence of undesired
outcomes,
Provide advice to enhance client health, and
Initiate activities to promote appropriate
client behavior
ROLES OF NURSING IN RESEARCH
1. Principal Investigator (PI)
2. Member
3. Identifier of researchable problems
4. Evaluator of research findings
5. User of the research findings
6. Collaborator
7. Patient’s advocate
8. As a subject in the study
9. Communicator
II. RESEARCH PROCESS
1. Identify the research problem
2. Review the literature
3. Specify a research purpose
4. Collect data
5. Analyze & interpret data
6. Report & evaluate research
Rose Ann C. Lacuarin
ACADEMICIAN HEAD
STEPS OF RESEARCH PROCESS
The research problem
Formulation of research objectives
Review of related literature
Delimitation of the research problem
Formulation of testable hypothesis
Identification of research variables
Construction of research design
Designing tools for data collection
Designing plan for data analysis
Collection of data
Data processing
Data analysis & interpretation
Drawing conclusions
&recommendations
Writing of research report
Reporting of research findings
III. CHOOSING A RESEARCH TOPIC
A. IDENTIFYING A TOPIC
State your topic idea as a question.
For example, if you are interested in
finding out about “Bullying” and
nurses in the medical center you
might pose the question
"How did Bullying impact nurses in a
health team at XX Medical Center”
B. IDENTIFYING MAIN CONCEPT
These are potential search terms. In
this case they are “bullying" “nurses"
“health team" and “workplace –
Medical Center
C. TESTING THE TOPIC
Browse or scan to make sure that
your topic isn't completely covered in
another paper; also to ensure that
there is enough information available
to complete the project.
If you are finding too much
information and too many sources,
narrow your topic.
For example: "women and athletes
and college and athletics".
 WEEK 1
Finding too little information may indicate
that you need to broaden your topic by
using a more general term or terms in your
search.
D. FINDING BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Find one or more sources of background
information to read.
Exploit bibliographies
IV. CONCEPTUAL PHASE
Experience and clinical fieldwork
As nurses perform clinical duties, they
are bound to find a wealth of research
ideas.
Example:
Why do many patients complain of being
tired after being transferred from the
operating room?
Nursing literature
Ideas from studies often come from
reading nursing literature.
Example:
Which type of tactile stimulation is most
beneficial to physiological wellness of
clients?
Social issues
Topics are suggested by more global
contemporary social or political issues of
relevance to health of the community
Example:
What are the social factors contributory
to sexual harassment?
Theories
must be tested for applicability in
different nursing environments.
Example:
If this theory is correct, what kind of
behavior would I expect to find in a
certain condition?
Ideas from External Sources
provide an impetus for research idea;
Example:
Ma’am Alicia may give a list of topics to
choose from or may assign particular
topics to students
Rose Ann C. Lacuarin
ACADEMICIAN HEAD
V. EVALUATING RESEARCH PROBLEMS
There are no rules in making the final
selection of a research problem, but
some criteria should be kept in mind
Significance of the Problem
o Is the problem an important one?
Research ability of the Problem
o Is your research problem already
answered?
Feasibility of addressing the problem:
o Time and timing
o Availability of study participants
o Cooperation of others
o Facilities and equipment
o Money
o Research experience
o Ethical considerations
o Research interest
VI. RELATED LITERATURE
It also aims to gain insight into the
aspects of the problem that are
critical and controversial
Likewise, it provides the investigator
a background regarding the aspects
of the topic
The sources are arranged from past
to present, or researchers can use
the intuitive or deductive method
GUIDELINES FOR RELATED LITERATURE &
STUDIES
o Third person
o Avoid highly descriptive writing style
o Neutral in gender
o Use short sentences
o Use proper grammar
o Proofread the work
o Never plagiarize; give credit to the
original
author
VII. THEORY
Proposition to be proved
Is a supposition to account for something
System of rule and principles, rules and
reasoning
 WEEK 1
DISTINCT FEATURES OF THEORY
1. Concept
Building block of a theory; a word
picture or mental idea of phenomena,
and a word or term that symbolizes
certain aspects of reality. It may be a
concrete or abstract.
Concrete
--> human brain, heart, nurse, caregiver
Abstract
--> intelligence, care, love, nursing, giving
2. Construct
Term used to specify a phenomenon or
a situation that cannot be directly
observed but needs to be inferred by a
certain concrete or less abstract
indicators of the phenomenon. It can
be directly ascertained only by using a
certain observable and measurable
procedures.
Example:
physical health, mental health,
wellness, stress
3. Proposition
Refers to a statement or assertion of a
relationship between concepts.
Example:
Gilman posited that music has
therapeutic value at any time.
They theorized that it has been
universal for man to use music for his
health, happiness, and comfort.
VIII. USES OF FRAMEWORKS
It helps in organization of the study
It provides a background or foundation
of the study
It supplies a context for the
interpretation of the study findings
Rose Ann C. Lacuarin
ACADEMICIAN HEAD
TYPES OF FRAMEWORKS
Theoretical framework
Focuses on a broad, general
explanation of the relationships
between concepts of interest in a
research study. It is founded on
testable models of research scientist,
nurse theorist
Conceptual framework
Used to explain the relationships
between concepts. It is not
theorybased. It links concepts lifted
from various theories, previous study
results, or from the researcher’s own
experience one existing theory.
PURPOSE OF BOTH FRAMEWORKS
1. Both provides clear explanations
regarding the relationships of
variables.
2. The fact that variables can be shown
to be associated but does not
guarantee the relationship of the
variables has significance.
3. Studies must have framework as a
legal basis to describe properly the
process of the study
IX. BASIC RESEARCH DESIGNS
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Studies utilizing the scientific method
which include:
The generation of models, theories and
hypotheses.
The development of instruments and
methods for measurement.
Experimental control and manipulation
of variables
Collection of empirical data
Modelling and analysis of data
 WEEK 1
QUALTITATIVE RESEARCH XII. STEPS IN COMPUTING FOR
Studies dealing with phenomena that are ADEQUATE SAMPLE
difficult or impossible to quantify
mathematically, such as beliefs, Determine the size of the study
meanings, symbols, it involves content population
analysis, thematic development, Decide on the margin of error (1-5 but
inductive-deductive analysis. 3 is the ideal one)
Rigorous investigation of a situation or Use the formula:
problem in order to generate new n= N/1 + Ne2
knowledge or validate existing Where:
knowledge. n = the size of the sample
N = the size of the population
X. COMMON RESEARCH DESIGNS e = the margin of error
If the samples are stratifies, compute
1. HISTORICAL RESEARCH the sample proportion (percent) by
Past events
dividing the result from the formula by
2. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH the population
Describe and find truth (case studies,
survey) TYPES OF PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
3. COMPARATIVE RESEARCH
Examines relationships Simple random
(similarities/differences) lottery
4. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH Systematic
Seeks to answer causation; one interval formula
variable to effect one or more variable Stratified
different groups adequately included
XI. LOCALE & POPULATION OF STUDY Cluster
large scale survey
A brief description of the place where
participants or respondents are to be Multi – stage sampling
obtained. more than 2 steps
Description of Respondents
TYPES OF NON-PROBABILITY
o Explain how and where the subjects are SAMPLING
taken
o Agency and frequency of subjects
o Adequate Accidental or convenience
o Sample sizes determine before conduct Sample conveniently available
of the Purposive
study Based on subjective judgment
There are no fixed rules for size of Quota
sample, but recommendations include: Number of samples that must be covered;
certain number
o When population is homogenous, a
Snowball
smaller
sample is enough; if heterogeneous, a Known source then in turn give other
larger sources
sample is recommended. Networking sampling
o The size of sample varies inversely as the Used to find socially devalued urban
size populations such as addicts, alcoholics,
of the population: child abusers and criminals because they
o For greater accuracy, a larger sample is are usually hidden from outsiders
recommended Voluntary Response Sampling

Rose Ann C. Lacuarin

ACADEMICIAN HEAD
 WEEK 1
XIII. RESEARCH MEASURING TOOLS FIELD NOTES
o broader, analytic and more interpretative
1. QUESTIONNAIRES listing of occurrences; narrative accounts of
Inexpensive
what happen in the field
Large number of populations
Only feasible way to reach a large BIOPHYSIOLOGICAL MEASURES
population o Very objective, very accurate
Starts with definition of data then o Very technical
interpretation of results
WHEN TO USE? PHASES OF NURSING
o When resources are limited RESEARCH
o When it is necessary to protect the privacy
of the participants
o When corroborating other findings
1. CONCEPTUAL PHASE
CONSIDERATION WHEN WRITING
QUESTIONNAIRES - Formulating & defining a problem
o Clarity - Topic selection
o Avoid leading and embarrassing questions - Literature review
o Proper phrasing
o Confidentiality / privacy - Framework development
o Relevant - Hypothesis
2. TYPES OF DATA 2. DESIGN & PLANNING PHASE
EXISTING DATA – records - Research design
o Hospital charts - Developing intervention protocols
o Care plans
o History - Sampling (identifying population)
o Government agencies (NSO, DOH) - Research tool
ORIGINAL DATA – yet to be gathered 3. EMPIRICAL
using tools - Data collection
3. TYPES OF DATA COLLECTION
SELF-REPORT 4. ANALYTIC
o Perceptions, beliefs, behaviors, concerns - Data analysis
with validity and accuracy - Data interpretation
UNSTRUCTURED 5. DISSEMINATION
o Starts with no prepared questions but with - Communication of research
focus
o Ethnographic - Findings
o Hermeneutics - Utilization of findings

SEMI-STRUCTURED I. RESEARCH INTRODUCTION

o Focus groups
o Life stories/histories The beginning piece of thread in research
o Diaries, journals, photo elicitation, blogs -
INTERVIEW papers
o Face-to-face or telephone To ‘introduce’ (3-4 paragraph)
PARTS OF INTRODUCTION
SELF-ADMINISTERED QUESTIONNAIRES 1st – Importance of the study (what is
(SAQ) study all
OPEN-ENDED QUESTIONS about)
CLOSE-ENDED QUESTIONS 2nd to 3rd – GAP (globally): (Philippines)
OBSERVATIONS 4th – Outcome, goal and purpose
BOLD ATTEMPT
4. RECORDING UNSTRUCTURED from researchers made
OBSERVATIONS
CROSS-REFERENCED
LOG OR FIELD DIARY o Record of events
cited from previous research

Rose Ann C. Lacuarin

ACADEMICIAN HEAD
 WEEK 2
II. RESEARCH OUTLINE IV. WHERE DO RESEARCH PROBLEMS
IDEA CAME FROM?
A. THE PROBLEM & ITS BACKGROUND 1. EXPERIENCE AND CLINICAL FIELDWORK
Introduction As nurses perform clinical duties, they
Statement of the problem are bound to find a wealth of research
Hypothesis of the study ideas
Significance of the study Example:
Scope & limitation of the study Why do many patients complain of
B. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE & being tired after being transferred from the
STUDIES operating room?
Review of RLS
Conceptual framework 2. NURSING LITERATURE
Research paradigm Ideas from studies often come from
Definition of terms reading nursing literature.
Example:
C. METHODOLOGY Which type of tactile stimulation is
Research design
most beneficial to physiological wellness of
Locale & population of the study
clients?
Description of the respondents
Data gathering, instrumentation & procedures
3. SOCIAL ISSUES
Statistical treatment used
Topics are suggested by more global
D. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS & contemporary social or political issues of
INTERPRETATION OF DATA relevance to health of the community
n/a Example:
E. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS & What are the social factors
RECOMMENDATIONS contributory to sexual harassment?
Summary
Findings 4. THEORIES
Conclusions Must be tested for applicability in
Recommendations different nursing environments
Example:
III. RESEARCH PROBLEM If this theory is correct, what kind of
behavior would I expect to find in a certain
A. QUANTITATIVE SAMPLE RESEARCH condition?
PROBLEM
5. IDEAS FROM EXTERNAL SOURCES
1. What is the demographic profile of the Provides an impetus for a research idea
respondents in terms of the following: o Example: Sir Dino may give a list of
topics to choose from or may assign
1.1.Sex particular topics to students
1.2.Age
1.3.Education level
1.4.Family income level V. DEVELOPING RESEARCH PROBLEMS
1.5.Current work position of parents; and
1.6.Civil status. Once you have identified the topic of
interest, you can begin to ask some
2. How do the respondents may describe broad questions that can lead you to a
the personal traits in terms of: researchable problem.
VI. EVALUATING RESEARCH PROBLEMS
2.1.Self-esteem
2.2.Self-confidence; and
2.3.Cognitive adaptability ✔Significance of the Problem
Is the problem an important one?
B. QUALITATIVE SAMPLE RESEARCH
PROBLEMS ✔Researchability of the Problem
1. What characterizes the lived experiences of Is your research problem already
Filipino Adult Women after Bilateral Tubal answered?
Ligation?

Rose Ann C. Lacuarin

ACADEMICIAN HEAD
 WEEK 2
✔Feasibility of addressing the problem
o Time and Timing LONGITUDINAL CROSS-SECTIONAL
o Availability of Study Participants RESEARCH RESEARCH
o Cooperation of others
o Facilities and Equipment
o Money Involves a
considerable
o Research Experience Shorter span of time,
length of time in
o Ethical Considerations different group of
studying the
o Research Interest same group of
respondents,
participants or
respondents,
VII. KINDS OF RESEARCH subjects of different
participants or
characteristics are
subjects.
treated
Pure or Basic (MASTERAL &
simultaneously.
Applied Research PhD)
Research Morbidity profile
1-2 years
of 30 children
ages 1-5 years
Study oriented Newton’s Law, Boyle’s Law,
towards the Charles’ Law
development An investigation that
of a theory enriches for a solution to a
It aims to practical problem ACTION RESEARCH
provide It seeks to improve human
knowledge or condition by providing
understanding knowledge that can be Is a decision oriented research involving the
Also called used for practical application of the steps of the scientific method
“Basic application in response to an immediate need to improve
research” or Involves seeking new existing practices
fundamental applications of scientific
research knowledge to the solution
Also called of a problem, such as VIII. GENERAL TYPES OF RESEARCH
“Basic development of a new
research” or system or procedure, new
fundamental device, or new method in 1. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
research order to solve the problem Seek answer to WHO, WHAT, WHERE,
and HOWquestions
Describe a given situation or a given state
of affairs in terms of specific factors.
QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE “Learning Strategies of Nursing Board
RESEARCH RESEARCH Reviewees”
“Increasing Incidence of Acute
Respiratory Infection among Young
Children in Sitio Tampoy, Valenzuela”
Undertaken to Conducted to find
answer questions answers to questions 2. EXPLANATORY RESEARCH/
about the plethora about relationships ASSOCIATION/ CORRELATION RESEARCH
of phenomena among measurable Answers the questions WHY and HOW?
primary aimed at variables with purpose Attempts to explain possible factors
giving attributes of explaining, which are associated with or may
and understanding controlling, and contribute to the occurrence of the
of nature based on predicting problem
the observer’s phenomena. Hence, it “Relationship Between Faculty Teaching
viewpoint. It is is knowing the Competency and Performance of Nursing
knowing the outcome stated in Students of Our Lady of Fatima
process numerical data. University”

Rose Ann C. Lacuarin

ACADEMICIAN HEAD
 WEEK 2
“Attributed of Effective teachers: its
Impact on the Academic performance of
Nursing Students”
3. INTERVENTION OR EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
Evaluates the effect or outcome of a
particular intervention or treatment
Studies the CAUSE & EFFECT relationship
between certain factors on a certain
phenomenon under controlled condition/s
“Use of Crude Extract of Black Pepper
(Piper nigrum) and Onion (Allium cepa) as
Antifungal
Agents to Inhibit the Growth of
Trichophyton mentagrophytes”
“Effects of IV Administered Nalbuphine
through Combine Patient-Controlled
Analgesia (PCA): A Multicenter Experience”
IX. CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH
1. LIBRARY RESEARCH
Done in the library where answers to
specific questions or problems of the study
are available. Applicable to historical
research
2. FIELD RESEARCH
Conducted in a natural setting. No changes
are made in the environment. Applicable to
both descriptive and experimental research
3. LABORATORY RESEARCH
Conducted in artificial or controlled
conditions by isolating the study in a
rigorous specified and operationalized area.
Applicable to experimental, descriptive, and
case study
TYPES OF RESEARCH &
RESEARCH VARIABLES
I. TYPES ACCORDING TO PURPOSE
1. BASIC/ PURE
It aims to acquire new knowledge and
understanding.
It is basic and has no application
Ex: Theory, Understanding of grieving process
2. APPLIED
it is oriented towards finding solution to a
practical problem. - It is a new method, new
intervention or new device
Ex: new gadget, transferring of file
Rose Ann C. Lacuarin
ACADEMICIAN HEAD
II. TYPES ACCORDING TO TIME
ELEMENTS
1. CROSS SECTIONAL
It is a type of studies wherein there is a
different type of subject with different
type of characteristics.
Treat them simultaneously
1 to 2 years in the making
2. LONGITUDINAL
It is a type of studies wherein same set
of subjects is treated over a period of
time
Above 4 years in the making
3. ACTION RESEARCH
Decision-oriented research involving
the application of the steps of the
scientific method in response to an
immediate need to improve existing
practices
III. TYPES ACCORDING TO PROCESS
1. QUANTITATIVE
It is conducted to find answers to
questions about relationships among
measurable variables with purpose of
explaining, controlling, and predicting
phenomena.
Hence, it is knowing the outcome
stated in NUMERICAL DATA
(measurable)
Max of 100
2. QUALITATIVE
Starts with a FEW PRECONCEIVED
IDEAS and stresses the importance of
people’s interpretations of events and
circumstances
FOCUS: TO CAPTURE AND
UNDERSTAND the entirely of certain
phenomena and collect NARRATIVE
DATA (not measurable)
In depth interview (max of 12)
IV. VARIABLES
1. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
Affects the value of the dependent
condition that produces the outcome
“ASSUMED CAUSE” of a problem
What the researcher manipulates or
varies
 WEEK 3
2. DEPENDENT VARIABLES
Factor whose value is affected by the
independent variable
Variable that being measured
Outcome of the process or “ASSUME
EFFECT”
Change that occurs in the study population
Example:
The effect of poverty on child
development.
Music therapy and its effect on weight gain
of premature infants
V. HYPOTHESES
A hypothesis is a prediction about the
relationship between two or more
variables. A good hypothesis is worded in
clear in concise language.
Hypotheses are tentative statements
about a given population.
They serve as a tentative answer to one or
more of the researches questions, and are
subjected to a statistical test.
TYPES OF HYPOTHESES
1. ✔SIMPLE HYPOTHESIS
Expresses an expected relationship
between one independent and one
dependent variable
Example:
The effect of poverty on child development
at
Calvario, Meycauayan Bulacan
2. ✔COMPLEX HYPOTHESIS
Expresses prediction of a relationship
between two or more independent
variables to two or more dependent
variables
Example:
Among women with multiple sclerosis,
functional limitations are influenced by
external sources such as education, marital
status, social support and employment
status
NOTE
o Qualitative research does not test
hypothesis
Rose Ann C. Lacuarin
ACADEMICIAN HEAD
3. AFFIRMATIVE/ALTERNATIVE
HYPOTHESIS
POSITIVE FORM of null hypothesis
Proposition that there is association or
significant Relationship between the
independent and dependent Variables
Cannot be tested directly
Example:
There IS significant difference between the
mean age of male nursing students and
mean age of female nursing students in
terms of emotional quotient.
4. NULL HYPOTHESIS
Negative statement which indicates that
there is no association between the
predictor and outcome variables in the
population
Example:
There is NO significant difference between
the mean age of Male nursing students and
mean age of female nursing students
PLANNING YOUR RESEARCH STUDY
(STEP 1)
TERMINOLOGIES
Research topic
refers to the area or phenomenon on
which to focus
Problem statement
articulates the problem to be addressed
and indicates the need for a study
Research questions
are the specific queries researchers what
to address
Statement of purpose
Identifies the overall goal of the study
Research problem
Question for which researchers want
answers, theory they wish to validate,
information gaps they want to fill,
condition they want to improve, difficulty
they want to eliminate, an issue to be
settled.
Stated in a form of question which serve
as the focus of investigation
 WEEK 4
IDEAS FOR RESEARCH
PROBLEMS CAME FROM?
1. EXPERIENCE AND CLINICAL FIELDWORK
As nurses perform clinical duties, they are
bound to find a wealth of research ideas
Example:
Why do many patients complain of
being tired after being transferred from the
operating room?
2. NURSING LITERATURE
Ideas from studies often come from reading
nursing literature.
Example:
Which type of tactile stimulation is most
beneficial to physiological wellness of clients?
3. SOCIAL ISSUES
Topics are suggested by more global
contemporary social or political issues of
relevance to health of the community
Example:
What are the social factors contributory to sexual
harassment?
4. THEORIES
Must be tested for applicability in different
nursing environments
Example:
If this theory is correct, what kind of behavior
would I expect to find in a certain condition?
5. IDEAS FROM EXTERNAL SOURCES
Provides an impetus for a research idea
Example:
Sir Dino may give a list of topics to choose from
III. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE &
or may assign particular topics to students
A. PURPOSE OF THE LIT. REVIEW
I. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
In this section, the researcher expresses
the value or importance of the research
study. It is where the significant
contribution of the results of the study
are enumerated.
Such contributions may be viewed from
the point of the target beneficiaries like:\
✔Researcher himself
✔Service providers
Rose Ann C. Lacuarin
ACADEMICIAN HEAD
✔Client
✔Society
✔Administrators and Planners
✔Decision-makers
✔Implementors
✔Community
✔Educational Institution
✔Practitioners
II. SCOPE & LIMITATIONS
The scope identifies boundaries or
coverage of the study in terms of
subjects, objectives, facilities, area,
time frame, and the issues to which
the research is specifically focused.
The limitation of the study defines
the constraints or weaknesses,
which are not within the control of
the researcher, therefore they are
not expected to be covered by the
study
A. SUGGESTED PHRASES
Scope
✔The study will focus on...
✔The coverage of the study...
✔The study covers the...
✔The study focuses on...
✔It includes...
✔It is concerned with...
✔It also involves the...
✔The study consist of...
Delimitation
✔The study is limited to...
✔The study does not cover the...
✔The investigator limited the research to...
✔It does not seek to include...
STUDIES
A good synthetic review has three
characteristics (Strike & Posner, 1983)
It clarifies and perhaps resolves the
problems within a field of study rather
than glossing over those problems.
It resolves in a progressive shift that yields
a new perspective on the literature with
more explanatory and predictive power
than is offered by existing perspectives.
It helps clarify terms and concept
 WEEK 4
B. LITERATURE SHOULD WE USE GRAY LITERATURE?
Art of written work; sometimes refers Research results are often more
exclusively to published sources detailed in reports than in research
articles.
1. Exposes main gaps in knowledge [and] Reports often give in-depth
identifies principal areas of dispute and
explanations and discussion about a
uncertainty
certain topic or variable, whereas
2. Helps identify general patterns to findings research literatures discuss different
from multiple examples of research in the same
area variables and limit discussions to the
most relevant only
3. Juxtaposing studies with apparently
Gray literatures are published earlier
conflicting findings helps explore explanations
for discrepancies before being published elsewhere.
Some results simply are not published
4. Helps define your terminology or identify
variations in definitions used by researchers or anywhereelse.
practitioners.
D. RECOMMENDED ONLINE JOURNALS
5. Helps to identify appropriate research
methodologies. 1. JSTOR (JOURNAL STORAGE)
6. You can also identify validated scales and Online system of archiving academic
instruments. journals
RESEARCH DATABASE It provides its member institutions full-
text searches of digitized back issues of
Google several hundred well-known journals
JSTOR 7,000 academic institutions in 159
Proquest countries
Elsevier
EBSCO 2. DOAJ (DIRECTORY OF OPEN ACCESS
Science direct JOURNALS)
DOAJ Open Access Journals – users have the
right to “read, download, copy,
C. TYPOLOGY OF RESEARCH distribute, print, search or link to the full
LITERATURE IN NURSING RESEARCH texts of articles”
As of October 2012, the database
IDENTIFYING THE RIGHT LITERATURE contained 8284 journals, with an
SOURCES
average of four journals being added
each day for the month of September
(2nd) SUBJECTIVE 2012.
BOOKS
LITERATURE 3. EBSCO HOST
EBSCO is a diverse company which
(1st) RESEARCH JOURNALS (printed, includes over 30 businesses:
LITERATURE online) Fishing lures
Steel joist and metal roof deck
manufacturing
MAGAZINES,
Real estate development
GRAY LITERATURE CIRCULATIONS,
(not allowed) POSTER, FLYERS,
A host to many journals databases
BROCHURES ETC.
4. ELSEVIER
Elsevier is a publishing company which
publishes medical and scientific
literature - One of its databases is
ScienceDirect

Rose Ann C. Lacuarin

ACADEMICIAN HEAD
 WEEK 4
5. SCIENCE DIRECT
ScienceDirect is one of the largest
online collections of published scientific
research in the world
It is operated by Elsevier and contains
nearly 10 million articles from Elsevier
Abstracts are mostly freely available,
and full texts require paid subscriptions
E. THE ONLINE JOURNAL OF ISSUES IN
NURSING
The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing is a
peerreviewed publication that provides a
forum for discussion of the issues inherent
in current topics of interest to nurses and
other health care professionals
The intent of this journal is to present
different views on issues that affect nursing
research, education, and practice, thus
enabling readers to understand the full
complexity of a topic
F. TECHNOLOGY-DRIVEN LITERATURE
SEARCH
1. OPTION 1
EBSCOHOST RESEARCH DATABASE
Any factual information acquired through
the use of modern technologies
2. OPTION 2
MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL
DATABASES
INTRODUCTION & FORMULATION OF
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The beginning piece of thread in research
papers
To ‘introduce’
PARTS OF INTRODUCTION
1st – Importance of the study
2nd to 3rd – GAP
4th – Outcome, goal and purpose
BOLD ATTEMPT – researchers made
CROSS-REFERENCED – cited from
previous research
BLIND
conflicting research results
BLANK
no/few research done o Both need
research
Rose Ann C. Lacuarin
ACADEMICIAN HEAD
KINDS OF DATA
1.EMPIRICAL REFERENCES
Include documents, articles and
reports on studies based on actual
experience or observation, these are
references based on research (could
be a primary or secondary source)
2.NON-EMPIRICAL/ NON-RESEARCH
REFERENCES
AKA: conceptual literature – not
based on actual research experience
or investigation, includes case
reports, anecdotal recordings,
commentaries and opinion articles
and clinical description (journals,
books, and magazines)
Subjective
SOURCES OF DATA
Primary
description of an investigation
written by the person who conducted it,
one which the researcher himself has
written (journals, books, research grant
indexes, internet sites, research abstracts
prepared by the researcher, oral
presentation)
Secondary
description of studies/research
prepared and presented in oral or
written form by someone other than
the researcher (literature review,
reaction/ research papers and reviews,
research critiques, abstract prepared
by reviewer)
I. LITERATURE REVIEW IN RESEARCH
Theoretical Framework
Review of Previous Literature and
Studies
Prevailing tendency
T Trends Norm/Popular Commonly
occurring Definitions
Controversy Opposing
I Issue
viewpoint Disagreement
P Problem Difficulty
 WEEK 5
II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK IN COMMON RESEARCH DESIGNS:
RESEARCH
Historical Research
a systematic and critical inquiry of the
S State Present theory whole truth of past events using the
critical method in understanding and the
interpretation of facts which are
applicable to current issues and
E Explain Cross-referenced problems.
Descriptive Research
the study focuses onthe present
How it relates to the condition and the purpose is to describe
C Contextualize
present study and find new truth which includes case
studies and survey research.
SAMPLE LITERATURE REVIEW Comparative Research
the researcher carefully examines the
A Study of Hotel Employees Behavioral Intentions relationships (similarities or difference)
towards Adoption of Information Technology among several variables.
Lam, et al, 2007 Experimental Research
Hospitality Management seeks to answer question about
causation; researchers attribute the
change in one variable to the effect of
S Synoptic Summary one or more variable.

PLAGIARISM

E Evidence Research done before To steal or pass off the ideas or words
of another as one’s own
To use another’s production without
What seems to be crediting the source
A Evidence
lacking To commit literary theft
To present as new and original an idea
III. METHODOLOGY or product derived from an existing
source
A. RESEARCH DESIGNS In short, it is an act of fraud. It involves
The plans or research design form the both stealing someone else’s work and
structure and the researcher’s method of lying about it afterward
answering his questions and conducting
studies CRITERIA FOR PLAGIARISM
It is the BLUEPRINT of your study
Turning in someone else’s work as your
Research design is categorized according to
own
the procedure the collects and analyze data
Copying words or ideas from someone
based on the way information is collected else without giving credit
Filing to put a quotation in quotation
TWO BASIC RESEARCH DESIGNS: marks
Giving incorrect information about the
✔Qualitative source of a quotation
✔Quantitative Changing words but copying the
sentence structure of a source without
giving credit
Copying so many words from a source
that it makes up the majority of your
work whether you give credit or not

Rose Ann C. Lacuarin

ACADEMICIAN HEAD
 WEEK 5
DEFINITION OF TERMS

Conceptual definition
usually taken from the dictionary
Operational definition
expresses the meaning of terms as
used in the particular field of the
study
Guidelines:
✔Define those terms which may
have a special meaning or are
differently used
✔Define those terms or languages
created by some discipline
✔Define only what is absolutely
necessary
✔Complicated definition must be
placed on the appendix

LOCALE & POPULATION

OF THE STUDY

A brief description of the place

where participants or respondents
are to be obtained

DESCRIPTION OF THE
RESPONDENTS

The researcher(s) must explain

how and where the subjects are
taken and the bring description of
the respondents.
The agency and frequency of
subjects must be mentioned
Subjects must be adequate

DATA GATHERING,
INSTRUMENT &
PROCEDURES

Questionnaires

Rose Ann C. Lacuarin

ACADEMICIAN HEAD