Test Bank for Cengage Advantage Books Understanding Humans An Introduction to Physical Anthr

Test Bank for Cengage Advantage Books

Understanding Humans An Introduction to Physical
Anthropology and Archaeology, 11th Edition

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 CHAPTER 7: PRIMATE BEHAVIOR
Questions included in web quizzing are marked in bold

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Studies of nonhuman primate behavior
a. have no relevance for understanding human behavior
b. may provide valuable insights into human behavioral evolution
c. has not been shaped by genetic and environmental factors
d. offer familiar examples of individual and social behaviors but are not helpful in identifying the
interactions between a number of environmental and physiological variables
e. are indicative of how humans were once monkeys

ANS: b REF: p. 156 SOURCE: PICKUP

2. Primate behavior is best viewed as being

a. influenced by environmental factors
b. entirely genetic in origin
c. independent of environmental factors
d. entirely learned and without any genetic basis
e. subject to very few factors

ANS: a REF: p. 156 SOURCE: PICKUP

3. ___________ is the study of the evolution of behavior, emphasizing the role of ecological factors
as agents of natural selection.
a. Sociobiology
b. Biological-ecology
c. Behavioral ecology
d. Evolutionary ecology
e. Eco-sociobiology

ANS: c REF: p. 156 SOURCE: PICKUP

4. Primate social structure of a group of animals refers to

a. the composition
b. the size
c. the sex ratio
d. the composition, size and sex ratio
e. the behavior of the animals

ANS: d REF: p. 158 SOURCE: NEW

5. According to proponents of behavioral ecology,

a. individuals act to enhance the survival of their species
b. infanticide is beneficial for the social group
c. individuals consciously behave in ways that ensure their fitness
d. behaviors have evolved through the operation of natural selection
e. Individuals choose certain environments based upon the likelihood of carrying out aggressive
behavior
 ANS: d REF: p. 156 SOURCE: PICKUP

6. Ecological factors influencing primate social behavior include which of the following?
a. the distribution of food and water, predators, and nutritional value of foods
b. levels of testosterone among predators
c. Ancestry of primates
d. Gene codes for behaviors
e. learning

ANS: a REF: p. 158-159 SOURCE: PICKUP

7. As a general rule, what do larger animals require?

a. fewer calories per unit of weight than smaller animals
b. more calories per unit weight than smaller animals
c. the same amount of calories per unit weight than smaller animals
d. no calories whatsoever
e. more testosterone

ANS: a REF: p. 158 SOURCE: PICKUP

8. ______ dispersal is the most common pattern in mammals, including primates.

a. female
b. male
c. elders
d. children
e. elderly

ANS: b REF: p. 160 SOURCE: PICKUP

9. Primate groups composed of several adult males and females are advantageous in areas where
a. there are few sleeping sites
b. humans are active
c. primates are crepuscular
d. predation pressure is high
e. predation pressure is low

ANS: d REF: p. 159-160 SOURCE: PICKUP

10. In the context of social groups, dominance hierarchies

a. are maintained by females only
b. are maintained by males only
c. are not present in any primate species
d. impose a certain amount of order within the group
e. have not been studied by primatologists

ANS: d REF: p. 162 SOURCE: PICKUP

11. Which of the following statements is not true?

a. Adult primate males tend to be dominant to females.
b. Dominant individuals appear to have priority access to desired food items.
 c. High-ranking females probably have higher reproductive success than subordinate females.
d. Dominance hierarchies create aggression and therefore do not impose a degree of order in
primate societies.
e. In groups containing a number of females associated with one or several adult males, the males
are generally dominant to females.

ANS: d REF: p. 162 SOURCE: NEW

12. Some of the deliberate nonhuman primate behaviors that serve as communication include all of the
following except
a. spoken language
b. facial expressions
c. vocalizations
d. displays
e. relationships

ANS: e REF: p. 163-164 SOURCE: NEW

13. Mounting as an expression of dominance in baboons is believed to also serve to

a. indicate sexual preference
b. defuse tense situations
c. indicate aggression
d. indicate a threat
e. submission

ANS: b REF: p. 163 SOURCE: NEW

14. What is chest slapping by gorillas an example of?

a. reassurance gesture
b. submission
c. display
d. involuntary behavior
e. affiliative behavior

ANS: c REF: p. 164 SOURCE: PICKUP

15. Amicable behaviors that promote group cohesion are called _______ behaviors.
a. cultural
b. philopatric
c. ritualized
d. affiliative
e. autonomic

ANS: d REF: p. 164 SOURCE: PICKUP

16. Grooming accomplishes all except

a. plays an important role in the day-to-day life of nonhuman primates
b. is an affiliative behavior
c. occurs in a variety of contexts
d. reinforces social relationships
e. empathy
 ANS: e REF: p. 167-168 SOURCE: NEW

17. In many primate species, ________ have/has a central role in reinforcing social relationships.
a. play
b. coalition formation
c. dominance hierarchies
d. food-sharing
e. grooming

ANS: e REF: p. 167 SOURCE: PICKUP

18. Social relationships are crucial to nonhuman primates for all of the following reasons except:
a. Individuals support each other against outsiders
b. Alliances can be used to enhance the status of members
c. Resources can be protected
d. Order can be imposed by allowing individuals to attack each other
e. Predator avoidance

ANS: d REF: p. 161-162 SOURCE: NEW

19. Altruism is a behavior that

a. benefits another while involving some risk to the performer
b. benefits the performer while involving risk to another individual
c. benefits both the performer and another individual while involving risk to both
d. is not common among primates
e. creates potential risk to dependent offspring

ANS: a REF: p. 168 SOURCE: NEW

20. Chimpanzee caregiving behaviors are evidenced in

a. subjecting victims during attack
b. helping younger siblings
c. leaving the ill or dying to be alone
d. leave orphans, ensuring that they do not become burdens to the group
e. the lack of altruism

ANS: b REF: p. 167 SOURCE: NEW

21. In Old World monkeys, the swelling and changes in the color of the skin surrounding the female’s
genital area
a. is a sign of aggression
b. indicates a diseased state
c. is an indication of estrus
d. serves as a visual cue of a female’s readiness to become aggressive
e. is also found in New World monkeys.

ANS: c REF: p. 169 SOURCE: NEW

22. Permanent male-female bonds are

a. common among nonhuman primates
 b. not common among nonhuman primates
c. the basis of monogamous pairing typical of all nonhuman primate species
d. nonexistent in primates
e. known only in orangutans

ANS: b REF: p. 170 SOURCE: PICKUP

23. The term for a mating system in which males, and some cases females, have several mating partners
is
a. Estrus
b. Sexual selection
c. Polygynous
d. Monogamous
e. R-selected

ANS: c REF: p. 170 SOURCE: NEW

24. In bonobos, males and females

a. commonly form friendships and consortships
b. never interact except when a female is in estrus
c. are usually sexually active throughout the female’s estrus cycle
d. always interact aggressively
e. always avoid one another

ANS: a REF: p. 169 SOURCE: PICKUP

25. What does K-selection refer to?

a. species that produce large numbers of offspring and invest little to no parental care
b. species that become extinct after a few generations
c. species that produce relatively few offspring but invest a large amount of parental care
d. only egg-laying species
e. all species except primates

ANS: c REF: p. 169-170 SOURCE: PICKUP

26. Species producing relatively large numbers of offspring and invest little parental care are
a. K-selected
b. r-selected
c. p-selected
d. alloparental
e. sympatric

ANS: b REF: p. 170 SOURCE: PICKUP

27. R-selected species include which of the following?

a. mice
b. chimpanzees
c. gorillas
d. wolves
e. dogs
 ANS: a REF: p. 170 SOURCE: PICKUP

28. Female primates

a. assume most of the responsibility for infant care
b. have the same nutritional requirements as males
c. use the same strategies as males for avoiding predators
d. spend almost one-half of their lives pregnant or lactating
e. are the same size as males

ANS: a REF: p. 170 SOURCE: NEW

29. Infanticide by adult males

a. is rare in primates
b. appears to serve no function
c. is performed as a means of population control
d. is not resisted by females, including the mother
e. has been reported for a number of primate species

ANS: e REF: p. 172 SOURCE: PICKUP

30. What is the basic primate social unit?

a. the mother and infants
b. the father and infants
c. the male and female
d. sibling relationships
e. the mother and the mother’s mother and sister

ANS: a REF: p. 173 SOURCE: NEW

31. Monkeys raised without mothers in captivity

a. were able to form lasting affectional ties
b. displayed completely normal parenting behaviors as adults
c. displayed normal sexual behavior
d. did not know how to care for infants
e. were socially normal as adults, provided they received adequate nourishment

ANS: d REF: p. 174 SOURCE: PICKUP

32. Cultural behavior

a. has never been observed in nonhuman primates
b. is learned
c. is purely genetic
d. has only been observed in chimpanzees
e. has only been observed in bonobos

ANS: b REF: p. 175 SOURCE: PICKUP

33. Potato washing behavior has been observed in which of the following?
a. Japanese macaques
 b. Albanian macaques
c. Japanese gorillas
d. Chimpanzees
e. vervets

ANS: a REF: p. 175 SOURCE: NEW

34. Cultural behaviors observed in wild chimpanzees include the following except:
a. stone-tool production
b. the use of “leaf sponges”
c. “termite fishing”
d. Twigs used as toothpicks
e. language

ANS: e REF: p. 176 SOURCE; NEW

35. The traditional view of nonhuman communication has been that nonhumans, including primates,
a. are perfectly capable of conveying information about the external environment or their
emotional state
b. use symbolic communication
c. use language in the same manner as humans
d. can convey information about events in the past and future
e. communicate information relating to their emotional state ONLY

ANS: e REF: p. 179 SOURCE: PICKUP

36. According to the current evidence discussed in the text, which of the following statement is true?
a. Humans are the only species capable of conveying information pertaining to specific
components of the external environment.
b. Nonhuman primates can communicate any information except that which pertains to their
emotional state.
c. Some nonhuman primates appear to give specific alarm calls that refer to particular categories
of predators.
d. Free-ranging monkeys and apes use symbolic language in the same manner as humans.
e. Some monkeys communicate about past and future events by means of symbolic gestures.

ANS: c REF: p. 179 SOURCE: PICKUP

37. Vervet monkey vocalizations

a. are involuntary responses to external stimuli
b. are voluntary responses to external stimuli
c. refer solely to the emotional state of the individual
d. includes information about past and present events
e. are impossible to record and study

ANS: b REF: p. 179 SOURCE: NEW

38. Human language can be characterized by all of the following except

a. uses symbols
b. is limited to communicating about the present
c. is an open system of communication
 d. cannot be said to be the same as communication evidenced by the Great apes
e. evolved directly from nonhuman primate communication

ANS: e REF: p. 181 SOURCE: NEW

39. Linguistic symbols are said to be ________ because they do not resemble the object or concept they
represent.
a. autonomic
b. deliberate
c. arbitrary
d. closed
e. innate

ANS: c REF: p. 180 SOURCE: PICKUP

40. Which of the following have been taught to use sign language?
a. baboons
b. chimpanzees
c. macaques
d. lemurs
e. vervets

ANS: b REF: p. 180 SOURCE: NEW

41. What do the language experiments with chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas indicate?
a. They lack the ability to communicate symbolically.
b. They can learn to use up to 100 spoken words.
c. They have some ability to use signs to communicate.
d. They have human-like vocal tract anatomies.
e. They think symbolically in the same way humans do.

ANS: c REF: p. 180 SOURCE: PICKUP

True/False Questions
1. Scientists who use the behavioral ecology approach believe that primate behaviors have evolved
through the operation of natural selection.

ANS: True REF: p. 156 SOURCE: PICKUP

2. Large primate groups are advantageous because they increase the likelihood of early predator
detection.

ANS: True REF: p. 159 SOURCE: PICKUP

3. All primate communication is autonomic in nature.

ANS: False REF: p. 163 SOURCE: PICKUP

4. It has been proposed that male Hanuman langurs that commit infanticide are actually reducing their
own reproductive success.

ANS: False REF: p. 171 SOURCE: PICKUP

5. Male-female bonds, such as consortships, are advantageous to females because they gain protection
from predators.

ANS: True REF: p. 169 SOURCE: PICKUP

6. Sexual selection does not seem to be an important factor in the evolution of sexual dimorphism.

ANS: False REF: p. 170 SOURCE: PICKUP

7. Chimpanzees have never been observed to modify twigs for termite fishing before actually arriving
at the termite mound.

ANS: False REF: p. 176 SOURCE: PICKUP

8. Kanzi the bonobo learned to produce sharp flakes by throwing rocks to the ground.

ANS: True REF: p. 178 SOURCE: PICKUP

9. The modification of natural objects for use as tools has several implications for nonhuman primate
intelligence.

ANS: True REF: p. 176 SOURCE: NEW

10. Several language experiments with chimpanzees, orangutans, gorillas, and bonobos have shown that
all great apes have the capacity to use signs and symbols to communicate. Questions, however, have
been raised about this type of research.

ANS: True REF: p. 180 SOURCE: NEW

Short Answer Questions

1. Discuss the tenets of behavioral ecology.
ANS: Will vary REF: p. 156 SOURCE: PICKUP

2. List and discuss four factors that affect the social structure of a given species.
ANS: Will vary REF: p. 158-159 SOURCE: PICKUP

3. What are dominance hierarchies, and what important functions do they serve?
ANS: Will vary REF: p. 162 SOURCE: PICKUP

4. Discuss the evolutionary explanation of infanticide in Hanuman langurs.

ANS: Will vary REF: p. 171-173 SOURCE: PICKUP

5. Contrast autonomic responses and behaviors with intentional behaviors that serve as communication.
ANS: Will vary REF: p. 163 SOURCE: PICKUP
Test Bank for Cengage Advantage Books Understanding Humans An Introduction to Physical Anthr

6. What altruistic behaviors have been observed in nonhuman primates?

ANS: Will vary REF: p. 168 SOURCE: PICKUP

7. Discuss the effects of isolation in infancy and separation from the mother on monkey behavior.
ANS: Will vary REF: p. 173-174 SOURCE: PICKUP

8. Define the terms K-selection and r-selection. Are primates K-selected or r-selected?
ANS: Will vary REF: p. 169-170 SOURCE: PICKUP

Essay Questions
1. Why do most biological anthropologists consider it appropriate to discuss cultural behaviors in
nonhuman primates? Discuss a few examples of these behaviors.
ANS: Will vary REF: p. 175-179 SOURCE: PICKUP

2. Discuss the factors that influence primate social structure. What similarities and differences can be
drawn between nonhuman and human primate social structures?
ANS: Will vary REF: p. 158-160 SOURCE: NEW

3. Do you think apes have language? Discuss some of the questions that have been raised and what
research has demonstrated.
ANS: Will vary REF: p. 179-182 SOURCE: NEW

4. What are the benefits of studying nonhuman primates in wild environments, as opposed to captive
environments? What is the greatest challenge facing physical anthropologists conducting primate
research today?
ANS: Will vary REF: p. 156-157 SOURCE: NEW

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