Compilation BSD

PARTS AND SUBSYSTEM OF DOORS
Door
- A door may be defined as an open able barrier or as a framework of wood, steel,
aluminum, glass or a combination of these materials secured in a wall opening.
Parts of a door
 Top rail – The top rail is the

horizontal piece that sits across the
very top of the door.
 Freeze rail - Similar to the top rail,
except it sits horizontally across the
next divide down between the
panels on the door.
 Middle rail – Sits horizontally
across the middle of the door.
 Bottom rail – Sits horizontally
across the very bottom of the door.
 Stiles – This is the collective name
for the vertical components that sit
on the outside edge of a door.
 Lock stile – This is the vertical edge of the door which sits on the opposite side of the
door to the hinges, and contains the lock or latch.
 Panel – The panels, which may be timber or glass, are what fill the frame formed by the
stiles and rails of a door.
 Top mullion - This is the vertical element of the door that forms a division between
different panels at the very top of a door..
 Mid mullion - This is the vertical element that forms a division between panels in the
area directly below the top mullion.
 Lower mullion - This is the vertical element that forms a division between panels in the
area directly below the mid mullion.
 Moulding – This is decorative detailing that can be used around the edge of the door
stiles, rails and mullions.
 Frame or lining – The door frame (external) or lining (internal) is what the door fits
within and which covers the walls.
Figure 1. Shows Door Parts including:

Head Jamb, Side Jamb, Casing,
Mullion (Mull), Threshold, Sidelight
and Glazing.
Door frame (subsystem)

Side jambs, head jambs, and
mulls are the parts that make up the
frame.
Head jamb (subsystem)

The top horizontal section of a door or window frame is called the head jamb.
Door jamb versus door frame

A door jamb is an individual section of a door frame. Two side jambs make up the
vertical components of the door frame and the head jamb is the top horizontal component.
Together, the jambs (along with mullion) comprise the door frame.
Sill (subsystem)
Sills are the bottom component of a door frame.
Threshold (subsystem)
A threshold is the protective cap that covers the sill. It is typically sloped toward the
outside to help shed water.
Glazing
Glazing is just another word for the glass in a door or window.
Sidelights
Sidelights are tall narrow windows found on one or both sides of a door. Sidelights allow
more light into entryways, improve views, and can create a more welcoming entry point
experience.
Casing
Window and door casing trim is designed to hide the gaps between a window or door
frame and the surface of the interior wall.
Figure 2. Shows Brick Mould and

Weather Stripping
Brick mould (subsystem)

Brick mould is an exterior casing
trim designed to conceal the gap between
a window or door frame and the exterior
wall surface.
Weather-stripping (subsystem)
On exterior doors, weather-stripping helps seal the gaps between a door frame and a
closed-door panel, weather-stripping is typically made of a resilient, flexible material like
silicone, rubber, or foam.
Door sweep
The weather-stripping installed on the bottom of a door panel, a door sweep creates a
weather resistant barrier between a door panel and sill.
Figure 3. Shows Transom, SDL Bars and

Astragal
Astragal (subsystem)
On an exterior double door
arrangement like the one above, an
astragal covers the seam between the two
door panels and is fitted with weather-
stripping to prevent wind and water from
entering the house.
Transom (subsystem)
A transom is a narrow window located above a door or window.
Muntin bars
Muntin bars were joined together in order to create large expanses of glass from smaller
individual panes
Figure 4. Shows Top Rail, Panel, Lock

Stile, Bore Hole, Mullion, Bottom Rail,
Stop Moulding, Hinge Style, Mid Rail,
Hinge
Hinge (subsystem)
This is the piece of hardware
that allows the door to swing open and
closed.
Panel
A door panel, sometimes called
a slab, refers to the whole part of the door that swings back and forth
Stile
A stile is the narrow vertical segment located on either side of a door panel.
Bore hole
A bore hole is drilled into a door to accommodate a lockset.
LOCKSET
The lockset refers to the handles, locks,
latches, strike plates, and all the other
hardware components that allow a door to
latch and lock in place.
Handle (subsystem)
A handle, knob, or lever is the component of door hardware that is used to unlatch the
door panel and pull it open or push it closed.
- Entry handles
Are operated with a key cylinder on the exterior side of the door and a push or turn lock
button on the interior.
- Bed/bath handles
Have a push or turn lock button on the inside but not on the other.
- Passage handles
Have no locking mechanism.
Latch (subsystem)
A door latch is a shaft that protrudes from the edge of a door panel and into the door
frame securing the panel in place.
Deadbolt
Deadbolts are considered an additional form of security and are most often set apart from
the handle assembly, which means that a door with a deadbolt needs an additional bore hole.
Thumb turn
A deadbolt is operated by turning a thumb turn on the inside of a house and by a key
cylinder on the exterior side.
Mortise plates
These plates add strength to latches, deadbolts, and the door panel, which helps prevent a
forced entry.
Strike plates (subsystem)

Strike plates add strength to door frames
which helps prevent a forced entry.
Escutcheon
Escutcheons are ornamental plates that can be found surrounding handles, thumb turns
and key cylinders.
Door Materials
Solid core timber doors
Solid core wooden doors are heavily constructed doors made from whole
bits of timber. These doors are most commonly used as front entrance doors or
where soundproofing, insulation or security are important.
Aluminum doors
Aluminum is a lightweight, strong, durable and affordable material that's
often used to construct security doors and garage doors. On its own, aluminium
is a poor insulator and conducts heat easily.
Steel doors
No material on the market is tougher than steel. Steel offers outstanding
security, and is commonly used in the construction of screen doors and grilles.
Fiberglass doors
Fiberglass doors are a relatively new addition to the market, offering
excellent strength, waterproofing, soundproofing and insulation.
Glass doors
Glass doors look fantastic, although their performance in terms of things
like insulation and strength depends very much on the way they're constructed.
Leadlight doors and stained glass doors

Lead lighting and stained glass aren't cheap, but they can add a
tremendous amount to a home in terms of character visual appeal.
UPVC or vinyl doors
UPVC can be used to construct solid, lightweight doors, but it's more
commonly used as a strong, cost effective framing material for things like glass
doors.
Mirrored doors
Appearing almost exclusively as sliding wardrobe doors, mirrored doors

help create the illusion of more space in bedrooms.
Hollow core doors
Cheaper and more lightweight than solid core doors, hollow core doors are
often used for internal doors to keep costs down.
PARTS AND SUBSYSTEMS OF WINDOWS
Windows
A window is a vented barrier provided in a wall opening to admit light and air into the
structure and also to give outside view. They also increase the beauty appearance of building.
Functions of a window:
 Providing Natural Sunlight - windows that allow for this passage of natural light tells our
bodies that it’s daytime, and the inherent urge to complete our chores, jobs, school and
other duties before nightfall kicks in.
 Delivering Energy Efficiency - windows can improve indoor comfort while saving
money on heating and cooling costs and to increase Energy Efficiency in Buildings and
Achieving Clean Energy Economy.
 Ventilating the Home - for almost all homes, windows and structural elements contribute
to bringing in fresh air and proper ventilation keeps the air fresh and healthy indoors.
Like the lungs, homes need to be able to breathe to make sure that fresh air comes in and
dirty air goes out.
I. SUBSYSTEMS:
a. Window Sill – It is the horizontal part sitting across your window frame on the exterior at the
bottom. It mirrors the stool on the inside of your window.
b. Jamb - the jamb is the vertical side of the frame on the right or left side of the window.
c. Mullion - A vertical or horizontal piece that combines two or more dividing windows
together (more commonly used in double-hung windows, but also exists elsewhere).
d. Casement - The casement window is the one opening to the outside more often than to the
inside. Therefore, this type of window needs to have hinges.
e. Transom - A horizontal bar that separates two casements, for example a fixed pane and a
fanlight casement.
f. Hinge - You can see hinges from the inside part of a window. They hold the sash to the frame
and enable the window to open and close.
g. Glazing - Glazing is just another word for the glass in a door or window. The glazing in
modern windows is made up of at least two layers of glass and sometimes three.
II. PARTS:
1. Head
The main horizontal member forming the top of the window or door frame.
2. Jamb
The main vertical members forming the sides of a window or door frame.
3. Frame
The combination o head, jambs and sill to form a precise opening in which a window
sash or door panel fits.
4. Glazing
The process of applying or installing glass into a window sash or doo panel. Also refers
to the type of glass used in process.
5. Pane
A framed sheet of glass within a window or door frame.
6. Sash
A single assembly of stiles and rails made into a frame for holding glass.
7. Sill
The main horizontal member forming the bottom of the frame of a window or door.
8. Muntin Bar
Any small bar that divides window or door glass. Also called a grille or windowpane
divider.
WINDOW MATERIALS
1. Aluminum - Aluminum windows are sturdy, strong, and secure, so they are ideal for certain
challenging structural conditions. They are very durable, because aluminum is a nonferrous
metal that is not susceptible to rust or corrosion, and it is warp resistant as well. On the
downside, aluminum is a thermal conductor, so the material is not very energy-efficient.
Aluminum is not commonly utilized for residential applications, but these windows are the right
choice for many commercial structures.
2. Vinyl - Vinyl replacement windows are very popular for a number of different reasons. They
come in many different colors and sizes, and there are multiple styles available. They have
multi-chambers that provide energy efficiency because of the insulating capabilities, provided
they are quality vinyl windows. Vinyl windows can be easily installed, they are maintenance-
free, and they are not susceptible to degradation. To top off all of these benefits, vinyl windows
are one of the most affordable options on the market today.
3. Fiberglass - Fiberglass windows are a relatively new innovation, and they are being used
more often as time goes on. The advantages are similar to vinyl in some ways. Minimal
maintenance is required, and the material never decays. Fiberglass windows are sturdier than
vinyl, so the material can be the right choice for particularly large panes. Since the market for
fiberglass is not fully developed, there are limited style and color options available.
4. Wood - There is no doubt about the fact that traditional wood windows can be quite
beautiful, and it is easy to customize when you are utilizing this natural material. Wood
windows provide a high level of insulation, and they are as structurally strong as they are
energy-efficient. The drawbacks are the need for continual maintenance to prevent warping and
decay, and wood windows are very expensive compared to other options.
5. Vinyl-Clad - Vinyl-clad windows are a great choice for people that love the look of wood
and the durability and affordability of vinyl. These windows have wood interiors, and the
exterior surface is made of vinyl. External maintenance is not necessary, and on the inside, you
have the ability to paint or stain the wood to match your aesthetic sensibilities.
6. Composite - Composite windows are made with wood fibers and a thermoplastic polymer
blended together in a 60/40 ratio. These windows are extremely energy efficient, and they are
twice as strong as vinyl windows. There can be no rotting, decay, insect damage, or fungal
intrusion, and composite windows will not pit or blister. The inside of the window frame can be
painted to provide a natural wood look, but there are none of the drawbacks that go along with
real wood windows.
TYPES OF WINDOWS:
1. Single- and Double-Hung Windows

These two window types remain the most popular among American homeowners. You
can get them in wood, fiberglass, or vinyl materials. A double-hung window comprises two
vertical sliding sashes, where you can either open the upper sash or bottom one for air
circulation. A single-hung window only one sliding sash: the bottom one.
2. Picture Windows
Picture windows are the simplest of all windows. They have no moving parts. These
inoperable beauties tend to be large, and they are placed facing a pleasing outdoor space, like
the backyard. Think of them as picture frames that focus the view.
3. Slider Windows
This is another simple window design. It features two sashes, and the direction of
opening is horizontal. Typically, only one sash slides, and the other is fixed, like a single-hung
casement window, but both sashes can be designed to slide.
4. Casement Windows
A window is a vented barrier provided in a wall opening to admit light and air into the
structure and also to give outside view. They also increase the beauty appearance of building.
4. Box Sash Windows
If you live in a very old home, you may have box sash windows. Instead of utilizing
springs to make opening and closing easier, they incorporate a weight-and-pully system to
balance out the weight of the window and make it easy to slide. A box sash window in good
repair operates smoothly, but there are many parts (as you can see below), and it's important to
keep them all in working order. Common problems to look out for are accumulated layers of
paint and broken sash cords. You may be able to perform simple repairs and maintenance
yourself, but for inoperable box sash windows, you may have to call in a repair person who
specializes in this type of antique design.
6. Tilt-Out Windows
Many windows tilt out for easy cleaning from the inside. Beware, however, of cheap
windows with this feature; the hardware could break as you tilt them out and snap them back in.
7. Storm Windows
A well-made and tightly installed storm window can do wonders for an old window,
boosting its insulation efficiency by trapping several inches of air between the window and the
storm window.
8. Clad Windows
To make a wood window more durable, many manufacturers apply a cladding of
aluminum, vinyl, or fiberglass to the exterior portions only. Aluminum cladding can be painted,
as long as you apply a primer first. In most cases, tinted vinyl and fiberglass can be painted with
no problem, but paint may have trouble sticking to white vinyl. You can also buy windows with
hard-baked paint finishes.
9. Fiberglass Windows
Some manufacturers make fiberglass windows, in addition to the standard offerings
mentioned above. Fiberglass is stronger than vinyl, less prone to contracting and expanding, and
less likely to warp. It needs to be protected by paint, which manufacturers anticipate by
applying a hard finish at the factory.
10. Tilt-Out Windows

Many windows tilt out for easy cleaning from the inside. Beware, however, of cheap windows
with this feature; the hardware could break as you tilt them out and snap them back in.
11. Storm Windows
A well-made and tightly installed storm window can do wonders for an old window, boosting
its insulation efficiency by trapping several inches of air between the window and the storm
window.
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
SECTION 1007. Doors, Windows, and the like
Doors, windows, and the like less than 2.40 meters above the pavement or ground line
shall not, when fully opened or upon opening, project beyond the property line except fire exit
doors.
SECTION 1207. Stairs, Exits, and Occupant Loads
(6) Openings. Where corridor wall are required to be one-hour fire-resistive construction,
every interior door opening shall be protected as set forth in generally recognized and accepted
requirements for dual purpose fire exit doors. Other interior openings except ventilation louvers
equipped with approved automatic fire shutters shall be 7 millimeters thick fixed wire glass set
in steel frames. The total area of all openings other than doors, in any portion of an interior
Corridor wall shall not exceed twenty-five percent of the area of the corridor wall of the
room being separated from the corridor.
(7) Change in Floor Level at Doors. Regardless of the occupant load there shall be a floor
or landing on each side of an exit door. The floor or landing shall be leveled with, or not The
National Building Code (P.D. 1096) 33 more than 50 millimeters lower than the threshold of
the doorway: Except, that in Group A and B Occupancies, a door may open on the top step of a
flight of stairs or an exterior landing provided the door does not swing over the top step or
exterior landing and the landing is not more than 200 millimeters below the floor level.
SECTION 1603. Glazing of Openings
(a) Doors, sashes and framed openings in exterior walls of all buildings except Types IV
and V Constructions may be glazed or equipped with approved plastics: Provided, that: (1) the
wall in which such glazing is installed is so located that openings are not required to be fire-
protected. (2) Except for Type I Construction, the location, size, and spacing of such glazed
openings do not exceed the values set forth by the Secretary. (3) Plastics used in glazed
openings for Type II Construction shall be materials appropriate for use according to flame-
spread characteristics and the location, size, and spacing of the openings do not exceed the
values set forth by the Secretary.
REFERENCES:
(PK), premanth kundurthi. (2021, June 5). What are the functions of doors and windows in a house? how are
doors and windows installed? LinkedIn. Retrieved November 14, 2022, from
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/what-functions-doors-windows-house-how-installed-kundurthi-pk-
Net, W. (2022, June 7). 24 main parts of a window (diagrams). WCMA NET. Retrieved November 14, 2022,
from https://www.wcmanet.org/window-parts/
Parts of a door explained. Timber Windows, Bespoke Doors, Staircases. (n.d.). Retrieved November 14, 2022,
from https://www.salisburyjoinery.com/blog/parts-of-a-door-explained
Parts of a Door: Learn About the Anatomy of a Door. Marvin. (n.d.). Retrieved November 14, 2022, from
https://www.marvin.com/blog/parts-of-a-
door#:~:text=Side%20jambs%2C%20head%20jambs%2C%20and%20mulls%20are%20the,finish%20in
%20a%20variety%20of%20colors.%20Head%20jamb
Parts of casement and sash windows explained. Timber Windows, Bespoke Doors, Staircases. (n.d.). Retrieved
November 14, 2022, from https://www.salisburyjoinery.com/blog/parts-of-a-window-explained
Thomas, E. (2021, August 23). What are the key parts of a window? CRD Design Build. Retrieved November
14, 2022, from https://www.crddesignbuild.com/blog/parts-of-a-window
What are the different parts of a window? (n.d.). Retrieved November 14, 2022, from
https://brennancorp.com/blog/what-are-the-different-parts-of-a-window/
What are the parts of a window?: Window replacement. S&K Roofing, Siding and Windows. (2022, August
30). Retrieved November 14, 2022, from https://www.skroofing.com/windows/resources/parts-of-
windows/
SYSTEM
BREAKDOWN
LIGHTING
CONTROL
SYSTEM
Building Systems Design (CEBD0313)
MARIEL JOY BARTOLAY

MARIA ERIKA NANTES
SHAIRA NINA RAMOS
I. INTRODUCTION
Lighting plays an important role in our everyday lives, it is not
something the average person thinks about very often. Clearly, we
all need light to see, but lighting plays a much more substantial
role that you might have first imagined.
That is why having a lighting control system creates the ability of

a home’s lighting to be controlled together.
I. INTRODUCTION
Lighting Control Systems are intelligent network-based lighting
control solution that incorporates communication between
various system inputs and outputs related to lighting control with
the use of one or more central computing devices.
These are widely used on both indoor and outdoor lighting of

commercial, industrial, and residential spaces.
II. COMPONENTS OF LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEM
(a) Luminaires or Light fixtures - a complete lighting

unit consisting of lamp or lamps together with the
parts designated to distribute the light, to position
and protect the lamps and ballast and connect it to
the power supply.
(b) Light Switch - most commonly used to operate

electric lights, permanently connected equipment, or
electrical outlets.
A. Common Types of Available Light Switches
1. Single Pole Light Switch - It is the most popular 2. Double Pole Light Switch - looks and operates
type of switch because it is classic, convenient, similarly to its single pole sibling.
This type of switch is called “doubled” because there
inexpensive, and straightforward to use.
are two hot wire going into the switch. A double pole
And, it controls one light fixture from a single wiring is generally intended for appliances, machinery,
location. and other higher power load applications.
3. Rocker Switch - function like a toggle 4. Combination Switch - In addition to

switch, but instead of flipping a tiny lever turning a light on and off, a combination
up or down, you push a panel that either switch offers a three-prong grounded
rocks up and down or side to side. electrical outlets.
6. Three-Way Switch - It serves the opposite

5. Double Switch or Triple Switch - It
function of a double or triple switch. A three-
enables to turn on and off multiple lights
way switch allows you to turn on and off one
from one location in a room or hallway.
light from multiple locations.
7. Countdown Timer Switch - This type of 8. Smart Switch - it offers a lot of practical
switch will automatically turn a light off advantages.
after a set period of time.
B. DIMMER SWITCHES
Is also a type of light switch and are slightly

more advanced way to control room lighting.
These dimmers allow occupants to slide the
switch to their desired level of lighting in a
space.
B. Different Types of Dimmer Switch

1. Rotary Dimmer Switch - is the most 3. Multi-Location Dimmer Switch -
2. Three-Way Dimmer
common type of dimmer switch. As you allow for dimming controls in more
Switch - it controls a single
rotate the knob clockwise and counter than one location. Like the 3-way
light source from two
clockwise, the intensity of the light switches, this have on/off and
different locations. dimming controls at the switch.
changes.
C. OCCUPANCY SENSORS
Help to conserve energy because they allow lights to stay on
only while occupants are in a space.
Occupancy sensor serve four basic functions;

• To automatically turn lights on when a room becomes occupied
• To keep lights on without interruption while the controlled space is
occupied, and
• To turn the lights off within a present time period after the space has
been vacated
• The system consist of a motion detector, an electronic control unit, and a
controllable switch (relay).
C. Four Types of Occupancy Sensors Available:

(2) Ultrasonic Sensors - emit an inaudible sound pattern
(1) Passive Infrared Sensors (PIR) - PIR are that is disrupted by any moving object altering the
signals returning to the sensor (Doppler Shifts). They
triggered by the movement of a heat- are best suited for spaces where line-of-sight view to
emitting body through their field of view. the occupants is not always available. It detects very
minor motion better than most infrared sensors.
C. Four Types of Occupancy Sensors Available:
(3) Dual-technology Occupant Sensors (Hybrid) -

Dual -technology occupant sensors use both (4) Acoustic Occupancy Sensor Acoustic -
passive infrared and ultrasonic technologies for sensors detect people-made noise and
less risk of false triggering (lights coming on mechanical noise related to human activity
when the space is unoccupied).
D. TIME CLOCK
An owner may choose to use a time clock instead

to avoid using occupancy sensors to turn lights
off. With a time clock, lighting circuits are wired via
a centralized clock that can be programmed to turn
lights on and off based on a schedule.
F. DAYLIGHT SENSORS
A device that measures the ambient light level and

calculates the amount of artificial light that is
require to reach the target area.
F. Different Lighting Method

Open Loop - It has wide field Partial Open Loop - take into
Closed Loop - attempts to keep of view and often placed account the light levels penetrating
the illumination at the sensor outside the space and does the area from the natural light
constant. not take into account sources as well as light contributions
window treatments. from the work surface.
G. CONTROLLERS
To streamline and consolidate lighting controls
communication in a space.
Controllers accept signals and communication from
switches, occupancy sensors, and/or daylight sensors and
then use this information to tell the light fixtures what to
do.
H. NETWORK CONTROLS and WIRELESS CONNECTION

Lighting controls can be networked together in larger
buildings or more complex controls systems.
III. SYSTEMS
What are we dealing with?

III. SYSTEMS
A. Standalone Lighting Control System

Based on DLM
Standalone Lighting Control

System allow ‘standalone’
control of the lighting within a
space, typically a single room.
Mounting Option
III. SYSTEMS

Based on DLM
Controls may include;
Coverage Pattern
➢ Occupancy Sensor
➢ Dimming Switch
III. SYSTEMS

Based on DLM
➢ Daylight Sensor
III. SYSTEMS

Based on DLM
➢ Scene Switch - changes the light

when you flick the witch on and off
again. Low voltage switch for
controlling four present scenes.
Has a built-in memory chip that
remembers the last setting used.
➢ Plug Load Controller - A device that controls the
III. SYSTEMS provision of power to the managed outlets of a wall
power receptacle. It is mounted on a junction box in
A. Standalone Lighting Control System the ceiling or a wall.
Based on DLM
III. SYSTEMS

➢ L MRJ Cables - Connect Digital ➢ Junction Box (J-Box) - An ➢ DLM Cable Connector
Lighting Management (DLM) enclosure that protects a
components without the need for connection of two or more
tools or point-to-point discrete wiring. wires carrying electrical
current.
III. SYSTEMS

➢ 0-10 Volt Ballast or Driver - ballast is a ➢ Fixture Controller
device that limits the current through an
electrical load. It controls the lighting intensity
by adjusting the DC voltage that provided
lighting fixture range from 0V to 10V.
III. SYSTEMS
B. Local Integration
Based on DLM
In this system, multiple devices /

inputs are added but remained
using local programming and local
control for 2 or more rooms.
III. SYSTEMS
Based on DLM
➢ Switch
➢ LMRJ cables
➢ Junction box
➢ Daylight sensor
➢ Loads
➢ 0-10 Volt Ballast
III. SYSTEMS
Based on DLM
➢ LMRC-102 Dual Relay Room Controller – The LRMC-102
communicates to all other DLM devices connected to the DLM
Local Network. They are the foundation of a DLM system, and
allow the integration of occupancy sensors, daylighting sensors
and switches for energy-efficient lighting control.
It has two load relays. It can be mounted external to a junction
box, placing it in the plenum space or mounted directly inside a
4” x 4”.
III. SYSTEMS
Based on DLM
In DLM, the LDMX- 100 Digital Dual Technology Corner Mount
Controls may include; Occupancy Sensor uses both passive infrared and ultrasonic
techniques to achieve precise occupancy sensing for energy-
➢ Loads – each bank of light fixtures are called load and they are efficient control of lighting and plug loads.
connected to an individual dimmer installed in wall in this case, to a

junction box. In short, load is a device that consumes electrical
energy.
➢ Corner Mount Occupancy Sensor – recommended for spaces

including conference rooms, private offices, classrooms and
computer rooms where using just one detection technology could
result in false triggers.
➢ Ceiling Mount Occupancy Sensor - appropriate
III. SYSTEMS for large areas that feature obstacles such as
partitions, in addition to narrow spaces such as
B. Local Integration corridors and warehouse aisles.
Based on DLM
➢ Network Bridge – provides a segment network connection
for a group of DLM local network devices. This enables
individual DLM local networks to be aggregated into a larger
system, which in turn, can be remotely managed from a DLM
Segment Manager or a building automation system (BAS).
➢ Scene Switch
III. SYSTEMS ➢ Dimming Switch
➢ LMRC 212 On/Off Dimming Room Controller –
B. Local Integration communicates to all other DLM devices
connected to the DLM Local network.
Based on DLM
➢ LM-MSTP Wire - used to create a linear topology (daisy-chain)
segment network for control by a segment manager or building
automation system. * Daisy chaining is a process when multiple light
fixtures are operated by a single switch.
The room controller mounts as the cover for a four

square deep junction box.
➢ LMPL 201 Plug Load Room Controller - include a 20
amp relay for on/ off control of connected outlets, and a
high-efficiency switching power supply. The plug load
controller then switch controlled outlets on and off in
III. SYSTEMS response to input from any communicating occupancy
sensors. It should be installed to switch outlets used for
B. Local Integration task lighting and non-essential equipment in private
offices, open offices, lunch/break rooms and other areas
Based on DLM in commercial building.
➢ Class 2 0-10 Volt Control Wiring - is a low

voltage wiring, typically 10-24V DC. It It
provides a pathway for communication of
analog or digital signals such as incoming
sensor input data (light levels, occupancy
conditions, and outgoing commands)
III. SYSTEMS
C. Networked/Intelligent (addressable)
Based on DALI
A networked lighting control

system consist of an intelligent
network of individually
addressable luminaries and
control devices.
III. SYSTEMS
Based on DALI
➢ Central processing unit (CPU) - principal part of any ➢ Power supply is a current limited device
digital computer system. Composed of the main memory, ensuring that the line current does not exceed
control unit, and arithmetic-logic unit. It constitutes the
250mA. The DALI power supply can be connected
physical heart of the entire computer system; to it is
linked various peripheral equipment, including
at any position on the line. While DALI Gateway
input/output devices and auxiliary storage units. acts as an application controller master device
III. SYSTEMS
Based on DALI
➢ Linear fluorescent light bulb or lamp - is a type of ➢ Compact fluorescent light bulb or lamp - is a
gas-discharge lamp. Linear fluorescent bulbs come in type of fluorescent lamp generally designed as a
a wide variety of lengths, diameters, wattages, and replacement for incandescent or halogen lamps.
color temperatures. They are known for high energy There are two types of compact fluorescent
efficiency, long life, and relatively low cost. lamp, screw-in and plug-in.
III. SYSTEMS
Based on DALI
➢ Screw-in lamps are self-ballasted and ➢ Plug-in bulbs require a ballast and a
can generally be placed in an existing socket that corresponds to their specific
screw socket without any additional base configuration
equipment.
III. SYSTEMS
Based on DALI
➢ Group Control Module - with the help of
➢ 120V or 12V this compact module, light switches or
Dimmers buttons can send dimming and switching
commands to DALI group.
➢ Relay Module - it is the driving and

executing device for the on-off of the
control loop in the commercial
intelligent lighting control system.
III. SYSTEMS
Based on DALI
➢ Scene Control Module - switch ➢ LCD Touchscreen - is a flexible
➢ Two wire Dali bus - It is a 2-way
input module supports the ability device which provides an intuitive
communications protocol that is
to program scene levels and recall user-friendly method of interfacing to used to provide control over,
up to 4 scenes (A, B, C, D). the light control system.
A scene aloud to memorize The LCD touchscreen provides and communication between
and recall different light virtually a limitless flexibility of the components in a lighting
levels at different devices. system configuration and control. system.
III. SYSTEMS
D. Network/Intelligent (wired or wireless)
A systems that offer a

connection so the user can
monitor or control the lighting
controls devices throughout the
building from a central location
via secure web browser on
computer or application on a
mobile phone.
III. SYSTEMS
➢ Occupancy sensors ➢ PIR Occupancy sensor ➢ Wall switches

III. SYSTEMS

➢ GRAFIK Eye QS - adjusts lights and ➢ The QSE-CI-NWK-E - is a versatile
shades for any task or activity at the integration access point for Lutron QS- ➢ Sivoia QS - puts total light
touch of a button. Control any load, from based systems. Easily integrate with
screw in LED bulbs to EcoSystem LED control at your fingertips.
drivers, touchscreens, PCs, A / V systems, or
with premium dimming performance and other digital systems and devices. Control Seamlessly integrate natural and
no need for an additional interface GRAFIK and monitor GRAFIK Eye QS, Sivoia QS,
Eye QS allows you to meet your aesthetic,
electric light in one dynamic
Energi Savr Node, and other products on
functional, and regulatory needs for any the wired QS link.Monitor lighting scenes,
solution that is simple to install and
project or space. levels, shade positions and more. control.
III. SYSTEMS

➢ The QS Sensor Module - integrates ➢ Energi Savr Node - is a smart module ➢ The Ambient Light Sensor (ALS) -
Lutron wireless sensors and controls products from aims provide
that allows save energy and comply with measurements of ambient light intensity
with Lutron light and shade control codes by integrating wired and wireless
systems through the QS communication which match the human eye’s response to
link. Easily install to save time, energy occupancy sensors, light under a variety of lighting conditions.
energy and comply with codes. Uses Clear Each device has a specific operating range of
Connect Radio Frequency (RF) Technology daylight sensors, and light controls performance, from very low light up to bright sunlight.
for communication with wireless with digital ballasts, 0-10 V dimming They enable consumer electronics device
occupancy / vacancy sensors, daylight manufacturers to implement display dimming and
loads and switching loads. brightness control functions, helping to reduce power
sensors, and wireless controllers. consumption and extend battery run-time.
III. SYSTEMS
➢ Troffer Kelvin-Tunable - Is available in 2x2 or ➢ Can Lights Spicebox Wall Switch - Each SPICEbox™ is a
2x4 options the TR Series is an upgraded version network device with a unique MAC address and IP address.
SPICEboxes have multi-channel control for separate
of a traditional troffer. Tunable in wattage and
lighting loads, including color mixing. A SPICEbox™can
color temperature this troffer can fill a space
serve as a sensor host for wall switches, PIR sensors,
giving a brighter and larger ambiance.
ambient light sensors, or other sensor.
➢ Universal Power over Ethernet (UPoE) - Power over Ethernet

(PoE) is a widely used LAN technology that provides DC power
to endpoints over existing copper Ethernet cabling used for data
connectivity. Power is passed from Power Sourcing Equipment
(PSE) over the twisted pairs to Powered Devices (PD) such as IP
phones, IP cameras, card readers, selling machines, wireless
access points, and other industrial and building appliances.
III. SYSTEMS
How does the Lighting Control System works?
1. Luminaire must be capable of being switched on and off and
preferably dimmed. Zoning/ Grouping – They switch on and off at
the same amount at the same time.
2. There must be one or more input devices which told luminaire
what to do. This can be a manual switch on the wall. More often
the signal comes from a movement detector.
3. There is a control system itself - brains of the system. It is also
known as Lighting Control Modules/Lighting Control Panel. This
can be programmed and often linked to the Building Management
System.
4. Control Networks - links the luminaires, senses, input devices,
and control system all together. It can be hardwired or it can use
radio or infrared signals and communicate by the internet. The
actual signal transmitted over the network is known as the
communication protocol an examples would be DALI, DMX, DiNet.
III. SYSTEMS
TYPES OF LIGHT FIXTURES
1. Luminaries for Internal Lighting - Indoor lighting is a

form of fixture or furnishing, and a key part of interior
design.
1.1 General Luminaries (non-directional) - are lights

illuminating points from no major direction.
1.2 General Luminaries (directional)- are typically closer

to the object they are illuminating than a general lighting
fixture.
III. SYSTEMS

Direct /Indirect - Direct lighting
Downlights are among the most widely Uplights - created by strategically distributes all or nearly all light downward
used architectural lighting devices. As placing lighting fixtures on the floor toward the task. Indirect lighting
their name implies, these fixtures emit distributes all or nearly all light upward
light in a straight downward direction. and pointing them up. toward the ceiling and nearby walls.
III. SYSTEMS

Spots and Tracklight Specialized - A Fiber optic lighting - fibers are made
spotlight's primary function is to direct Emergency lighting refers to to not only transmit light but to glow
one’s attention to the illuminated object. battery-backed or otherwise along the fiber itself, so it resembles
However, the spotlight itself can also be independently powered light sources. a neon light tube.
the focal point if it is a decorative piece.
Track Lighting is a method of

lighting where light fixtures are
attached anywhere on a continuous
track device.
III. SYSTEMS
2. Luminaries for Exterior Lighting brings

façades and outdoor spaces to life.
2.1 Amenity Lighting the appearance of your

home, business or outdoor area.
III. SYSTEMS

Post top lighting - outdoor lighting Ceiling Lights & Hanging Lights - Wall Lights - The classic front or
that is commonly mounted on poles are usually selected for damp back porch light, these can be
and located in roadways, pathways, mounted on virtually any vertical
parking lots, and commercial and locations where they’re never
educational campuses. directly exposed to rain. surface.
III. SYSTEMS

2.2 Flood Lighting - exterior lighting 2.3 Spotlights provides focused
Buried up lights - are set into that is commonly mounted on buildings light that emphasizes a specific
the floor's surface. or poles to provide directional feature for safety, wayfinding or
illumination to a variety of space types. aesthetic purposes.
III. SYSTEMS

2.5 Aircraft Paving Lighting provides
2.4 Roadway Lighting refers to 2.6 Security Lighting - most
a standardized layout of positional
the lighting set for roads and significant crime deterrent.
lights and colors for pilots to reference
their auxiliary facilities.
both in the air and on ground.
III. SYSTEMS
3. Communication Lighting Specialties
3.1 Emergency Lighting provides lighting

when the electrical power supply in a building
fails.
III. SYSTEMS
3.2 Illuminated sign means a sign with 3.3 Laser generates a beam of very
an artificial light source incorporated
intense light.
internally or externally for the purpose
of illuminating the sign.
SYSTEM
BREAKDOWN
LIGHTING
CONTROL
SYSTEM
Building Systems Design (CEBD0313)
IV. BASELINE REQUIREMENTS

3. Unsafe Electrical Wiring
SECTION 215. Abatement of a. All wiring systems or installations which do not conform
Dangerous Buildings to the rules and regulations embodied in the latest
Philippine Electrical Code.
When any building or structure is found or
declared to be dangerous or ruinous, the b. Inadequately maintained or improperly used electrical
wirings, outlets, devices and/or equipment.
Building Official shall order its repair,
vacation or demolition depending upon the
degree of danger to life, health, or safety. 7. Mechanical Documents
This is without prejudice to further action
that may be taken under the provisions of k. Detailed plans of fire suppression systems, location of
Articles 482 and 694 to 707 of the Civil automatic and smoke detectors and alarm and initiating
Code of the Philippines. The condition or devices used to monitor the conditions that are
defects that render any building/structure essential for the proper operation including switches for
dangerous or ruinous are as follows: (See the position of gate valves as well as alert and
Procedure for Abatement/Demolition of evacuation signals; the detailed layout of the entire safe
Dangerous/Ruinous Buildings/Structures at area to be protected and the heat/smoke ventilation
the end of this system.
Rule).
SECTION 1301. Electrical
Regulations
SECTION 302. Application for
All electrical systems, equipment and installations mentioned in the Code shall
conform to the provisions of the Philippine Electrical Code Part 1 (PEC-1)
Permits and Part 2 (PEC-2), as adopted by the Board of Electrical Engineering pursuant
to Republic Act 7920, otherwise known as the Philippine Electrical Engineering
Law.
6. Electrical Documents Electrical plans
2. Attachments on and Clearances from Buildings
and technical specifications containing a. An Attachment Plan approved by professional electrical engineer shall cover
the following: power lines and cables, transformers and other electrical equipment installed
on or in buildings and shall be submitted to the local Building Official.
a. Location and Site Plans 6. Wiring Methods Service entrance conductors extending along the exterior or
b. Legend or Symbols entering buildings or other structures shall be installed in rigid steel conduit or
c. General Notes and/or Specifications concrete encased plastic conduit from point of service drop to meter base and
from meter base to the disconnecting equipment. However, where the service
d. Electrical Layout entrance conductors are protected by approved fuses or breakers at their
e. Schedule of Loads, Transformers, terminals (immediately after the service drop or lateral) they may be installed in
Generating / UPS Units (Total kVA for each any of the recognized wiring methods as provided by PEC1.
a. Abandoned lines and/or portions of lines no longer required to provide service
of the preceding items shall be indicated in shall be removed.
the schedule)
f. Design Analysis 11. Electrical Room
a. An adequate space or area shall be provided at load centers where panel
g. One Line Diagram boards, breakers, switchgears and other electrical equipment are installed.
PHILIPPINE ELECTRICAL CODE
4.11.1.4 Locations Not Permitted. Lighting systems
operating at 30 volts or less shall not be installed in the
locations described in 4.11.1.4(a) and 4.11.1.4(b).
ARTICLE 4.11 — LIGHTING
SYSTEMS OPERATING AT 30 (a) Where concealed or extended through a building wall unless
permitted in (1) or (2): (1) Installed using any of the wiring
VOLTS OR LESS methods specified in Chapter 3 (2) Installed using wiring
supplied by a listed Class 2 power source and installed in
4.11.1.1 Scope. This article covers lighting
accordance with 7.25.3.12
systems operating at 30 volts or less and their
(b) Where installed within 3 000 mm of pools, spas, fountains,
associated components.
or similar locations, unless permitted by Article 6.80.
4.11.1.2 Definition. Lighting Systems Operating 4.11.1.5 Secondary Circuits.
at 30 Volts or Less. A lighting system consisting (a) Grounding. Secondary circuits shall not be grounded.
of an isolating power supply operating at 30 volts (c) Bare Conductors. Exposed bare conductors and current-
(42.4 volts peak) or less under any load condition, carrying parts shall be permitted for indoor installations only. Bare
with one or more secondary circuits, each limited conductors shall not be installed less than 2 100 mm above the
to 25 amperes maximum, supplying luminaires finished floor, unless specifically listed for a lower installation
(lighting fixtures) and associated equipment height. 4.11.1.6 Branch Circuit. Lighting systems operating at 30
identified for the use. volts or less shall be supplied from a maximum 20-ampere branch
circuit. 4.11.1.7 Hazardous (Classified) Locations. Where installed
4.11.1.3 Listing Required. Lighting systems in hazardous (classified) locations, these systems shall conform
operating at 30 volts or less shall be listed. with Articles 5.0 through 5.17 in addition to this article
5.50.1.4 General Requirements.
ARTICLE 6.47- SENSITIVE

(b) Power-Supply Cord. If the mobile home has a
power-supply cord, it shall be permanently attached to
ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT the distribution panelboard or to a junction box
permanently connected to the distribution panelboard,
6.47.1.4 Wiring Methods. with the free end terminating in an attachment plug
(b) Junction Boxes. All junction box covers cap. Cords with adapters and pigtail ends, extension
shall be clearly marked to indicate the cords, and similar items shall not be attached to, or
distribution panel and the system voltage. shipped with, a mobile home. A suitable clamp or the
equivalent shall be provided at the distribution
5.51.2 Combination Electrical Systems panelboard knockout to afford strain relief for the cord
(d) Dual-Voltage Fixtures, Including Luminaires to prevent strain from being transmitted to the
or Appliances. Fixtures, including luminaires, or terminals when the power-supply cord is handled in its
appliances having both 230-volt or 115-volt intended manner. The cord shall be a listed type with
and low-voltage connections shall be listed for four conductors, one of which shall be identified by a
dual voltage continuous green color or a continuous green color
with one or more yellow stripes for use as the
5.50.2 Mobile and Manufactured Homes grounding conductor.
(b) Class II, Division 2. In Class II, Division 2

locations, luminaires (lighting fixtures) shall
ARTICLE 6.47- SENSITIVE comply with 5.2.3.31(b)(1) through (b)(5).
ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT
(1) Portable Lighting Equipment. Portable lighting
5.2.2 Wiring equipment shall be identified for Class II locations.
They shall be clearly marked to indicate the maximum
5.2.3.31 Luminaires (Lighting Fixtures). Luminaires wattage of lamps for which they are designed.
(lighting fixtures) shall comply with 5.2.3.31(a) and
5.2.3.31(b).
(2) Fixed Lighting. Luminaires (lighting fixtures) for
fixed lighting, where not of a type identified for Class
(a) Class II, Division 1. In Class II, Division 1 II locations, shall provide enclosures for lamps and
locations, luminaires (lighting fixtures) for fixed lampholders that shall be designed to minimize the
and portable lighting shall comply with 5.2.3.31(a)(1) deposit of dust on lamps and to prevent the escape
through (a)(4). of sparks, burning material, or hot metal. Each fixture
(1) Fixtures. Each luminaire (fixture) shall be
identified for Class II locations and shall be clearly shall be clearly marked to indicate the maximum
marked to indicate the maximum wattage of the lamp wattage of the lamp that shall be permitted without
for which it is designed. In locations where dust from exceeding an exposed surface temperature in
magnesium, aluminum, aluminum bronze powders, or accordance with 5.0.1.8(c)(2) under normal
other metals of similarly hazardous characteristics conditions of use.
may be present, luminaires (fixtures) for fixed or
portable lighting and all auxiliary equipment shall be
identified for the specific location.
(2) Physical Damage. Each luminaire (lighting

ARTICLE 6.47- SENSITIVE fixture) shall be protected against physical damage
ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT
by a suitable guard or by location.
(3) Pendant Luminaires (Lighting Fixtures).

5.1.3.31 Luminaires (Lighting Fixtures).
Pendant luminaires (lighting fixtures) shall be
Luminaires (lighting fixtures) shall comply with
suspended by and supplied through threaded rigid
5.1.3.31(a) or (b).
metal conduit stems or threaded steel intermediate
conduit stems, and threaded joints shall be provided
(a) Class I, Division 1. In Class I, Division 1
with set-screws or other effective means to prevent
locations, luminaires (lighting fixtures) shall
comply with 5.1.3.31(a)(1) through (a)(4). loosening. For stems longer than 300 mm,
permanent and effective bracing against lateral
(1) Luminaires (Lighting Fixtures). Each displacement shall be provided at a level not more
luminaire (lighting fixture) shall be identified as than 300 mm above the lower end of the stem, or
a complete assembly for the Class I, Division 1 flexibility in the form of a fitting or flexible connector
location and shall be clearly marked to indicate identified for the Class I, Division 1 location shall be
the maximum wattage of lamps for which it is provided not more than 300 mm from the point of
identified. Luminaires (lighting fixtures) attachment to the supporting box or fitting.
intended for portable use shall be specifically
listed as a complete assembly for that use.
(2) Physical Damage. Luminaires (lighting fixtures) shall be protected
from physical damage by suitable guards or by location. Where there is
danger that falling sparks or hot metal from lamps or fixtures might
ignite localized concentrations of flammable vapors or gases, suitable
ARTICLE 6.47- SENSITIVE enclosures or other effective protective means shall be provided.
ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT (3) Pendant Luminaires (Fixtures). Pendant luminaires (lighting

fixtures) shall be suspended by threaded rigid metal conduit stems,
(4) Supports. Boxes, box assemblies, or fittings threaded steel intermediate metal conduit stems, or other approved
used for the support of luminaires (lighting means. For rigid stems longer than 300 mm, permanent and effective
fixtures) shall be identified for Class I locations. bracing against lateral displacement shall be provided at a level not
(b) Class I, Division 2. In Class I, Division 2 more than 300 mm above the lower end of the stem, or flexibility in the
locations, luminaires (lighting fixtures) shall form of an identified fitting or flexible connector shall be provided not
comply with 5.1.3.31(b)(1) through 5.1.3.31(b) more than 300 mm from the point of attachment to the supporting box
(6). or fitting.
(1) Luminaires (Lighting Fixtures). Where (4) Portable Lighting Equipment. Portable lighting equipment shall
comply with 5.1.3.31(a)(1).
lamps are of a size or type that may, under
Exception: Where portable lighting equipment is mounted on movable
normal operating conditions, reach surface
stands and is connected by flexible cords, as covered in 5.1.3.41, it
temperatures exceeding 80 percent of the shall be permitted, where mounted in any position, if it conforms to
ignition temperature in degrees Celsius of the 5.1.3.31(b)(2).
gas or vapor involved, fixtures shall comply with
5.1.3.31(a)(1) or shall be of a type that has been (5) Switches. Switches that are a part of an assembled fixture or of an
tested in order to determine the marked individual lampholder shall comply with 5.1.3.16(b)(1).
operating temperature or temperature class (T
Code).
REFERENCES
“Introduction: Lighting Controls.” http://www.energysavingsensors.com/General-Information2.htm
“Commissioning Lighting Control Systems: 3 sides of the coin.” http://www.bcxa.org/wp-

content/uploads/2016/05/Gomes-Samaras-Lighting-Controls-SOO-NCBC-2016-2016-05-10.pdf
“DLM Product Brochure.indb.” https://assets.usesi.com/product-media/catalogs/465309_catalog.pdf
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, “central processing unit | Definition & Function | Britannica,”
Encyclopædia Britannica. 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.britannica.com/technology/central-
processing-unit
“Compact Fluorescent | Light Bulb Types | Bulbs.com,” Bulbs.com, 2019.

https://www.bulbs.com/learning/cfl.aspx
"Gateway for Remote Lighting Control,” Sundrax Electronics. https://www.sundrax.com/our-

products/gateway-for-remote-lighting-control/
]“Linear Fluorescent | Light Bulb Types,” Bulbs.com. https://www.bulbs.com/learning/linearfl.aspx
“Lighting Controls,” Energy.gov. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/lighting-controls

REFERENCES
“Definition: Motorized equipment from 43 CFR § 6301.5 | LII / Legal Information Institute,”
www.law.cornell.edu.https://www.law.cornell.edu/definitions/index.php?
width=840&height=800&iframe=true&def_id=08135a9fac17368e75a758d14fe5320e&term_occ
ur=999&term_src=Title:43:Subtitle:B:Chapter:II:Subchapter:F:Part:6300:Subpart:6303:6303.1
“Audio Visual Equipment: Types, Functions and Checklist for Events,” DEXON Systems- Visual Quality
Innovation. https://dexonsystems.com/blog/audio-visual-equipment
c3controls, “v2,” v2. https://www.c3controls.com/white-paper/basics-of-contactors/
LCD Touch Screens, “LCD Touch Screens,” Arrow.com, 2021. https://www.arrow.com/en/categories/displays/lcd-

displays/lcd-touch-screens
"What is Dali ? An introduction to Dali Guide,” www.nvcuk.com. https://www.nvcuk.com/technical-

support/view/what-is-dali-8
M. A. Instructor, “How Occupancy and Vacancy Sensors Work,” MEP Academy, Oct. 24, 2022.
https://mepacademy.com/how-occupancy-and-vacancy-sensors-work/
“Lutron GRAFIK Eye QS System Overview,” www.lutron.com. https://www.lutron.com/en-

US/Products/Pages/SingleRoomControls/GrafikEyeQS/Overview.aspx
REFERENCES
“QSE-CI-NWK-E,” Avation. https://avation.com.au/product/qse-ci-nwk-e/
“Lutron Sivoia QS Shading Solutions Overview,” www.lutron.com. https://www.lutron.com/en-

US/Products/Pages/ShadingSystems/SivoiaQS/Overview.aspx
“Lutron QS Sensor Module Overview,” www.lutron.com. https://www.lutron.com/en-

US/Products/Pages/Components/QSSensorModule/Overview.aspx
“Lutron Energi Savr Node Overview,” www.lutron.com. https://www.lutron.com/en-

US/products/Pages/components/energisavrnode/overview.aspx
“Ambient Light Sensors,” ams. https://ams.com/ambient-light-sensors
“Tunable Troffer 2X4 - CPS LED,” www.cpsled.com. https://www.cpsled.com/products/tunable-troffer-2x4
“PIR Occupancy Sensor - LSI Industries.” https://www.lsicorp.com/product/pir-occupancy-sensor/
“Types of Electrical Switches in the Home,” The Spruce. https://www.thespruce.com/types-of-electrical-

switches-in-the-home-1824672
REFERENCES
“SPICEbox | NuLEDs - Intelligent LED Lighting,” Jul. 03, 2016. https://nuleds.com/spicebox/
“Power over Ethernet (PoE, PoE+, UPOE, UPOE+),” NetworkAcademy.io.

https://www.networkacademy.io/ccna/ethernet/power-over-ethernet
“What is Post Lighting Application?” STOUGHLIGHTING. https://www.stouchlighting.com/led-post-top-lights
"Amenity Lighting" LIGHTING. https://www.stouchlighting.com/led-post-top-lights
"An Architect’s Guide To: Outdoor Lighting Illuminate the options on elegant outdoor accents and ambiance"
https://architizer.com/blog/product-guides/product-guide/outdoor-lighting/.
"BURIED EXTERIOR UPLIGHTS: WALL-WASHING AND EFFECT LIGHTING" lightingstyles.

https://www.lightingstyles.co.uk/outdoor-exterior-garden-lighting/uplights-exterior-buried-up-lights
"Flood Lighting" STOUGHLIGHTING. https://www.stouchlighting.com/outdoor-led-flood-light
"Types of Outdoor Lighting and Installation" KnowHow. https://www.grainger.com/know-how/equipment-

information/kh-types-of-outdoor-lighting
REFERENCES
"Street & Roadway Lighting" ZGSM. https://www.zgsm-china.com/led-lighting-applications/street-roadway-lighting
"Airport Lighting" CFI Notebook. Net. https://www.cfinotebook.net/notebook/aircraft-operations/terminal/airport-

lighting
“What is Post Lighting Application?” STOUGHLIGHTING. https://www.stouchlighting.com/led-post-top-lights
"Amenity Lighting" LIGHTING. https://www.stouchlighting.com/led-post-top-lights
"Lighting" Secure Community Network. https://www.securecommunitynetwork.org/resources/model-security-

policies-procedures/lighting
"What is Emergency Lighting?" Safelincs. https://www.safelincs.co.uk/emergency-lights-and-signs/
"Section 1: Laser Fundamentals". https://ehs.princeton.edu/book/export/html/348

Meet Our Team
MARIA ERIKA MARIEL JOY SHAIRA NIÑA

NANTES BARTOLAY RAMOS
SYSTEM BREAKDOWN
THANK YOU
FIRE OCCUPANT NATURAL
SAFETY & SECURITY
PROTECTION HAZARDS
HEALTH
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Standard building features that help to control the amount of damage
that can occur to a building and protect its occupants in the event of a
fire.
PASSIVE FIRE ACTIVE FIRE
PROTECTION SYSTEM PROTECTION SYSTEM
Set of components that are used to Activated by fire.

compartmentalize a building in
order to prevent a fire from About detecting, stopping, and
spreading escaping a fire.
Often built into structures. It can be manual or automatic.

PASSIVE & ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
https://youtu.be/2wBHT_CiYFE
PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Structural Parts
• Internal Fire Doors
• Fire Curtains
➢ Horizontal Fire Curtains
➢ Vertical Fire Curtains
• Fire and Smoke Dampers
➢ Dynamic fire dampers

➢ Static fire dampers
Building Exit System
Stairwell Pressurization systems
Structural Parts
Internal Fire Doors

Impede the spread of fire or
smoke throughout a structure, giving
more time for escape.
Save lives and stop the spread

of flame in a building by being
manufactured highly thick with a solid
core
Structural Parts
Internal Fire Doors

Fire-rated doors must be
accompanied by fire-rated hinges. Each
fire door will come with advice on how
many hinges are needed. For legal
requirements, this is usually 3, but it
could be more.
This can cause the fire door to

drop under the weight of one and in
heat
Structural Parts
Internal Fire Doors
Fire doors hold back smoke

and fire by utilizing intumescent
strips. These strips must be installed
either around the door or around the
inside of the frame. When the strips
are heated to a certain temperature
they expand, sealing the gap between
the door and the frame.
Structural Parts
Internal Fire Doors
FD30 fire doors (doors that withhold flames and smoke for 30
minutes) usually range from 35-45mm in thickness, FD60 doors, which are
used in commercial settings, are normally 54mm thick
Structural Parts
Internal Fire Doors

Fire doors typically have a solid core construction which often
includes any combination of the following: particleboard, chipboard, flax
board, or solid timber.
Fitting the right ironmongery is also an essential part of fire test

accreditation and this includes any items that are on the door such as
handles, hinges, latches, and locks
Structural Parts
Internal
Fire
Doors
Structural Parts
Internal Fire Doors
SECTION 10.2.6.10 SEGREGATION AND PROTECTION OF HAZARDS

B. All construction enclosing hazardous operation or storage shall have not
less than two-hour (2-hour) fire resistance, and all openings between the
balance of the building and rooms or enclosures for hazardous operations or
processes shall be protected with self-closing or automatic fire doors.
Fire Endurance Ratings
Fire-rated doors are usually certified with a fire endurance rating of 20, 45,
60, 90, or 180 minutes. These ratings represent the time that a door can
withstand exposure to a fire.
Structural Parts
Fire Curtains
These are safe, inconspicuous, and cost-effective alternatives to fire
doors that help prevent a fire from spreading. Each curtain is then given a
rating according to its fire resistance and deployed for fitting.
Fire fabric - most important element of a fire curtain
Fire-rated fiberglass fabrics
✓ are perfect for use near flames and

high temperatures
✓ heavily fire-resistant
Structural Parts
Fire
Curtains
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RbbHW3Gbc18
Structural Parts
Fire Curtains
SECTION 1702. Fire Protection
1. Every spray booth having an open front elevation larger than 1.00 sq.
meters and which is not equipped with doors, shall have a fire curtain or
metal deflector not less than 100 millimeters deep installed at the upper
outer edge of the booth opening.
Structural Parts
Fire Curtains ➢ HORIZONTAL FIRE CURTAINS
These curtains deploy horizontally to separate floors and prevent smoke

from entering other areas of the building.
Ideal for areas like

atriums where they are
installed between flooring
decks and automatically
deployed upon a signal
from the smoke control
system.
Structural Parts
Fire Curtains ➢ VERTICAL FIRE CURTAINS
Installed into a ceiling

and can be used with
mechanical smoke and fire
containment systems.
Ideal for sealing off

multi-level atriums, as well as
creating a reservoir for smoke
on the atrium’s upper floors.
ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
DETECTION SUPPRESSION VENTILATION

➢ Fire Alarm System ➢ Fire Extinguishing/suppression ➢ Smoke Ventilation
system System
➢ Fire detection system
• Halon Fire-extinguishing System
➢ Public Address Voice • Dry Chemical Fire Suppression
System
Alarm (PAVA) System • Wet Chemical Suppression
➢ Emergency Voice System
• Carbon Dioxide Fire-
Communication extinguishing System
• Foam Extinguishing System
Systems (EVCS) • Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing
System
• Water Mist System
• Sprinkler Fire Suppression
Systems
DETECTION
Fire Alarm System
A system or portion of a combination system consisting of components

and circuits arranged to monitor and annunciate the status of a fire alarm
or supervisory signal-initiating devices and to initiate the appropriate
response to those signal
Also called "protective signaling systems,"

DETECTION
Fire Alarm System
RA9514 RIRR FIRE CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
DIVISION 2.
Fire alarm systems or devices shall be provided in every building or structure
of such size, arrangement, or occupancy, to provide adequate warning to
occupants.
SECTION 10.2.6.6
F1. A fire alarm and control system shall be arranged to activate automatically
the control functions necessary to make the protected premises safer for
building occupants.
F3. Additionally, such a fire alarm and control system shall be permitted to
recall elevators, if the activation of the system for this purpose comes only
from elevator lobby, hoist way, or associated machine room detectors.
DETECTION
Fire Alarm System
OCCUPANCIES
SECTION 10.2.8.8
1. All assembly occupancies shall be provided with fire alarm system

with manual initiation; provided however, that where occupants of the
building exceed three hundred (300) persons, the initiation shall be
Places of
through an automatic detection system.
Assembly
2. The required fire alarm system shall activate an audible and visible
alarm in a constantly attended receiving station within the building
when occupied for purposes of initiating emergency action
DETECTION
Fire Alarm System
OCCUPANCIES
SECTION 10.2.9.5.
D1. Approved fire alarm facilities capable of being manually operated in
accordance with Section 10.2.6.6 of this RIRR shall be provided in every
Educational educational building.
Occupancies SECTION 10.2.9.11. E
Requirements for Fire Alarm System for existing educational buildings
shall conform to those required for new educational buildings, in
accordance with para “D” of Section 10.2.9.5 of this RIRR.
SECTION 10.2.10.6.
B1. Day care occupancies shall be provided with an automatic fire
Day Care detection and alarm system in accordance with Section 10.2.6.6 of this
Occupancies RIRR, except day care occupancies housed in one room having at least
one (1) door opening directly to the outside at grade plane or to an
exterior exit access balcony .
DETECTION
Fire Alarm System
OCCUPANCIES
SECTION 10.2.11.3.
F1. Every building shall have an electrically supervised automatic fire
Health Care alarm system capable of being manually operated in accordance with
Occupancies Section 10.2.6.6 of this RIRR. The fire alarm system shall be installed
with provisions for future connection to the nearest BFP station in
the locality.
SECTION 10.2.12.2.
B. 4. e. Sleeping rooms shall not be required to have a secondary
means of escape where the clinical needs of the residents require
Residential special security measures, provided all of the following are met:
Board and Care 1) The building is protected throughout by an approved, automatic
sprinkler system
2) A fire alarm system is provided.
DETECTION
Fire Alarm System
OCCUPANCIES
SECTION 10.2.12.2.
E.2. Areas for cartoned storage, food or household maintenance items
in wholesale or institutional-type quantities and concentrations, or
mass storage of residents’ belongings, or other hazardous areas that
are located on a floor where primary means of egress or sleeping
Residential rooms are located shall be protected by a construction having a
Board and Care minimum fire resistance rating of one (1) hour and an automatic
detection and alarm system or automatic sprinkler system.
E. 3. a. A manual fire alarm system shall be provided on all small

residential custodian care facilities.
DETECTION
Fire Alarm System
OCCUPANCIES
SECTION 10.2.14.3. Hotels and Dormitories 4. a
An automatic fire detection and alarm system, in accordance with
Section 10.2.6.6 of this RIRR, shall be provided for any hotel or
dormitory having accommodations for fifteen (15) or more guests.
For less than fifteen (15) guests, a manual fire alarm system shall be
Residential
installed.
Occupancies
SECTION 10.2.14.4. Apartment Buildings
4. a. Every apartment building of four (4) storeys or more in height,
or more than twelve (12) apartment units, except row houses shall
have automatic fire detection and alarm system in accordance with
Section 10.2.6.6 of this RIRR.
SECTION 10.2.15.3
Mercantile
Class A and Class B stores shall be provided with an automatic fire
Occupancies
alarm system in accordance with Section 10.2.6.6 of this RIRR.
DETECTION
Fire Alarm System
OCCUPANCIES
SECTION 10.2.16.3.
D. A fire alarm system in accordance with Section 10.2.6.4 of this
RIRR shall be provided in all business, where any one of the following
conditions exists:
a. The building is two (2) or more storeys in height above the
level of exit discharge;
Business
b. The occupancy is subject to fifty (50) or more occupants
Occupancies
above or below the level of exit discharge. For existing building, the
occupancy is subject to one hundred (100) or more occupants above
or below the level of exit discharge; or
c. The occupancy is subject to three hundred (300) or more
total occupants. For existing building, the occupancy is subject to one
thousand (1,000) or more total occupants.
DETECTION
Fire Alarm System
OCCUPANCIES
SECTION 10.2.17.3.
C1. An approved automatic fire detection and alarm system shall be
required in all industrial occupancies, except for buildings with less
Industrial
than twenty-five (25) occupants where such building shall be
Occupancies
equipped with manual fire alarm system.
C2. Not less than one (1) fire alarm box shall be installed for buildings
equipped with automatic fire detection and alarm system.
SECTION 10.2.18.2.
B1. An approved automatic fire detection and alarm system shall be
required on all storage occupancies except for buildings with
Storage ordinary or low hazard not exceeding two thousand square meters
Occupancies (2,000 m2) where such building shall be equipped with manual fire
alarm system.
B2. Not less than one (1) fire alarm box shall be installed for buildings
equipped with automatic fire detection and alarm system.
DETECTION
Fire Alarm System
OCCUPANCIES
SECTION 10.2.18.3 SPECIAL PROVISION FOR PARKING
STRUCTURES
1. Parking structures with the aggregate floor area of nine thousand
three hundred square meters (9,300 m2) shall be required to have a
fire alarm system, where the parking structure is combined with
Storage other occupancy, fire alarm and detection requirement for the
Occupancies occupancy shall likewise be applied to parking structure.
2. Open parking structures not combined with other occupancy or not

more than fifteen meters (15 m) in height shall not be required with
fire alarm system. Otherwise, it shall be required with fire alarm
system
DETECTION
Fire Alarm System ➢ BASIC COMPONENTS OF A FIRE ALARM SYSTEM
Fire Alarm Control Panel/Unit
“Brain of the Fire Alarm System”
Monitors and controls all functions

of the fire alarm system
DETECTION
Conditions of the fire alarm system:
➢ Alarm – There is an immediate threat to

life, property, or mission
➢ Trouble - There is an issue or fault with
the fire alarm system
➢ Supervisory – There is an issue with a
system, process, or equipment that is
monitored by the fire alarm control unit
(see supervision section)
DETECTION

STANDARD
Fire Alarm Control Panel in The Philippines: Honeywell
✓ Upto 600m length, 20 detectors per zone + MCP’s

✓ Individual Zone Insulation
✓ Certified for Safety Standard IEC 62368-1:2018
DETECTION
Primary Power Supply

Powers the entire
fire alarm system
Secondary Power Supply

Separate power
supply that will operate
automatically when the
primary power fails and is
capable of operating the
entire system is considered
a secondary power supply.
DETECTION
Power Supply
DPWH Standard Specification for Item 1210 - Fire Alarm System
Depertment Order No. 231, Series of 2016
1210.2.3.1. Primary Power Supply

The primary power supply shall be from
the electric utility company, normally direct
or derived 220-240 VAC single phase. A
parallel connection of automatic voltage
regulator (AC) is necessary to regulate the
incoming power supply (high and low
voltage) to the FACP.
DETECTION
Power Supply
1210.2.3.2. Secondary Power Supply

The secondary power supply shall consist of gel cell or nickel cadmium
batteries with a charger. It shall have a sufficient capacity to operate under
normal non-alarm condition for a minimum of 24 hours, and at the end of that
period, capable of operating all alarm notification appliances and emergency
communications systems for a period of 5 minutes.
For continuous operation of the system, checking of recharged batteries
(12 volt DC and 2-sets 12 volt DE) should be done yearly, or necessary
replacement of batteries.
DETECTION
Initiating Device
Devices used to manually or automatically signal a fire alarm system
to initiate responses from equipment and people
National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code. Chapter 17. Initiating Devices.
Section 17.2
Automatic and manual initiating devices shall contribute life safety,
fire protection, and property conservation by providing reliable means to
signal other equipment arranged to monitor the initiating devices and initiate
a response to those signals
DETECTION
Initiating Device: Manual Fire Alarm Boxes (Pull Stations)
Purpose: manually activating

the fire alarm system
https://youtu.be/BquIPYo7CQE
DETECTION

SECTION 10.2.6.6.
B2. Manual fire alarm boxes shall be used only for fire protective
signaling purposes
B3. A manual fire alarm box shall be provided in the natural path of
escape from fire, near each exit from an area, and shall be readily accessible,
unobstructed and at visible points.
B4. Additional fire alarm boxes shall be so located that from any part of
the building not more than thirty meters (30 m) horizontal distance on the
same floor must be traversed in order to reach a fire alarm box.
DETECTION

1210.2.4.3
Manual pull stations shall be wall
mounted with clearly visible operating
instructions provided on the cover and the word
“FIRE” shall appear on the front stations
DETECTION

NFPA 72: NATIONAL FIRE ALARM AND SIGNALING CODE
17.14.6
Manual fire alarm boxes shall he located within 60 in.(1.52 m) of the exit
doof lvay opening at each exit on each floor.
17.14.4
The operable part of each manual fire alarm box shall be not less than 42
in. and not more than 48 in. above floor level.
DETECTION

NFPA 72
17.14.1.1
Unless installed in an
environment that precludes
the use of red paint or red
plastic, manual fire alarm
boxes shall be red in color.
DETECTION
Initiating Device: Smoke Detectors
Purpose: Senses the presence of smoke, as a key indication of fire, and

sounds a warning to building occupants
Two basic operating mechanisms
➢ Ionization smoke detectors - responsive to fast, raging fires and flames.

➢ Photoelectric smoke detectors - respond better to smoldering fires—
essentially those that begin with a long period of smoldering.
DETECTION

https://youtu.be/SQDWNdO6xE4
DETECTION
➢ Ionization smoke detectors

DETECTION
➢ Photoelectric smoke detectors

DETECTION
Initiating Device: Heat Detectors
Purpose: Sense a rapid change in air temperature and set off alarms based
on the amount of temperature rise above ambient condition, a fixed-
temperature point and rate of temperature rise.
Two basic operating mechanisms
➢ Rate of Rise Heat Detector - respond to the rapid rise in ambient

temperature
➢ Fixed-temperature heat detectors - set an alarm on when a particular
temperature is exceeded
DETECTION
Initiating Device: Heat & Smoke Detectors

https://youtu.be/jEMdiLQQnfM
DETECTION
➢ Rate of Rise Heat Detector

DETECTION
➢ Fixed-temperature heat detectors

DETECTION

11.8.3.4
Wall Mounting. Smoke alarms
or smoke detectors mounted on walls
shall be located not closer than 4
inches) from the adjoining ceiling
surface and not farther than 12 inches
from the adjoining ceiling surface.
DETECTION
29.8.3.4
Specific Location Requirements. The installation of smoke alarms and smoke
detectors shall comply with the following requirements:
1. Smoke alarms and smoke detectors shall not be located where ambient conditions,
including humidity and temperature, are outside the limits specified by the
manufacturer's published instructions.
2. Smoke alarms and smoke detectors shall not be located within unfinished attics or
garages or in other spaces where temperatures can fall below 40°F (4°C) or exceed
100°F (38°C).
3. Where the mounting surface could become considerably warmer or cooler than the
room, such as a poorly insulated ceiling below an unfinished attic or an exterior wall,
smoke alarms and smoke detectors shall be mounted on an inside wall
DETECTION
SECTION 10.2.9.7
D.2. Where the only means of egress from a room is through an adjoining
or intervening room, smoke detectors shall be installed in the area of common
atmosphere through which the means of egress must pass. The detectors shall
actuate alarms audible in the interior room and shall be connected to the school
fire alarm system.
SECTION 10.2.12.2.
3.B. Single station smoke detectors shall be provided in all levels
including basements, living areas and sleeping rooms.
DETECTION
SECTION 10.2.12.3.
3.E. Corridors and spaces open to the corridors shall be provided with
smoke detectors arranged to initiate an alarm that is audible in all sleeping areas.
SECTION 10.2.11.3
F.2 An approved automatic heat and/or smoke detection system shall be
installed in all corridors of hospitals and nursing homes; such systems shall be
installed in accordance with the applicable standards of the NFPA 72, but in no
case shall smoke detectors be spaced farther apart than nine meters (9 m) on
centers or more than four and six tenths meters (4.6 m) from any wall. All
automatic heat and/or smoke detection systems required by this Section shall be
electrically interconnected to the fire alarm system
DETECTION
SECTION 10.2.14.3.
4.G. In hotels and dormitories not equipped with automatic fire detection
and alarm system, guest rooms, living area and sleeping rooms within a guest
suite shall be installed with single-station smoke detectors..
SECTION 10.2.14.4
4.B Apartment buildings of not more than three (3) storeys in height shall
be provided with manual fire alarm system, provided that dwelling units shall be
installed with single-station or multi-station smoke detectors
DETECTION
Fire Alarm System ➢ TYPES OF FIRE ALARMS SYSTEMS
Local Protective Signaling System
Supervised systems that

provide fire alarm signals within a
facility and produce the signal at
the facility only. Requires someone
to notify the fire department.
DETECTION
Auxiliary Protective Signaling System
Basically a local system with

connections to transmit an alarm to
the fire department.
It is connected to a municipal
coded fire alarm box dedicated to that
building
DETECTION
Remote Station Protective Signaling System
Signals transmitted to a remote

station via the telephone line. Remote
station is usually a fire station attended by
trained personal 24 hours a day.
DETECTION
Central Station Protective

Signaling System
A system or group of systems in which the

operations of circuits and devices are
transmitted automatically to, recorded in,
maintained by and supervised from a
central station.
Connected to a privately owned central

station
DETECTION
Proprietary Protective Signaling

System
Similar to the central station system

except that the central station is owned by
the same concern as the building being
monitored
OCCUPANT SAFETY & HEALTH
➢ Noise Control System
➢ HVAC SYSTEM
➢ Elevator Safety System
Noise Control System
Industrial Noise Control Products and Systems
The environmental impact caused by industrial processes such as

vent blow-offs, rooftop fans and HVAC equipment, chillers, cooling towers, oil
and gas building ventilation systems, power gen engines, and other noise
generating processes can be addressed by installing various types of noise
abatement equipment. We partner with the leading manufacturers of
industrial noise control products and systems to offer a broad range of
reliable industrial noise control solutions.
Industrial non-occupational environmental noise compliance is typically defined by

attenuation requirements or noise impact at a critical receptor point or at the
property line. The noise source may be construction activities,
manufacturing/production operations, or upset condition alarms. Agencies
governing this type of noise are typically at the local level, but this can vary by
state and municipality. Typical ordinances include:
• Allowable noise levels during daytime or nighttime hours

• Classification of areas into residential, commercial or industrial
• Defined decibel levels deemed to be acceptable for each category
Industrial Fan Silencers
Fans are found in almost all

industrial applications and can be
large contributors to the problem of
industrial noise. Exhaust and supply
fan silencers can significantly reduce
noise in both indoor and outdoor
environments.
Acoustic Louvers
Where ventilation air is

required, addressing noise concerns
from a processing area within a
building or machinery noise
mitigation from a facility, acoustic
louvers are a proven means of
attenuation
Industrial Exhaust Silencers
In addition to selecting the

right noise control equipment,
SysTech will access the entire noise
attenuation application and reduce
the overall sound level. Process
silencers are applied to PD blower
and compressor exhausts, stack
discharges, and the venting or blow-
off of high-pressure gases.
Noise Control Enclosures
Engineered acoustically for

superior noise control, sound
enclosures are an extremely effective
means for containing industrial
equipment noise.
Duct Silencer
Where noise radiates from a

ducted system or enclosure, duct
silencers are typically applied with
success.
Acoustic Building Ventilation
Systems
When very high equipment

noise levels are present in a building
caused by large compressors,
engines, generators, and motors, and
heat removal ventilation systems are
required, SysTech offers customized
acoustic ventilation systems to meet
both ventilation and noise reduction
requirements.
Duct Lining
Ventilation systems using

acoustic absorbent material such as
foam or fiberglass will effectively
decrease airborne noise.
Vibration Isolation Pads
Vibration control, employing

anti-vibration machine mounts such
as springs or neoprene will reduce
transmission of noise created by
vibration.
Acoustic Flexible Connectors
They serve a dual purpose in

containing noise generated by the fan
blade rotation and that induced by
vibration.
Acoustic Blankets/Wraps
Attenuate noise from the

equipment casing with high-density
sound blankets
NBC CHAPTER 9 SECTION 906. Noise Pollution Control.
Industrial establishments shall be provided with positive noise

abatement devices to tone down the noise level of equipment and machineries to
acceptable limits set down by the Department of Labor and the National Pollution
Control Commission
Industrial Noise Control Products
and Systems
PD 984, Section Ⅲ, Section 78 -
Ambient [Noise] Quality and Emision
Standards for Noise
Methods for Industrial Noise Control
Noise attenuation is achieved by decreasing the intensity or volume of
sound in a controlled environment. There are many noise reduction strategies that
can be employed in industrial settings. One of the most effective and logical
approaches to noise attenuation is to install systems that minimize noise from the
start, using control techniques such as:
➢ Damping – A method of reducing noise levels from chutes, hoppers,

machine guards, conveyors, panels, and more
➢ Selecting efficient equipment– Selecting fans, compressors, PD blowers,
and engines that operate efficiently contribute significantly to noise
attenuation
➢ Adjusting Fan Speed– Fan noise is in direct correlation with fan speed, so
simple adjustments can produce significant results
Methods for Industrial Noise Control
➢ Controlling high-pressure steam, natural gas, and other vent noises

➢ Attenuating noise from process exhausts with stack silencers
➢ Acoustically treating fans, blowers, and ventilating equipment
➢ Closing openings in enclosures and barrier walls required for utilities
H-V-AC Systems
use of various technologies to control the temperature,
humidity, and purity of the air in an enclosed space,
thus providing thermal comfort and acceptable indoor
air quality
H-V-AC Systems
Parts/Materials in general:
Thermostat Condensing Unit

Furnace & Blower Motor Refrigerant Lines
Heat Exchanger Ductwork
Evaporator Coil Return & Supply Registers
H-V-AC Systems
1. Heating System
• used for increasing the temperature of a building space
• contains a boiler, furnace, or heat pump to heat water, steam,
or air in a central location such as a furnace room in a home,
or a mechanical room in a large building
free convection
electric heaters, radiator
forced convection
fan coils, forced air over a heat exchanger in furnace
radiation heat transfer
radiators, electric radiative heaters
boiler, furnace, radiator, fan coil, heat pump
H-V-AC Systems
2. Ventilation System
• its general purpose in buildings is to provide healthy air for
breathing by both diluting the pollutants originating in the
building and removing the pollutants from it (Etheridge &
Sandberg, 1996; Awbi, 2003)
natural
windows, doors, louvers, solar chimneys, wind towers, or
trickle vents, vent shafts, air ducts, ventilation skylights
mechanical
supply fans, exhaust fans, air ducts
hybrid (mixed-mode)
combination of any materials from natural and mechanical
Natural Ventilation
Mechanical Ventilation
H-V-AC Systems
3. Air Conditioninig System
• controls the temperature, humidity, air movement and air
cleanliness inside a building, in order to provide occupants a
comfortable environment with good indoor air quality
room coolers: window- and split-type air-conditioners

outdoor: compressor, condenser, and expansion valve
indoor: evaporator or cooling coil and the cooling fan
centralized air-conditioner
large compressor, condenser, thermostatic
expansion valve and the evaporator
Centralized AC
H-V-AC Systems
NBCP
SECTION 10.2.7.2 HEATING, VENTILATING AND
AIR-CONDITIONING
A. The design and installation of air conditioning,

ventilating, heating, cooking, incinerating, or other
building services equipment shall be installed in
accordance with the latest edition of PMEC.
H-V-AC Systems
NBCP
SECTION 1804. Louvered Windows
Regular plate, sheet, or patterned glass in jalousies

and louvered windows shall not be thinner than 5.6
millimeters minimal and shall not be longer than 1.20
meters. Exposed glass edges shall be smooth.
H-V-AC Systems
NBCP
SECTIONS 808. Window Openings
Every room intended for any use, not provided with artificial
ventilation system as herein specified in this Code, shall be
provided with a window or windows with a total free area of
openings and equal to at least ten percent of the floor area of
room, and such window shall open directly to a court, yard,
public street or alley, or open water courses.
H-V-AC Systems
NBCP
SECTIONS 809. Vent Shafts
(a) Ventilation or vent shafts shall have a horizontal cross-

sectional area of not less than 0.10 square meter for every
meter of height of shaft but in no case shall the area be less
than 1.00 square meter. No vent shaft shall have its least
dimension less than 600 millimeters.
H-V-AC Systems
NBCP
(b) Skylights – unless open to the outer air at the top for its
full area, vent shaft shall be covered by a skylight having a net
free area or fixed louver openings equal to the maximum
required shaft area.
H-V-AC Systems
NBCP
(c) Air ducts shall open to a street or court by a horizontal

duct or intake at a point below the lowest window opening.
Such duct or intake shall have a minimum unobstructed cross-
sectional area of not less than 0.30 square meter with a
minimum dimension of 300 millimeters. The openings to the
duct or intake shall be not less than 300 millimeters above the
bottom of the shaft and the street surface or level of court, at
the respective ends of the duct or intake.
H-V-AC Systems
NBCP
SECTIONS 810. Ventilation Skylights
Skylights shall have a glass area not less than that required
for the windows that are replaced. They shall be equipped
with movable sashes or louvers with an aggregate net free
area not less than that required for openable parts in the
window that are replaced or provided with approved artificial
ventilation of equivalent effectiveness.
H-V-AC Systems
NBCP
SECTIONS 811. Artificial Ventilation
(a) Rooms or spaces housing industrial or heating equipment

shall be provided with artificial means of ventilation to
prevent excessive accumulation of hot and/or polluted air.
H-V-AC Systems
NBCP
(b) Whenever artificial ventilation is required, the equipment

shall be designed and constructed to meet the following
minimum requirements in air changes:
1. For rooms entirely above grade and used for office,

clerical, or administrative purposes, or as stores, sales
rooms, restaurants, markets, factories, workshops, or
machinery rooms, not less than three changes of air per
hour shall be provided.
H-V-AC Systems
NBCP
(b) Whenever… … requirements in air changes:
2. For rooms entirely above grade and used as bakeries, hotel or

restaurant kitchens, laundries other than accessory to
dwellings, and boiler rooms – not less than ten changes of air
per hour shall be provided.
3. For auditorium and other rooms used for assembly purposes,

with seats or other accommodations – not less than 0.30 cubic
meter of air per minute shall be supplied for each person.
H-V-AC Systems
NBCP
(b) Whenever… … requirements in air changes:
4. For wards and dormitories of institutional buildings – not

less than 0.45 cubic meter of air per minute shall be
supplied for each person accommodated.
5. For other rooms or spaces not specifically covered under

this Section of the Code, applicable provisions of the
Philippine Mechanical Engineering Code, shall be followed.
H-V-AC Systems
NBCP
RULE XV - PROTECTION AND SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
FOR CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION
A. The design and installation of air conditioning,

ventilating, heating, cooking, incinerating, or other
building services equipment shall be installed in
accordance with the latest edition of PMEC.
Emergency Power Supply System
Seismic Control System
• Passive Seismic Control System
➢ Energy Dissipation Devices
➢ Base Isolation System
➢ Dynamic Oscillators
NATURAL HAZARD • Active Seismic Control System
• Hybrid Seismic Control System
Drainage system
CCTV Security System
Access Control System
SECURITY
A Presentation for The Course Of CEBD0313
FLOORING
MATERIALS
SYSTEM BREAKDOWN
REPORT
OUTLINE Introduction to Flooring
Definition / Concepts / Function / Importance
Flooring Materials
Different Types of Flooring Materials
Summary of Main Points

Different types of flooring materials / Factors
Affecting Selection of Flooring Material
REPORT
OUTLINE Flooring Systems
Definition / Concepts / Varieties
Components of Flooring System

Layers / Methods
REPORT
OUTLINE
IBC Interior Floor Finishes
Requirements / Scope
Commonly Used Flooring Materials or

Coverings
Residential / Exterior Floor Finishes
REPORT
OUTLINE
1. Introduction to
Flooring
2. Flooring Materials
3. Summary of Main
Points
4. Flooring Systems
5. Components of
▪ What is Flooring?
Flooring System
6. IBC Interior Floor
▪ What is the difference between Floor and Flooring?
Finishes
7. Common Used
▪ Why is Flooring important?
Flooring Materials or
Coverings in the PH
REPORT
OUTLINE
1. Introduction to
Flooring
3. Summary of Main
Points
4. Flooring Systems
5. Components of
Flooring System
Finishes
7. Common Used
Flooring Materials or CONCRETE
Coverings in the PH
REPORT
OUTLINE
1. Introduction to
Flooring
3. Summary of Main
Points
4. Flooring Systems
5. Components of
Flooring System
Finishes
7. Common Used
Flooring Materials or BRICKS
Coverings in the PH
REPORT
OUTLINE
1. Introduction to
Flooring
3. Summary of Main
Points
4. Flooring Systems
5. Components of
Flooring System
Finishes
7. Common Used
Flooring Materials or FLAGSTONE
Coverings in the PH
REPORT
OUTLINE
1. Introduction to
Flooring
3. Summary of Main
Points
4. Flooring Systems
5. Components of
Flooring System
Finishes
7. Common Used
Flooring Materials or MARBLE
Coverings in the PH
REPORT
OUTLINE
1. Introduction to
Flooring
3. Summary of Main
Points
4. Flooring Systems
5. Components of
Flooring System
Finishes
7. Common Used
Flooring Materials or GLASS
Coverings in the PH
REPORT
OUTLINE
1. Introduction to
Flooring
3. Summary of Main
Points
4. Flooring Systems
5. Components of
Flooring System
Finishes
7. Common Used
Flooring Materials or CERAMIC TILES
Coverings in the PH
REPORT
OUTLINE
1. Introduction to
Flooring
3. Summary of Main
Points
4. Flooring Systems
5. Components of
Flooring System
Finishes
7. Common Used
Flooring Materials or PLASTIC TILES
Coverings in the PH
REPORT
OUTLINE
1. Introduction to
Flooring
3. Summary of Main
Points
4. Flooring Systems
5. Components of
Flooring System
Finishes
7. Common Used
Flooring Materials or MUD & MURRAM
Coverings in the PH
REPORT
OUTLINE
1. Introduction to
Flooring
3. Summary of Main
Points
4. Flooring Systems
5. Components of
Flooring System
Finishes
7. Common Used
Flooring Materials or WOOD
Coverings in the PH
REPORT
OUTLINE
1. Introduction to
Flooring
3. Summary of Main
Points
4. Flooring Systems
5. Components of
Flooring System
Finishes
7. Common Used
Flooring Materials or CORK
Coverings in the PH
REPORT
OUTLINE
1. Introduction to
Flooring
3. Summary of Main
Points
4. Flooring Systems
5. Components of
Flooring System
Finishes
7. Common Used
Flooring Materials or LINOLEUM
Coverings in the PH
REPORT
OUTLINE
1. Introduction to
Flooring
3. Summary of Main
Points
4. Flooring Systems
5. Components of
Flooring System
Finishes
7. Common Used
Flooring Materials or ASPHALT
Coverings in the PH
REPORT
OUTLINE
1. Introduction to
Flooring
3. Summary of Main
Points
4. Flooring Systems
5. Components of
Flooring System
Finishes
7. Common Used
Flooring Materials or RUBBER
Coverings in the PH
REPORT Following are the different types of flooring
OUTLINE materials generally used in building construction

works:
1. Introduction to
Flooring ✓ Cement or lime concrete ✓ Mud and murram
3. Summary of Main ✓ Bricks ✓ Wood
Points
4. Flooring Systems ✓ Flagstones ✓ Cork
5. Components of
Flooring System ✓ Marble ✓ Linoleum
Finishes ✓ Glass ✓ Asphalt
7. Common Used
Flooring Materials or ✓ Ceramic ✓ Rubber
Coverings in the PH
✓ Plastic
REPORT Factors Affecting Selection of Flooring Material
OUTLINE The selection of flooring material is done based
on the following factors:
1. Introduction to
Flooring
2. Flooring Materials ✓ Initial cost ✓ Sound insulation
3. Summary of Main
Points ✓ Durability ✓ Thermal insulation
4. Flooring Systems
5. Components of ✓ Hardness ✓ Damp proof
Flooring System
6. IBC Interior Floor ✓ Smoothness ✓ Fire resistance
Finishes
7. Common Used ✓ Cleanliness ✓ Maintenance
Coverings in the PH ✓ Appearance
REPORT
OUTLINE Significance of the Structural
Condition of flooring
1. Introduction to
Flooring Each layer of your flooring is important
3. Summary of Main
and serves a crucial function for the
4.
Points
Flooring Systems
stability and usability of your floor. The
5. Components of whole structure of your floor and the
Flooring System
6. IBC Interior Floor appearance are affected if one layer is laid
Finishes
7. Common Used or removed incorrectly. This may result in
Flooring Materials or increased costs to fix the error.
Coverings in the PH
REPORT Introduction to Flooring System
Floor systems must distribute their weight horizontally across
OUTLINE the room to either load-bearing walls or beams and columns.
Another use for rigid floor planes is as horizontal diaphragms
that convey lateral forces to shear walls as thin, wide beams.
1. Introduction to A floor system could be made up of a grid of joists and beams
Flooring
that are connected by linear beams, or it could be a slab of
3. Summary of Main reinforced concrete that is practically homogeneous. The three
Points primary types of steel connections are simple or pinned, semi-
4. Flooring Systems
5. Components of
rigid, and rigid, according to BS EN 1993-1-8 (2005). A key
Flooring System component of wood light frame construction is the timber
6. Interior Floor joist flooring. Dimensional lumber, which is used for joists, is
Finishes
7. Common Used
simple to work with and can be swiftly put together on
Flooring Materials or location with minimal equipment. The timber joists create a
Coverings in the PH level working surface for construction when combined with
subflooring or wood panel sheathing.
REPORT Components of Flooring System
OUTLINE
1. Introduction to
Flooring
3. Summary of Main
Points
4. Flooring Systems
5. Components of
Flooring System
Finishes
7. Common Used
Coverings in the PH
REPORT Components of Flooring System
OUTLINE
1. Introduction to
Flooring
3. Summary of Main
Points
4. Flooring Systems
5. Components of
Flooring System
Finishes
7. Common Used
Coverings in the PH
REPORT Joists
OUTLINE What we refer to as joists are located at the
1. Introduction to base of the layers that make up your floors.
2.
Flooring
Flooring Materials
Consider these to be the structure of your
3. Summary of Main flooring. They are utilized to enclose the
Points
4. Flooring Systems layer that will support the foundation of your
5. Components of
Flooring System house. Joists must be installed appropriately
Finishes
in order to prevent excessive noise,
7. Common Used
squeaking, and shifting while people walk
Coverings in the PH on your flooring.
REPORT
OUTLINE Subfloor
1. Introduction to The subfloor is located after the joists. Your

2.
Flooring
Flooring Materials
floor will stand on this sturdy foundation,
3. Summary of Main which will also support the floor covering.
Points
4. Flooring Systems Concrete is most frequently used to build the
5. Components of
Flooring System subfloor. In order for the subfloor to work
Finishes
properly—that is, to expand and contract
7. Common Used over time—it must have space to breathe.
Coverings in the PH
REPORT Underlayment
OUTLINE The underlayment is placed on top of the subfloor.
Because it muffles any noise that would be made
1. Introduction to
Flooring by someone walking on the floor, underlayment is
3. Summary of Main
laid for noise control. In addition to being installed
Points for noise reduction, underlayment provides a
4. Flooring Systems
5. Components of
smooth base for floor coverings. Underlayment is
Flooring System necessary for "floating" flooring like laminate or
Finishes engineered wood, which are typically comprised of
7. Common Used foam or cork. These flooring "float" on top because
Coverings in the PH they are not anchored to the subfloor.
REPORT
OUTLINE Floor covering
1. Introduction to The top layer of your flooring, also known

2.
Flooring
Flooring Materials
as the floor covering, is the final component.
3. Summary of Main There are many different types and materials
Points
4. Flooring Systems for floor coverings. They may be made of
5. Components of
Flooring System laminate, hardwood, tile, stone, carpet, or
Finishes
vinyl. When you think about floors, you
7. Common Used picture something like this.
Coverings in the PH
REPORT
OUTLINE Adhesive
1. Introduction to Depending on the material, floor coverings

Flooring are frequently fastened to the subfloor or
3. Summary of Main underlayment. Thinset is used to attach tiles
Points
4. Flooring Systems to the subfloor while using tile. When
5. Components of
Flooring System looking to put new flooring where the tile
Finishes
was previously installed, thinset will need to
7. Common Used be carefully removed.
Coverings in the PH
REPORT Section 804 : INTERIOR FLOOR FINISH
Classification
OUTLINE The classification referred to herein corresponds to the
classifications determined by ASTM E648 or NFPA 253 as follows:
1. Introduction to Class I, 0.45 watts/cm2 or greater, Class II, 0.22 watts/cm2 or
Flooring greater.
3. Summary of Main Testing and Identification
Points
4. Flooring Systems Interior floor finish and floor covering materials shall be tested by
5. Components of
an agency in accordance with ASTM E648 or NFPA 253 and
Flooring System
6. IBC Interior Floor identified by a hang tag or other suitable method so as identify the
Finishes manufacturer or supplier and style. Carpet-style floor coverings shall
7. Common Used be tested as proposed for use, including underlayment. Test reports
Flooring Materials or confirming the information provided in the manufacturer’s product
Coverings in the PH identification shall be furnished tot the building official upon
request.
REPORT Interior floor finish requirements
OUTLINE Test requirement
In all occupancies, interior floor covering materials shall

1. Introduction to comply with the requirements of the DOC FF-1 “pill test”
Flooring (CPSC 16 CFP Part 1630) or with ASTM D2859.
3. Summary of Main
Minimum critical radiant flux
Points
4. Flooring Systems
5. Components of In all occupancies, interior floor finish and floor covering
Flooring System materials in enclosures for stairways and ramps, exit
Finishes
passageways, corridors, and rooms or spaces not separated
7. Common Used from corridors by partitions extending from the floor to the
Flooring Materials or underside of the ceiling shall withstand a minimum critical
Coverings in the PH radiant flux.
REPORT Section 805 : COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS IN TYPES
I AND II CONSTRUCTION
OUTLINE Application
Exception : Stages and platforms constructed in
1. Introduction to accordance with Section 410.2 and 410.3, respectively.
Flooring
2. Flooring Materials Subfloor construction
3. Summary of Main
Points
4. Flooring Systems Floor sleepers, bucks, and nailing blocks shall not be
5. Components of constructed of combustible materials, unless the space
Flooring System
6. IBC Interior Floor between the fire-resistance-rated floor assembly and the
Finishes flooring is either solidly filled with incombustible materials
7. Common Used or fire-blocked in accordance with Section 718, and provided
Coverings in the PH that such open spaces shall not extend under or through
permanent partitions or walls.
REPORT Wood finish flooring
OUTLINE Wood finish flooring is permitted to be attached directly to

the embedded or fire-blocked wood sleepers and shall be
permitted where cemented directly to the top surface of fire-
1. Introduction to resistance-rated floor assemblies or directly to a wood
Flooring subfloor attached to sleepers as provided for in Section
2. Flooring Materials 805.1.1.
3. Summary of Main
Points
4. Flooring Systems Insulating boards
5. Components of
Flooring System
6. IBC Interior Floor Combustible insulating boards not more than ½ inch (12.7
Finishes mm) thick and covered with finish flooring are permitted
7. Common Used where attached directly to a noncombustible floor assembly
Coverings in the PH or to wood subflooring attached to sleepers as provided for in
Section 805.1.1.
REPORT
OUTLINE Ceramic Tiles (Residential)
1. Introduction to
2.
Flooring
Flooring Materials
It is the most popular type of finish and
3. Summary of Main
Points
used extensively in kitchen and
4.
5.
Flooring Systems
Components of
bathroom. It is made of sand and is
6.
Flooring System
IBC Interior Floor
installed using grout that id applied in
7.
Finishes
Commonly Used
between the tiles for perfect fitting.
Coverings
REPORT
OUTLINE
1. Introduction to
Flooring
3. Summary of Main
Points
4. Flooring Systems
5. Components of
Flooring System
Finishes
7. Commonly Used
Coverings
REPORT
OUTLINE
Concrete (Exterior Floor Finish)
1. Introduction to
Flooring
2. Flooring Materials It is a versatile material in its
3. Summary of Main
Points fresh state and can be finished in many
4. Flooring Systems
5. Components of types as per desired appearance such
Flooring System
6. IBC Interior Floor as Trowel finish and Broom finish.
Finishes
7. Commonly Used
Coverings
REPORT
OUTLINE
Trowel Finish
1. Introduction to
Flooring
3. Summary of Main
Points
4. Flooring Systems
5. Components of
Flooring System
Finishes
7. Commonly Used
Broom Finish
Coverings
References
https://theconstructor.org/building/types-of-flooring-materials-uses-
building/16992/
https://www.hamstech.com/interior-designing-guide-to-plan-flooring-
designs
https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/basic-civil-
engineering/9788131729885/xhtml/chapter019.xhtml
https://topcarpetsandfloors.co.za/blog/the-importance-of-flooring-in-
design-by-dave-nemeth/
References
https://speedyfloorremoval.com/anatomy-of-your-floor/
References
https://codes.iccsafe.org/content/IBC2018P6/chapter-8-interior-
finishes#IBC2018P6_Ch08_Sec804.4/
https://www.thespruce.com/finish-floor-floor-covering-definition-4126066/
https://fairmarkethome.com/the-best-outdoor-flooring-options/
https://theconstructor.org/concrete/types-concrete-finishes/39399/
https://www.engineeringcivil.com/types-of-floor-finishes.html/
https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Ceramic tiles/
A Presentation for The Course Of CEBD0313
Thank you for

listening!!!
MEMBERS
Ednalyn de Joseph Maxine Santos Monic Anne Tuazon

1. Casement Window
Are common types of windows
found in the exterior walls. They are
installed over 50 to 75 mm sill concrete
at a height of 750 to 900 mm above the
floor.
Casement Window
2. Corner Window
Are located in a room's corner.
They require heavy lintels. The corner
post of the window should be strong
enough to withstand loads caused by
lintel deflection and impact from the
shutters.
Corner Window
3. Picture Window
They are of the fixed type, which
means they do not have an opening or
closing mechanism. This means that the
image type is not used to control
ventilation in your home.
Picture Window
4. Bay Window
A bay window is a grouping of
three or more windows that extend
beyond an exterior wall in a square,
hexagonal, or octagonal shape. They
form a compartment because they extend
beyond the exterior wall.
Bay Window
5. Sliding Window
The mechanism in sliding windows
allows the panes to slide open sideways.
Other than the sliding rail and the
window lock, there are no other
mechanical parts in this type of window.
Sliding Window
1. Head
The mechanism in sliding
windows allows the panes to
slide open sideways. Other
than the sliding rail and the
window lock, there are no
other mechanical parts in this
type of window.
2. Frame
With an operational or
stationary framework that
includes the head, sill, and
jamb, window frames
surround and support the
entire window system. The
panes of glass have nothing to
hold them in place without a
window frame.
3. Rail
Horizontal sash members and
rails fit between vertical
window components. Every
window has a top and bottom
rail; "meeting rails" are rails
located in the center of a
double hung window opening.
4. Glass panes
The sheets of glass inside the
window frame are referred to as
window/glass panes. They can
be single-paned, double-paned,
or energy-efficient. They can be
a single large sheet or a variety
of shapes and sizes of panes set
within the frame.
5. Sash
A window sash is the
frame that surrounds
the glass and holds it in
place. Window sashes
are fitted into the
window frame and can
be moved or not.
6. Sash Lock
A sash window lock is
used to secure the sash of
a window, preventing it
from opening. A vertical
sliding sash window is
fitted with sash window
locks.
7. Grilles
• Window grilles are narrow
strips of wood, vinyl, or metal
that are used to visually
separate a window's glass into
"panes" or lites.
• Grids are used when the lines
created by the grilles are
purely horizontal and/or
vertical.
8. Casing
The window casing is the
outer layer of your
window frame and is
frequently referred to as
the final touch to window
installation.
9. Lift/Handle
A window handle is a
short length of material
that attaches to a window
in order to aid rotation or
lifting of the hinge and
therefore opening and
closing of the window.
10. Stool
Window Stool refers to the
flat, horizontal molding
installed on the window
interior, between jambs,
that comes into contact with
the bottom of the rail of the
lower operating sash and
the window sill.
11. Sill
A window sill, also
known as a window ledge
or window bottom, is the
flat, shelf-like piece of
window trim located at
the bottom of the
window.
12. Apron
An apron is decorative
trim that is installed
against the wall directly
beneath the window
stool.
13. Hinge
In other form of windows,
hinge is used in order to
make possible for the
window to be opened or
closed.
1. Vinyl
Vinyl windows have frames
made of PVC (polyvinyl chloride), the
same material used to make plumbing
pipes and fittings.
o Most affordable framing material
o Energy-efficient
o Multiple design choices
o Last 20-40 years with proper care
2. Wood
When properly maintained,
they are as durable and long-lasting as
other exterior options. For hundreds of
years, they have been used in homes.
o Provide good insulation

o Weather resistant
o Eco-friendly
o Last up to 10 to 20 years with
proper care
3. Fiberglass
Although they are a less common
window frame installation option, they are
becoming more popular for a variety of
reasons.
o Highly resistant to weather and heat
o Wide variety of styles and designs
o Very energy efficient
o Last up to 80 years with proper care
4. Aluminum
Known for its durability and
longevity They also have a more modern
appearance than vinyl windows and
complement sleek and modern home designs.
o Sturdy framing material that resists
weather
o Add modern style to the home
o Require little maintenance
o Last 40-50 years with proper care
Section 403. Requirements on
Type of Construction
1. Fire Resistive Requirements
d. Exterior doors and windows shall have on
hour fire-resistive rating for all Types.
Section 808. Window Openings
1. Rooms intended for any use, not provided with artificial
ventilation system, shall be provided with a window or windows
with a total free area of openings equal to at least 10% of the floor
area of the room, provided that such opening shall be not less than
1.00 sq. meter. However, toilet and bath rooms, laundry rooms
and similar rooms shall be provided with window or windows
with an area not less than 1/20 of the floor area of such rooms,
provided that such opening shall not be less than 240 sq.
millimeters. Such window or windows shall open directly to a
court, yard, public street or alley, or open watercourse.
- In locating window openings it should be borne in

mind that in cases of extreme emergencies
windows must serve as emergency egress to
vacate the premises or access for rescue
operations. Such windows shall meet the
following requirements:
a. They can be opened from the inside without the use of any tools;
b. the minimum clear opening shall have a width not less than 820 millimeters and
a height of 1 meter;
c. The bottom of the opening should not be more than 820 millimeters from the
floor;
d. Where storm shutters, screens or iron grilles are used, these shall be provided
with quick opening mechanism so that they can be readily opened from the inside
for emergency egress and shall be so designed that when opened they will not drop
to the ground;
e. All areas immediately outside a fire exit window/grille must be free of obstacles
and mustlead to a direct access down into the ground or street level.
Section 1007. Doors, Windows, and the Like
Doors, windows, and the like less than 2.40

meters above the pavement or groundline shall
not, when fully opened or upon opening, project
beyond the property line except fire exit doors.
Regular plate, sheet, or patterned glass

in jalousies and louvered windows shall not
be thinner than 5.6 millimeters minimal and
shall not be longer than 1.20 meters.
Exposed glass edges shall be smooth.
SECTION 2004. Supports and Anchorages
e. Wall Signs
iii. Display windows or wall signs
within 3.00 meters above the sidewalk shall
be flushed or recessed.
1. Battened and Ledged Doors
Battens are wooden boards that are

100 mm to 150 mm wide and 20 mm thick.
Their length corresponds to the width of the
doorway. The battens are joined together by
horizontal planks called ledges that are 100
to 200 mm wide and 30 mm thick.
Battened and Ledged Doors
2. Framed and Panelled Doors
This door is made up of vertical

members known as styles and horizontal
members known as rails. The styles and rails
are grooved to accept panels. The panels could
be made of wood, A.C. sheets, glasses, and so
on To achieve a pleasing appearance, the
panels can be flat or raised.
Framed and Panelled Doors
3. Flushed Doors
These doors' shutters are made of

plywood or block boards. They are all the
same thickness. These shutters are available
in a variety of appealing vineer finishes.
Making such doors on-site takes very little
time.
Flushed Doors
4. Louvered Doors
These doors can be used when both

privacy and ventilation are required.
Louvers can be made of glass, wood, or air
conditioning. sheet strips fixed in the
shutter frame to prevent vision while
allowing free passage of air
Louvered Doors
5. Revolving Doors
A type of door that turns in its frame when it
is used and allows people to go both in and out of a
large building at the same time
It is made up of a central pivot to which four
radiating shutters are attached. The central pivot is
supported at the bottom by a ball bearing and at the
top by a bush bearing. The shutters can be partially
or entirely made of glass.
Revolving Doors
6. Swing Doors
Swing doors are distinguished by their
ability to open in either direction. They are
increasingly being used in all-glass systems
and for kitchen passageways.
Swing Doors
7. Sliding Doors
A sliding door is a door that opens
horizontally by sliding, usually parallel to a
wall. Sliding doors can be suspended from
a track above or mounted on top of a track
below.
Sliding Doors
8. Collapsible Doors
Depending on the size of the opening,
the collapsible door can be made of single
or double shutters. It does not require
hinges to open or shutters to close. It takes
up less space.
Collapsible Doors
9. Rolling Shutters
A roller shutter door is a door made up of
many individual horizontal steel or aluminum
slats that are operated by rolling the slats around
a barrel directly up or down with the help of a
spring or an electric motor (or both) and guides
on either side to keep the curtain secure in
place.
Rolling Shutters
1. Head/Header
A header made of wood,
steel, masonry, or
another structural
product is usually used
to structurally stabilize
the head of a door.
2. Hinge
Hinges are used to
connect two parts while
allowing them to rotate
relative to one another.
They usually have two
flat faces called leaves.
3. Top Rail
The top rail is the
horizontal piece that
spans the entire width
of the door.
4. Panel
The panels, which can
be made of wood or
glass, are what fill the
frame formed by a
door's stiles and rails.
5. Jamb
These are the
common terms for
the vertical
components that
make up the sides
of the door frame.
6. Mullion
A mullion is similar to
a stile. It is the vertical
component that
separates two panels
located between the
rails in the middle of
the door.
7. Stile
This is the term used
to describe the
vertical components
that sit on the outside
edge of a door.
8. Threshold
This is the bottom
portion of an exterior
door frame, and is
used internally when
transitioning from
one floor covering to
another.
9. Bottom Rail
Sits across
the bottom of the
door horizontally.
10. Sill
The bottom component
of a door frame is the
sill. They are the
sections of the door that
are sealed and secured
to the floor.
1. Wood
Wood has long been the
preferred material for exterior
doors, but it's making its way
inside. They are a timeless
option that can be used
throughout the home. They can
also easily adapt to your style
and decor because they are so
simple to paint, tint, or style.
2. Steel
Steel doors are made of
durable steel. They are not,
however, entirely made of
solid steel. A steel door, in
fact, is a polyurethane or
polystyrene core coated with
a thin steel skin. They are
frequently used in industrial
and commercial settings.
3. Fiberglass
While some doors can be
difficult to maintain, fiberglass
doors require little
maintenance, are extremely
durable, have high insulation,
and are resistant to dents. These
doors are available in painted or
wood panels, making them
suitable for both interior and
exterior use.
4. Aluminum
Aluminum is a durable and
sturdy material that does not
require much maintenance.
Aluminum's quality has
already been proven; while it
is somewhat pricey, it is one
of the best options on the
door market.
5. Glass
Glass doors are primarily
composed of glass panels
set into wood, steel, or
aluminum frames. These
are always used at the
back or side of the house
to allow natural light in.
Section 1007. Doors, Windows, and the Like
Doors, windows, and the like less than 2.40

meters above the pavement or groundline shall
not, when fully opened or upon opening, project
beyond the property line except fire exit doors.
(c) Doors. The provisions herein shall apply to every exit door serving an area
having an
occupant load of more than 10, or serving hazardous rooms or areas.
(1) Swing. Exit door shall swing in the direction of exit travel when serving
any hazardous
areas or when serving an occupant load of 50 or more. Double acting doors
shall not be used as exits serving a tributary occupant load of more than 100;
nor shall they be used as a part of fire assembly, nor equipped with panic
hardware. A double acting door shall be provided with a view panel of not less
than 1,300 square centimeters.
(2) Type of Lock or Latch. Exit door shall be openable from the inside without the
use of a key or any special knowledge or effort: Except, that this requirement shall
not apply to exterior exit doors in a group E or F Occupancy if there is a
conspicuous, readily visible and durable sign on or adjacent to the door, stating that
the door is to remain unlocked during business hours. The locking device must be
of a type that will readily be distinguishable as locked. Flush bolts or surface bolts
are prohibited.
(3) Width and Height. Every required exit doorway shall be of a size as to permit
the installation of a door not less than 900 millimeters in width and not less than
2.00 meters in height. When installed in exit doorways, exit doors shall be capable
of opening at least 90 degrees and shall be so mounted that the clear width of the
exitway is not less than 700 millimeters. In computing the required exit width the
net dimension of the exitway shall be used.
(4) Door Leaf Width. No leaf of an exit door shall exceed 1.20 meters in width.
(5) Special Doors. Revolving, sliding, and overhead doors shall not be used as
required exits.
(6) Egress from Door. Every required exit door shall give immediate access to an
approved means of egress from the building.
(7) Change in Floor Level at Doors. Regardless of the occupant load there shall be
a floor or landing on each side of an exit door. The floor or landing shall be
leveled with, or not more than 50 millimeters lower than the threshold of the
doorway: Except, that in Group A and B Occupancies, a door may open on the top
step of a flight of stairs or an exterior landing provided the door does not swing
over the top step or exterior landing and the landing is not more than 200
millimeters below the floor level.
(8) Door Identification. Glass doors shall conform to the requirements in Section
1805.
Other exit doors shall be so marked that they are readily distinguishable from the
adjacent construction.
(9) Additional Doors. When additional doors are provided for egress purposes,
they shall conform to all provisions in the following cases: Approved revolving
doors having leaves which will collapse under opposing pressures may be used in
exit situations; provided; that such doors have a minimum width of 2.00 meters or
they are not used in occupancies where exits are required to be equipped with
panic hardware or at least one
conforming exit door is located adjacent to each revolving doors installed in a
building and the revolving door shall not be considered to provide nay exit width.
SECTION 1214. Motion Picture Projection Rooms
(c) Exit – Every projection room shall have at least two
doorways separated by not less than one-third the perimeter
of the room, each at least 750 millimeters wide and 2.00
meters high. All entrances to a projection room shall be
protected by a self-closing fire assembly having a three-
fourths hour fire-resistive rating. Such doors shall open
outward and lead to proper exits as required in this Code and
shall not be equipped with any latch. The maximum widthof
such door shall be 750 millimeters.
(a) Doors, sashes and framed openings in exterior walls of all buildings
except Types IV and V Constructions may be glazed or equipped with
approved plastics: Provided, that:
(1) The wall in which such glazing is installed is so located that openings
are not required to be fire-protected.
(2) Except for Type I Construction, the location, size, and spacing of such
glazed openings do not exceed the values set forth by the Secretary.
(3) Plastics used in glazed openings for Type II Construction shall be
materials appropriate for use according to flame-spread characteristics
and the location, size, and spacing of the openings do not exceed the
values set forth by the Secretary.
CEBD0313 BUILDING SYSTEMS DESIGN
BS CIVIL ENGINEERING
MAJOR IN STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
First Semester, AY 2022-2023
ENVELOPE
ROOFING
SE3B GROUP 1:
De Guzman, John Dave R.
Cuaderno, Andrea S.
Custodio, Marjorie M.
01
CONTENTS
TABLE OF
INTRODUCTION
02 PARTS
03 MATERIALS
04 SUBSYSTEMS
05 BASELINE REQUIREMENTS
INTRODUCTION
THE BUILDING ENVELOPE
The building envelope is the physical

barrier between the exterior and
interior environments enclosing a
structure. It acts as a protection that It
shields the interior of the building from
the unpredictable and uncontrollable
external climate and provides a
degree of privacy and security.
The Components
of the Building Envelope
ROOFING SYSTEM/ENVELOPE
The roofing system is the top

covering of buildings and is one of the
components of the building envelope.
It is a complex system of engineered
support structures, insulation, and
various layers that combine to protect
the interior of a building from weather
and other forces of nature thus, is an
important part of any building.
OF ROOF
FUNCTIONS
SEAL DEFEND
PROTECT BREATHE
ROOF SHAPE STYLE
Gable Roof Hip Roof Shed Roof Gable Roof

4 MAIN PARTS OF THE ROOF
COVERING - Roof covering
material provides protection to
the roof and the structure. It
prevents rainwater, moisture,
heat, dust, etc. from entering the
building from the top.
UNDERLAYMENT - Roofing
underlayment is what lies
between the shingles and the
roof sheathing, or roof deck,
which is typically either plywood
or OSB.
4 MAIN PARTS OF THE ROOF
DECKING/SHEATHING - Roof decking (also
called roof sheathing) is the wooden boards
(plywood or planks) that make up the
foundation of a roof system and that the
rest of your roofing materials are installed
on.
RAFTERS - A rafter is a structural component

of a roof on a building
OTHER PARTS OF
THE ROOF
SLOPE - Roof slope is

the incline of the roof.
OTHER PARTS OF
THE ROOF
EAVE - An eave is the lower border of the roof that
overhangs the wall usually located in the first three feet of
a roof
SOFFIT - they hang off the side of your roof (underneath
the fascia) and provide extra protection from the elements
for your rafters.
FASCIA – is a series of wooden boards that give structure
to the side of your house
OTHER PARTS OF
THE ROOF DRIP EDGE - is metal flashing installed at the roof’s edges (eaves
and rakes) to keep water away from your fascia and from
getting underneath your roofing components.
SHINGLE STARTER STRIP – they are installed at the eaves to
create a first line of defense against wind uplift along the roof’s
edge.
GUTTER - guide rainwater off your roof and direct it away from
your home.
ROOF RIDGE - ridge is your home’s highest point, where the two
sloping roof components meet
OTHER PARTS OF
THE ROOF
DRIP EDGE
OTHER PARTS OF
THE ROOF
SHINGLE
STARTER STRIP
OTHER PARTS OF
THE ROOF
GUTTER
OTHER PARTS OF
THE ROOF RIDGE CAP - ridge caps on a roof are the shingles installed along
the ridge of a roof.
RIDGE VENT - an air exhaust vent on top of your home that helps
your home stay cool.
VALLEY - is the V-shaped intersection between two sloping roofs
joining at an angle to provide water runoff.
DOWNSPOUT - carry water down the side of your home from
the gutters.
FLASHING - is a metal material that directs water away from
certain areas (walls, chimneys, roof valleys) of your roof.
OTHER PARTS OF
THE ROOF
RIDGE CAP
OTHER PARTS OF
THE ROOF
RIDGE VENT
OTHER PARTS OF
THE ROOF
VALLEY
OTHER PARTS OF
THE ROOF
DOWNSPOUT
OTHER PARTS OF
THE ROOF
FLASHING
MATERIALS
1. Ridge Cap
Asphalt Shingles Clay Tiles Metals & Steel Plastic

MATERIALS
2. Flashing
Metals Plastic/ Rubber

MATERIALS
3. Roofing/ Roof Cover/ Roofing Material
ASPHALT METAL
SLATE TILE CLAY TILE
SHINGLES ROOFING
WOOD
CONCRETE GLASS (Fiber) PLASTIC
SHINGLES
MATERIALS
4. Underlayment
There are three basic types of underlayment used beneath roofing
materials:
Asphalt-saturated Rubberized Non-bitumen

Felt Asphalt Synthetic
MATERIALS
5. Roof Decking
The three types of roof decking materials that are most common in
commercial and residential buildings are:
Concrete Roof Decking Material

• Structural Concrete
• Structural Concrete Composite
• Lightweight Insulating
MATERIALS
5. Roof Decking
Wood Roof Decking Material

• Zip Wood
• FRT(Fire-Retardant) Plywood
• CDX Plywood
Steel Roof Decking Material

MATERIALS
6. Gutter & Downspout
Metal Wood Plastic (Vinyl)

MATERIALS
7. Framing
Metal Wood/Timber
MATERIALS
8. Soffit 10. Drip Edge
• Wood • Wood
• Vinyl • Composite
• Aluminum • Vinyl
• Fiber Cement • Aluminum
9. Fascia Board 11. Shingle Starter Strips

• Wood • Typically made of asphaltic
• PVC material.
• Fiber cement
• Vinyl
• Aluminum
MATERIALS
8. Ridge Vent
usually made from aluminum or
a mesh-type material
Subsystems
SUBSYSTEM
Structural
(Roof Framing)
System
A relatively secure roof is made
possible by structural system,
particularly roof framing. The roof's
structural system is critical because
it must be absolutely strong and last
as long as possible. It must be made
of good quality materials and with
the utmost attention even on the
smallest details.
SUBSYSTEM
Waterproofing
Waterproofing, as a subsystem, is essential in preventing

water from entering the property through the roof, which
would compromise the structural integrity of the property and
cause damage to the roof itself. Waterproofing is the process of
applying a coating to create a watertight seal and/or using
materials to keep water out of the roof/property.
SUBSYSTEM
Waterproofing
Common Coating types: Common Materials used for

• Acrylic Coatings waterproofing:
• Silicone Coatings • Roofing Base Sheet
• Polyurethane Coatings • Flashing
• Fluid-Applied Asphaltic • Gutters
Rubber Membrane System • Underlayment
SUBSYSTEM
Insulation
System
The insulation system on roof provides resistance on heat flow,

which leads to energy savings because it reduces the amount of energy
required to run the structure, especially on hot days when air
conditioning is considered “necessary”.
SUBSYSTEM
Storm Drainage
System
The drainage system in roofs is one of the key considerations in

protecting the building structure from leaks and structural damage. A
drainage system is one of the important subsystems that is
necessary for the roofing to drain the rainwater that accumulates on
the roof.
SUBSYSTEM
Storm Drainage
System
Types of Roof Drainage:
Internal Roof Drains External downspouts/gutters

BASELINE REQUIREMENTS
National Building Code
of the Philippines
Chapter 12– General Design and

Construction Requirements
Section 1206. Roof Construction and
Covering
1. Roof Covering. Roof covering for all buildings shall be either fire-retardant or ordinary depending
upon the fire-resistive requirements of the particular type of construction. The use of combustible
roof insulation shall be permitted in all types of construction provided it is covered with approved
roof covering applied directly thereto.
2. Roof Trusses. All roofs shall be so framed and tied into the framework and supporting walls
so as to form an integral part of the whole building. Roof trusses shall have all joints well
fitted and shall have all tension members well tightened before any load is placed in the truss.
Diagonal and sway bracing shall be used to brace all roof trusses. The allowable working stresses
of materials in trusses shall conform to this Code. Camber shall be provided to prevent sagging.
National Building Code
of the Philippines
Chapter 12– General Design and

Construction Requirements
Section 1206. Roof Construction and
Covering
5. Flashing. Flashing and counterflashing shall be provided at the juncture of the roof and vertical
surfaces.
Green Building Code of
the Philippines
Chapter 2– Green Building Requirements

Section 10. Energy Efficiency
10.3 Building Envelope Color
(a) Light-colored building envelope, especially the roof areas which are the most vulnerable, can
reduce heat transfer from the outside to the inside of the building by having surfaces with high
Solar Reflectance Index (SRI).
Requirements
METAL SURFACE SRI

Green
ReflectiveBuilding
White Code of 86 to 92
the
Basic Philippines
White 80 to 88
Building metal roof
Beige/ Tan 74 to 80
surfaces shall either be
Dark Brown 0 to 33
colored white or have a
Light to Medium Brown 45 to 56 minimum SRI of 70.
Light to Medium Grey 39 to 63
Dark Grey 0 to 41
Blue 23 to 30
Light to Medium Blue 35 to 38
Red 28 to 36
Terracotta Red 38 to 40
Green 25 to 32
Source: PPG Cool Color Series -
www.coolcolorsdatabase.ppg.com
Light to Medium Green 30 to 48 as rated by the Cool Roof Rating Council, US
the Philippines
Chapter 2– Green Building Requirements

Section 10. Energy Efficiency
10.4 Roof Insulation
(a) Insulation can help reduce heat gain in a building thus improving thermal comfort, acoustic quality
and reducing the load on the air conditioning system.
(b) This measure applies to all building occupancies as indicated in Table.
(c) Requirements Buildings shall be provided with roof insulation so that the average thermal resistance
value (R-Value) of the roof is at least R-8.
R-Value of Common Roof Insulation
INSULATION R-Value / inch INSULATION R-Value / inch

(25.4 mm) (25.4 mm)
Polyisocyanurate 5.6 to 8.0 Open cell spray foam 3.6
the Philippines
Polyurethane 5.6 to 6.5 Sheep’s wool 3.5
Closed cell spray foam 5.5 to 6.0 Hemp 3.5
Phenolic foam 4.8 Cotton 3.4
Urea formaldehyde foam 4.6 3.0 to 3.7
Loose cellulose
Plastic fiber 4.3
Mineral wool 2.8 to 3.7
Mineral fiber 4.2 to 4.5
Straw 2.4 to 3.0
Cementitious foam 3.9
Vermiculite / Perlite 2.4
Polystyrene 3.8 to 5.0
Reflective bubble foil 1 to 1.1
Fiberglass 3.7
Source: U.S. Department of Energy – Insulation Materials
Rockwool 3.7
Rigid foam 3.6 to 6.7
Cellulose 3.6 to 3.8
THANK YOU
FOR LISTENING!
CEILING MATERIAL/ASSEMBLY
SYTSTEM BREAKDOWN
OUTLINE OF TOPICS
WHAT WE'LL DISCUSS
About Us
Introduction
Common Types of Ceiling Materials
Popular Types of Ceiling Materials Used in the Philippines
Types of Ceiling
• Assembly
• Parts
• Materials
References
MEET OUR TEAM
MEROSE M. ROLAN CHARLES JUSTINE EVERLY

DE MESA BALTAZAR M. DUMASIG
INTRODUCTION
CEILING ASSEMBLY
is the term used to describe how a ceiling is built. It is
important because each assembly has a different thickness,
components, and more importantly-- fire and sound rating.
The biggest issue in floor/ceilings between live/work units is
that they must attain an impact rating of IIC 50.
Different infrastructure requires different ceiling assembly

based on the clients desire and type of ceiling that will be
used.b Some companies offer different ceiling assembly,
from sound proofing to fire resistant ceilings. But all of this
may cost more because it requires more high quality. The
type of ceiling that you choose depends on your particular
space, from residential to commercial use, as well as your
design intent. There are different types of ceiling and the
recommended ceiling assemblies;
COMMON TYPES OF CEILING
MATERIALS
DRYWALL
Drywall, also called sheetrock, gypsum
board, and wallboard,
Drywall is one of the most convenient
and cost-effective ceiling materials.
It consists of gypsum, which makes up
other types of ceiling material.
CEMENT BOARD
Cement board is one of the best ceiling
materials for bathrooms or showers
because of its water resistance.
Cement board can be used as a wall or
ceiling material, though it’s about two to
three times more expensive than
PLASTER OF PARIS
Plaster of Paris is one of the ceiling
materials that work well to create
ceilings with designs because you can
spread it over curves and angles.
WOOD
Wood is one of the ceiling materials
that’s easy to install and a good choice
to bring warmth and a rustic feel to a
room.
Wood materials work best on a flat
ceiling or a false or drop-ceiling
framework.
METAL
Metal ceiling materials are thin and
lightweight and offer a high-impact
appearance.
Most metal ceiling materials are tin,
but you can also cover your ceiling in
aluminum, steel, copper, and brass.
FIBERGLASS
Fiberglass ceiling can be cost-effective
and easy-to-install solution when the
function is more important than the
design. Pressed glass fibers and
polymers form the tiles.
MINERAL FIBER
Mineral fiber ceilings absorb sound
better than metal and come in many
shapes and styles.
Mineral fiber panels, like fiberglass,
make up many office building ceilings.
PVC
PVC is a good choice for damp rooms
because plastic resists moisture, mold,
and mildew.
Plastic ceilings cost less than many other
materials, are lightweight, and are easy
to install on a flat surface.
GLASS
The material is an inorganic, translucent or
transparent material that builders can
mold into various shapes.
By using Glass the room will be more
expensive to heat and cool because you
lose any insulation you’d have above more
standard ceiling materials.
CLOTH/FABRIC
Fabric is a good choice if you - want the
ceiling to become a centerpiece and make a
dramatic statement.
A draped cloth ceiling takes a large volume
of fabric to achieve.
The fabric also covers flaws and irregularities
in an existing ceiling.
POPULAR TYPES OF CEILING MATERIALS
USED IN THE PHILIPPINES
WOOD
Wooden ceiling boards usually look classic and natural.
They can be used for both interior and exterior purposes.
GYPSUM
They are suitable for interior purposes such as in the living room or
bedroom. But since they are made from compressed gypsum powder
covered with paper, they are not resistant to water or moisture, which
makes them unsuitable for exterior purposes, or they will easily become
soft.
PVC OR VINYL
PVC or Vinyl ceilings are light, resistant to water and moisture. They
also do not swell or bend easily, and you do not need to paint before
using it.
FIBER CEMENT
PVC or Vinyl ceilings are light, resistant to water and moisture.
They also do not swell or bend easily, and you do not need to paint
before using it.
METAL SPANDREL
Metal ceilings are effective and best used in exterior buildings
finishes but the most costly to use compare to other ceiling
materials.
SUBSYSTEM
WHAT ARE THE SUBSYSTEMS?
JOIST BEAM
A roofing joist is a A beam is the main load-
horizontal member that bearing structural element
runs across an open space. of a roof. It supports the
Depending on the weight of joists and other
construction, they may lie building elements. A joist is
flat or be pitched. a horizontal member that
generally runs across a
building and is supported
by a beam.
TYPES OF CEILING:
ASSEMBLY
PARTS
MATERIALS
A CONVENTIONAL CEILING CONSTRUCTION TYPE IS COMMONLY
• CONVENTIONAL FOUND IN HOMES. THESE CEILINGS HAVE A STANDARD DRYWALL

FINISH AND ARE MADE OF LOWER-COST MATERIALS, requiring easy
CEILING
installation.
1.1. CEILING ASSEMBLY: PARTS
-RAFTERS -POST
-BEAMS -JOIST
1.2. COMMON MATERIALS FOR CONVENTIONAL CEILING:
-PLASTER -GYPSUM
-PANELING -TIN
A SUSPENDED CEILING (SOMETIMES REFERRED TO AS A DROPPED CEILING)
2. SUSPENDED
HANGS FROM A METAL GRID BELOW THE EXISTING CEILING THAT IS
ALREADY IN PLACE. COMMONLY USED WITH NOISE-REGULATING acoustic
ceiling tiles, these flat drop ceilings allow designers to conceal mechanical,
CEILING
electrical, plumbing, and lighting fixtures (MEP) above the dropped, exposed
ceiling, such as pipes and wiring.
-HANGER WIRE -RETAINER CLIP
-SWAY BRACE -MAIN TEE
-CROSS TEE -CEILING TILE
-PERIMETER ANGLE -EDGE MOLDING
2.2. COMMON MATERIALS FOR SUSPENDED CEILING:
-MINERAL FIBER -FIBERGLASS
-METAL -WOOD
-SPECIALTY MATERIALS
COMMONLY FOUND IN HIGH-END HOMES, CHURCHES, LIBRARIES, AND
3. COFFERED
HOTELS, COFFERED CEILINGS REFLECT A CLASSIC, EVEN LUXURIOUS,
AESTHETIC. A PRICIER OPTION THAN CONVENTIONAL OPTIONS, COFFERED
CEILINGS REQUIRE INSTALLATION BY SPECIALISTS WHO ARE FAMILIAR WITH
CEILING
THIS VARIETY.
-MOLDING -MAIN PERIMETER BEAM
-CROSSBEAM -PERIMETER CROSSBEAM
-MAIN BEAM -BRAD
-FINISHING NAIL -PANEL ADHESIVE
3.2. COMMON MATERIALS FOR COFFERED CEILING:

-WOOD
-MDF (MEDIU-M DENSITY FIBREBOARD)
-POLYURETHANE FOAM AND PLASTER
-MARBLE
TRAY CEILINGS ARE MULTI-LEVEL CEILINGS – THEY START FROM ONE
HEIGHT, THEN DROP AS YOU ADD LEVELS. AS THE NAME SUGGESTS, THE
CEILING LAYOUT RESEMBLES A TRAY. THE FLAT CEILING ON THE OUTSIDE OF
4. TRAY CEILING THE TRAY SURROUNDS THE RAISED CENTER, WHICH IS THE HIGHEST PART OF
THE CEILING.
-T-BRACES -JOINT COMPOUND
-SANDING BLOCK -DRY WALL
COMMON MATERIALS FOR TRAY CEILINGS:
-WOOD -DRYWALL
A COVED CEILING IS TYPICALLY FOUND IN FORMAL ROOMS, THEATERS, OR
5. COVED CEILING
CHURCHES. THE VATICAN, FOR EXAMPLE, HOUSES ONE OF THE MOST
FAMOUS COVED CEILINGS IN THE WORLD.
-CURVED MOLDING OR FRAMING
-CROSS TEE -MAIN TEE
5.2. COMMON MATERIALS FOR COVED CEILINGS:
-MDF (MEDIUM-DENSITY FIBERBOARDS)
-WOODS -DRYWALL
-PLASTER AND WIRE MESH -COVE PANEL
-PREFORMED CURVE PANELS -CARRIER
-SWIVEL LOCK ASSEMBLY

CATHEDRAL CEILINGS ARE OFTEN FOUND IN LARGE LIVING ROOMS, DINING
6. CATHEDRAL
ROOMS, BEDROOMS, AND EVEN THE MASTER BATH.
CATHEDRAL OR VAULTED – CEILINGS ARE KNOWN FOR THEIR INVERTED V-
CEILING
SHAPE WHERE THE TIP OF THE V IS THE HIGHEST POINT AND THE SIDES OF
THE V SLOPE DOWN.
-FLAT CEILING -BEAM DIVIDER
-TRIM BAND
-FREESTANDING POST RECEIVING RIDGE BEAM
-RIDGE BEAM -HIDDEN HEADER
6.2. COMMON MAERIALS FOR CATHEDRAL CEILINGS:
-LINEAR WOOD (PLANKS OR PANELS)
-FOAMS -CELLULOSE
-ROCKWOOL
SHED, OR SINGLE-SLOPE, CEILINGS ARE TYPICALLY FOUND ON THE TOP
STORY OF A HOME, EITHER IN THE ATTIC OR LOFT.
7. SHED CEILING
Creating a distinct look for your room, a shed ceiling will begin at a high
point at one wall, then slope down toward the opposite wall.
-RAFTER -COLLAR TIE
-CEILING JOIST
7.2. COMMON MATERIALS FOR SHED CEILING:
-WOOD -METAL
-STEEL -PLYWOOD
-POLYCARBONATE -LUMBER
-MINERAL WOOL -POLYVINYL CHLORIDE
-CONCRETE -FIBRE-REINFORCED PLASTIC
-TIMBER FRAMING -FOAM CORE
-SPRAY FOAM
BEAM CEILINGS ARE TYPICALLY FOUND IN HALLWAYS AND CORRIDORS FOR
8. BEAM CEILING
COMMERCIAL SETTINGS AND LIVING AND DINING ROOMS FOR RESIDENTIAL
SETTINGS.
-HANGING BEAM -STRUTTING BEAM
-CEILING BEAM
COMMON MATERIALS FOR BEAM CEILINGS:
-WOOD -METAL
-CONCRETE
REFERRAL CODEDS AS PER
MANIFACTURERS
ABOUT STC & IIC
STC (Sound Transmission Class) is a measurement
that indicates how much noise is stopped
(absorbed) by the wall or floor ceiling assembly.
(airborne or voice noise) IIC (Impact Insulation
Cass) is a measurement that indicates how much
impact noise is stopped in a floor/ceiling assembly.
The soundproofing and insulation of

establishments and structures depends on clients
desire whether they wanted it or not. Insulation
and soundproofing is costly and it has a required
ICC and STC rating: below are the required rating
as per standard of a manufacturer Community
Acoustics:
ANY MATERIAL WITH THE NRC VALUE OVER 0.60 IS CONSIDERED WELL-ABSORPTIVE, AND 0.75 AND HIGHER; HIGHLY
ABSORPTIVE.
JINZHOU DONGYA BUILDING MATERIALS CO. LTD. (DYBM), ONE OF THE LEADING CEILING BRANDS GLOBALLY, OFFERS
ITS OWN RANGE OF MINERAL FIBER ACOUSTIC CEILING MATERIAL, PROVIDING THERMAL INSULATION SIX TIMES
GREATER THAN GYPSUM BOARD CEILINGS. THE TILES’ HIGH NOISE REDUCTION COEFFICIENT (NRC) ENABLES SOUND
ABSORPTION TO THE TUNE OF 55 TO 60%, MAINTAINING A PLEASANT OFFICE ENVIRONMENT.
REFERENCES:
https://www.finehomebuilding.com/2013/09/12/comfortable-cathedral-ceilings
https://www.9wood.com/blog/what-are-the-types-of-suspended-acoustic-ceilings/
https://mikegregory.co.uk/coffered-ceiling/
https://www.facebook.com/glsonebuilders/posts/popular-types-of-ceiling-materials-used-in-the-philippinesthe-ceiling-is-another/147738053528319/
https://rethority.com/ceiling-materials/
https://dreamcivil.com/tray-ceiling/
https://www.materials-inc.com/ceilings-101-types-and-their-material-options/
https://didyouknowhomes.com/guide-to-coved-ceilings/
https://www.futuremarketinsights.com/reports/ceiling-tiles-market
https://aquietrefuge.com/nrc-rating/
https://commercial-acoustics.com/lab-tests/
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING~!
BATAAN PENINSULA STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & ARCHITECTURE
City of Balanga 2100 Bataan
PHILIPPINES
Building Systems Design

CEBD-0313
HOMEWORK #3
SYSTEM BREAKDOWN
FLOORING MATERIALS/ASSEMBLY
Submitted by:
Adra, Mae Edrhealyn R.
De Jesus, Angel Merie M.
Padul, Francis E.
CE-SE3B
Submitted to:
Engr. John Denver Catapang
Instructor
I. Introduction
A. Definition
a. Flooring- is the general term for a permanent covering of a floor, or for the
work of installing such a floor covering. A lot of variety exists in flooring and
there are different types of floors due to the fact that it is the first thing that
catches your eye when you walk into a house, as it spans across the length
and breadth of the house. It is also the surface that goes through the most
wear and tear, and that's why choosing the right material is of utmost
importance.
B. Purpose (Flooring)
● Affect the Design of Your Home: When someone walks into a room, the floor
can affect their impression of a space subconsciously. Since the floor is underfoot
and takes up so much real estate in any space, it has a significant impact on the
aesthetic of your home. If you want to change the look of a room, change the
floors. Flooring can make your space look instantly cooler, warmer, larger,
smaller, more intimate, cozier and more luxe.
● Improve or Hamper the Functionality of Your Home: Think about having an
expensive and very delicate floor. Or, imagine rolling out of bed on a cool day
and sinking your toes into silky-soft plush carpet. Your flooring directly impacts
the way you experience your home. Flooring can affect acoustics in a family room
or home office, letting you enjoy family time or work more. It can make it easier
to walk around barefoot or in slippers. It can help you save on heating bills by
making your feet warmer and more comfortable. Your floor directly impacts the
way you behave in your home, which is why 50 Floor will always ask about your
lifestyle, foot traffic, pets and other details to make sure you find the right floor
options for you.
● Impact the Health of Your Home: If you suffer from allergies or any condition
that makes you aware of indoor air quality, you need to think about your floor
choices. Some flooring is better at resisting the buildup of common allergens,
such as particulate matter, dust and dander.
● Determine How Much You Spend on Maintenance: Choosing floors that fit
your lifestyle is essential, which is why 50 Floor will always ask you about your
willingness to spend money and time on cleaning. Some flooring is specifically
designed to be easy to clean, while some types are designed to last for a long time,
so you don’t have to redo your floors as often. If you have high-traffic areas or
have pets or small children, for example, you may want to find a solution that is
easy to clean and maintain and can handle some extra scuffing and activity.
● Affect Your Home’s Value: Beautiful floors make your home more inviting and
can improve its value. They can even help make your space more attractive to
buyers.
C. Raised Flooring
1. Definition
What is a raised floor?
A raised floor is a data center construction model in which a slightly higher floor is
constructed above the building's original concrete slab floor, leaving the open space between
the two floors for wiring or cooling infrastructure.
Raised floors often are built to accommodate data center equipment. They are also used to
help control air flow throughout the data center and reduce the intake air temperature of IT
equipment and servers.
These types of floors are subject to local building codes and national and industry regulatory
standards. They should resist wear and abrasion and contain conductive materials with
antistatic properties to remove the buildup of damaging static electricity from the
environment. The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers provides structural guidelines for data center raised floors that house HVAC
mechanisms.
2. Purpose
Create a voided floor space in which the services such as electrical, optical,
telecommunication, heating/ventilation and mechanical can be routed.
II. Body
Raised Flooring
A. Components/Subsystem:
 Raised Floor Stringer- The raised access floor stringers are also essential parts in
the raised floor construction as they aid in joining the pedestals forming a
framework for a strong floor panel. They are also referred to as connecting rods or
grids and aids in providing lateral stability especially for deep voids in raised floor
constructions. The stringers can be made of aluminium channels or square tubes
depending on the raised floor design. They can be fastened at both ends with a
screw to firmly connect to the pedestals. Basically the stringer provides additional
support for the raised flooring. Besides knowing the various components that make
up the flooring system, you need to get a clear understanding of the entire flooring
process as well.
 Floor Panels- Raised Floor Panels are typically 2 feet by 2 feet and are normally
composed of a cement or wood core clad in steel or aluminium.
A: Common Raised Floor Tiles

The raised floor panel forms the flat surface of the access floor. It is usually
about 24’’ × 24’’ in size and it is constructed using steel materials. Concrete materials
are used to fill the panel making it durable and flexible in case some improvements
need to be done on the building services installed in the panel. Aluminium can also
be used for reinforcement purposes. These floor panels are usually availed in
different designs and materials and therefore you can choose the best materials that
suit your needs and conforms to your budget as well.
B: Raised Floor Wiring Module Panel
The wiring module is specially produced to support power outlets and data
ports. It is installed with common raised floor systems. This wiring module belongs
to a special series of raised floors.
C: Perforated Raised Floor Panels For Airflow

The raised floor with venting holes for airflow is mainly used for air supply
in the bottom space. Users can place perforated raised floors in specific areas for
airflow control. The raised floor air flow rating can be 20%-80%.
 Pedestals- Raised floor pedestals are affixed to the sub-floor through either
mechanical fixings or adhesives. Since the pedestals are adjustable, the gap between
the elevated floor and the sub-floor can be between 3 and 48 inches. To ensure that
the panel is fixed and supported stably, the pedestals must also contain the
following parts:
 Cap/Gasket- It ensures stability of the coupling between the structure and the panel,
increasing the continuity of support.
 Anchor- Used to fix the pedestal base to the subfloor surface

 Floor Finish- The panels are compatible with many flooring finishes such as vinyl,
linoleum, laminate, rubber, carpet and stone or ceramic tiles.
 Sub-floor sealant (seal)
PVA sealant Epoxy sealant

Floor paint Pedestal Adhesive
B. Types of Raised Flooring

 Gravity/Loose Lay System
- The floor panels rest loosely on the pedestal head, providing easy access to
the floor voids below. A light-duty gravity loose lay raised access floor system,
manufactured from high-density chipboard. Suitable for all commercial office and
general use applications, these panels are ideal where cost is the primary concern in a
project.
 Lock Down/Screw Down System

-The floor panels are fixed onto the pedestal head for greater security. Screw-
down raised floor systems provide high tensile strength by using screw-down bare
tiles. Steel bare panels have threaded holes for screwing bolts into them. It can
provide superior strength with bolting down mechanism, ensure quick installation
and self-engagement options, prevent shaking in access floors and makes your access
floors durable for years to come, widely used for server rooms, factory floors and
office spaces.
C. How to install
 choose the right access floor for the building
❖ Application type
❖ Cooling System/Air Distribution Setup
❖ Cabling/Wiring Needs
❖ Weight & Load Capabilities
 Points to remember while installing raised floor
❖ Condition of the subfloor, which should be clean of debris
and should be as levelled as possible
❖ The walls surrounding the raised floor should be as square
as possible
D. Precautions to be taken after installation of Raised floor
● Water Spilling
● Alteration
● Impact
● Taking off the Panel (wiring)
● Adequate Ventilation
● Transfer and Installation of Equipment
● Panel Lifter
E. STANDARD OF MANUFACTURER
1. Floor Height
Raised Floor Height - The Standard Height For Installing Raised Floors
The height of your raised floor will be determined in part by your need for
space below it, combined with the ceiling height. There is no standard height for
installing raised floors. Variations occur according to the needs of each work. Some
projects, especially those of retrofit that have very low ceilings, do not allow high
heights. For these cases, systems with a finished height from 6 cm are used. In
conventional offices, the measure normally used varies between 15 to 25 cm, which
allows the use of cable trays under the floor. In general, the solutions vary from 6 cm
to 2 m in finished height. All the heights are achieved by using the different types of
raised floor pedestals.
Raised floors have customization heights, they fall into two categories — low
profile, and standard or full-height. Low profile floors are typically under 3 inches
and can get as low as 2 inches. Low profile floors are usually the preferred options
for retrofitting since they will not significantly impact ceiling height. They offer
simple cable management and electrical wiring solutions.
If the floor requires underfloor air distribution, the height will typically be at
least 24 to 48 inches. Access floors between 12 and 24 inches can support air
distribution if that is the only thing they are used for. If wiring, cabling, and pipes
are also necessary, a 24-inch raised floor may be too short. Your mechanical engineer
can determine the exact amount of underfloor room you need to accommodate your
ductless underfloor airflow, wires, cables, and pipes.
2. What Is The Required Raised Floor Height For Different Types of Access
Floor?
Standard Access Floor Height - Standard heights are usually 30cm or more.
It could reach 2m according to the actual demand. Used in Data Centers, Server
Room, Computer Room, Clean Room, and other areas require underfloor cable
management as well as airflow.
Low Profile Raised Floor Height - Standard heights are usually 15cm-30cm.
Used in offices, banks, casinos, retail stores, libraries, and other commercial
workshops with the purpose of organizing cables, wires, and conduit. In terms of no
air cable only the recommended measurement is from 1.5”-6” high that allows for
simple, effective cable management, without the need for concrete trenching or
overhead cable management.
- Standard airflow panels allow for 22% to 35% airflow, and universal high
output air grates allow 55% or 66% airflow. Consult an HVAC engineer to determine
how many perforated panels a particular layout will need. Be sure the specialist has
experience with data centers and server rooms and understands the need for hot and
cold aisles.
As a general guideline, raised floors require one perforated tile per ton of air
conditioning or one tile per 100 square feet of flooring. For the best results, use
Computer Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modelling to understand the data center's airflow
and identify hot spots. Too few perforated tiles will limit airflow and create re-
circulation, while too many will increase bypass air.
3. Load & Weight Ratings
- The Pro Access Floors Concrete floor system can withstand an

ultimate load of up to 6,000 pounds, with a minimum ultimate load of
2,400 pounds. The panels individually can withstand anywhere from
1,000 to 2,000 pounds, depending on the size and material.
4. What Is The Minimum Raised Floor Height For Different Functions?

● For the create a simple space underfloor, the minimum height
available is 6 cm which leaves a free space of 3 cm of the full chamber
● For the distribution of electrical services in free office floors, a

minimum of 15 cm is recommended.
● For air distribution, the access floor height should be increased to at

least 25-30 cm to use it as a full chamber.
5. Raised Access Floor Pedestal Tube Diameter: 25mm, 32mm, 38 mm, 45 mm,
50 mm
The diameter and thickness of the Access Floor Pedestal can be customized,
the regular Pedestal Tube Diameter is Φ25mm (Diameter of the tube), however,
engineers will have higher requirements on the Access Floor Pedestal configuration
of some data center projects. Then the Pedestal Tube diameter can be made to
Φ25mm Tube Pedestal, Φ32mmTube Pedestal, Φ38mmTube Pedestal, Φ45mmTube
Pedestal andΦ50mmTube Pedestal, which should be able to meet the high
requirements of most occasions like computer rooms.
6. Raised Access Floor Pedestal Tube Thickness: 1.0mm, 1.5mm, 2.0mm,

3.0mm
The thickness of the Floor Pedestal Tube wall is a hidden factor.
Generally, we can’t judge the thickness from the surface of pedestal,
as long as cutting the cross section of the tube, it can be seen. The
standard thickness of a common pedestal tube is 1.0 mm and 1.2 mm.
According to the different customization requirements, some
manufacturers can produce 1.5 mm, 1.8 mm and 2.0 mm and 3.0 mm
types, providing multiple options of access floor pedestal for
customization customers.
7. Head Plate of Raised Floor Pedestal (Head Pedestal)

Generally, the head plate of the access floor can be divided into
two types: square head plate and round head plate. The size of a
square head plate is 75 mm * 75 mm, the thickness is 3 mm, this type
suitable for all steel anti-static floor series, while the round head plate
is 95 mm * 95 mm, thickness is 3 mm as well, it is ideal for calcium
sulfate electrostatic floor and all-aluminum cast aluminum anti-static
floor. We can produce the pedestal head plate thickness of 4-5 mm to
offer customized requirement solutions for the engineering
department.
8. Base Plate of Raised Floor Support Pedestal

There are many kinds of the base plate of access floor pedestal.
The size can be divided into 95 mm, 125 mm and 150 mm. 95mm x
95mm x 2mm is normal size. Customized base plate can be made in
3mm and 4mm.
9. Floor Finish Height of Raised Access Floor Pedestal

The floor finish height of the access floor pedestal can be
customized according to the requirements of the construction site
project. The finish height of access floor pedestal can be made into 55
mm, and the highest one can be customized to 1500 mm. The height
can be customized according to the flexible requirements.
10. Floor Panels

In addition to the standard size(60x60 cm), the manufacturer
can also offer 60x40 cm and 120x60cm sizes. Inside each 60x60cm
panel, it is possible to lay 60x60 or 30x30cm tiles. It is also possible to
create special layouts using sizes and listels with an overall
modularity of 60x60cm. Inside the 60x120cm panel it is possible to
position tiles of 120x60cm and in the 60x40cm panel, tiles of 60x40cm
can be positioned.
III. Conclusion
A. Where we can use raised flooring
● Modern Offices
● Data Centers
● Computer Rooms
● Call Centers
● Command Center
● Casinos
● Telecom Switch Centers
● Libraries
● Offshore Drilling Platform Motor Control Centers
● Classrooms
● Industrial Control Rooms
● Server Rooms etc
B. Advantages and Disadvantages

● Advantages
❖ Ease of reconfiguration, and easy access
-Access to air, power, voice, and data under the floor lets you
reconfigure your layout with minimal downtime as your
workspace needs change.
❖ Energy savings
-Help you reduce energy costs by pushing air up from the
floor rather than down from the ceiling.
❖ Capital (First cost) saving

-With utilities under the floor, you can reduce electrical
installation labor hours by 30-40%, resulting in shorter
construction schedules and reduced costs.
❖ Occupant health and comfort

-Create a healthy work environment. Clean and newly
conditioned air is introduced through the floor directly into the
occupied zone.
❖ LEED: Credit Contribution

-Recycling of access flooring and reuse of access flooring
components can reap savings in initial building costs and continuing
operational costs, and for gaining LEED points.
❖ Rapid Installation
-Moves, adds, and changes are simple, allowing customization
and speed toward occupancy
❖ Flexibility in the distribution

-Changing the design of existing spaces is not limited by the
location of power and data. Floor height can be varied to
accommodate various finishes or functions within a space.
❖ High potential for customization
-Color, logos and decorative patterns can be customized and
manufactured by top raised flooring system supplier like
AccessFloorStore.Com, a wide range of finish options and endless
opportunities for customization through raised access flooring
covered panels and bare panels.
● Disadvantages
❖ A reduced floor-to-ceiling height which creates a tendency to
make a space look cramped
❖ Additional cost when occupying space, on the order of $20-$40
per square foot for design, materials, and installation
C. Factors to consider selecting or designing
PANEL MATERIALS
● Concrete core steel panels
- Heavy weight & have steel frame with a concrete as internal
core
● Hollow steel panels
- Strong, light weight, & easy to handle
● Bare concrete panels

- high load capacity and is fire, moisture, and static-proof
● High strength polypropylene panels

- Drastic weight savings, easier handling and less environmental
impact
● Wood core panels
- Heavy duty composite wood core encased in galvanized steel
● Calcium sulphate infill panels

- Gl sheet encaping at top & bottom & calcium sulphate infill
material.
FLOOR HEIGHT
- Need for underfloor space, available ceiling height and budget
LOAD & WEIGHT RATINGS

● Load ratings usually range from 450 kg to 1150 kg
● Less traffic movement then lighter panels
● Traffic movement is more, then heavier panels shall be used
● Stationary loads, rolling loads, pedestrian traffic
D. Codes
SECTION 804
INTERIOR FLOOR FINISH
804.1General
Interior floor finish and floor covering materials shall comply with
Sections 804.2 through 804.4.2
Exception: Floor finishes and coverings
of a traditional type, such as wood, vinyl, linoleum terrazzo, and resilient floor covering
materials that are not comprised of fibers
804.2Classification.
Interior for finish and floor covering materials required by Section
804.4.2 to be of Class I or Il materials shall be classified in accordance with
ASTM E648 or NFPA 253. The classification referred to herein corresponds to
the classifications determined by ASTM E648 or NFPA 253 as follows: Class1,
0.45 watts/cm^2 or greater, Class I, 022 watts/cm^2 or greater.
804.3 Testing and identification.

Interior floor finish and or covering materials shall be tested by an
agency in accordance with ASTM E648 or NFPA 253 and identified by a hang
tag or other suitable method so as to identity the manufacturer or supplier
and style, and shall indicate the interior floor finish or floor covering
classification in accordance with Section 804.2. Carpet-type for coverings shall
be tested as proposed or use, including underlayment. Test reports
confirming the information provided in the manufacturer's product
identification shall be furnished to the building official upon request.
804.4 Interior floor finish requirement

Interior floor covering materials shall comply with Sections 804.4.1
and 804.4.2 and interior floor finish materials shall comply with Section
804.4.2
804.4.1 Test requirement

In all occupancy,interior floor covering materials shall comply with
the requirements of the DOC FF-1 "pill test" (CPSC 16 CFR Part 1630) or with
ASTM D2859
804.4.2 Minimum critical radiant flux

In all occupancy, interior floor finish and floor covering materials in
enclosures for stairways and ramps, exit passageways, corridors and rooms
or spaces not separated from corridor by partitions extending from the floor
to the under side of the ceiling shall withstand minimum critical radiant flux.
The minimum critical radiant flux shall be not less than Class I in Group I-1,
I-2, and I-3 and not less than Class II in Groups A, B, E, H, I-4, M, R-1, R-2 and
S
.
Exception: Where a building is equipped throughout an automatic sprinkler system
in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 o 903.3.1.2, Class II materials are permitted in an area
where Class I materials are required, and materials complying with DOC FF-1"pill test"
(CPSC 16 CFR Part 1630) or with ASTM D2859 are permitted in any area where Class II
materials are required.
SECTION 805 COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS IN TYPES I AND II CONSTRUCTION
805.1 Application.
Combustible materials installed on or embedded in floors of buildings
of Type I or Il construction shall comply with Sections 805.1.1 through 805.1.3.
Exception: Stages and platforms constructed in accordance with Sections 410.2 and
410.3, respectively.
805.1.2 Wood finish flooring.

Wood finish flooring is permitted to be attached directly to the
embedded or fire-blocked wood sleepers and shall be permitted where
cemented directly to the top surface of fire-resistance-rated floor assemblies
or directly to a wood sub-floor attached to sleepers as provided for in Section
805.1.1.
References
Lutkevich, B. (2022, August 29). raised floor. SearchDataCenter.

https://www.techtarget.com/searchdatacenter/definition/raised-floor
False Floor (Raised Access Floor) Definition, Structure, Benefits, Application & All Information.
(n.d.). https://www.accessfloorstore.com/news/70--false-floor-raised-access-floor-definition-
structure-benefits-application--all-information
Raised Access Floor Height - Standard Heights For Installing Technical Floor In Different
Applications. (n.d.). https://www.accessfloorstore.com/news/222--raised-access-floor-height-
standard-heights-for-installing-technical-floor-in-different-applications
What is Raised Floor? What is the component of Raised Floor Systems and How is the Raised Floor
Applications. (n.d.). https://www.accessfloorstore.com/news/96--what-is-raised-floor-what-is-
the-component-of-raised-floor-systems-and-how-is-the-raised-floor-applications
computerfloorpros.com. (n.d.). Guide to Raised Access Flooring From. Pro Access Floors.
https://www.computerfloorpros.com/raised-floor-resources/guide-to-raised-access-flooring/
Building System Design
LIFE SAFETY
CONCERN SYSTEM
GROUP 16
Miranda, Bryan Nathaniel F.
Trajano, Marc Jones V.
Parungao, Camille
Pilloses, Karen R.
BSCE SE 3B
Fire Extinguishing
System
Dry Standpipes
- a network of in-place piping allowing
connection of a water supply (usually a fire
department mobile apparatus known as a
pumper) to a dedicated inlet at street level,
with hose outlet valves on each floor.
As per National Building Code,
SECTION 1212 (Fire Extinguishing System)
Every building four (4) or more storeys in height shall be equipped with
one or more dry standpipes.
a. Construction and Tests – Dry standpipes shall be of wrought iron or

galvanized steel and together with fittings and connections shall be of
sufficient strength to withstand 20 kilograms per square centimeter of
water pressure when ready for service, without leaking at the joints,
valves, or fittings.
b. Size – Dry standpipes shall be of such size as to be capable of

delivering 900 liters of water per minute from each of any three (3)
outlets simultaneously under the pressure created by one (1) fire engine
or pumper based on the standard equipment available.
c. Number Required – Every building four (4) or more storeys
in height where the area of any floor above the third (3rd) floor
is 950 sq. meters or less, shall be equipped with at least one (1)
dry standpipe.
d. Location – Standpipes shall be located within enclosed

stairway landings or near such stairways as possible or
immediately inside of an exterior wall and within 300
millimeters of an opening in a stairway.
e. Siamese Connections - Subject to the provisions of

subparagraph (b) all 100 millimeters dry standpipes shall be
equipped with a two-way Siamese fire department connection.
f. Outlets - All dry standpipes shall extend from the ground
floor to and over the roof and shall be equipped with a 63
millimeters outlet not more than 1.20 meters above the floor
level at each storey.
g. Signs – An iron or bronze sign with raised letters at least 25

millimeters high shall be rigidly attached to the building
adjacent to all Siamese connections and such signs shall read:
“CONNECTION TO DRY STANDPIPE”.
Fire Extinguishing
System
Wet Standpipes
- a "wet" standpipe is filled with water and is
pressurized at all times. In contrast to dry
standpipes, which can be used only by
firefighters, wet standpipes can be used by
building occupants.
As per National Building Code,
SECTION 1212 (Fire Extinguishing System)
Occupancy over 1800 square meters in area shall be equipped with one or more
interior wet Standpipes extending from the cellar or basement into the topmost
storey.
a. Construction- shall be constructed of the same materials as those

required for dry Standpipes.
b. Size – Interior wet standpipes shall have an internal diameter sufficient to

deliver 190 liters of water per minute under 2.0 kilograms per square
centimeter pressure at the hose connections.
c. Number Required – shall be so determined that all portions of the

building are within 6.00 meters of a nozzle attached to a hose 23.00 meters
in length.
d. Location – In Group B, C, D, E, F and G Occupancies, the location of all
interior wet standpipes shall be in accordance with the requirement for dry
standpipes; Provided, that at least one (1) standpipe is installed to cover not
more than 650 sq. meters
e. Outlets – All interior wet standpipes shall be equipped with a 38-

millimeter valve in each storey.
f. Threads – all those threads used in connection with the installation of

such standpipes.
g. Water Supply – All interior standpipes shall be connected to the street

main not less than 100 millimeters in diameter or when the water pressure
is insufficient, to a water tank of sufficient size.
h. Pressure and Gravity Tanks – Tanks shall have a capacity sufficient to
furnish at least 1,500 liters per minute for a period of not less than 10
minutes.
i. Fire pumps- Fire pumps shall have a capacity of not less than 1,000 liters
per minute with pressure not less than 2 kilograms per square centimeter at
the topmost hose outlet.
j. Hose and Hose Reels – Each hose outlet of all interior wet standpipes
shall be supplied with a hose not less than 38 millimeters in diameter.
Thank You!
GROUP 16
Miranda, Bryan Nathaniel F.
Trajano, Marc Jones V.
Parungao, Camille
Pilloses, Karen R.
BSCE SE 3B
ELECTRICAL
SYSTEM
BUILDING SYSTEMS DESIGN
CEBD0313
GROUP 12
What is Electrical
System?
An electrical system, is a
network of conductors and
equipment designed to
carry, distribute and
convert electrical power
safely from the point of
delivery or generation to
the various loads around
the building that consume
the electrical energy.
SUBSYSTEM OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
LIGHTNING
ELECTRICAL PROTECTION
POWER AND
SYSTEM GROUNDING
SYSTEM
ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM
- An electrical power system is
defines as a network of electrical
components used to supply
(generate), transmit, distribute and
consume electric power.
1. Electricity Generation (supply) 2. Transmission System

• Power Generation Plants • Transmission lines
• Nuclear Power Plant; • Overhead Transmission Lines
• Solar Power Plant; • Sub transmission lines
• Wind Power Plant; and more. • Underground Transmission Lines
3. Distribution System • Switches
• Substations • circuit-breaker switches, single-pole
• Step-up Transmission Substation, disconnect switches, three-pole
Step-down, Transmission Substation, group-operated switches, pad-mounted
Distribution Substation, Underground switchgear
Distribution Substation Article 2.30 – Services
2.30.8.5 Isolating
Switches.
(c) Accessible to
Licensed electrical
practitioner or non
licensed electrical
practitioner under the
supervision of a licensed
electrical practitioner
Only.
• Distribution Transformers
• Distribution Feeder Circuits • Pr120/240 volts single
phase for residential
customers,
• 480Y/277 or 208Y/120 for
commercial or light
industry customers.
3. Distribution System
• Protective Equipment • Services
• Protective relays cutout switches,
disconnect switches, lightning arresters, 2400mm
3000mm
900mm
and fuses. 3000mm 3600mm

5500mm
3000mm
900mm 900mm
900mm 900mm
900mm
Philippine Electrical Code

Article 2.30 – Services
2.30.1.9 Clearances on Buildings.
(a) Clearances.
2.30.2.2 Size and Rating.
(b) Minimum Size.
• Primaries and Secondaries The conductors shall not be smaller than 8.0 mm2 (3.2 mm
dia.) copper or 14 mm2 aluminum or copper-clad aluminum.
2.30.2.3 Clearances.
(a) Above Roofs.
(b) Vertical Clearance from Ground.
(1) 3 000 mm — at the electric service entrance to buildings
(2) 3 600 mm — over residential property and driveways
(4) 5 500 mm — over public streets, alleys, roads, parking
areas subject to truck traffic
1. Grounding
LIGHTNING Electrode
System
PROTECTION AND - The primary
function of the
GROUNDING SYSTEM GES is to
- It provide personnel and discharge the
equipment protection against enormous
voltages of a
faults, surge currents and lightning lightning strike
transients. away from the
property and its
inhabitants.
Philippine Electrical Code - Chapter 2. Wiring and Protection
ARTICLE 2.0 — USE AND IDENTIFICATION
OF GROUNDED CONDUCTORS
2.0.1.6 Means of Identifying Grounded Conductors.
(a) Sizes 14 mm2 or Smaller.
(1) distinctive marking at its terminations. - mineral-insulated, and metal- sheathed cable
(2) distinctive white marking at all terminations. - single-conductor, sunlight-resistant,
outdoor-rated cable
b) Sizes Larger Than 14 mm2.
(1) continuous white or gray outer finish. (2) three continuous white stripes along its entire
length. (3) distinctive white or gray marking at its terminations
LIGHTNING PROTECTION AND
GROUNDING SYSTEM MATERIALS
Power supply
Power
lightning Antenna feeder Electrical Electrical cable
protection Air terminal
protection line protectors conduit trays
socket
device
Lightning
Signal lightning
protection test Ground bar Enclosures Junction boxes Motor frames
arresters
tools
OTHER ELECTRICAL MATERIALS
(CONDUITS)
Rigid Electrical
Rigid Metal Electrical Metallic flexible metallic
Non-Metallic Non-Metallic
Conduit (RMC) Tubing conduit (fmc)
Conduit Tubing
Liquidtight Flexible
Aluminum
Flexible Metallic Non-metallic
Conduits
Conduit (LFMC) Conduit
Metallic Conduits Non-Metallic Conduits

(ELECTRICAL WIRES)
Different color wires serve
different purposes, like:.
Black : Hot wire, for switches or
outlets.
Red : Hot wire, for switch legs.
Main Feeder Panel Feed
Triplex Wires Also for connecting wire
Wires Wires
between 2 hardwired smoke
detectors.
Blue and Yellow : Hot wires,
pulled in conduit. Blue for 3-4
way switch application, and
yellow for switch legs to
control fan, lights etc.
Non-Metallic Single Strand White : Always neutral.
Sheathed Wires Wires Green and Bare Copper : Only
for grounding.
(Circuit Breaker)
Oil-Based Air Circuit Thermal Circuit magnetic circuit

Circuit Breaker Breaker Breaker breaker
SF6 Circuit Vacuum Circuit Hybrid Circuit

Breaker Breaker Breaker
Breaker Operating
Arc Quenching Media Mechanism
(Electrical Connectors)
Terminal Block Binding Post Plug and Socket
Blade Ring and spade

Rack and Panel
connectors connectors
(Receptacles) Philippine Electrical Code
Article 2.10 - Branch Circuits
two-pronged grounded tamper-resistant

receptacle receptacle receptacle
surge suppressor
AFCI receptacle USB receptacle
receptacle
National Electrical Code 2005

(Electrical Outlet Boxes)
Junction Outdoor Old-Work New-Work Standard

Handy Box Rectangular Box
Box Box Box Box
Braces and Extension Adjustable

Square Box Ceiling Box Box Cover
Bar Hangars Rings Depth Boxes
THANK YOU
Electrical System
Group 12
Castro, Maherla Rose F.
Coronel, Joy Menchie P.
Yambao, Aishel D.
PLUMBING
SYSTEM
Homework 3 - System Breakdown
Quicho, Deserie Joy

Rodriguez, Maureen
Zulueta, Cirylle
PLUMBING
Section 217.6 PLUMBING - the art and technique of installing pipes, fixtures and
other apparatuses in buildings for bringing in the supply, liquids, substances and/or
ingredients and removing them; and such water, liquid and other carried wastes
hazardous to health, sanitation, life, property; also, the pipes and fixtures after
installation i.e., the plumbing system.
PLUMBING SYSTEM
NBC. Rule IX – Sanitation. Section 901. General
Requirements.
Subject to the provisions of Book II of the Civil Code of
the Philippines on Property, Ownership, and its
Modification, all buildings hereafter erected, altered,
remodeled, relocated, or repaired for human habitation
shall be provided with adequate and potable water
supply, plumbing installation, and suitable wastewater
treatment or disposal system, stormwater drainage, pest
and vermin control, noise abatement device, and such
other measures required for the protection and
promotion of health of persons occupying the premises
and others living nearby.
Section 211.12 PLUMBING SYSTEM –
includes all potable water supply and distribution
pipes, all plumbing fixtures and traps; all
sanitary and storm drainage systems; vent
pipes, roof drains, leaders, and downspouts;
and all building drains and sewers, including
their respective joints and connections; devices,
receptacles, and appurtenances within the
property; water lines in the premises: potable,
tap, hot and chilled water piping; potable water
treating or using equipment; fuel gas piping;
water heaters and vents for same.
A complete plumbing arrangement
consists of:
NBC. Rule IX – Sanitation. Section 902.

Water Supply System

Wastewater Disposal System

Storm Drainage System
PRIMARY FUNCTIONS
1. WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
Consists of the piping and fittings that supply hot and cold water from the
building water supply to the fixtures, such as lavatories, bathtubs, water
closets, dishwashers, clothes washers, and sinks.
NBC. Rule IX – Sanitation. Section 902. Water Supply System

a. Whenever available, the potable water requirements for a building used
for human habitation shall be supplied from the existing municipal or city
waterworks system.
WATER SUPPLY
SYSTEM
PRIMARY FUNCTIONS
2. WASTE DISPOSAL (SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM OR DRAIN, WASTE, AND

VENT (DWV) SYSTEM)
Consists of the piping and fittings to take the water supplied to the fixtures
out of the building and into the sewer line or disposal field.
A. WASTEWATER DISPOSAL SYSTEM
NBC. Rule IX – Sanitation. Section 903. Wastewater Disposal System
a. Sanitary sewage from buildings and neutralized or pre-treated industrial wastewater shall be
discharged directly into the nearest street sanitary sewer main of the existing municipal or city
sanitary sewerage system in accordance with the criteria set by the Code on Sanitation and the
National Pollution Control Commission.
b. All buildings located in areas where there is no available sanitary sewerage system shall
dispose of their sewage “Imhoff” or septic tank and subsurface absorption field.
B. STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM
NBC. Rule IX – Sanitation. Section
904. Storm Drainage System
a. Rainwater drainage shall not
discharge to the sanitary sewer
system.
b. Adequate provisions shall be
made to drain low areas in
buildings and their premises.
NPC. Chapter 12 Section 1201.1- Every building in which plumbing are installed and
every premises having drainage piping thereon, shall have a connection to a public
or private excreta sewerage system, except as provided in Subsections 1201.2 and
1201.4
SECTION 1208 - SEWER AND WATER PIPES
Section 1208.2 The bottom of the water pipe. at all points, shall at least 0.3 m above
the top of the sewer or drain line
MATERIAL USED IN STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM
2. High-Density Polyethylene
Smooth Interior
1. Reinforced Concrete
3. PVC
Pipe - Used in shallow
Section 217.25 PVC – Polyvinyl Chloride.
installation and
Potable water piping is color-coded
transferring a large
BLUE. Drainpipes are manufactured with
amount of liquid.
toxic components and are color-coded
gray, orange, or brown.
REINFORCED
CONCRETE PIPE
HIGH-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE
SMOOTH INTERIOR
PVC
Section 1102.1. Rainwater downspout or conductor pipings
A TYPICAL PLUMBING placed within the interior of a building inside a vertical pipe
SYSTEM IS COMPOSED chase or run within a vent shaft shall be of cast iron, galvanized
steel, iron, brass, copper, lead, Schedule 40 ABS, DWV, Series
OF FOUR PARTS: 1000, PVC DWV or other approved materials.
Section 1102.1.2 Rainwater downspout or conductor located on

1. Portable Water the exterior side of a low height building shall be not less than
26 ga. galvanized sheet metal. The bottom of the conductor
2. Waste Drains draining over the catch basin storm drain or storm sewer is
3. Waste Vents protected from damage by connecting a stronger material such
4. Rainwater management as steel pipe or cast iron at its lowest section.
Section 1102.1.4 Downspouts for high rise buildings shall be of

stronger pipe materials to resist the high hydrostatic pressure
inside the vertical downspout installed within the pipe chase
which has no intermediate branch from the roof to the ground
level.
MATERIALS
PIPE
Round, is the hollow channel used to transport liquids such as water or solid-liquid
mixtures such as wastewater from one point to the next.
NBC. Rule IX – Sanitation. Section 907. Pipe Materials. All pipe materials to be
used in buildings shall conform to the Standard Specifications of the Philippine
Standard Council
Section 217.4 PIPE is a cylindrical conduit or conductor conforming to the particular
dimension commonly known as “pipe size” and is denoted by its interior diameter or
I.D.
TYPES OF PIPE
2. CONCRETE PIPE
1. CLAY PIPE
COPPER PIPE AND TUBING
COPPER TUBING
Section 315.1.3 Copper Tubing - shall be
supported at each story or at maximum
intervals of 3 meters on center.
Section 315.2.4 Copper Tubing - shall be
supported at approximately 1.8 meters
intervals for piping 38 mm in diameter and
smaller and 3.0 meters intervals for piping
51 mm and larger in diameter.
BRASS PIPE
BLACK PIPE
STEEL PIPE
GALVANIZED STEEL PIPE
Section 909.1.1 No galvanized wrought
iron or galvanized steel pipe shall be
Used underground and shall be kept at
least 152 mm above ground.
THERMOPLASTIC PIPE (PLASTIC PIPE)

Section 315.1.5 Plastic Pipe – shall
be supported at every 1-meter interval
TYPES THERMOPLASTIC PIPE
(PLASTIC PIPE)
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
Thermoplastic Pipe
Polybutylene (PB) Pipe
Polyethylene (PE)
Cross-Linked Polyethylene (PEX)
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC)
TEES
SANITARY TEE
AND WYE
Section 224.10 WYE – a hose connection with two-gated outlets
permitting two connections of the same or smaller coupling diameter to
be taken from a single supply line. Also, a pipe fitting of three branches
forms the letter “wye”.
REDUCING COUPLINGS
TEE – REDUCER
COUPLINGS ADAPTERS
JOINING PIPES AND FITTINGS
Compression Soldering
Fitting and Brazing
Fusion
Solvent
Welding
FITTINGS AND VALVES
FITTINGS
Section 1408.1 Screwed Fittings: shall be ABS,
cast iron, Copper alloy, malleable iron, PVC, steel
or other approved materials. Thread shall be
tapped out of solid metal or factory molded for solid
ABS or PVC threads
Section 1408.2 Drainage Fittings: shall be screw

jointed of the drainage type having smooth interior
waterway and be installed so as to allow two (2)
percent slope or 20.9 mm/m grade.
ELBOWS
VALVES
RA 1378 National
Plumbing Code
Section 1410.2 Valves

up to and including 51
mm in size shall be all
brass or bronze metal
CATEGORIES OF VALVES
Section 208.1. GATE VALVE – a valve in which the
GATE VALVES flow of water is cut off by means of a circular disc

fitted against machine-smoothed faced, at right
angles to the direction of flow. The disk is raised or
lowered by means of a threaded stem connected to
the handle of the valve. The opening in the valve is
usually as large as the full bore of the pipe.
Section 1410.1 Gate valves, when used in drainage

work, shall be the fullway type with working parts of
corrosion resistant metal. Sizes 102 mm or larger in
diameter shall have cast iron bodies, and sizes less
than 102 mm shall have cast brass or bronze bodies.
GLOBE VALVES
Section 208.2. GLOBE VALVE – a valve in which the flow of fluid is cut off by means
of a circular disc that fits over and against the horizontal valve seat. The movement of
the plane of the disc is parallel to the normal direction of the flow of water through the
orifice resulting in a tortuous passage that offers a high pressure loss.
A. SWING
CHECK VALVE
A. SPRING
ANGLE CHECK VALVE
VALVES
SPECIAL VALVE
BALL METERED GLOBE

VALVE VALVE VALVES
FLUSHOMETER VALVES
Section 1011.3 Each plumbing fixture or piece
of equipment connected to a grease trap shall
be provided with an approved type flow control
or restricting device installed in a readily
accessible and visible location in the tailpiece or
drain outlet of each such fixture. Flow control
devices shall be designed that the flow through
such device or devices shall at no time be
greater than the rated capacity of the grease
trap. No flow control device having adjustable or
removable parts shall be approved.
Section 207.16 FLUSHOMETER
VALVE- is a device, which
discharges a predetermined quantity
of water into fixtures for flushing
purposes and is actuated by direct
water pressure.
FLOW CONTROL VALVES
THANK
YOU!
SYSTEM
BREAKDOWN
ENVELOPE (WINDOW)
GROUP 11
INTRODUCTION
01. This part contains information related
to the title.
TABLE OF 02.
PARTS, SUBSYSTEMS, & MATERIALS
CONTENT This part contains photos and

information describing the window.
03.
This part contains information related
to the capacity, loading, and sizes of
the window.
WINDOW
win·dow
noun
1. an opening in the wall or roof of a building

or vehicle that is fitted with glass or other
transparent material in a frame to admit
light or air and allow people to see out.
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/window
WINDOW
Window is one of the key elements of the
building envelope. Having the correct
installation and insulation of window can
help us to save a large percentage of
energy.
TYPES OF WINDOW
Windows have evolved as time passes by.
Because of that, different types of
windows have developed such as
horizontal slider, casement, single hung,
pivoting windows, tilt and turn, and
picture window.
HORIZONTAL
SLIDER CASEMENT
They consist of two
Casement windows are
sashes resting on rails
those that open on a fixed
that move left or right.
axis, using the fittings
located on one of the sides
of the sash.
SINGLE HUNG PIVOTING WINDOWS
Sash windows move on their These windows pivot on a
vertical axis and usually vertical or horizontal axis
consist of two sashes. integrated into the frame.
TILT AND TURN PICTURE WINDOW
These windows They are made up of a single,
combine the functions inoperable blade.
of vertical (opening up
to 45°) and horizontal
(opening up to 180°)
pivoting windows, so
they can open in two
different directions
depending on the
needs of the moment.
WINDOW CHANEL
This is the channel in which the
opening and closing mechanisms
are inserted. The current standard
size is 16 mm.
HINGES
make it possible to open or turn the
window. Depending on their
characteristics, they can be
adjusted laterally or vertically and
can be used for internal or external
openings.
CREMONES
are a series of rods which, by
operating their mechanism through a
handle, are responsible for closing the
window. They incorporate guidance
systems with compression springs to
indicate the turns every 90º or key
lock.
HANDLES
is the classic element of
windows. It works as a lever or
handle and operates the window’s
closing mechanism.
CASEMENT WINDOW
HARDWARE
They include a series of parts
such as pins, terminals, plates,
etc., which allow for progressive
regulation of the enclosure.
TILT AND TURN
For this type of window, hidden
hinges are used for vertical and
lateral adjustment and with
recessed sliding areas to improve
the smoothness of the mechanism
FOLDING AND PROJECTING
For this type of window, limiting

compasses (a compass is a part
that limits the opening of the
window) and pressure closures are
important.
SLIDERS
Sliding windows incorporate
multi-point locks to improve
security and watertightness, as
well as security locks to keep the
window closed and prevent
removal
MATERIALS OF WINDOW
It used to be treated with varnishes and
paints to improve its durability. Nowadays it
is still used, but it is much less common.
WOOD
Steel is a very resistant material that is

often used for large windows. It is a
STEEL durable and easy to clean material, but it
must be treated to ensure its durability
over time.
MATERIALS OF WINDOW
Due to its excellent properties, PVC is one of the
most widely used materials for building windows.
It is a material with low thermal conductivity, its
life span is long and it is totally recyclable.
PVC (POLYVINYL
CHLORIDE)
Its properties have made it the most widely used

material for window construction. Its lightness,
recyclability and long life cycle thanks to its
resistance to corrosion have made it the ideal
ALUMINIUM product.
SECTION 403. Requirements on Type of Construction
1. Fire Resistive Requirements
d. Exterior doors and windows shall have one hour fire-resistive rating for all Types.
SECTION 808. Window Openings

1. Rooms intended for any use, not provided with artificial ventilation system, shall be
provided with a window or windows with a total free area of openings equal to at least
10% of the floor area of the room, provided that such opening shall be not less than 1.00
sq. meter. However, toilet and bath rooms, laundry rooms and similar rooms shall be
provided with window or windows with an area not less than 1/20 of the floor area of
such rooms, provided that such opening shall not be less than 240 sq. millimeters. Such
window or windows shall open directly to a court, yard, public street or alley, or open
watercourse.
SECTION 808. Window Openings
In locating window openings it should be borne in mind that in cases of extreme
emergencies windows must serve as emergency egress to vacate the premises or
access for rescue operations. Such windows shall meet the following requirements:
a. They can be opened from the inside without the use of any tools;
b. the minimum clear opening shall have a width not less than 820 millimeters and a
height of 1 meter;
c. The bottom of the opening should not be more than 820 millimeters from the floor;
d. Where storm shutters, screens or iron grilles are used, these shall be provided with
quick opening mechanism so that they can be readily opened from the inside for
emergency egress and shall be so designed that when opened they will not drop to the
ground;
e. All areas immediately outside a fire exit window/grille must be free of obstacles and
must lead to a direct access down into the ground or street level.
SECTION 1007. Doors, Windows, and the Like

Doors, windows, and the like less than 2.40 meters above the pavement or
groundline shall not, when fully opened or upon opening, project beyond the
property line except fire exit doors.

Regular plate, sheet, or patterned glass in jalousies and louvered windows shall not
be thinner than 5.6 millimeters minimal and shall not be longer than 1.20 meters.
Exposed glass edges shall be smooth.
SECTION 2004. Supports and Anchorages
e. Wall Signs
iii. Display windows or wall signs within 3.00 meters above the
sidewalk shall be flushed or recessed.
Reference:
González, Pablo. “What Are the Parts of a Window?” STACBOND, 4 Sept.
2020, stacbond.com/en/parts-of-a-window/. Accessed 9 Nov. 2022.
MEET OUR TEAM
DE JESUS, ORTANEZ, REDZ NAVARRO, MJ

ARRIANE D. KAREWIN GABRIEL C. NICOLE ANN C.
MEMBER MEMBER MEMBER
THANK
YOU
GROUP 11
DE JESUS, ARRIANE D.
NAVARRO, MJ NICOLE ANN C.
ORTANEZ, REDZ KAREWIN GABRIEL C.
BSCE SE3B
HOMEWORK 3
SYSTEM BREAKDOWN OF
WALL FINISH MATERIAL
B U I L D I N G S Y S T E M S D E S I G N
G R O U P 3
S E 3 B
NOV 14 2022
WALL FINISH
It refers to the finish applied to the walls to enhance the exterior
or interior appearance of the structure.
IMPORTANCE OF WALL FINISHES

• It gives a pleasing effect to hide building elements, including
structural members, insulation, pipes, and wires.
• It helps reduce the amount of light penetration, fading, and

blistering; some are fire and rust-resistant.
• They are made to be used on a variety of surfaces. Thus, the

application process for many types of wall finishes is simple
and easy to learn.
THINGS TO CONSIDER WHILE
CHOOSING YOUR WALL FINISH
• Take into account your location as well as the climate of
the area
• Consider how long a material will last
• Know how easy it will be to maintain
• Check whether it will appeal to your tastes
• Pick a wall finish that will compliment your design, it
should match the colors of the furniture
• It should be cost-effective, especially if you’re working
with a limited budget
CATEGORIES OF FINISHES
Applied Finish Self Finish Wet Finish Dry Finish

Finishes that must be Finishes which have Finishes that has a The application of dry
applied on-site of the naturally occurring drying out time. (E.g., finishes does not
building. (E.g., Plaster finish and does not Paint) prevent occupancy of
on masonry walls and necessarily need to be the building. ·(E.g.,
wallpapers) applied on site. (E.g., plaster board, timber
Bricks, natural stones) paneling)
COMMON WALL FINISHING MATERIALS: INTERIOR WALLS
Veneer Plaster Wall Glass Wall Material Tiles

Material when correctly installed, tiles are
can be used to replace walls in
Applied to a substrate such as a your home to add light, and durable, easy to maintain, and
gypsum board base, it’s a lot make it seem larger and more will shield the building from the
easier, cheaper, and faster to opulent. weather
use veneer plaster over existing
walls that need work
COMMON WALL FINISHING MATERIALS: INTERIOR WALLS
Plastic Panels Plywood Wall Wallpaper Paint

Wall Material Material Material easy to apply, one can
it comes in a variety of a classic wall material most popular finishing do it by themselves or
colors and designs. It is made up of veneer material nowadays. A ask a professional if
simple to set up and wood sheets. It is diverse collection of they want to. There are
molds do not grow on sturdy, cheaper, and designs, textures, and various types of paints
them adds a touch of class to colors is available to and colors to choose
the wall. everyone. from.
PAINT WALL FINISH
Paint - when applied to wood, metal, and plastered surfaces, a
liquid mixture of pigments and organic binders dries to produce
a thin layer on the painted surface.
OBJECTIVES OF PAINTING WALL FINISH

• It generally protects and improves the appearance of wall
surface.
• Painting on masonry & concrete surfaces may resist
checking & disintegration, which increase the life of
structure.
• Painting on metal surfaces at suitable intervals may prevent
the metal surfaces from corrosion.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD PAINT
• It should work smoothly and freely and be capable of being
laid in a thin coat with the brush.
• It should form durable, tough and resistant to wear film on
drying.
• It should not easily fade or change.
• It should not crack on drying.
• It should give a smooth and pleasing appearance showing
no brush marks on drying.
• It should dry quickly.
• It should not damage the painted surface.
COMPONENTS/PARTS OF PAINT
Base Coloring Pigment Binder or Vehicle

It serves as paint’s principal Finely divided solid coloring The oily substance which hold
constituent that possesses matter to provide shade, color, the ingredients of a paint in
binding properties. It forms and capacity to paint liquid suspension and binds
opaque coating, makes the paint them with the surface. Linseed
film harder and reduces oil, Tung oil and Nut oil are used
cracking. as binders.
Solvent or Thinner Drier

Volatile liquid added to make the paint thinner. It It absorbs oxygen from the air and supply it to the
increases fluidity that helps in easing the even vehicle/binder for hardening. Common driers are:
application of paint on the wall or any surfaces. Litharge, Red lead, Lead acetate, Manganese dioxide,
Thinners like turpentine and naphtha are frequently Zinc sulphate.
used.
TYPES OF PAINT FINISHES, CATEGORIZED BY THEIR REFLECTIVENESS
MATTE/FLAT PAINT EGGSHELL PAINT FINISH SATIN PAINT FINISH

FINISH
Very popular type of paint Most typical interior finish, this
The least shiny, non-reflective finishes that is slightly more finish has a velvety sheen and
paints are flat paints. They cover lustrous than flat paints and is are less difficult to clean than
defects better than other more durable than flat finishes flat and eggshell paints, but their
finishes, but it is also the least as well. sheen makes brush strokes
durable type of paint. more obvious.
SEMI-GLOSS PAINT HIGH-GLOSS PAINT FINISH

Shiny and reflective, works best in walls that get a lot The shiniest paint finish and can withstand everyday
of wear and tear or moisture since they are incredibly scrubbing because they are the most durable and
robust and mildew resistant. washable type of paint finish. In addition to being an
interior paint, high gloss can also be used as an
outdoor detail.
COMMON WALL FINISHING MATERIALS: EXTERIOR WALLS
Bricks Metal Stone Concrete

all of the bricks come can be used alone or Natural stones provide most widely used
in various textures, with other materials to insulation and are material for walls. It is
including smooth, light, create a design on your suitable for adverse durable, strong, and
and heavy textured. exterior walls. It is climates, but it is resistant to wind and
They add a distinctive long-lasting and simple expensive to install. fire. It is also excellent
touch to the exterior to set up Thus, stone veneers when it comes to
walls. serve as an alternative sound absorption.
because it is cheaper.
MATERIALS USED FOR DIFFERENT TYPE OF WALL FINISHES
Wood Paneling Cement Plastered Finish Laminate Finish

a decorative technique where a mixture of proper proportions it comes in thin sheets pasted
wooden panels are applied to of mortar made of cement, with fevicol on plywood.
the walls. Plywood, wood, or sand, and water, must be
wood covered with laminate or applied manually is needed to
veneer are all common achieve a smooth finish or sand-
materials used for it. faced finish.
Tile Cladding Marble Powder Finish Sand Textured Finish

for this finish, a variety of tiles, mortar of marble powder, water, used to give a fine sand-like
including granite or marble tiles, and white cement is used and texture to the wall.
are utilized; the choice of tile applied manually to obtain this
depends on where it will be smooth finish.
used.
Pebble Finish Flakes Finish Plaster of Paris Finish

a simple yet pleasing finish this finish is obtained by a quick-setting plaster building
made by pasting small pebbles applying flakes with trovel on material based on calcium
on the walls with cement mortar walls over a coat of adhesive. sulfate hemihydrates, it gives off
(it serves as an adhesive). a smooth finish.
Gypsum Plaster Wall Canfor Finish Glass Mosiac Tiles

Finish for this finish, the materials are
also known as Faux finish, is
similar to plaster of Paris, but often used for interior designs small 1”x1” tiles on a cloth to get
the mortar is gypsum-based. It is of residences. It has a 6 mm a workable size 12”x12”, and this
finer and more durable thickness with various designs. tile is pasted with an adhesive
compared to plaster of Paris. on wall surfaces. It can also be
pasted on curved surfaces.
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE
SECTION 403. Requirements on Type of Construction
2. Interior Wall and Ceiling Finishes

a. Finishes for interior walls and ceilings of any building shall be classified
according to their flame-spread characteristic using generally accepted
engineering standards.
b. Requirements for flame-spread characteristics of finishes shall not apply
to frames and trim of doors and windows and to materials that are less than
1.00 millimeters in thickness cemented to the surface of walls or ceilings.
c. Materials required to be flame-spread proofed shall be treated with a
flame-retardant having a flame-spread of fifty (50) or less as determined by
the “Tunnel Test”
3. Standards for materials use in the structural framework, exterior walls and
openings, floors, exits, stairs & roofs shall be governed by the pertinent
provision of the Fire Code of the Philippines.
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE
SECTION 604. Fire-Resistive Regulations
The Secretary shall prescribe standards and promulgate rules and regulations
on the testing of construction materials for flame-spread characteristics, tests
on fire damages, fire tests of building construction and materials, door
assemblies and tinclad fire doors and window assemblies, the installation of
fire doors and windows and smoke and fire detectors for fire protective
signaling system, application and use of controlled interior finish, fire-resistive
protection for structural members, fire-resistive walls and partitions, fire-
resistive floor or roof ceiling, fire-resistive assemblies for protection of
openings and fire-retardant roof coverings.
SECTION 1214. Motion Picture Projection Rooms

(b) Construction – Every projection room shall be of not less than one hour of
fire-resistive construction throughout and the walls and ceiling shall be
finished with incombustible materials. The ceiling shall be not less than 2.40
meters from the finished floor. The room shall have a floor area of not less
than 7.00 square meters and 3.50 square meters for each additional machine.
GREEN BUILDING CODE
Section 12. MATERIAL SUSTAINABILITY
Material Sustainability governs all matters related to resource efficiency and
material selection and use with the least impact on the environment.
12.1 Non-Toxic Materials

a. General
Non-Toxic building materials refer to building materials without hazardous
or toxic chemicals that could cause Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) and eventually
lead to Building Related Illness (BRI).
b. Applicability
This measure applies to all building occupancies as indicated in Table 1.
c. Requirements
i. Paints, coatings, adhesives, and sealants used indoors, or in non-
ventilated areas shall not contain Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) or should
be within levels tolerable to humans as specified in Table 14.
ii. Composite wood shall not have urea formaldehyde content.
GREEN BUILDING CODE
c. Requirements
iii. All other materials containing chemicals
used in construction shall not compromise and be
deleterious to the health and safety of the workers
and occupants of the building.
iv. Specifications shall comply with the
allowable VOC limits as stated in Table 14 with
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) from the
supplier and other certifications to justify the
compliance of the material.
d. Exceptions
There are no exceptions to this provision.
FIRE CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
SECTION 10.2.4.1 GENERAL
B. The degree of fire hazard shall be determined by the C/MFM having

jurisdiction on the basis of the nature, the character of the contents, and the
process or operations being conducted in the building or structure: Provided,
however, that where the flame spread rating of the interior finish or other
features of the building or structure are such as to involve a fire hazard
greater than the hazard of contents, the greater degree of fire hazard shall
govern, except if such hazardous areas are segregated or protected as
specified in Section 10.2.6.10 of this RIRR and the applicable Sections of
Divisions 8 through 20 of this Chapter.
SECTION 10.2.6.4 INTERIOR FINISH
A. General
• Interior finish means the exposed interior surfaces of buildings including,
but not limited to, fixed or movable walls and partitions, columns, and
ceilings.
• A finish floor or covering shall be exempt from the requirements of this
Section, provided however that in any case where the C/MFM having
jurisdiction finds a floor surface of unusual hazard, the floor surface shall
be considered part of the interior finish for purposes of this Chapter.
• Interior finish materials shall be grouped into classes, in accordance with
their flame spread rating
• Interior finish materials as specified in para 3 above shall be classified in
accordance with NFPA 255, Method of Test of Surface Burning
Characteristics of Building Materials.
B. Fire Retardant Paints
• In all buildings, the required flame spread classification of interior
surfaces may be secured by applying a proven fire retardant paint or
solution to existing interior surfaces having a higher flame spread rating
than permitted.
• Fire retardant treatment and/or application shall be in accordance with
NFPA 703, Standard for Fire Retardant-treated wood and Fire Retardant
Coatings for Building Materials.
• Surfaces of walls, partitions, columns, and ceilings shall be permitted to
be finished with factory-applied fire-retardant-coated products that have
been listed, labeled and approved.
• Columns and beams of a building that are constructed by steel shall be
protected by listed and approved fire retardant paints.
• Fire-retardant coatings or factory-applied fire retardant assemblies shall
possess the desired degree of permanency, and shall be maintained so as
to retain the effectiveness of the treatment under the service conditions
encountered in actual use.
C. Automatic Sprinklers
Where approved, supervised automatic sprinklers are installed, interior finish
with flame spread rating not over Class C may be used in any location where
Class B is normally specified, and with a rating of Class B in any location
where Class A is normally specified unless specifically prohibited in this RIRR.
D. Use of Interior Finishes

• Interior finish material shall be used in accordance with requirements for
individual classes of occupancy specified elsewhere in the Rule.
• In all new buildings other than private residences, Class A or Class C
interior shall be used in all basements or other underground spaces from
which there is no direct exit to the outside of the building if subject to
occupancy for any purpose other than storage or service facilities.
• Interior finish of Class E shall not be used in any room space subject to
human occupancy, except to the extent as may be specifically permitted
by the C/MFM having jurisdiction on the basis of finding that such use
does not significantly increase the life hazard.
SECTION 10.2.5.12 EXIT MARKING

A. Signs
5. Every sign shall be distinctive in color and shall provide contrast
with decorational interior finish, or other signs.
REFERENCES
“10+ types of walls finishing materials for modern homes,” AfrohousePlans. [Online].
https://www.afrohouseplans.com/wall-finishing-materials-for-modern-homes/. (accessed Nov. 8,
2022).
Swapnika Padamitikona, “Wall finishes,” Slideshare.net, https://www.slideshare.net/swapnika15/wall-

finishes-43728160. (Accessed Nov. 8, 2022).
Ahdeyjahrey, BenzuJK, Ogri, Nawaf, Kiera, Chong, Steven, Sachin, Patrick, A. S. GMB, Billy, and Kayode,
“Various types of wall finishes: Interior Design and Architecture,” Architecture Student Chronicles, 07-
Feb-2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.architecture-student.com/architecture/various-types-of-
wall-finishes-interior-design-and-architecture/. [Accessed: 9-Nov-2022].
B. Khatri, “What is interior wall finishes?: Type of wall finish,” 9To5Civil, 28-Aug-2022. [Online].
Available: https://9to5civil.com/type-of-wall-finish/. [Accessed: 12-Nov-2022].
Philippines. (2005). The National Building Code of the Philippines and Its Revised Implementing Rules
and Regulations: Approved by the Department of Public Works and Highways on October 29, 2004,
and Took Effect on April 30, 2005, After Official Publication. Philippine Law Gazette.
Philippines. (2019). RA9514 The Fire Code of the Philippines Revised Implementing Rules and
Regulations. Philippine Law Gazette.
REFERENCES
Philippines. (2015). THE PHILIPPINE GREEN BUILDING CODE: A Referral Code of the NATIONAL
BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (P.D. 1096). Philippine Law Gazette.
Masterclass, “5 Different Types of Wall Paint and Finishes,” Jun. 08, 2021. [Online].
https://www.masterclass.com/articles/different-types-of-wall-paint-and-finishes (Accessed Nov. 12,
2022).
“Paints & It’s Constituents,” we civil engineers, Feb. 18, 2018.

https://wecivilengineers.wordpress.com/2018/02/18/983/ (Accessed Nov. 12, 2022).
S. Shah, “Base in Paint-Function of White Lead I Red Lead I Zinc White I Lithophone,” Civil Success
Online, Jun. 07, 2021. https://civilsuccessonline.com/base-in-paint-white-lead-i-red-lead-i-zinc-white-i-
lithophone/ (Accessed Nov. 12, 2022).
S. Shah, “Vehicle in Paint I Function of Linseed Oil I Boiled Linseed Oil I Poppy Oil,” Civil Success
Online, Jun. 07, 2021. https://civilsuccessonline.com/vehicle-in-paint-function-of-linseed-oil-boiled-
linseed-oil-poppy-oil/ (Accessed Nov. 12, 2022).
01
GLASS FOR INTERIOR MATERIALS/
ASSEMBLY
GROUP 5
WHAT IS GLASS?
Glass is an inorganic solid material that is usually transparent or
translucent as well as hard, brittle, and impervious to the
natural elements. It is generally the oldest material and fancy
material which is used in the building industry and for other
purposes. It is generally installed to enhance the beauty of the 02
structure and provides a premium look.
There are various types of glasses used in construction and the

use of these glasses depends on the purpose. Various purposes
of glass can be for use in natural lighting, doors, windows,
balconies, etc.
03
• CLEAR GLASS
TYPES • PATTERNED GLASS

• FROSTED GLASS
OF • INSULATED GLASS
• TEMPERED GLASS
GLASS • TINTED GLASS

• LAMINATED GLASS
• ACOUSTIC GLASS
• SMART GLASS
CLEAR GLASS 4
Also referred to as ‘Float Glass’ ‘Annealed Glass’ or
‘Standard Glass’ is the most common type of glass
seen in interior spaces. It is colorless and has a blue
or green colored edge due to the presence of iron
oxides. It is not as strong as laminated glass.
Clear glass is used in homes for windows, doors,

mirrors and furniture such as tables and shelves.
PATTERNED GLASS 5
It has a decorative design embossed on its
surface. It could be a colorful geometric pattern
or just a plain texture. It is most useful in spaces
that require privacy but also need a sufficient
light transmission. The texture on the glass
surface prevents a clear view of the object when
seen through the glass.
Patterned glass is excellent for home windows

but can also be applied to other surfaces. It is
most commonly used on bathroom shower
doors, floor panels, interior partitions, and
doors.
FROSTED GLASS
It is a transparent sheet of
glass turned opaque through
sandblasting or acid etching.
Because of light scattering
during transmission, the glass
comes out as translucent,
obscuring visibility even as it
transmits light.
Frosted glass is widely used in

home windows, office walls,
and shower enclosures due to
its added privacy benefit.
7
8
1. ACID ETCHED GLASS
This technique uses hydrofluoric acid to achieve the frosted look of
TYPES the glass. The acid reacts with the glass, corroding its surface and
therefore providing it with its milky appearance. After the process of
OF acid-etching, the glass experts thoroughly wash the glass, leaving

behind permanently etched glass.
FROSTED 2. SANDBLASTED GLASS
GLASS
This technique uses a high-velocity machine to blast sand on the
surface of the glass. The high velocity with which the sand hits the
glass creates abrasions, rendering the surface rough and
translucent.
9
INSULATED GLASS
Insulated Glass is a combination of two or
more panes of glass. There both layers are
spaced apart by a spacer bar with a
primary and secondary sealant with one or
more air spaces amongst them.
Insulated glass is used in commercial and

residential sky roofs to help regulate
indoor temperatures during summer and
winter, especially in tropical climates.
TEMPERED GLASS 15
Tempered glass is commonly referred to as
toughened glass and is a type of safety glass
that is created by heating up standard float
glass sheets. Tempered glass is suitable for
structurally loaded applications in general, and
any application where glass can be a hazard in
the event of human impact:
Partitions for homes, offices, hotels, and
other commercial buildings.
Doors and windows
Decorative panels in interior design
TINTED GLASS 10
It is manufactured by adding metal oxides to
float glass. While the typical colors used are
bronze, gray, dark gray, green, blue, blue-green,
many other colors like red, pink, purple can also
be manufactured. Due to its tint, it prevents
heat transmission and absorbs solar energy.
Tinted glass can be used to form a curtain wall,
and is most often used in commercial
applications, offices, and other large facilities. It
is ideal for storefronts, atria, skylights, and also
interior designs.
LAMINATED GLASS
It is a transparent sheet of glass turned opaque

through sandblasting or acid etching. Because
of light scattering during transmission, the It is
formed by bonding one or two layers of glass
with a layer of resin in between that adds
brittleness to the structure. Estimating the
strength, these are up to 5 times stronger than
ordinary glass.
Laminated glass provides a very strong, yet

transparent layer which makes it a great
alternative to traditional glass for a variety of
uses:
●Glass floors
●Glass stairs
●Skylights 11
●Glass roofs
TYPES OF LAMINATED 12
GLASS
ANNEALED HEAT-STRENGTHENED TEMPERED ION-EXCHANGED

GLASS GLASS GLASS
is the strongest type of
is the weakest type of is about twice as strong as is four times as laminated glass and is
laminated glass and is annealed glass and is commonly strong as annealed often used in bullet-
not often used in used in windows and doors. glass and is often resistant applications.
construction used in skylights and
storefronts.
13
ACOUSTIC GLASS
Acoustic glass is a type of engineered
glass that is created by joining two or
more glass sheets with acoustic
interlayers. It is well known that acoustic
glass offers excellent sound insulation.
An extra layer of PVB (Poly Vinyl
Butyral) is laminated between each glass
pane of an acoustic glass window.
SMART GLASS
By changing the amount of light that passes

through normally clear materials, smart glass
technologies can make certain materials
appear transparent, translucent, or opaque.
Smart glass technology helps to reconcile the
competing functional and architectural
requirements for balancing the advantages of
natural light, views, and open floor plans with
the necessity for energy efficiency and privacy.
14
17 RULE XVIII – GLASS AND GLAZING
SECTION 1805. IMPACT
Frameless glass doors, glass in doors, fixed glass
panels, and similar glazed openings which may be
subject to accidental human impact shall conform
with the requirements provided under Section 1802
BASELINE
on impact loads of glass; Except in the following
cases:
ACCORDING TO NBC 1. Bathtub and shower enclosures shall be

constructed from approved shatter-resistant
materials, such as: wire-reinforced glass not less
than 5.6 millimeters thick; fully tempered glass not
less than 4.8 millimeters thick; or laminated safety
glass not less than 6.4 millimeters thick.
17
SECTION 2409 GLASS IN WALKWAYS, ELEVATOR

HOISTWAYS AND ELEVATOR CARS
2409.1 GLASS WALKWAYS
Glass installed as a part of a floor/ceiling assembly
BASELINE as a walking surface and constructed with laminated

glass shall comply with ASTM E2751 or with the
load requirements specified in Chapter 16 Such
ACCORDING TO IBC assemblies shall comply with the fire-resistance
rating and marking requirements of this code where
applicable
18
SECTION 2407. GLASS IN HANDRAILS AND GUARDS

2407.1. MATERIALS.
Glass used in handrail or a guard shall be laminated
glass constructed of fully tempered or heat-
BASELINE
strengthened glass and shall comply with Category II
of CPSC 16 CFR Part 1201 or Class A of ANSI
Z97.1. Glazing in a handrail or a guard shall be an
ACCORDING TO IBC approved safety glazing material that conforms to
the provisions of Section 2046.1.1. For all glazing
types, the minimum nominal thickness shall be 1/4
inch (6.4 mm)
REFERENCES
19
[1] A. Walter, “6 Different Types of Glass Use for Interior Needs - Properties and Usage,” FAB Glass and Mirror, Apr. 30,
2021. https://www.fabglassandmirror.com/blog/different-types-of-glass/
[‌ 2] “Types of Glass Used in Interior, Glass for Interior Use, Glass Solutions,” ZingyHomes.
https://www.zingyhomes.com/latest-trends/types-of-glass-used-interior-solutions/
[‌ 3] “Types of Glass- You must know as Interior Designer,” Plan n Design. https://www.planndesign.com/articles/3136-
types-glass-you-must-know-interior-designer
[‌ 4] “What Are The Benefits Of Glass In Interior Design?,” www.cantifix.co.uk. https://www.cantifix.co.uk/blog/what-are-

the-benefits-of-glass-in-interior-design/
[‌ 5] “2015 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE (IBC) | ICC DIGITAL CODES,” codes.iccsafe.org.

https://codes.iccsafe.org/content/IBC2015/chapter-24-glass-and-glazing#IBC2015_Ch24_Sec2403 (accessed Nov. 12,
2022).
REFERENCES
19
[6] “Types of Glass Used in Interior, Glass for Interior Use, Glass Solutions,” ZingyHomes. https://www.zingyhomes.com/latest-
trends/types-of-glass-used-interior-solutions/
[7] A. Walter, “6 Different Types of Glass Use for Interior Needs - Properties and Usage,” FAB Glass and Mirror, Apr. 30, 2021.
https://www.fabglassandmirror.com/blog/different-types-of-glass/
[8] “Types of Glass- You must know as Interior Designer,” Plan n Design. https://www.planndesign.com/articles/3136-types-
glass-you-must-know-interior-designer
[9] S. McAuliffe, “What Are The Benefits Of Glass In Interior Design?,” Cantifix, Feb. 01, 2022.
https://www.cantifix.co.uk/blog/what-are-the-benefits-of-glass-in-interior-design/?
fbclid=IwAR2VOxlhKPCnXHtSfuFUHMxCIQHK9h3tXZ_6c217TjAYBKp9NxY26KH_B1Q
[10] M. L. Deloney, “What Is Glass | Types of Glass Used in Construction | Qualities of Glass | Advantages & Disadvantages of
Glass,” CivilJungle, Sep. 20, 2021. https://civiljungle.com/glass/ (accessed Nov. 14, 2022).
REFERENCES
19
[11] “What Is Tempered Glass & What Are Its Benefits?,” www.fgdglass.com, Mar. 23, 2020.
https://www.fgdglass.com/blog/what-is-tempered-glass/
[12] “How is tempered glass made?,” Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-is-tempered-glass-

mad/#:~:text=Tempered%20glass%2C%20according%20to%20federal%20specifications%2C%20must%20have (accessed Nov.
14, 2022).
[13] “Types Of Laminated Glass | Learn Glass Blowing.” https://learnglassblowing.com/types-of-laminated-glass/ (accessed

Nov. 14, 2022).
ENVELOPE (GLAZING)
System Breakdown
PRESENTED BY:
BALTAZAR, FRANCIS JOHN C.
CRISOSTOMO, JHON CARLO T.
FORBES, JAMAYLAH S.
Table of Contents
Building Glazing in
Envelope Construction
Parts Baseline
Subsystem Requirement
Materials
Building Envelope
A building envelope is the

component that separates the
exterior of the building from the
interior. It's the shell of the building,
and as such, it is a key
consideration when constructing. It
affects the ventilation, climate, The building envelope includes the
energy consumption and protection materials that comprise the foundation,
wall assembly, roofing systems, glazing,
of occupants and interiors. doors, and any other penetrations.
glazing
As used in construction, glazing

refers to installing glass in a
building's fixed openings, such as
windows and doors. Glazing also
refers to any glass within a building
or structure. In construction, the
glazing for a project refers to the
glass needed to complete the
project.
Envelope (Glazing )
PARTS
Basic Type of Clear Glass
·Window and
Sheet Glass
Manufactured by a horizontally flat
or vertical draw process, then
annealed slowly to produce flat-
fired, high gloss surfaces.
·Float Glass
Generally accepted as the
successor to polished plate glass,
float glass has become the quality
standard of the glass industry in
architectural, mirror and specialty
applications.
·Plate Glass
Transparent flat glass is ground and
polished after rolling. Within limits,
cylindrical and conic shapes can be
bent to the desired curvature.
Variations of Basic Types of Glass
·Patterned Glass
Known also as rolled or figured
glass. It is made by passing molten
glass through rollers that are
etched to produce the appropriate
design.
·Wire Glass
Available as clear polished glass or
in various patterns, most
commonly with embedded welded
square or diamond wire.
·Cathedral Glass
Known also as art glass, stained
glass, or opalescent glass. It is
produced in many colors, textures,
and patterns is usually 3 mm thick
and is used primarily in decorating
leaded glass windows.
·Obscure Glass
The entire surface on one, or both
sides of the glass is sandblasted,
acid etched, or both to obscure a
view or create a design.
·Heat Absorbing
or Tinted Glass
The glass absorbs a portion of the
sun's energy because of admixture
contents and thickness. It then
dissipates the heat to both the
exterior and interior.
·Reflected
Coated Glass
Reflective glass coatings may be
applied to float plate, heat-
strengthened, tempered,
laminated, insulated, or spandrel
glass.
·Heat
Strengthened
and Tempered
Glass
Produced by re-heating and
rapidly cooling annealed glass.
·Security Glass
Safety glass with a plastic film of
1.5 mm minimum thickness for
bullet-resistant and burglar-
resistant glass.
Envelope (Glazing )
In Engineering, subsystem is a system in
its own right, except it normally will not
provide a useful function on its own, it
must be integrated with other
subsystems (or systems) to make a
SUBSYSTEM system.
The performance of the building

envelope is impacted by a number of
sub-systems, such as heating, cooling
and ventilating equipment, plumbing
and electrical systems, and the likes.
envelope (glazing) subsystem
·Roof System
- An important part of any house, as it keeps weather out. As an envelope that
separates environment from inside to outside, roofing system as subsystem is
performed in some cases.
Skylight Greenhouses
·Lighting System
– It is known that one of the major purpose and contribution of installation of
glass/glazing is its transparent characteristic as it lets light pass through the
other side.
·Walls and Opening System
– Walls are structural element used to divide or enclose, and, in building
construction, to form the periphery of a room or a building. The main function of a
building envelope or enclosure is creating a protection barrier for interior spaces
and occupants. An exterior glass wall refers to any exterior wall made primarily of
windows and window framing. Exterior glass walls may be constructed of fixed
panels or panes, glass doors or a combination of both.
a. Cooling and Ventilation

System
– Glass can be part of opening

system as glazing partake in
windows and doors, which are part
of the opening system. Windows
are present to have openings in the
walls for various reasons – mainly
for air ventilation.
b. Circulation
– As for doors, it is an opening with

partition that provides access to
the other side. And since glass
doors are also common in buildings,
it somehow contributes to the
circulation of people in the
building.
Envelope (Glazing )
Glass
Frame
MATERIALS Inert gas fill

Coatings
Spacer
Gaskets
Seals
Glass
Regular
Regular transparent glass transparent glass
The most common type of glazing for glazed Double/triple
building openings. The glass sheet thickness ranges glazing
from 3 mm to 5 mm. it provides high proportion of Absorbing glass
visible light penetration and solar radiation. Acrylic Sheets
Reflective glass
Polycarbonate
Corrugated fibre
glass
Annealed,
tempered, heat-
strengthened,
laminated
Glass
·Double/triple glazing
Consist of two or more sheet of glass with space in between. The space
between may be filled with air or other gases, or vacuum. The thickness of both
the glass and space are variable. These variations have a certain effect, up to a
certain limit, on the percentage of radiation allowed to penetrate and on thermal
conductance of the composition. The advantage of this is its ability to reduce
heat transfer from one pane to the other both by conduction and by radiation.
Glass
Absorbing Glass
This permit penetration of light, but transmits only a small portion of
total solar radiation. It also prevents fading of colors, moderates light
penetration into the room and reduces overall radiation. All the while the
glass absorb radiation it increases in temperature and its heat will be
transferred by convection to the air of the building’s interior.
Acrylic Sheets
It has the same quality with other plastic materials and is less fragile
than a glass. It deteriorate quickly because of the Ultraviolet radiation.
Glass
Reflective Glass
It also reduces the penetration of radiation from the
reflecting side to the non-reflecting side.
Glass
Polycarbonate
Permits the penetration of light, heats up less than a glass and
withstands mechanical blows. This glazing material is flexible and it
is possible to utilize it for curved surfaces.
Glass
Corrugated Fibre Glass
This material does not permit eye contact with the outside and
its physical deterioration is quite fast.
Glass
Annealed glass – this glass can get distortion because it is not heat-
treated. It breaks into sharp dangerous shard.
Tempered glass – provides at least four time the strength of the first
one. It have higher resistance to glass breakage and it is also not heat
treated. It breaks into small fragments which is why it is suitable as
safety glazing under some condition.
Heat-strengthened glass – provides twice the strength of annealed
glass and has resistance to breakage from thermal stresses. It is also
subject to distortion due to no necessary treatment. It can break into
large shards.
Laminated glass – consist of two or more pieces of glass bond together
consisting of plastic interlayer. Where the plastic interlayer provides
protection from uv rays.It is often used as safety glazing and skylight.
Glass
PROPERTIES OF GLASS
Visible Light Transmittance

Conduction or U Value
Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)
FRAME
high maintenance and can have moisture
problem but can be cheaper than other
glazing frame WOOD
VINYL
ALUMINUM/
STEEL
FIBERGLASS
FRAME
glazing frame material that are low
maintenance and thick.
WOOD
VINYL
ALUMINUM/
STEEL
FIBERGLASS
FRAME
A strong frame for glass but has high
thermal conductivity
WOOD
VINYL
ALUMINUM/
STEEL
FIBERGLASS
FRAME
A glass frame that is designed to look
like wood grain. It is one of the best but
is way more expensive than the other WOOD
materials VINYL
ALUMINUM/
STEEL
FIBERGLASS
inert gas fill
A material used to help reduce
heat transmission through the
double/triple glazing. It is inserted
in air space between the glass. It
can also help reduce sound
transmission.
Types of gas filling usually used
are argon, krypton, and xenon.
coating
Blocks heat while allowing
solar energy to pass
through.
Low-emmisivity (low-e)
Coating
Coating materials also
includes metal oxide or
semiconductor films.
spacer
A small piece of plastic or metal that separate and support
two or more glass in glazing. It holds the pane in place.
Spacer material includes aluminium, stainless steel, or
silicon foam. Insulated spacer have foam or desiccant
inside of it.
sealant
Provides a barrier to air, water,
moisture, gas, noise, dust, and
smoke.
Type of sealant
Water based latex, acrylic, butyl,
polysulfide, silicone,
polyisobutylenes, and
polyurethane.
sealant
Things to consider in choosing
a sealant material:
Substrate compatibility
Adhesion strength
Resistance to UV degradation
Curing time
Movement capability
Modulus; and
Blast resistance
gasket
Provides an airtight seal where it prevents temperature
from entering or leaving. Example of this is vinyl and EP
DM rubber (Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer)
gasket
BASELINE
REQUIREMENT
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE
PHILIPPINES
REFERRAL CODES:
ARCHITECTURAL CODE
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY - GUIDELINES
BUILDING CODE2021 OF ILLINOIS
GREEN BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
national building code of the philippines
CHAPTER 11 PLASTICS
(a) Doors, sashes and framed openings in exterior walls of all buildings except
Types IV and V Constructions may be glazed or equipped with approved plastics:
Provided, that:
(1) The wall in which such glazing is installed is so located that openings are not
required to be fire-protected.
(2) Except for Type I Construction, the location, size, and spacing of such glazed
openings do not exceed the values set forth by the Secretary.
(3) Plastics used in glazed openings for Type II Construction shall be materials
appropriate for use according to flame-spread characteristics and the location,
size, and spacing of the openings do not exceed the values set forth by the
Secretary.

CHAPTER 11 PLASTICS
(a) General – Approved plastics may be used in skylights installed on roofs of Types I,
II or III constructions and all buildings in these categories shall be equipped with an
approved automatic fire-extinguishing system in Groups A, B, C, E, F, J, H-3 and H-4
Occupancies: Except, that:
(1) Approved plastics may be used in any type of construction or occupancy as a fire
venting system when approved by the Building Official.
(2) Plastics may be used in approved skylights in Type II one-hour fire-resistive
construction which are located 300 millimeters or more above the lower flange of the
ceiling. The walls of the skylight well shall be no less fire-resistive than the adjacent
ceiling.
(3) Where a fire-resistive ceiling is not required in one-storey buildings, approved
plastics may be used in skylights.
SECTION 1604. Skylights

CHAPTER 11 PLASTICS
(b) Installation Requirements
(1) Except in Group A Occupancies, no skylight shall be installed within 3.00 meters of a
property line.
(2) The edges of dome-type skylights shall be properly flashed.
(3) Plastic skylights shall be separated from each other by at least 2.50 meters laterally
and 3.00 meters along the slope of the roof.
(c) Allowable areas – The area of individual plastic skylights shall not exceed 10.00 square
meters. The total aggregate area of plastics used in skylights, monitors, and sawtooth
glazing shall not exceed twenty percent of the floor area of the room or occupancy sheltered.
(d) Curb Requirements – Plastic skylights in roofs having a slope of less than 1 in 3 shall have
a 100 millimeters high curb. The curb may be omitted where a wire screen not smaller than
No. 12 U.S. gauge with a mesh not larger than 25-millimeters is provided immediately below
the skylight. The screen shall be substantially mounted below the skylight.
SECTION 1604. Skylights

CHAPTER 11 PLASTICS
(a) General – Where a fire-resistive rating is not required for the roof structure, and in all
buildings provided with an approved automatic fire-extinguishing system, approved
plastics may be used with or without sash as the light-transmitting medium in monitors
and sawtooth; Except, that plastics used in monitors or sawtooth roofs of Type II
Construction shall be of materials appropriate to be used according to flame-spread
characteristics.
(b) Allowable Areas – The area of individual plastic glazing used in monitors and sawtooth
glazing shall not exceed 15.00 square meters. The total aggregate area of plastics used in
skylights, monitors, and sawtooth glazing shall not exceed twenty percent of the floor area
of the room or occupancy sheltered.
(c) Area Separation – The area of such plastic panels shall be separated from each other by
a section of incombustible material or by a section of the roofing material of the structure
not less than 1.50 meters in length. The lower edge of the plastic material shall be at least 150
millimeters above the surface of the adjoining roof surface.
SECTION 1605. Light-Transmitting Panels in Monitors and Sawtooth Roofs

CHAPTER 18 GLASS AND GLAZING
(a) This Chapter shall apply to exterior glass and glazing in all Occupancies except
Groups A, B, and J Occupancies not over three storeys in height, and to interior and
exterior glass and glazing in all occupancies subject to human impact as specified
in this Code.
(b) Standards for materials shall conform to the provisions set by the Secretary on
glass dimensional tolerances, breaking stress levels, and design safety factors.
(c) Each light shall bear the manufacturer’s label designating the type and
thickness of glass. Each light with special performance characteristics such as
laminated, heat strengthened, fully tempered or insulated, shall bear the
manufacturer’s identification showing the special characteristics and thickness
by etching or other permanent identification that shall be visible after the glass is
glazed.
SECTION 1801. General Requirements

SECTION 1802. Area Limitation

Exterior glass and glazing shall be capable of safely withstanding the
load due to wind pressures for various height zones above ground acting
inward or outward. The area of individual lights shall not be more than
the maximum allowable area of glass according to the wind load
multiplied by the appropriate adjustment factor.
SECTION 1803. Glazing

Glass firmly supported on all four edges shall be glazed with minimum
laps and edge clearances in accordance with Section 1801 paragraph
(b), Provided, that glass edge clearance in fixed openings shall be not
less than what is required for wind and earthquake drift. For glass not
firmly supported on all four edges and design shall be submitted for
approval of the Building Official. Glass supports shall be considered firm
when deflection of the support at design load does not exceed 1/175 of
the span.
Architectural Code
Section 5.1 Glass exterior cladding shall be designed to

resist and safely withstand the load due to wind pressures
for various height zones above ground acting inward or
outward. The area of individual lights shall not be more
than the maximum allowable area of glass according to the
wind load multiplied by the appropriate adjustment factor.
Section 5- General Requirements

Architectural Code
Section 5.2 Appropriate measures shall be provided to deter

persons walking into fixed glass panels where the floor contiguous
thereto on to both sides is approximately the same level.
Where differences in level on opposite sides of a glass panel are

one-story or more, positive protection shall be provided by a
guard rail or horizontal guard complying in strength and height of
not less than two-hour fire resistive construction in buildings four-
stories or more in height, and shall not be less than one hour fire
resistive construction elsewhere.

Architectural Code
Section 5.3 Glass panels which are more than 600 mm in width
and 180 mm or more in height adjacent to wall openings shall be
safety glass unless a bulkhead of opaque material not less than
450 mm. high is provided.
Section 5.4 Glass panels not adjacent to wall openings may be made
obvious by horizontal bars at guardrail height, a 450 mm opaque
bulkhead, distinctive glass such as etched or translucent for guard-
rail height, fixed flower bins or other appropriate construction
arrangement

Architectural Code
Section 6.1 Only rubber materials formulated to recognized

standards and of proven durability such as neoprene, EPDM, and
silicon should be used for gaskets and blocking.
Section 6. 2 At least two 7 mm to 10 mm diameter weep holes for
the glazing pocket per glass lite or panel are necessary with
access to weep holes not prevented by setting blocks or
sealants.
Section 6.3 Glazing compound or putty should not be used to
glaze laminated or insulating glass in openings.
Section 6- Glazing System

Architectural Code
Section 6.4 Sealants in contract or close proximity to gaskets, rubber

blocking, and other sealants must be compatible with the materials to
preclude loss of adhesion or lessened durability. Consult with sealant
manufacturer.
Section 6.5 Sealants must be compatible with insulating glass edge real
and butyral laminate or laminated glass to preclude failure of the edge
seal or delamination and discoloration of the laminate.
Section 6.6 The dry glazing method requires careful design and control
of tolerances of the frame opening and glazing materials to ensure the
development of adequate compression sealing pressure (generally 4 -
10 lb/lin. inch) to achieved weather tightness.

Architectural Code
Section 6.7 Closed cell gaskets for dry glazing should have molded
or vulcanized corners as the preferred method so as to form
continuous, joint-free glazing material around all sides of the
opening.
Section 6.8 Glazing materials should not be installed more than one
day in advance of glass placement to avoid potential damage to the
glazing materials by other trades or contamination of the materials.
Section 6.9 Glazing materials used with high-performance reflective
coated glass may require the consideration of additional factors for
the glazing materials.

Department of Energy- Guidelines (Referral Codes)
Section 5- Building Envelope



To be considered firmly supported, the framing members for each

individual pane of glass shall be designed so that the deflection of
the edge of the glass perpendicular to the glass pane does not
exceed 1/175 of the glass edge length where the glass edge length
is not more than 13 feet 6 inches (4115 mm), or 1/240 of the glass
edge length + 1/4 inch (6.4 mm) where the glass edge length is
greater than 13 feet 6 inches (4115 mm), when subjected to the
larger of the positive or negative load where loads are combined
as specified in Section 1605.
Chapter 24
2403.3 Glass Framing
Building Code 2021 of Illinois (Referral Codes)
Sloped glazing shall be any of the following materials, subject to the listed
limitations.
For monolithic glazing systems, the glazing material of the single light or layer
shall be laminated glass with a minimum 30-mil (0.76 mm) polyvinyl butyral (or
equivalent) interlayer, wired glass, light-transmitting plastic materials meeting
the requirements of Section 2607, heat-strengthened glass or fully tempered glass.
For multiple-layer glazing systems, each light or layer shall consist of any of the
glazing materials specified in Item 1.
Annealed glass is permitted to be used as specified in Exceptions 2 and 3 of Section
2405.3.
Laminated glass and plastic materials described in Items 1 and 2 shall not require
the screening or height restrictions provided in Section 2405.3.
Chapter 24
2405.2 Allowable Glazing Materials and Limitations
Building Code 2021 of Illinois (Referral Codes)
In Types I and II construction, sloped glazing and skylight frames shall be

constructed of noncombustible materials. In structures where acid fumes
deleterious to metal are incidental to the use of the buildings, approved
pressure-treated wood or other approved noncorrosive materials are
permitted to be used for sash and frames. Framing supporting sloped glazing
and skylights shall be designed to resist the tributary roof loads in Chapter 16.
Skylights set at an angle of less than 45 degrees (0.79 rad) from the
horizontal plane shall be mounted not less than 4 inches (102 mm) above the
plane of the roof on a curb constructed as required for the frame. Skylights
shall not be installed in the plane of the roof where the roof pitch is less than
45 degrees (0.79 rad) from the horizontal.
Chapter 24
2405.4 Framing
green building code of the philippines
SECTION 10.1.2. – GLASS PROPERTIES

General - Compared to wall assemblies, glazing transfers more heat and
hence, it is ideal to reduce the amount of glazing with respect to the wall in
order to reduce internal heat gains.
SECTION 10.1.2. – GLASS PROPERTIES

This measure will give building occupants the flexibility and opportunity to
use natural ventilation for free cooling and fresh air in regularly occupied
spaces. This measure will limit the tendency to create glass- sealed box type
buildings. Size of each room and space shall be consistent with the
occupancy load of the NBC.
green building code of the philippines
SECTION 10.6.1 – DAYLIGHT PROVISION

Requirements. All regularly occupied spaces inside the
building shall have a view of any combination of the following
features that can allow daylight into the room space:
i. Window
ii. Light shelf
iii. Clerestory
iv. Skylight
v. Light monitor / light scoop
vi. Other devices that can allow daylight inside
References/Sources:
https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Building_envelope
https://www.gciconsultants.com/blog/understanding-the-importance-of-your-buildings-
envelope/
https://proest.com/construction/process/glazing/#:~:text=As%20used%20in%20construction%2
C%20glazing,needed%20to%20complete%20the%20project.
https://pt.slideshare.net/HermanKwok2/advanced-engineering-materials-glazing-design-
presentation?ref=
https://www.wbdg.org/guides-specifications/building-envelope-design-guide/fenestration-
systems/glazing
https://www.yourhome.gov.au/passive-design/glazing
https://www.new-
learn.info/packages/clear/interactive/matrix/d/hot_climate/glazing_materials.html
https://www.labcwarranty.co.uk/technical-blog/sealant-types-and-uses
https://www.bchousing.org/publications/What-Is-Building-Envelope.pdf
https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/598887main_Auburn_PowerPoints_SE.pdf
https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Building_envelope
https://glassdoctor.com/blog/exterior-glass-walls-and-exterior-glass-wall-systems
THANK YOU
PRESENTED BY:
BALTAZAR, FRANCIS JOHN C.
CRISOSTOMO, JHON CARLO T.
FORBES, JAMAYLAH S.
STRUCTURAL
SYSTEMS
BSCE-SE3B
BASCO, MIALGIE SAMDRIELLE F.
CASTRO, CHANEL ANN TONI V.
DECHE, JOSHUA ARON M.
CEBD0313-H3-SYSTEM BREAKDOWN
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
It is the process of constructing and designing
structural parts of a structure such that they withstand
and transmit applied loads safely to the ground
without going beyond the permitted stresses in the
members.
Holding the components of a certain system and

transfer the load through the members of a structure to
provide stability and durability.
The only factors of creation capable of modifying a

portion of a building's shape to support either the entire
structure or other built assets, such as a bridge or
tunnel, or only a portion of them, are structural
systems.
TYPES OF BUILDING STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
SKELETON WALL BEARING
SHELL SYSTEM TENT SYSTEM CABLES SYSTEM
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM SYSTEM
BEAM AND COLUMN SHELL utilizes tensioned

cables to support or
a wall that bears the also known as
transmit the major
weight of the house Tensile Structures
FRAMES FOLDED loads of the
structure
TRUSS DOMES
ARCH
SKELETON STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
BEAM AND COLUMN FRAMES TRUSS ARCH
The load of the slab is Skeleton Frames are a Trusses are composed of A structure, forming the
transferred to the columns building technique that straight members curved, pointed, or flat upper
or walls through the beams, makes use of vertical connected at their ends by edge of an open space and
down to the foundation, and columns and horizontal hinged connections to form supporting the weight above
then to the supporting soil beams, constructed in a a stable configuration. it, as in a bridge or doorway.
beneath. rectangular grid to support Because of their lightweight
the floors, roof and walls of a and high strength, are
building which are all among the most commonly
attached to the frame. used to span long lengths in
solid places.
SHELL SYSTEM
They are lightweight constructions using shell elements.
Allowing wide areas to be spanned without the use of internal supports, giving an open, unobstructed interior.
SHELL DOMES
Shell arches are in the same category as FOLDED Domes are basically hemisphere in
small shells. If the stresses are mainly shape. The domes are generally used
A structure that consists of one or more "folded"
compressive, all thicknesses can be made as a roof structure. A dome is a space
forms is referred to as a folded structure. In
much smaller than an arc. Shells are not a structure that covers a circular area.
comparison to other more traditional kinds of
very efficient structure for the high value of structure, folded structures can attain bigger
bending moment. spans, higher rigidity, and lower net weight.
WALL BEARING SYSTEM
A wall that bears the weight of the house.
A bearing wall, also known as a load-bearing wall or a structural wall, supports the entire weight of the home. This wall
assists in distributing the weight of the building from the roof to the base, and its removal could lead to the building
collapsing.
TENT SYSTEM
Conventional systems have a tendency to be stabilized through the movement of gravity to their mass, conserving them
in compression. A tensile shape is a shape this is stabilized through anxiety instead of compression. Systems hold each
anxiety and compression, and its miles the diploma to which a shape is deliberately tensioned to stabilize it that
determines whether its miles taken into consideration a tensile shape. A suspension bridge is an instance of a tensile
shape.
CABLES SYSTEM
Non-rigid, flexible matter shaped in a certain way and secured by fixed ends, supports itself & spans space. They transmit
loads only through simple normal stresses, either tension or compression.
Two cables with different points of suspension are tied together to form a suspension system. A cable subject to external
loads will deform in a way depending upon the magnitude and location of the external forces. The form acquired by the
cable is called the FUNICULAR SHAPE of the cable.
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
COMPONENTS
All buildings have similar components such as
foundations, plinths, walls, floors, doors, windows, and
roofs. Every component has its own function.
These building components are classified into two
categories
(i) Non-structural Components
(ii) Structural Components
Non-structural components are parapet walls, doors,
and windows, furnishings fixtures, partitions or partition
walls, tiles, paint etc.
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
COMPONENTS
Structural components are the primary load bearing
components of a building, and each have their own
structural properties which need to be considered.
Such components are
Foundation
Plinth
Wall and Pier in Superstructure, Shear wall
Column
Floor
Slab
Beam
Roof
Staircase
Lintel, and Weather Shade
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM COMPONENTS
FOUNDATION PLINTH WALL COLUMN
Foundation is the lowest The portion of the structure Walls are provided to A column may be defined as
part of a structure below the between the surface of the enclose or divide the floor a vertical load-bearing
ground level which is in surrounding ground and the space in the desired pattern. member the width of which
direct contact with the surface of the floor, The walls divide the space in is neither less than its
ground and transfers all the immediately above the such a manner as to achieve thickness nor more than four
dead, live load and other ground is known as a plinth maximum carpet area and times its thickness.
loads to the soil on which and the level of the ground minimum area of circulation.
the structure rests. floor of the building is known
as a plinth level.
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM COMPONENTS
FLOOR SLAB BEAM ROOF
Floors are flat supporting A slab is a structural Beams act as structural The roof forms the topmost
structural components of a component that is used to elements that transfer loads component of a building
building dividing a building create flat horizontal from the slab to columns. structure. It covers the top
into different levels so that surfaces such as floors, roof This means transfer beams face of the building. Roofs
creating more decks, and ceilings used as are installed to carry the can be either flat or sloped
accommodation on a given a base as well as a ceiling/ load from one load-bearing based on the location and
plot of land. roof to transfer the load of wall to another. weather conditions of the
the structure to the area.
beams/walls.
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
MATERIALS
Masonry Steel
Masonry is a composite material in which individual stones, bricks, or The use of steel as a primary structural material dates from the late
blocks are bedded in mortar to form columns, walls, arches, or vaults. nineteenth century when cheap methods for manufacturing it on a
Masonry-type materials are durable and can be left exposed in both large scale were developed. It has high strength and equal strength in
the interiors and exteriors of buildings. Masonry is an environmentally tension and compression and is, therefore, suitable for the full range of
friendly material the use of which must be expected to increase in the structural elements and will resist axial tension, axial compression, and
future. bending-type load with almost equal facility.
Timber Concrete
Timber has been used as a structural material since the earliest times. Concrete is made by mixing together dry cement and aggregate in
It possesses both tensile and compressive strength and, in the suitable proportions and then adding water, which causes the cement
structural role is therefore suitable for elements that carry axial to hydrolyze and subsequently the whole mixture to set and harden to
compression, axial tension, and bending-type loads. form a substance with stone-like qualities.
MASONRY
Chartres Cathedral, France, twelfth and thirteenth
centuries. The Gothic church incorporates most of
the various forms for which masonry is suitable.
Columns, walls, and compressive form-active
arches and vaults are all visible here.
TIMBER
The term "all-timber home" refers to a type of load-
bearing wall construction in which the walls, floors,
and roof are all made entirely of wood. Here, it is
seen how a two-story building's upper floor is
supported by an interior wall made of sparsely
spaced sawn-timber components. Take note of the
interim bracing required for stability prior to the
insertion of cross walls.
STEEL
Hopkins House, London, United Kingdom; architect
Michael Hopkins; structural engineers Anthony
Hunt Associates. Here, a timber deck will be
supported by profiled steel sheeting used as the
floor framework. The profiled steel deck often
functions as permanent formwork for in situ
concrete slabs, which is a more typical
arrangement.
CONCRETE
Paul Rudolph Hall at Yale University is an illustration
of how concrete was employed in Brutalist
architecture, which gained popularity in the 1950s
through the 1970s. 37 levels are dispersed across its
block-like, hammered exterior's nine major stories.
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM NBC
REQUIREMENTS
SECTION 603. Fire-Resistive Standards
SECTION 1202. Excavation, Foundation, and
Retaining Walls
SECTION 1002. Projection into Alleys or Streets
SECTION 708. Minimum Requirements for Group
A Dwellings
SECTION 401. Types of Construction
SECTION 1206. Roof Construction and Covering
SECTION 603 FIRE-RESISTIVE STANDARDS
All materials of construction, and assemblies or combinations thereof shall be
classified according to their fire-retardant or flame-spread ratings as determined
by general accepted testing methods and/of by the Secretary.
SECTION 1202. EXCAVATION, FOUNDATION, AND
RETAINING WALLS
(c) Footings, Foundations, and Retaining Walls
(1) Footings and foundations shall be of the appropriate type, of adequate size,
and capacity in order to safely sustain the superimposed loads under seismic or
any condition of external forces that may affect the safety or stability of the
structure. It shall be the responsibility of the architect and/or engineer to adopt
the type and design of the same in accordance with the standards set forth by
the Secretary.
(2) Whenever or wherever there exists in the site of the construction an abrupt
change in the ground levels or level of the foundation such that instability of the
soil could result, retaining walls shall be provided and such shall be of adequate
design and type of construction as prescribed by the Secretary
SECTION 1002. PROJECTION INTO ALLEYS OR STREETS
No part of any structure or its appendage shall project into any alley or street,
national road, or public highway except as provided in this Code.
Footings located at least 2.40 meters below grade along national roads or public
highways may project not more than 300 millimeters beyond the property line.
Foundations may be permitted to encroach into public sidewalk areas to a width

not exceeding 500 millimeters; provided, that the top of the said foundations is not
less than 600 millimeters below the established grade; and provided further, that
said projection does not obstruct any existing utility such as power, communication,
gas, water, or sewer lines, unless the owner concerned shall pay the corresponding
entities for the rerouting of the parts of the affected utilities.
SECTION 708. MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR GROUP A
DWELLINGS
Foundation
Footings shall be of sufficient size and strength to support the load of the dwelling and
shall be at least 250 millimeters thick and 600 millimeters below the surface of the
ground.
Floor
The live load of the first floor shall be at least 200 kilograms per sq. meter and for the
second floor, at least 150 kilograms per sq. meter.
Roof
The wind load for roofs shall be at least 120 kilograms per sq. meter for vertical
projection.
Stairs
Stairs shall be at least 750 millimeters in clear width, with a rise of 200 millimeters and a
minimum run
of 200 millimeters.
SECTION 401. TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION
For purposes of this Code, all buildings proposed for construction shall be classified or identified
according to the following types:
(1) Type I – Type I buildings shall be of wood construction. The structural elements may be any
of the materials permitted by this Code.
(2) Type II – Type II buildings shall be of wood construction with protective fire-resistant
materials and one-hour fire-resistive throughout: Except, that permanent non-bearing
partitions may use fire-retardant-treated wood within the framing assembly.
(3) Type III – Type III buildings shall be of masonry and wood construction. Structural elements
may be any of the materials permitted by this Code: Provided, that the building shall be one-
hour fire-resistive throughout. Exterior walls shall be of incombustible fire-resistive
construction.
(4) Type IV – Type IV buildings shall be of steel, iron, concrete, or masonry construction. Walls,
ceilings, and permanent partitions shall be of incombustible fire-resistive construction: Except,
that permanent non-bearing partitions of one-hour fire-resistive construction may use fire-
retardant-treated wood within the framing assembly.
(5) Type V – Type V buildings shall be fire-resistive. The structural elements shall be of steel,
iron, concrete, or masonry construction. Walls, ceilings, and permanent partitions shall be of
incombustible fire-resistive construction.
SECTION 1206. ROOF CONSTRUCTION AND COVERING
(a) Roof Covering. Roof covering for all buildings shall be either fire-retardant or
ordinary depending upon the fire-resistive requirements of the particular type of
construction. The use of combustible roof insulation shall be permitted in all types
of construction provided it is covered with an approved roof covering applied
directly thereto.
(b) Roof Trusses. All roofs shall be so framed and tied into the framework and
supporting walls so as to form an integral part of the whole building. Roof trusses
shall have all joints well-fitted and shall have all tension members well-tightened
before any load is placed in the truss. Diagonal and sway bracing shall be used to
brace all roof trusses. The allowable working stresses of materials in trusses shall
conform to this Code. Camber shall be provided to prevent sagging.
REFERENCES
[1] H. Sawant. “Types of Structural Systems: Why are Structural Systems Important in Buildings?” The Design
Gesture. https://thedesigngesture.com/structural-systems/?fbclid=IwAR1ym69-
B9OCkCLeBYpmhtEBPB27lOa8zJt_coWghk-76IucPPIbU9aDD_Q [accessed Nov. 4, 2022].
[2] "Folded Formed Structures." Designing Buildings Wiki.

https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Folded_Formed_Structures [accessed Nov. 04, 2022].
[3] M. Elbashkatib. "The tents structure system." Slideshare.

https://www.slideshare.net/MazinElsayedAElbashk/the-tents-structure-system [accessed Nov. 04, 2022].
[4] "Structural Systems." Designing Buildings Wiki.

https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Structural_systems#Tensile_structures [accessed Nov. 04, 2022].
[5]. “12 BAsic Components of A Building Structure” The Constructor. https://theconstructor.org/building/12-basic-

components-building-structure/34024/ [accessed Nov. 04, 2022].
THANK
YOU
CEBD0313-H3-SYSTEM BREAKDOWN
Sustainable
Design &
construction
CEBD0313 Building Systems Design
topics
Built Environment and Climate Change
Effects of Sustainable Buildings
Philippine Green Building Code
Sustainable Design and Construction
Integrative Process
Location and Transportation
Sustainable Sites
Water Efficiency
Energy and Atmosphere
Materials and Resources
Indoor Environmental Quality
Innovation and Regional Priority
38.9%
energy consumption, carbon dioxide
254M
tons of municipal solid waste (MSW)
emissions
13%
water consumed in the United States per
83,337
square km of impervious surface
day
90%
Americans spend, or more, of their time
indoors
Buildings and their Impact on the Environment: A Statistical Summary
US Environmental Protection Agency, 2009
https://archive.epa.gov/greenbuilding/web/pdf/gbstats.pdf
Others
10%
Building Operations
27%
Global building floor area is
expected to double by 2060
Transport
20% Aluminum
2
Building Construction Industry

6% Concrete
11
Other Construction Industry

Steel
7% 10
Other Industry
30%
Annual Global CO2 Emissions responsible for 23% of total global

emissions (most of this used in the
built environment)
Source: Architecture 2030, IEA (2022), Buildings, IEA, Paris
https://architecture2030.org/why-the-building-sector/
The Philippine Green Building code
OBJECTIVE
improve the efficiency of building performance through a
framework of acceptable set of standards
PRINCIPLES
Help address the adverse effects of climate change
Resources must be used efficiently
Occupants of green buildings will benefit from improved

indoor environmental quality
Green building is the practice of
adopting measures that promote
resource management efficiency
and site sustainability while
minimizing the negative impact of
buildings on human health and the
environment
Safe
Healthy
Inclusive
Smart
Productive
Efficient
Equitable
Trellis House
Address: 2323 Sherman Avenue, Washington, District of Columbia, United States, 20001
Sustainable
Responsive
Rating system: LEED BD+C: Multifamily Midrisev3 - LEED 2008
Last certified on: October 19, 2018
Certification level: Platinum
The design reduces the heat island effect from the previous site development by introducing a green roof
and non-absorptive hardscape materials and improved the health and safety of the area by completing
Resilient
voluntary remediation to remove underground storage tanks and contaminated soil from prior
development. It's a dense, pedestrian development, rich in transportation options and community
resources with easy access to employment and recreation areas. Bicycle storage is available to
residents to encourage alternative transportation. The project is designed to save over 21 percent more
energy than the baseline building and use 30 percent less water. Besides high-efficiency equipment and
appliances, ventilation systems were tested to ensure the outside air delivery and exhaust fan
performance met the design and deliver a healthy indoor environment for the residents. Material
selections included local, low-emitting, and high recycled content products.
GREEN BUILDING REQUIREMENTS
Energy Efficiency Water Efficiency Material Sustainability Solid Waste Management
Site Sustainability Indoor Environmental Quality

Natural
Ventilation
Operable Windows
Building Envelope
Building Envelope Color
Air Tightness and Moisture
Protection High Solar Reflectance Index (SRI)
Glass Properties
Electrical Systems Energy Efficiency Roof Insulation

Daylight Provision improving thermal comfort,
acoustic quality and reducing
Daylight Controlled Lighting
System Mechanical the load on the air
Lighting Power Density (LPD) Systems conditioning system
Occupancy Sensors for Lighting
Control Air Conditioning System
Elevators and Escalators / Water Heating System
Moving Ramps / Walkways Variable Speed Drives and
Transformer High Efficiency Motors
Overhead or Elevated Water Enthalpy Recovery of Exhaust
Storage Air
Water Fixtures Water
Management
use of efficient plumbing fixtures,
sensors, auto control valves, Rainwater Harvesting
aerators, flow control and pressure- Water Recycling
reducing devices
WATER Efficiency
all matters related to resource
efficiency and material selection
and use with the least impact on the
environment
Paints, coatings, adhesives and Non-Toxic

sealants used indoors or
nonventilated areas shall not Materials
contain Volatile Organic
Compounds (VOC) or should be refer to building materials
within levels tolerable to humans without hazardous or toxic
Composite wood shall not have chemicals that could cause Sick
urea formaldehyde content. Building Syndrome (SBS) and
All other materials containing eventually lead to Building
chemicals used in construction
shall not compromise and be
Material Sustainability Related Illness (BRI)
deleterious to the health and

safety of the workers and
occupants of the building.
Specifications shall comply with
the allowable VOC limits with
Material Safety Data Sheet
(MSDS) from supplier and other
certification to justify the
efficient waste management
practices and use of eco-friendly
Material Recovery
materials Facility (MRF)
collection and segregation of
solid waste materials
compostable (biodegradable)
non-recyclable (to be
Solid waste Management disposed off in the landfill)
recyclable (paper, cardboard,
plastic, metal, wood, etc.)
special waste
Site / Ground Open Space
Preparation and Utilization
Earthworks
A minimum of fifty percent (50%)
of the required Unpaved Surface
Building site erosion and Area (USA) shall be vegetated
sedimentation control plan with indigenous and adaptable
Additional measures to species.
mitigate the effect of
pollution and safety on
construction Site Sustainability
Storm water collection
management plan
Structures or facilities for
storm water collection
Designated
Minimum Fresh Air Smoking Area
Rates If smoking is banned within the
building and property premises, “NO
Compliance to the minimum SMOKING” signs
fresh air rates provided in the If smoking is only allowed outdoors,
latest Philippine Society of designated smoking areas shall be
Ventilating, Air-Conditioning and naturally ventilated, outside of the
Refrigerating Engineers (PSVARE) building shell and away from building
Standards. entrances, windows and outside
Indoor Environmental supply air (OSA) intakes by at least
ten (10) meters.
Quality If smoking is allowed indoors,
designated smoking areas shall be
provided, partitioned from the rest of
the indoor areas.
Doors and windows of enclosed
smoking area shall always be closed
and well sealed.
leadership in
environment &
energy design
INTEGRATIVE PROCESS LOCATION AND SUSTAINABLE SITES WATER EFFICIENCY
TRANSPORTATION
ENERGY AND MATERIALS AND INDOOR INNOVATION REGIONAL PRIORITY

ATMOSPHERE RESOURCES ENVIRONMENTAL
QUALITY
Source: US Green Building Council, LEED v4.1 BD+C, 2020

RP IP
IN 4 1
LT
6
16
IEQ
16
SS
10
point distribution
MR
13
WE
11
of LEED Credits
EA
33

integrative process
Maximize opportunities for integrated, cost-effective adoption of
green design and construction strategies, emphasizing human
health as a fundamental evaluative criterion for building design,
construction and operational strategies. Utilize innovative
approaches and techniques for green design and construction.
Owner’s Project Requirements Document

Develop a health mission statement and incorporate it in the OPR.
The health mission statement must address "triple bottom line"
values—economic, environmental and social
Integrated Project Team Design Charrette

Assemble an integrated project team and include as Minimum four-hour. The goal is to optimize the
many of the following professionals as feasible integration of green strategies across all aspects of
(minimum of four), building design, construction and operations, drawing on
the expertise of all participants.

integrative process
Energy-Related Systems Water-Related Systems
Site conditions Indoor water demand
Massing and orientation Outdoor water demand
Basic envelope attributes Process water demand
Lighting levels Supply sources
Thermal comfort ranges
Plug and process load needs Health & Well-being
Programmatic and operational
parameters Establish health goals
Prioritize design strategies
Site Selection Anticipate outcomes
Building site attributes

Transportation
Occupant and community well-being
Social Equity

location & transportation
LEED for Neighborhood Development Surrounding Density and Diverse Uses
Location
To conserve land and protect farmland and wildlife habitat by encouraging
development in areas with existing infrastructure. To promote walkability,
Sensitive Land Protection and transportation efficiency and reduce vehicle distance traveled. To
Previously Developed Land improve public health by encouraging daily physical activity.
Avoidance of Sensitive Land
Prime farmland Access to Quality Transit
Floodplains To encourage development in locations shown to have multimodal
Habitat transportation choices or otherwise reduced motor vehicle use, thereby
Water bodies reducing greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution, and other
Wetlands environmental and public health harms associated with motor vehicle use.
High-Priority Site and Equitable Bicycle Facilities

Development
To promote bicycling and transportation efficiency and reduce vehicle
High Priority Sites distance traveled. To improve public health by encouraging utilitarian and
Economically Disadvantaged recreational physical activity.
Community Location
Brownfield Remediation
Equitable Development Source: US Green Building Council, LEED v4.1 BD+C, 2020
***Required
Reduced Parking Footprint
To minimize the environmental harms associated with
parking facilities, including automobile dependence, land
consumption, and rainwater runoff.
No Off-Street Parking
Reduce Parking
Carshare
Unbundling Parking
Electric Vehicles
To reduce pollution by promoting alternatives to
conventionally fueled automobiles.
Electric Vehicle Charging Hotel Barcelona 1882
Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Address: Carrer de Corsega 482, Barcelona, Spain, 08025
Electric buses or school-owned vehicles Rating system: LEED BD+C: New Constructionv3 - LEED 2009
Last certified on: January 31, 2019
Certification level: Gold
The advantages of its location for transportation have been increased with
the installation of 10 spaces for bicycles with changing rooms and showers
and four parking spaces inside the building for low-emitting and fuel-
Source: US Green Building Council, LEED v4.1 BD+C, 2020 efficient vehicles.
Sustainable Sites
Construction Activity Pollution Prevention*** Protect or Restore Habitat
To reduce pollution from construction activities by To conserve existing natural areas and restore damaged
controlling soil erosion, waterway sedimentation, and areas to provide habitat and promote biodiversity.
airborne dust.
Open Space
Environmental Site Assessment***
To create exterior open space that encourages interaction
To protect the health of vulnerable populations by with the environment, social interaction, passive
ensuring that the site is assessed for environmental recreation, and physical activities.
contamination and that any environmental contamination
has been remediated. Rainwater Management
To reduce runoff volume and improve water quality by
Site Assessment
replicating the natural hydrology and water balance of the
To assess site conditions before design to evaluate site, based on historical conditions and undeveloped
sustainable options and inform related decisions about ecosystems in the region.
site design.
Topography, Hydrology, Climate, Vegetation, Soils, Treat run-off from pollutant-generating impervious
Human Use, Human health effects surfaces (i.e. vehicle pavement, service courts, trash
enclosures) using low-impact development (LID) practice.
***Required
Sustainable Sites
Heat Island Reduction Site Master Plan
To minimize effects on microclimates and human and To ensure that the sustainable site benefits achieved by
wildlife habitats by reducing heat islands. the project continue, regardless of future changes in
Nonroof and Roof programs or demographics.
Parking under Cover
Tenant Design and Construction Guidelines
Light Pollution Reduction
To educate tenants in implementing sustainable design
To increase night sky access, improve nighttime visibility, and construction features in their tenant improvement
and reduce the consequences of development for wildlife build-outs.
and people.
Places of Respite
Meet uplight and light trespass requirements, using either
the backlight-uplight-glare (BUG) method (Option 1) or the To provide patients, staff, and visitors with the health
calculation method (Option 2). Projects may use different benefits of the natural environment by creating outdoor
options for uplight and light trespass. places of respite on the healthcare campus.

Sustainable Sites
Direct Exterior Access
To provide patients and staff with the health benefits
associated with direct access to the natural environment.
Joint Use of Facilities

To integrate the school with the community by sharing the
building and its playing fields for nonschool events and
functions.
Make Building Space Open to the General Public
Contract with Specific Organizations to Share Building
Space
Use Shared Space Owned by Other Organizations
IT10 Chiesi Farmaceutici Headquarters
Address: Strada Nuova Naviglio, Parma, Parma, Italy, 43122
Rating system: LEED BD+C: New Constructionv4 - LEED v4
Last certified on: December 08, 2020
Health and wellbeing are key priorities for Chiesi: with more than 40% of
the site dedicated open spaces, the HQ provides many recreational options
to its employees, fostering social interaction and encouraging the flow of
Source: US Green Building Council, LEED v4.1 BD+C, 2020 people within green and biodiverse areas.
Water Efficiency
Outdoor Water Use Reduction*** Outdoor Water Use Reduction
To reduce outdoor water consumption.
No Irrigation Required Indoor Water Use Reduction
Reduced Irrigation
Cooling Tower and Process Water Use
Indoor Water Use Reduction***
To conserve water used for mechanical processes and
To reduce indoor water consumption. cooling tower makeup while controlling microbes,
Building Water Use - reduce 20% from the baseline corrosion, and scale in the condenser water system.
Appliance and Process Water Use Cooling Tower Water Use
No Cooling Tower
Building-Level Water Metering*** Process Water Use
To support water management and identify opportunities
Water Metering
for additional water savings by tracking water
consumption. To support water management and identify opportunities
consumption.

***Required
Water Efficiency
Additional tips for Water Efficiency
Water fixtures are highly efficient and certified Water
Sense
Water-efficient ENERGY STAR labeled dishwashers
reduce process water usage
Install additional water meters to monitor
consumptions and water leaks
Use municipal reclaimed water system
Condensed water treatment and reuse
The New American Home 2021

Address: 674 West Morse Blvd., Winter Park, Florida, United States, 32789
Rating system: LEED Residential BD+C: Single Familyv4.1 - LEED v4.1
Last certified on: February 25, 2021
In addition to energy savings, this home is designed to achieve an
estimated 50% reduction from baseline in water use. This remarkable
water use reduction is made possible using low-flow water fixtures, natural
Source: US Green Building Council website indigenous landscaping, and a high-efficient irrigation system.
energy & atmosphere
Fundamental Commissioning and Verification*** Fundamental Refrigerant Management***
To support the design, construction, and eventual To reduce stratospheric ozone depletion.
operation of a project that meets the owner’s project
requirements for energy, water, indoor environmental Do not use chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)-based refrigerants
quality, and durability. in new heating, ventilating, air-conditioning, and
refrigeration (HVAC&R) systems. When reusing existing
Minimum Energy Performance*** HVAC&R equipment, complete a comprehensive CFC
phase-out conversion before project completion. Phase-
To reduce the environmental and economic harms of out plans extending beyond the project completion date
excessive energy use by achieving a minimum level of will be considered on their merits.
energy efficiency for the building and its systems.
Enhanced Commissioning
Building-Level Energy Metering***
To further support the design, construction, and eventual
To support energy management and identify opportunities operation of a project that meets the owner’s project
for additional energy savings by tracking building-level requirements for energy, water, indoor environmental
energy use. quality, and durability.

***Required
energy & atmosphere
Optimize Energy Performance Renewable Energy
To achieve increasing levels of energy performance To reduce the environmental and economic harms
beyond the prerequisite standard to reduce environmental associated with fossil fuel energy and reduce greenhouse
and economic harms associated with excessive energy gas emissions by increasing the supply of renewable
use. energy and carbon mitigation projects.
Advanced Energy Metering Enhanced Refrigerant Management

To support energy management and identify opportunities To reduce ozone depletion and support early compliance
for additional energy savings by tracking building-level with the Montreal Protocol while minimizing direct
and system-level energy use. contributions to climate change.
Grid Harmonization
To increase participation in demand response
technologies and programs that make energy generation
and distribution systems more efficient, increase grid
reliability, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

energy & atmosphere
Additional tips for Energy & Atmosphere
Efficient building envelop and HVAC systems
On-site photovoltaic system to produce electricity
100% LED lighting: high visual comfort, low-energy
consumption, and no-mercury content
Energy meters to track and lower consumption
Use Inverter Mini Split AC units, gas powered dryer
and all appliances are Energy Star Certified
HVAC, lighting, electrical systems went through an in-
depth retrofit to ensure the building is efficient,
sustainable, with low carbon footprint
Utilize autoclaved aerated concrete blocks and NFRC
certified windows
Shopping Center Campo dei Fiori Gavirate
Address: Viale Ticino, 82, Gavirate, Varese, Italy, 21026
Rating system: LEED O+M: Existing Buildingsv4.1 - LEED v4.1
The features of the building are one of a kind. To reduce energy consumption,
geothermal heat pumps are used for the production of heat-transfer fluids and a
photovoltaic system for the production of electricity. This, combined with the
connection to the district heating network, the LED lighting and an advanced
Source: US Green Building Council, LEED v4.1 BD+C, 2020 Building Management System, guarantees an estimated annual saving of one ton of
CO2 not emitted into the atmosphere.
materials & resources
Storage and Collection of Recyclables*** Building Life-Cycle Impact Reduction
To reduce the waste that is generated by building To encourage adaptive reuse and optimize the
occupants and hauled to and disposed of in landfills. environmental performance of products and materials.
Historic Building Reuse
Construction and Demolition Waste Renovation of Abandoned or Blighted Building
Management Planning*** Building and Material Reuse
Whole-Building Life-Cycle Assessment
To reduce construction and demolition waste disposed of
in landfills and incineration facilities by recovering,
reusing, and recycling materials. Building Product Disclosure and Optimization –
Environmental Product Declarations
Persistent Bioaccumulative and Toxic (PBT) To encourage the use of products and materials for which
Source Reduction – Mercury*** life-cycle information is available and that have
environmentally, economically, and socially preferable
To reduce mercury-containing products and devices and life-cycle impacts. To reward project teams for selecting
mercury release through product substitution, capture, products from manufacturers who have verified improved
and recycling. environmental life-cycle impacts.

***Required
Building Product Disclosure and Optimization – Furniture and Medical Furnishings
To enhance the environmental and human health
Material Ingredient Reporting performance attributes associated with freestanding
Manufacturer Inventory furniture and medical furnishings.
Health Product Declaration Minimal Chemical Content
Cradle to Cradle Testing and Modeling of Chemical Content
Material Ingredient Optimization Multi-Attribute Assessment of Products
Material Ingredient Screening and Optimization Life-cycle assessment and environmental product
Action Plan declarations
Advanced Inventory & Assessment Environmental Product Declarations
Material Ingredient Optimization Extended producer responsibility
Bio-based materials
PBT Source Reduction – Mercury, Lead, Wood products
Cadmium, and Copper Materials reuse
Recycled content
To reduce the release of persistent, bioaccumulative, and
toxic (PBT) chemicals associated with the life cycle of
building materials.

Design for Flexibility
Conserve resources associated with the construction and
management of buildings by designing for flexibility and
ease of future adaptation and for the service life of
components and assemblies.
Construction and Demolition Waste

Management
reusing, and recycling materials.
Diversion
Reduction of Total (Construction and Demolition)
Waste Material

Additional tips for Materials & Resources
Use shipping containers as a base structure and
facade material (98% of the facade is recycled!)
Conduct whole building life-cycle assessment to know
and reduce the building impact on e.g. global warming
Use Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) Certified
Wood for its floor covering, exterior siding, stairs
cladding, and also using metal framing for interior
walls, ceiling and roof framing
401 N Michigan Ave Recertification 2022

Address: 401 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, United States, 60611
Rating system: LEED O+M: Existing Buildingsv3 - LEED 2009
Last certified on: August 23, 2022
401 North Michigan Avenue has achieved significant recycling rates and reduction of
waste generated by building occupants normally hauled to and disposed of in
landfills. In general, LEED projects are responsible for diverting over 80 million tons
of waste from landfills, which is expected to grow to 540 million tons of waste
Source: US Green Building Council, LEED v4.1 BD+C, 2020 diversion by 2030.
Minimum Indoor Air Quality Performance*** Environmental Tobacco Smoke Control***
To contribute to the comfort and well-being of building To prevent or minimize exposure of building occupants,
occupants by establishing minimum standards for indoor indoor surfaces, and ventilation air distribution systems to
air quality (IAQ). environmental tobacco smoke.
Mechanically Ventilated Spaces Prohibit smoking inside the building.
Mechanical Ventilation No Smoking
Monitoring for mechanical ventilation systems Compartmentalization of Smoking Areas
Naturally Ventilated Spaces
Natural Ventilation Minimum Acoustic Performance***
Monitoring for natural ventilation systems
To provide classrooms that facilitate teacher-to-student
and student-to-student communication through effective
acoustic design.
HVAC Background Noise
Exterior Noise
Reverberation Time

***Required
Enhanced Indoor Air Quality Strategies Low-Emitting Materials
To promote occupants’ comfort, well-being, and To reduce concentrations of chemical contaminants that
productivity by improving indoor air quality. can damage air quality, human health, productivity, and
Enhanced IAQ Strategies the environment.
Mechanically ventilated spaces: Low-emitting criteria
entryway systems; Inherently nonemitting sources
interior cross-contamination prevention; and Salvaged and reused materials
filtration. VOC emissions evaluation
Naturally ventilated spaces: VOC content evaluation
entryway systems; and Formaldehyde Emissions Evaluation
natural ventilation design calculations. Furniture Emissions Evaluation
Mixed-mode systems:
entryway systems;
interior cross-contamination prevention;
filtration;
natural ventilation design calculations; and
mixed-mode design calculations.

Construction Indoor Air Quality Management Indoor Air Quality Assessment
Plan
To establish better quality indoor air in the building after
To promote the well-being of construction workers and construction and during occupancy.
building occupants by minimizing indoor air quality Flush-Out
problems associated with construction and renovation. Air Testing
Moisture
Particulates Thermal Comfort
VOCs
Outdoor emissions To promote occupants’ productivity, comfort, and well-
Tobacco being by providing quality thermal comfort.
Noise and vibration Thermal Comfort Design
Infection control ASHRAE Standard 55-2017
ISO Standards
Thermal Comfort Control

Interior Lighting Quality Views
To promote occupants’ productivity, comfort, and well- To give building occupants a connection to the natural
being by providing high-quality lighting. outdoor environment by providing quality views.
Lighting Control Achieve a direct line of sight to the outdoors via vision
Lighting Quality glazing for 75% of all regularly occupied floor area.
View glazing in the contributing area must provide a
Day Lighting clear image of the exterior, not obstructed by frits,
fibers, patterned glazing, or added tints that distort
To connect building occupants with the outdoors, color balance.
reinforce circadian rhythms, and reduce the use of
electrical lighting by introducing daylight into the space.
Acoustic Performance
Simulation: Spatial Daylight Autonomy and Annual
Sunlight Exposure To provide workspaces and classrooms that promote
Simulation: Illuminance Calculations occupants’ well-being, productivity, and communications
Measurement through effective acoustic design.
For all occupied spaces, meet two of the following:
HVAC background noise, Sound Transmission, and/or
Reverberation time.

Additional tips for Indoor Environmental Quality
Operable windows, ceiling fans, and automatic vents
allow for fresh air to circulate around the house
bringing in healthy air and pushing out toxins.
Smoking is strictly forbidden indoors and only allowed
in dedicated areas at a minimum of 8 m from doors,
operable windows, and air intakes to prevent
exposure to tobacco smoke.
Carbon dioxide monitoring for offices to promote
occupants’ comfort, well-being, and productivity by
improving indoor air quality.
YY House
Address: YY Compound, Mandaue City, Cebu, Philippines, 6014
Rating system: LEED BD+C: Homesv4 - LEED v4
Last certified on: April 08, 2020
As the owner’s design brief called for an exceptional air quality for family members
with asthma and environmental allergies, the designer incorporated an all-weather
walk-off mat, a shoe removal area and MERV 13 filters for the HVAC. Toilets and
living areas were fitted with Ecocarat tiles that regulates humidity and absorbs
Source: US Green Building Council, LEED v4.1 BD+C, 2020 harmful airborne matter.
innovation regional priority
To encourage projects to achieve exceptional or To provide an incentive for the achievement of credits that
innovative performance. address geographically specific environmental, social
equity, and public health priorities.

let's start
with ourselves
THANK YOU
Sustainable
Design &
construction
CEBD0313 Building Systems Design
topics
Built Environment and Climate Change
Effects of Sustainable Buildings
Philippine Green Building Code
Sustainable Design and Construction
Integrative Process
Location and Transportation
Sustainable Sites
Water Efficiency
Energy and Atmosphere
Materials and Resources
Indoor Environmental Quality
Innovation and Regional Priority
38.9%
energy consumption, carbon dioxide
254M
tons of municipal solid waste (MSW)
emissions
13%
water consumed in the United States per
83,337
square km of impervious surface
day
90%
Americans spend, or more, of their time
indoors
Buildings and their Impact on the Environment: A Statistical Summary
US Environmental Protection Agency, 2009
https://archive.epa.gov/greenbuilding/web/pdf/gbstats.pdf
Others
10%
Building Operations
27%
Global building floor area is
expected to double by 2060
Transport
20% Aluminum
2
Building Construction Industry

6% Concrete
11
Other Construction Industry

Steel
7% 10
Other Industry
30%
Annual Global CO2 Emissions responsible for 23% of total global

emissions (most of this used in the
built environment)
Source: Architecture 2030, IEA (2022), Buildings, IEA, Paris
https://architecture2030.org/why-the-building-sector/
The Philippine Green Building code
OBJECTIVE
improve the efficiency of building performance through a
framework of acceptable set of standards
PRINCIPLES
Help address the adverse effects of climate change
Resources must be used efficiently
Occupants of green buildings will benefit from improved

Green building is the practice of
adopting measures that promote
resource management efficiency
and site sustainability while
minimizing the negative impact of
buildings on human health and the
environment
Safe
Healthy
Inclusive
Smart
Productive
Efficient
Equitable
Trellis House
Address: 2323 Sherman Avenue, Washington, District of Columbia, United States, 20001
Sustainable
Responsive
Rating system: LEED BD+C: Multifamily Midrisev3 - LEED 2008
The design reduces the heat island effect from the previous site development by introducing a green roof
and non-absorptive hardscape materials and improved the health and safety of the area by completing
Resilient
voluntary remediation to remove underground storage tanks and contaminated soil from prior
development. It's a dense, pedestrian development, rich in transportation options and community
resources with easy access to employment and recreation areas. Bicycle storage is available to
residents to encourage alternative transportation. The project is designed to save over 21 percent more
energy than the baseline building and use 30 percent less water. Besides high-efficiency equipment and
appliances, ventilation systems were tested to ensure the outside air delivery and exhaust fan
performance met the design and deliver a healthy indoor environment for the residents. Material
selections included local, low-emitting, and high recycled content products.
GREEN BUILDING REQUIREMENTS
Energy Efficiency Water Efficiency Material Sustainability Solid Waste Management
Site Sustainability Indoor Environmental Quality

Natural
Ventilation
Operable Windows
Building Envelope
Building Envelope Color
Air Tightness and Moisture
Protection High Solar Reflectance Index (SRI)
Glass Properties
Electrical Systems Energy Efficiency Roof Insulation

Daylight Provision improving thermal comfort,
acoustic quality and reducing
Daylight Controlled Lighting
System Mechanical the load on the air
Lighting Power Density (LPD) Systems conditioning system
Occupancy Sensors for Lighting
Control Air Conditioning System
Elevators and Escalators / Water Heating System
Moving Ramps / Walkways Variable Speed Drives and
Transformer High Efficiency Motors
Overhead or Elevated Water Enthalpy Recovery of Exhaust
Storage Air
Water Fixtures Water
Management
use of efficient plumbing fixtures,
sensors, auto control valves, Rainwater Harvesting
aerators, flow control and pressure- Water Recycling
reducing devices
WATER Efficiency
all matters related to resource
efficiency and material selection
and use with the least impact on the
environment
Paints, coatings, adhesives and Non-Toxic

sealants used indoors or
nonventilated areas shall not Materials
contain Volatile Organic
Compounds (VOC) or should be refer to building materials
within levels tolerable to humans without hazardous or toxic
Composite wood shall not have chemicals that could cause Sick
urea formaldehyde content. Building Syndrome (SBS) and
All other materials containing eventually lead to Building
chemicals used in construction
shall not compromise and be
Material Sustainability Related Illness (BRI)
deleterious to the health and

safety of the workers and
occupants of the building.
Specifications shall comply with
the allowable VOC limits with
Material Safety Data Sheet
(MSDS) from supplier and other
certification to justify the
efficient waste management
practices and use of eco-friendly
Material Recovery
materials Facility (MRF)
collection and segregation of
solid waste materials
compostable (biodegradable)
non-recyclable (to be
Solid waste Management disposed off in the landfill)
recyclable (paper, cardboard,
plastic, metal, wood, etc.)
special waste
Site / Ground Open Space
Preparation and Utilization
Earthworks
A minimum of fifty percent (50%)
of the required Unpaved Surface
Building site erosion and Area (USA) shall be vegetated
sedimentation control plan with indigenous and adaptable
Additional measures to species.
mitigate the effect of
pollution and safety on
construction Site Sustainability
Storm water collection
management plan
Structures or facilities for
storm water collection
Designated
Minimum Fresh Air Smoking Area
Rates If smoking is banned within the
building and property premises, “NO
Compliance to the minimum SMOKING” signs
fresh air rates provided in the If smoking is only allowed outdoors,
latest Philippine Society of designated smoking areas shall be
Ventilating, Air-Conditioning and naturally ventilated, outside of the
Refrigerating Engineers (PSVARE) building shell and away from building
Standards. entrances, windows and outside
Indoor Environmental supply air (OSA) intakes by at least
ten (10) meters.
Quality If smoking is allowed indoors,
designated smoking areas shall be
provided, partitioned from the rest of
the indoor areas.
Doors and windows of enclosed
smoking area shall always be closed
and well sealed.
leadership in
environment &
energy design
INTEGRATIVE PROCESS LOCATION AND SUSTAINABLE SITES WATER EFFICIENCY
TRANSPORTATION
ENERGY AND MATERIALS AND INDOOR INNOVATION REGIONAL PRIORITY

ATMOSPHERE RESOURCES ENVIRONMENTAL
QUALITY

RP IP
IN 4 1
LT
6
16
IEQ
16
SS
10
point distribution
MR
13
WE
11
of LEED Credits
EA
33

integrative process
Maximize opportunities for integrated, cost-effective adoption of
green design and construction strategies, emphasizing human
health as a fundamental evaluative criterion for building design,
construction and operational strategies. Utilize innovative
approaches and techniques for green design and construction.
Owner’s Project Requirements Document

Develop a health mission statement and incorporate it in the OPR.
The health mission statement must address "triple bottom line"
values—economic, environmental and social
Integrated Project Team Design Charrette

Assemble an integrated project team and include as Minimum four-hour. The goal is to optimize the
many of the following professionals as feasible integration of green strategies across all aspects of
(minimum of four), building design, construction and operations, drawing on
the expertise of all participants.

integrative process
Energy-Related Systems Water-Related Systems
Site conditions Indoor water demand
Massing and orientation Outdoor water demand
Basic envelope attributes Process water demand
Lighting levels Supply sources
Thermal comfort ranges
Plug and process load needs Health & Well-being
Programmatic and operational
parameters Establish health goals
Prioritize design strategies
Site Selection Anticipate outcomes
Building site attributes

Transportation
Occupant and community well-being
Social Equity

LEED for Neighborhood Development Surrounding Density and Diverse Uses
Location
To conserve land and protect farmland and wildlife habitat by encouraging
development in areas with existing infrastructure. To promote walkability,
Sensitive Land Protection and transportation efficiency and reduce vehicle distance traveled. To
Previously Developed Land improve public health by encouraging daily physical activity.
Avoidance of Sensitive Land
Prime farmland Access to Quality Transit
Floodplains To encourage development in locations shown to have multimodal
Habitat transportation choices or otherwise reduced motor vehicle use, thereby
Water bodies reducing greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution, and other
Wetlands environmental and public health harms associated with motor vehicle use.
High-Priority Site and Equitable Bicycle Facilities

Development
To promote bicycling and transportation efficiency and reduce vehicle
High Priority Sites distance traveled. To improve public health by encouraging utilitarian and
Economically Disadvantaged recreational physical activity.
Community Location
Brownfield Remediation
Equitable Development Source: US Green Building Council, LEED v4.1 BD+C, 2020
***Required
Reduced Parking Footprint
To minimize the environmental harms associated with
parking facilities, including automobile dependence, land
consumption, and rainwater runoff.
No Off-Street Parking
Reduce Parking
Carshare
Unbundling Parking
Electric Vehicles
To reduce pollution by promoting alternatives to
conventionally fueled automobiles.
Electric Vehicle Charging Hotel Barcelona 1882
Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Address: Carrer de Corsega 482, Barcelona, Spain, 08025
Electric buses or school-owned vehicles Rating system: LEED BD+C: New Constructionv3 - LEED 2009
Last certified on: January 31, 2019
The advantages of its location for transportation have been increased with
the installation of 10 spaces for bicycles with changing rooms and showers
and four parking spaces inside the building for low-emitting and fuel-
Source: US Green Building Council, LEED v4.1 BD+C, 2020 efficient vehicles.
Sustainable Sites
Construction Activity Pollution Prevention*** Protect or Restore Habitat
To reduce pollution from construction activities by To conserve existing natural areas and restore damaged
controlling soil erosion, waterway sedimentation, and areas to provide habitat and promote biodiversity.
airborne dust.
Open Space
Environmental Site Assessment***
To create exterior open space that encourages interaction
To protect the health of vulnerable populations by with the environment, social interaction, passive
ensuring that the site is assessed for environmental recreation, and physical activities.
contamination and that any environmental contamination
has been remediated. Rainwater Management
To reduce runoff volume and improve water quality by
Site Assessment
replicating the natural hydrology and water balance of the
To assess site conditions before design to evaluate site, based on historical conditions and undeveloped
sustainable options and inform related decisions about ecosystems in the region.
site design.
Topography, Hydrology, Climate, Vegetation, Soils, Treat run-off from pollutant-generating impervious
Human Use, Human health effects surfaces (i.e. vehicle pavement, service courts, trash
enclosures) using low-impact development (LID) practice.
***Required
Sustainable Sites
Heat Island Reduction Site Master Plan
To minimize effects on microclimates and human and To ensure that the sustainable site benefits achieved by
wildlife habitats by reducing heat islands. the project continue, regardless of future changes in
Nonroof and Roof programs or demographics.
Parking under Cover
Tenant Design and Construction Guidelines
Light Pollution Reduction
To educate tenants in implementing sustainable design
To increase night sky access, improve nighttime visibility, and construction features in their tenant improvement
and reduce the consequences of development for wildlife build-outs.
and people.
Places of Respite
Meet uplight and light trespass requirements, using either
the backlight-uplight-glare (BUG) method (Option 1) or the To provide patients, staff, and visitors with the health
calculation method (Option 2). Projects may use different benefits of the natural environment by creating outdoor
options for uplight and light trespass. places of respite on the healthcare campus.

Sustainable Sites
Direct Exterior Access
To provide patients and staff with the health benefits
associated with direct access to the natural environment.
Joint Use of Facilities

To integrate the school with the community by sharing the
building and its playing fields for nonschool events and
functions.
Make Building Space Open to the General Public
Contract with Specific Organizations to Share Building
Space
Use Shared Space Owned by Other Organizations
IT10 Chiesi Farmaceutici Headquarters
Address: Strada Nuova Naviglio, Parma, Parma, Italy, 43122
Rating system: LEED BD+C: New Constructionv4 - LEED v4
Last certified on: December 08, 2020
Health and wellbeing are key priorities for Chiesi: with more than 40% of
the site dedicated open spaces, the HQ provides many recreational options
to its employees, fostering social interaction and encouraging the flow of
Source: US Green Building Council, LEED v4.1 BD+C, 2020 people within green and biodiverse areas.
Water Efficiency
Outdoor Water Use Reduction*** Outdoor Water Use Reduction
To reduce outdoor water consumption.
No Irrigation Required Indoor Water Use Reduction
Reduced Irrigation
Cooling Tower and Process Water Use
Indoor Water Use Reduction***
To conserve water used for mechanical processes and
To reduce indoor water consumption. cooling tower makeup while controlling microbes,
Building Water Use - reduce 20% from the baseline corrosion, and scale in the condenser water system.
Appliance and Process Water Use Cooling Tower Water Use
No Cooling Tower
Building-Level Water Metering*** Process Water Use
To support water management and identify opportunities
Water Metering
consumption. To support water management and identify opportunities
consumption.

***Required
Water Efficiency
Additional tips for Water Efficiency
Water fixtures are highly efficient and certified Water
Sense
Water-efficient ENERGY STAR labeled dishwashers
reduce process water usage
Install additional water meters to monitor
consumptions and water leaks
Use municipal reclaimed water system
Condensed water treatment and reuse
The New American Home 2021

Address: 674 West Morse Blvd., Winter Park, Florida, United States, 32789
Rating system: LEED Residential BD+C: Single Familyv4.1 - LEED v4.1
Last certified on: February 25, 2021
In addition to energy savings, this home is designed to achieve an
estimated 50% reduction from baseline in water use. This remarkable
water use reduction is made possible using low-flow water fixtures, natural
Source: US Green Building Council website indigenous landscaping, and a high-efficient irrigation system.
energy & atmosphere
Fundamental Commissioning and Verification*** Fundamental Refrigerant Management***
To support the design, construction, and eventual To reduce stratospheric ozone depletion.
operation of a project that meets the owner’s project
requirements for energy, water, indoor environmental Do not use chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)-based refrigerants
quality, and durability. in new heating, ventilating, air-conditioning, and
refrigeration (HVAC&R) systems. When reusing existing
Minimum Energy Performance*** HVAC&R equipment, complete a comprehensive CFC
phase-out conversion before project completion. Phase-
To reduce the environmental and economic harms of out plans extending beyond the project completion date
excessive energy use by achieving a minimum level of will be considered on their merits.
energy efficiency for the building and its systems.
Enhanced Commissioning
Building-Level Energy Metering***
To further support the design, construction, and eventual
To support energy management and identify opportunities operation of a project that meets the owner’s project
for additional energy savings by tracking building-level requirements for energy, water, indoor environmental
energy use. quality, and durability.

***Required
energy & atmosphere
Optimize Energy Performance Renewable Energy
To achieve increasing levels of energy performance To reduce the environmental and economic harms
beyond the prerequisite standard to reduce environmental associated with fossil fuel energy and reduce greenhouse
and economic harms associated with excessive energy gas emissions by increasing the supply of renewable
use. energy and carbon mitigation projects.
Advanced Energy Metering Enhanced Refrigerant Management

To support energy management and identify opportunities To reduce ozone depletion and support early compliance
for additional energy savings by tracking building-level with the Montreal Protocol while minimizing direct
and system-level energy use. contributions to climate change.
Grid Harmonization
To increase participation in demand response
technologies and programs that make energy generation
and distribution systems more efficient, increase grid
reliability, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

energy & atmosphere
Additional tips for Energy & Atmosphere
Efficient building envelop and HVAC systems
On-site photovoltaic system to produce electricity
100% LED lighting: high visual comfort, low-energy
consumption, and no-mercury content
Energy meters to track and lower consumption
Use Inverter Mini Split AC units, gas powered dryer
and all appliances are Energy Star Certified
HVAC, lighting, electrical systems went through an in-
depth retrofit to ensure the building is efficient,
sustainable, with low carbon footprint
Utilize autoclaved aerated concrete blocks and NFRC
certified windows
Shopping Center Campo dei Fiori Gavirate
Address: Viale Ticino, 82, Gavirate, Varese, Italy, 21026
Rating system: LEED O+M: Existing Buildingsv4.1 - LEED v4.1
The features of the building are one of a kind. To reduce energy consumption,
geothermal heat pumps are used for the production of heat-transfer fluids and a
photovoltaic system for the production of electricity. This, combined with the
connection to the district heating network, the LED lighting and an advanced
Source: US Green Building Council, LEED v4.1 BD+C, 2020 Building Management System, guarantees an estimated annual saving of one ton of
CO2 not emitted into the atmosphere.
Storage and Collection of Recyclables*** Building Life-Cycle Impact Reduction
To reduce the waste that is generated by building To encourage adaptive reuse and optimize the
occupants and hauled to and disposed of in landfills. environmental performance of products and materials.
Historic Building Reuse
Construction and Demolition Waste Renovation of Abandoned or Blighted Building
Management Planning*** Building and Material Reuse
Whole-Building Life-Cycle Assessment
reusing, and recycling materials. Building Product Disclosure and Optimization –
Persistent Bioaccumulative and Toxic (PBT) To encourage the use of products and materials for which
Source Reduction – Mercury*** life-cycle information is available and that have
environmentally, economically, and socially preferable
To reduce mercury-containing products and devices and life-cycle impacts. To reward project teams for selecting
mercury release through product substitution, capture, products from manufacturers who have verified improved
and recycling. environmental life-cycle impacts.

***Required
Building Product Disclosure and Optimization – Furniture and Medical Furnishings
To enhance the environmental and human health
Material Ingredient Reporting performance attributes associated with freestanding
Manufacturer Inventory furniture and medical furnishings.
Health Product Declaration Minimal Chemical Content
Cradle to Cradle Testing and Modeling of Chemical Content
Material Ingredient Optimization Multi-Attribute Assessment of Products
Material Ingredient Screening and Optimization Life-cycle assessment and environmental product
Action Plan declarations
Advanced Inventory & Assessment Environmental Product Declarations
Material Ingredient Optimization Extended producer responsibility
Bio-based materials
PBT Source Reduction – Mercury, Lead, Wood products
Cadmium, and Copper Materials reuse
Recycled content
To reduce the release of persistent, bioaccumulative, and
toxic (PBT) chemicals associated with the life cycle of
building materials.

Design for Flexibility
Conserve resources associated with the construction and
management of buildings by designing for flexibility and
ease of future adaptation and for the service life of
components and assemblies.
Construction and Demolition Waste

Management
reusing, and recycling materials.
Diversion
Reduction of Total (Construction and Demolition)
Waste Material

Additional tips for Materials & Resources
Use shipping containers as a base structure and
facade material (98% of the facade is recycled!)
Conduct whole building life-cycle assessment to know
and reduce the building impact on e.g. global warming
Use Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) Certified
Wood for its floor covering, exterior siding, stairs
cladding, and also using metal framing for interior
walls, ceiling and roof framing
401 N Michigan Ave Recertification 2022

Address: 401 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, United States, 60611
Rating system: LEED O+M: Existing Buildingsv3 - LEED 2009
Last certified on: August 23, 2022
401 North Michigan Avenue has achieved significant recycling rates and reduction of
waste generated by building occupants normally hauled to and disposed of in
landfills. In general, LEED projects are responsible for diverting over 80 million tons
of waste from landfills, which is expected to grow to 540 million tons of waste
Source: US Green Building Council, LEED v4.1 BD+C, 2020 diversion by 2030.
Minimum Indoor Air Quality Performance*** Environmental Tobacco Smoke Control***
To contribute to the comfort and well-being of building To prevent or minimize exposure of building occupants,
occupants by establishing minimum standards for indoor indoor surfaces, and ventilation air distribution systems to
air quality (IAQ). environmental tobacco smoke.
Mechanically Ventilated Spaces Prohibit smoking inside the building.
Mechanical Ventilation No Smoking
Monitoring for mechanical ventilation systems Compartmentalization of Smoking Areas
Naturally Ventilated Spaces
Natural Ventilation Minimum Acoustic Performance***
Monitoring for natural ventilation systems
To provide classrooms that facilitate teacher-to-student
and student-to-student communication through effective
acoustic design.
HVAC Background Noise
Exterior Noise
Reverberation Time

***Required
Enhanced Indoor Air Quality Strategies Low-Emitting Materials
To promote occupants’ comfort, well-being, and To reduce concentrations of chemical contaminants that
productivity by improving indoor air quality. can damage air quality, human health, productivity, and
Enhanced IAQ Strategies the environment.
Mechanically ventilated spaces: Low-emitting criteria
entryway systems; Inherently nonemitting sources
interior cross-contamination prevention; and Salvaged and reused materials
filtration. VOC emissions evaluation
Naturally ventilated spaces: VOC content evaluation
entryway systems; and Formaldehyde Emissions Evaluation
natural ventilation design calculations. Furniture Emissions Evaluation
Mixed-mode systems:
entryway systems;
interior cross-contamination prevention;
filtration;
natural ventilation design calculations; and
mixed-mode design calculations.

Construction Indoor Air Quality Management Indoor Air Quality Assessment
Plan
To establish better quality indoor air in the building after
To promote the well-being of construction workers and construction and during occupancy.
building occupants by minimizing indoor air quality Flush-Out
problems associated with construction and renovation. Air Testing
Moisture
Particulates Thermal Comfort
VOCs
Outdoor emissions To promote occupants’ productivity, comfort, and well-
Tobacco being by providing quality thermal comfort.
Noise and vibration Thermal Comfort Design
Infection control ASHRAE Standard 55-2017
ISO Standards
Thermal Comfort Control

Interior Lighting Quality Views
To promote occupants’ productivity, comfort, and well- To give building occupants a connection to the natural
being by providing high-quality lighting. outdoor environment by providing quality views.
Lighting Control Achieve a direct line of sight to the outdoors via vision
Lighting Quality glazing for 75% of all regularly occupied floor area.
View glazing in the contributing area must provide a
Day Lighting clear image of the exterior, not obstructed by frits,
fibers, patterned glazing, or added tints that distort
To connect building occupants with the outdoors, color balance.
reinforce circadian rhythms, and reduce the use of
electrical lighting by introducing daylight into the space.
Acoustic Performance
Simulation: Spatial Daylight Autonomy and Annual
Sunlight Exposure To provide workspaces and classrooms that promote
Simulation: Illuminance Calculations occupants’ well-being, productivity, and communications
Measurement through effective acoustic design.
For all occupied spaces, meet two of the following:
HVAC background noise, Sound Transmission, and/or
Reverberation time.

Additional tips for Indoor Environmental Quality
Operable windows, ceiling fans, and automatic vents
allow for fresh air to circulate around the house
bringing in healthy air and pushing out toxins.
Smoking is strictly forbidden indoors and only allowed
in dedicated areas at a minimum of 8 m from doors,
operable windows, and air intakes to prevent
exposure to tobacco smoke.
Carbon dioxide monitoring for offices to promote
occupants’ comfort, well-being, and productivity by
improving indoor air quality.
YY House
Address: YY Compound, Mandaue City, Cebu, Philippines, 6014
Rating system: LEED BD+C: Homesv4 - LEED v4
Last certified on: April 08, 2020
As the owner’s design brief called for an exceptional air quality for family members
with asthma and environmental allergies, the designer incorporated an all-weather
walk-off mat, a shoe removal area and MERV 13 filters for the HVAC. Toilets and
living areas were fitted with Ecocarat tiles that regulates humidity and absorbs
Source: US Green Building Council, LEED v4.1 BD+C, 2020 harmful airborne matter.
innovation regional priority
To encourage projects to achieve exceptional or To provide an incentive for the achievement of credits that
innovative performance. address geographically specific environmental, social
equity, and public health priorities.

let's start
with ourselves
THANK YOU
Group 1 - ROOFING
1. They are installed at the eaves to
create a first line of defense against wind uplift along the roof’s
edge.
a. Soffit
b. Shingle starter strip
c. Facia
d. Drip Edge
-B
2. It carry water down the side of your home from

the gutters.
a. Facia
b. Downspout
c. Flashing
d. Drip Edge
-B
IDENTIFICATION
3. It is the top covering of buildings and is one of the components of the building envelope.
-ROOFING SYSTEM OR ROOFING ENVELOPE
4. The peak, or highest section of the roof, where two opposing sections of the roof meet.
- RIDGE
It
5. It provides protection to the roof and the structure. It prevents rainwater, moisture, heat, dust,
etc. from entering the building from the top. It is the outermost layer of the roof
- COVERING/ROOF COVER
Group 2
1. What kind of envelope increases the beauty appearance of a building?
2. What part/s of a door can cover the wall?
3. It is the horizontal part of a window frame.
4. What is the other word for glass?
5. It is significant because of the ability to open and close.
answer:
1.window
2. frame or lining
3.windows sill
4.glazing
5.hinge
Group 3 - Wall Finish Materials
QUESTIONS:
1. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of good paint
A.) It should not easily fade or change
B.) It should be inexpensive
C.) It makes sure that the painted surface would not be damaged.
D.) After drying, no brush marks should show giving a smooth and pleasing appearance
Answer: B
2. What is the paint’s principal constituent that possesses binding properties?

Answer: Base
3. Paint is a type of ________ finish that has a drying out time.

Answer: Wet
4. What is the paint that allows finishing paint to adhere much better?
Answer: Primer
5. What are the dimensions of the working cloth used in glass mosaic tiles?
Answer :12" by 12"
Group 4 - Ceiling Material/Assembly

Questions;
Identification:
1. ceilings that absorb sound better than metal and come in many shapes and styles.
2. _______Construction type is commonly found in homes. These ceilings have a standard drywall finish
and are made of lowest-cost materials, requiring easy installation.
3. ______are multi-level ceilings – they start from one height, then drop as you add levels. As the name
suggests, the ceiling layout resembles.
Write T if the answer is true or write F if the answer is false and put the write answer.
4. A joist is the main load-bearing structural element of a roof. It is support the weight of joist and other
building element.
5. STC or Sound transmission Class is a measurement that indicates how much impact noise is stopped in
a floor/ceiling assembly.
Answer:
1. Mineral Fiber
2. Conventional Ceiling
3. Tray Ceiling
4. F, Beam
5. F, IIC or Impact Insulation Class
Group 5
1. It is the weakest type of laminated glass and is not often used in construction.
Answer: Annealed Glass
2. There both layers are spaced apart by a spacer bar with a primary and secondary sealant
with one or more air spaces amongst them.
Answer: Insulated Glass
3. This technique uses hydrofluoric acid to achieve the frosted look of the glass.
Answer: Acid Etched Glass
4. It is commonly referred to as toughened glass and is a type of safety glass that is created by
heating up standard float glass sheets.
Answer: Tempered Glass
5. It is colorless and has a blue or green colored edge due to the presence of iron oxides.
Answer: Clear Glass
Group 6: Lighting Control System
1. It is triggered by the movement of a heat-emitting body through its field of view.

2. Lighting illuminating points from no major direction.
3. It is an intelligent network-based lighting control the solution that incorporates communication
between various system inputs and outputs related to lighting control with the use of one or
more
central computing devices
4. A type of switch that turns on and off the lighting and offers a three-prong grounded electrical
outlet.
5. Help conserve energy by allowing lights to stay on only while occupants are in space.
Answer:
1. Passive Infrared Sensors (PIR)
2. Non-Directional Luminaire
3. Lighting Control System
4. Combination Switch
5. Occupancy Sensor
Group 7 - Envelope Glazing

Questions:
1. Refers to installing glass in a building’s fixed openings, such as windows and doors.
2. What characteristics does glass have in order for the light to pass through?
3. A material that can be inserted in space between double or triple-glazing panels.
4 & 5. Give two materials used in an envelope (glazing).
Answer Key:
1. Glazing
2. Transparent
3. Inert gas fill
4 & 5. Any of the following:
· Glass
· Frame
· Inert gas fill
· Coatings
· Spacer
· Gaskets; and
· Seals
Group 8
TRUE OF FALSE
1. NFPA 72 states that unless installed in an environment that has walls painted in
orange, manual fire alarm boxes shall be red in color.
2. Fire doors hold back smoke and fire by utilizing intumescent grips.
3. Because Fire Alarm Control Panel/Unit monitors and controls all functions of a fire
alarm system, it is considered the “Brain of the Fire Alarm System”
4. Noise attenuation is achieved by decreasing the intensity or volume of sound in a
controlled environment.
5. Detection is one of the 3 categories of active fire protection system that can put out fire
through direct action, either manually or automatically.
6. Passive Fire Protection System is a system that use fire resistance measures to
prevent a flame from igniting and spreading
7. Life Safety System is any interior building element designed to protect and evacuate
the building population in emergencies.
8. 8-10. Give at least 3 main system under Life Safety System
ANSWER
1. False - precludes the use of red paint or red plastic
2. False - strips
3. True
4. True
5. False - Suppression
6. False - Active
7. True
8. 8-10. Fire Protection, Occupant Safety and Health, Natural Hazards, Security
Group 9 Structural Systems
1. They are the building's main load-bearing elements, and each has unique structural
characteristics that must be taken into account.
- STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
2. A structure that can achieve greater spans, greater rigidity, and lower net weight and is made
up of one or more "folded" shapes.
- FOLDED STRUCTURE
3. All the components that make up a building but are not essential to its primary gravity- or
lateral force-resisting construction, for example, parapet walls, doors, and windows, furniture
and fittings, partitions or partition walls, tiles, paint, etc.
- NON-STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
4. It is the process of constructing and designing structural parts of a structure such that they
withstand and transmit applied loads safely to the ground without going beyond the permitted
stresses in the members.
- STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
5. This wall assists in distributing the weight of the building from the roof to the base, and its
removal could lead to the building collapsing.
- WALL BEARING SYSTEM
6. A space structure that covers a circular area and is basically hemisphere in shape.
- DOME
7. Have a tendency to be stabilized through the movement of gravity to their mass, conserving
them in compression.
- CONVENTIONAL SYSTEMS
8. This structural system material has high strength and equal strength in tension and
compression and is, therefore, suitable for the full range of structural elements and will resist
axial tension, axial compression, and bending-type load with almost equal facility
- STEEL
9. The lowest part of a structure below the ground level which is in direct contact with the
ground and transfers all the dead, live load, and other loads to the soil on which the structure
rests.
- FOUNDATION
10. Structural component that is used to create flat horizontal surfaces such as floors, roof
decks, and ceilings used as a base as well as a ceiling/roof to transfer the load of the structure
to the beams/walls.
- SLAB
Group 10
1. What is the most popular type of thermoplastic pipe use for plumbing drainage?
A. Cross-linked polyethylene
B. Polyethylene
C. Polyvinyl chloride (answer)
2. This pipe is made of steel that has an iron oxide coating.

A. Steel pipe
B. Black pipe (answer)
C. Galvanized steel pipe
3. It is a type of valve that is used to shut off water when needed for repair.
A. Angle Valve
B. Gate Valve (answer)
C. Globe Valve
4. It is used to connect pipe lengths.

A. Fittings (answer)
B. Flow control valves
C. Check valves
5. It is the art and technique of installing pipes, fixtures and other apparatuses in buildings.
A. Plumbing (answer)
B. Waterworks System
Group 11
1. What is the type of window that move on their vertical axis and usually consist of two
sashes?
Answer: SINGLE HUNG
2. One of the most widely used materials for building windows. It is a material with low
thermal conductivity, its life span is long and it is totally recyclable.
Answer: PVC (POLYVINYL CHLORIDE)
3. This is the channel in which the opening and closing mechanisms are inserted. The
current standard size is 16 mm.
Answer: WINDOWS CHANEL
4. Windows are those that open on a fixed axis, using the fittings located on one of the
sides of the sash.
Answer: CASEMENT
5. These type of window combine the functions of vertical (opening up to 45°) and horizontal
(opening up to 180°) pivoting windows, so they can open into two different directions.
Answer: TILT AND TURN
Group 12
Questions:
1. Give one example of electricity generation
2. This primary function is to discharge the enormous voltages of a lightning

strike away from the property
3. What type of electrical conduit is commonly used indoors?
4. What is the purpose of green electrical wires?
5. It is a network of conductors and equipment designed to carry, distribute and

convert electrical power.
Answers:
1. Nuclear power plant, Solar power plant, Wind power plant
2. Grounding electrode system
3. Metallic conduit
4. Only for grounding
5. Electrical System
Group 13
1. The most popular type of finish, extensively used in kitchen and bathroom. It is also easy to
clean and maintain yet brittle and weak to tension and shearing.
A. Glass B. Marble C. Ceramic Tiles

2. It is a kind of flooring material that is available in two forms, tile and carpet. - Cork
3. True or False. The distribution loads in the wall is uniform in a single joist timber. - True
4. ______ can be molded into any shape, size, and with the help of different finishing techniques
like Trowel and Broom finish. It gives a long-lasting surface with a high aesthetic value since it
can be blend in any color.
A. Bricks B. Cement C. Flagstone
5. To produce this, manufacturers suspend the vinyl in a liquid, creating a mixture that can be
spread into a thin layer by a rolling process. From here this plastisol, or liquid plastic, coat is
dried through an application of heat and air that fuses the material into a tough, durable sheet.
- PVC Flooring or Vinyl
Group 14
1. IT IS A DATA CENTER CONSTRUCTION MODEL IN WHICH A SLIGHTLY HIGHER
FLOOR IS CONSTRUCTED ABOVE THE BUILDING'S ORIGINAL CONCRETE SLAB
FLOOR.
2.IT IS THE TYPE OF RAISED FLOORING IN WHICH THE FLOOR PANELS ARE FIXED
ONTO THE PEDESTAL HEAD FOR GREATER SECURITY.
3.NAME A PLACE WHERE FALSE FLOORING IS COMMONLY USED?
4. IT IS A TYPE OF RAISED FLOORING IN WHICH THE FLOOR PANELS ARE LOOSELY
ON THE PEDESTAL HEAD PROVIDING EASY ACCESS TO THE FLOOR VOIDS.
5.NAME ONE PURPOSE OF RAISED/FALSE FLOORING.
ANSWERS:
1.RAISED FLOORING
2.LOCKDOWN/SCREW DOWN SYSTEM
3.MODERN OFFICES/
CASINO/
CALL CENTERS/
DATA CENTERS/
LIBRARIES/
SERVER ROOMS
4. GRAVITYALAY LOOSE SYSTEM
5.VENTILATION/
HELP CONTROL AIR FLOW/
REDUCE AIR TEMPERATURE INTAKE/
PATHWAY FOR ELECTRICAL WIRES
Group 15
1. It is one of the said benefits of having a sturdy building envelope in

which it prevents outside elements like humidity from entering and
causing significant damage and water leakage into the interior of the
building. Moisture Protection
2. It is a basic/common type of material used for both doors and windows
that is eco-friendly, durable and long-lasting as other exterior options. It
is usually last for about 10 to 20 years with proper care. Wood
3. It is a common part of the door in which it sits across the bottom of it

horizontally. Bottom Rail
4. It is a common part of the window in which it is described as shelf-like

piece of window trim located at the bottom of it. Sill
5. It is a part of a building that has an opening in a building's wall for the

admission of light and air. Window
6. It is a part of the building in which has a importance on controlling the

physical atmosphere within a space by enclosing it, excluding air drafts
so that interiors may be more effectively heated or cooled. Doors
7. According to Building Code Section 1007. “Doors, Windows, and the

Like”, Doors, windows, and the like less than ____ meters above the
pavement or groundline shall not, when fully opened or upon opening,
project beyond the property line except fire exit doors. 2.40
8. A type of material that is used for both windows and doors which is
known for its durability and longevity. Usually, can last up to 40-50 years
with proper care. Aluminum
9. Are narrow strips of wood, vinyl, or metal that are used to visually
separate a window's glass into "panes" or lites. Grilles
10. It consists of all the building components that separate the indoors
from the outdoors. Building Envelope
Group 16
1. Type of standpipes that can be used by building occupants.
2. What test is done in order to verify if the water flow alarm is operational?
3. It is responsible for notifying whether the sprinkler system has been activated.
4. These are systems that are filled with pressurized air or nitrogen instead of water.
5. Dry standpipes shall be of such size as to be capable of delivering how many liters of
water?
ANSWERS:
1. WET STANDPIPES
2. INSPECTORS TEST CONNECTION
3. ALARM VALVE
4. DRY PIPE SPRINKLER SYSTEM
5. 900 liters

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PARTS AND SUBSYSTEM OF DOORS

 Top rail – The top rail is the

Figure 1. Shows Door Parts including:

Door frame (subsystem)

Head jamb (subsystem)

Door jamb versus door frame

Figure 2. Shows Brick Mould and

Brick mould (subsystem)

Figure 3. Shows Transom, SDL Bars and

Figure 4. Shows Top Rail, Panel, Lock

Strike plates (subsystem)

Leadlight doors and stained glass doors

UPVC or vinyl doors

Appearing almost exclusively as sliding wardrobe doors, mirrored doors

Hollow core doors

1. Single- and Double-Hung Windows

10. Tilt-Out Windows

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES

SECTION 1007. Doors, Windows, and the like

SECTION 1207. Stairs, Exits, and Occupant Loads

SECTION 1603. Glazing of Openings

MARIEL JOY BARTOLAY

That is why having a lighting control system creates the ability of

These are widely used on both indoor and outdoor lighting of

(a) Luminaires or Light fixtures - a complete lighting

(b) Light Switch - most commonly used to operate

A. Common Types of Available Light Switches

A. Common Types of Available Light Switches

3. Rocker Switch - function like a toggle 4. Combination Switch - In addition to

A. Common Types of Available Light Switches

6. Three-Way Switch - It serves the opposite

A. Common Types of Available Light Switches

Is also a type of light switch and are slightly

B. Different Types of Dimmer Switch

Occupancy sensor serve four basic functions;

C. Four Types of Occupancy Sensors Available:

C. Four Types of Occupancy Sensors Available:

(3) Dual-technology Occupant Sensors (Hybrid) -

An owner may choose to use a time clock instead

A device that measures the ambient light level and

F. Different Lighting Method

H. NETWORK CONTROLS and WIRELESS CONNECTION

What are we dealing with?

A. Standalone Lighting Control System

Standalone Lighting Control

A. Standalone Lighting Control System

A. Standalone Lighting Control System

A. Standalone Lighting Control System

➢ Scene Switch - changes the light

A. Standalone Lighting Control System

A. Standalone Lighting Control System

In this system, multiple devices /

connected to an individual dimmer installed in wall in this case, to a

➢ Corner Mount Occupancy Sensor – recommended for spaces

The room controller mounts as the cover for a four

➢ Class 2 0-10 Volt Control Wiring - is a low

A networked lighting control

➢ Relay Module - it is the driving and

D. Network/Intelligent (wired or wireless)

A systems that offer a

D. Network/Intelligent (wired or wireless)

➢ Occupancy sensors ➢ PIR Occupancy sensor ➢ Wall switches

D. Network/Intelligent (wired or wireless)