FAMILIARIZATION WITH THE

DIFFERENT APPARATUS AND

EQUIPMENT USED
IN TESTING OF MATERIALS
CEMT0413 – Construction Materials and Testing
CEM3A, CEM 3B, SE3A & SE3B
Engr. Jonathan Cruz Muñoz
 SHOVEL

THROWEL BEAM BALANCE

 CYLINDRICAL MOLD OR
VOLUMETRIC MEASURE

DIGITAL BALANCE RECTANGULAR MOLD

 TAMPING RODS

SLUMP TEST CONE DEVICE SIEVES

 FDT BOTTLE

FDT CONE SIEVE SHAKER

COMPRESSION MACHINE
COMPRESSION PART
MINI UTM

TENSION PART
 TENSION PART

COMPRESSION PART
UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE
REQUIREMENTS FOR
LABORATORY REPORTS:
• COVER PAGE * Materials/
• INSIDE: Apparatus/Equipment:
* Title * Procedures:
* Illustrations:
* Group No:
* Data and Tabulation:
* Leader and Members:
* Computation:
* Introduction: * Conclusion:
LABORATORY
REPORTS’
COVER PAGE
LIST OF
APPARATUS AND
EQUIPMENT IN CE
LABORATORY
 THANK YOU
VERY MUCH FOR
YOUR TIME.
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
(WOOD – Part 1)

CEMT 0413 – Construction Materials and Testing

CEM 3A, CEM 3B, SE 3A and SE 3B
Engr. Jonathan Cruz Muñoz
 First Main Construction Materials:
WOOD

• is a traditional building material.

• it is easily worked, has durability and beauty.
• it has great ability to absorb shocks from sudden
load.
• it has freedom from rust and corrosion.
• it is comparatively light in weight.
1. Hardwoods:
- also called “deciduous” trees that have broad leaves
which are normally shed in winter times.

2. Softwoods:
- also called “conifers” trees that bear their seeds in
cones.

Classification of Trees:
Examples of Philippine Timber:
FOUR CATEGORIES:

A. FIRST GROUP:

 Narra – most expensive, used for furnitures and panelings, for

expensive floorings, door panels, stairs.
 Yacal and Guijo – both hardwoods, used for posts and girders,
jambs attached to concrete
 Tanguile and Apitong – the most common lumber in the
market, used generally for framings, joists, trusses, nailers, etc.
 Others are Pine Benguet, White and Red Lauan, Dao, Almaciga,
Mahogany, Ipil, Kalantas, Kalamansi
FOUR CATEGORIES:

B. SECOND GROUP:

 Acacia, Agoho, Dita, Oak, Philippine Chestnut, Pili

C. THIRD GROUP:

 Bakawan. Malakamias, Malasaging, Matamata, Nangka, Santol

C. FOURTH GROUP:

 all other ordinary wood species

Examples of Philippine Timber:

MOISTURE CONTENT OF WOOD

- is expressed as a percentage of the oven-

dry weight and can be determined by the
following methods:

1. oven-dry method
2. electric-moisture meter
Moisture Content (MC):

original weight - oven dry weight

= -------------------------------------- x 100 %
oven dry weight

MOISTURE CONTENT OF WOOD

Problem:
Sample of wood is being subjected to testing to
determine its water content and the following data were
gathered:

Original Weight of Sample = 4.500 grams

Weight after drying = 3.500 grams
Determine the moisture content of the sample.

MOISTURE CONTENT OF WOOD

Moisture Content (MC):

original weight - oven

4.500 grams drygrams
3.500 weight
= -------------------------------------- x 100 %
oven drygrams
3.500 weight

MC = 28.571%
SPECIFICATIONS IN BUYING LUMBER:
- indicate the following:
- no. of pieces
- length
- width
- thickness
- total bd. ft
- kind of lumber
- finish
UNIT OF MEASUREMENT OF WOOD:
BOARD FOOT or BOARD FEET:

Total Bd. Ft =
twL
no. of pcs x -----------
12
FINISHES OF WOOD:
1. S1S = 1 side planed

2. S2S = 2 sides planed

3. S4S = 4 sides planed

4. rough
THREE CATEGORIES OF LUMBER:
1. Yard Lumber

- used for ordinary light

construction and finishing work and
consists of 1 and 2 in. materials.

Examples:
T and G, S-cut, V-cut, mouldings
THREE CATEGORIES OF LUMBER:

2. Shop Lumber

- usually left in 1in. and 2 in.

rough thickness often containing
knots or defects.
THREE CATEGORIES OF LUMBER:

3. Structural Lumber

- intended for use in heavy

construction and for load bearing
purposes.
TYPES OF WOOD GRAIN:

1. Edge Grain

- annual rings run approximately

at right angle to the face.
TYPES OF WOOD GRAIN:

2. Flat Grain

- annual rings run more or less

parallel to the surface.
TYPES OF WOOD GRAIN:

3. Angle Grain

- annual rings run 45 degrees to

the surface.
Thank you very
much for
listening!!!
 Properties of Materials
(Wood – Part 2)
CEMT 0413 – Construction Materials and Testing
CEM 3A, CEM 3B, SE 3A, SE 3B
Engr. Jonathan Cruz Muñoz
Seasoning of Lumber:
Two Methods of Drying Lumber:

1. Air-Drying
- lumber is strip-piled at a slope on a
solid foundation.

2. Kiln-Drying (KD)
- done in a dry kiln which is a large
airtight structure, scientifically heated by
steam pipes.
Glue Laminated Timber:
- term used to described a
wooden member built up of several
layers of wood whose grain
directions are all substantially
parallel.
Glue used in Lamination:
1. Casein Glue
- satisfactory for use in dry locations not
exposed to rain or water.

2. Urea-formaldehyde Resins Glue

- cheap and well cured from 70 deg F up.
Glue used in Lamination:
3. Phenol-formaldehyde-Resin Glue
- not usually recommended because of the high
temperature needed to cure them.

4.Resorcinol-Phenol-formaldehyde Resins
Glue
- are expensive but have excellent qualities of
durability and water resistant.
Advantages of Glue Laminated Timbers:
1. Maybe built up to any desired size from small components,
easing up of transportation facilities.
2. Low grade lumber can be used in sections of laminated
timbers reducing the overall costs.
3. Lumber to be used in laminating can be seasoned much
more quickly and easily while in small units.
4. Trees which are too small for production will produce
material which is perfectly satisfactory for laminated
members.
5. It is possible to use two or more species of together in
certain conditions.
End of
Properties of
Wood …
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
(METALS)

Construction Materials and Testing

CEM 3A, CEM 3B, SE 3A and SE 3B
Engr. Jonathan Cruz Munoz
Second Construction Materials:

STEEL / METALS
Two Types of Metals:

1. Ferrous Metals
- metals in which iron is the principal
component.
2. Non Ferrous Metals
- metals containing no or little iron.
I. Ferrous Metals:

1. Cold-Rolled Sheets
2. Stainless Steel
3. Copper
4. Steel
* Steel:
•A malleable alloy of iron and carbon produced
by melting and refining pig iron and/or scrap
steel, graded according to the carbon content.

•Produce by three basic raw materials: iron, ore

and limestone.
* Variety of Products used in Construction:
1. Rolled Structural Shapes:
* Z, Channel, Wide Flange, T, Angle, I-Beam

2. Sheet Piling:
* sections are made to interlock and are
available in several shapes.
* Variety of Products used in Construction:
3. Steel Pipes:
* seamless or welded small diameter pipe
and electrically welded large diameter
pipe.
4. Welded Wire Fabric:
* another type of reinforcing material. It consists
of parallel, longitudinal wires welded to
transverse wires at regular interval.
* Variety of Products used in Construction:
5. Steel Wire:
* includes pins, needles, nails, cables, piano wire,
fences.

6. Bolts and Nuts

7. Steel Strapping
* Variety of Products used in Construction:
8. Open Web Steel Joists

9. Sheet Steel

10. Steel Studs

11. Pans and Domes

* Variety of Products used in Construction:
12. Reinforcing Steel:
* comes in plain or deformed bars (bars
which have lugs or deformations)
* Reinforcing Bars Properties:
II. Non-Ferrous Metals:
1. Aluminum:
* is a lustrous, silver-white non magnetic,
lightweight metal which is very malleable.

* Aluminum Foil
– used as vapor barrier on walls and
ceilings and as reflective insulation.
II. Non-Ferrous Metals:
2. Copper:
* is a lustrous, reddish metal, and an
excellent electrical and thermal conductor.

3. Lead:
* a soft, malleable, heavy metal, has low
melting point and high coefficient of thermal
expansion.
II. Non-Ferrous Metals:

4. Tin:
* a lustrous white, soft and malleable
metal having a low melting point.