Carpentry Shop

 Carpentry deals with the construction of work

such as making roofs, floors portions etc of a
building , doors, windows, trusses, workbenches,
house hold furniture and many other useful
articles by means of suitable wood.
 The term joinery is used for connecting the
wooden parts with the different joints such as
making doors, stairs, furniture and many other
articles.
 The timber is the material used for carpentry and
joinery work.
Timber
 Wood obtained from exogenous tree by cutting
these trees after their full growth and made
suitable for engineering or building purposes by
sawing and converting into various suitable
commercial sizes.
 Advantages of Timber
 1. It is very easy to be worked with tools to
give it desired shape and size.
 2. Structural connections and joints can be
easily made .
 3. It is lighter in weight.
 4. In framed structure , it suites equally well
both load bearing and non load bearing
members.
 5. In timber work, cost of material as well as
construction both are minimized as compared
to the other materials of similar use.
 6. It responds very well to polishing and
 Advantages of Timber
7. It suites very favorably to doors, windows,
cabinet work furniture an decorative designs
and fittings.
8. It is quit suitable for making sound proof
construction.
9. It, being non conductor of heat, is favoured for
the construction of houses. Such houses will
remain warm in winter and cool in summer.
10. It provides combination of strength, durability,
lightness and economy as compared to other
materials of construction.
 Disadvantages of Timber
 Combustible
 Diminish due to rusting
 Destroyed and decay due to attack of insects, fungi,
terminators etc.
 Timber swell and undergoes shrinkage with changing
atmosphere humidity.
Uses of Timber
 Piles, post, beam, door –windows, roof member,
Truss, paneling, ceiling, partition wall, frame work,
scaffolding, transmission poles, wagon and
coaches, bridges, boat, ships, agricultural implants,
sports goods, musical instruments etc.
Seasoning of Timber
 Seasoning of timber is the process of drying or
removing the moisture or Sap presents in a
freshly felled timber, under more or less controlled
conditions.

 Freshly felled timber contains a large humidity of

moisture roughly from 100 to 200%, based upon
dry weight of wood. If the timber is used without
seasoning it is liable to shrink , wrap and crack.
Advantages of Seasoning
Wood becomes hard, more durable, resistance
to shock and stresses produced.
Its workability is improved.
Its density is reduced, does not wrap after
seasoning.
Shrinkage does not occur after seasoning.
Defects like twisting, bowing and splitting do
not occur.
Improved ability to polishing and painting.
Its resistance to fire is increased.
Methods of Seasoning

1. Natural Seasoning
(a) Air Drying/ seasoning
(b) Water Seasoning

2. Artificial Seasoning
(a) Kiln Seasoning
(b) Chemical Seasoning
(c) Electrical Seasoning
 Natural Seasoning

(a) Air Seasoning:-

In this method of seasoning the sawn
timber is stacked in a dry place about 30
cm above floor level with longitudinal and
crosspieces arranged one upon another,
leaving a space of a few Centimeters for
free circulation of air. Wood fit for
carpenter’s work after 2 years and for
painter’s work after 4 years.
Advantages

(i) It does not necessitate much attention

(ii) It is simple and cheap method.
(iii) Less chances of damage to the timber.

Disadvantages

(i) Very slow extends over years.

(ii) For large stacks considerable space is
required.
(iii) Rigid control cannot be exercised
(iv) Block the capital a long time.
(v) Timber may get damaged by insects and fungi
during seasoning period.
2. Artificial Seasoning
(a) Kiln Seasoning:- The timber is seasoned under
controlled temperature and humidity conditions with proper
circulation and ventilation system. The rise in temperature
should be such that the timber retains the original strength
and elastic properties. The required humidity level is
maintained to avoid wrapping and cracking. The drying of
timber at uniform rate is well maintained by circulating hot
air by fans and a certain amount of steam is added in order to
retain correct humidity. The ventilation is provided to avoid
over heating and excessive humidity. The timber inside the
chamber , on trolley is kept under controlled conditions for
about fortnight or depending upon the initial water content
and required moisture level. The quality of wood is inferior as
compared to the one seasoned by natural seasoned methods.
Kiln Method
Advantages:-
1. moisture content can be reduced as per requirement.
2. less time required for seasoning, less shrinkage.
3. The drying is controlled, so no chances for the attack of
fungi and insects.
4. The drying of different surfaces is even and uniform.

 Disadvantages:-
1. It is costly.
2. More skilled labor required.\
3. Due to quick seasoning so chances to check regularly
seasoning defects such as wrapping, internal cracks,
surface cracks etc.
Plywood

 Plywood is made of three or more number of odd

layers, jointed together by gluing and pressing.
The central layer is called core, the outer layer is
face plys and intermediate layers as cross bands.
Advantages
 1. lighter weight, much stronger than solid stock
of same thickness.
 2. It can be made in very large sizes.
 3. Easily worked and bend into shapes of
different designs.
 4. Top veeners can be given fine decorative
effects to give attractive appearance.
 Wood Working Hand Tools
Classification of tools according to their
use is given below:-
1. Measuring and Marking Tools
2. Holding and Supporting Tools
3. Cutting Tools
4. Planning Tools
5. Boring and Drilling Tools
6. Striking Tools
7. Miscellaneous Tools
Measuring and Marking Tools: used for
measuring, marking, setting out angles and parallel lines and
testing
Measuring Tools
(a) Folding Rule
(b) Measuring Taps
(c) Try square
(d) MITRE Square
(e) Bevel square
Marking Tools
(f) Marking Knife or Scriber
(g) Marking Gauge
(f) Mortise Gauge
(e) Cutting Gauge
Measuring Tool:

(a) Folding Rule

(b) Measuring Steel Tap

 Try Square: -used for measuring and setting out
dimensions, testing the finish of a planed surfaces, draw
parallel lines at right angles (900 ) to plane surfaces, draw
mutually perpendicular lines over a plane surface and test
the squareness to two adjacent surfaces. It consists of a
steel Blade fitting into a wooden or metallic stock at right
angle to it.
 Mitre Square: measuse aand mark angle at 450

 Bevel Sqaure :- measure 0 to 180 degree angle.

Marking tool:-
 Marking Knife or Scriber: It has sharp conical edges
used to mark on even hard surfaces. The front edge is
hardened so as to resist wear and tear. It is made up of
carbon steel. It is used for measuring and marking the
points and lines on wooden stock before processing.
Marking Gauge: It is used to draw parallel lines.
The movable portion of the gauge is adjustable to suitable
position and is tightened on the stem. The piece which slides
is called stock and scribing pin is fixed on the stem.
Mortise Gauge: It is used to draw two parallel
lines. Its working is similar to marking gauge except it
has two sharp edges. One fixed and second
adjustable or fixed
Holding and Supporting Tools
1. Carpenter’s bench and bench Hook
2. Carpenter’s Vice
3. Bar or T- Clamp and C-Clamp
4. Hand Screw
Carpenter’s bench and bench Hook:- It
is table of rigid construction made of hard wood about 180cmx
120cmx90cm(H) size. Four carpenter vice are fitted on opposite
sides of bench to hold the jobs during operation.
Carpenter’s Vice: it is mostly used for holding and
supporting wooden piece. Its one jaw is fixed to the side of the table while
the other is kept movable means of screw and handle.
Clamps and screws: These are used by
carpenters for holding and supporting wood pieces in position for
carrying out different operations.
Cutting Tools
 Cutting tools may classified as follows:-
1. Saws
2. Chisels
3. Axe
Saws:-Sawing means cutting woods along the grains. The main
parts of a saw are blade and handle. The size of a saw is the
length of the blade in mm. the tooth is specified by its pitch and the
angle. The teeth are bent slightly by its pitch and the angle.

Common type of Saws :-

1. Rip saw
2. Cross-cut saw
3. Panel saw
4. Tenon saw (or back saw)
5. Dovetail saw
6. Compass or turning saw
7. Keyhole saw
 Rip saw

 Cross-cut saw

 Tenon saw
1. Dovetail saw

2. Compass or turning
saw

3. Keyhole saw
 Chisels:- In the wood work a large number of chisels
are used for cutting the wood in different manners to
produce desired shapes and verities.
(i) Firmer chisel
(ii) Bevelled edge firmer chisel
(iii) Parting chisel
(iv) Mortise Chisel
(v) Socket chisel
(vi) Gauge chisel
(i) Firmer chisel

(ii) Bevelled edge firmer

chisel

(iii) Parting chisel

(i) Mortise Chisel

(ii) Socket chisel

(iii) Gauge chisel

Axes:- is a cutting tool made of carbon steel. The
cutting edge is formed by beveling both sides of the
axe. It is employed for splitting wood along the grains
for rough work.
Axe
 Axe
 Side axe
 adze

Adze
Side Axe
Planning Tools:- The planning tools are used for shaving or
smoothing plane surfaces. A plane may be described as a
chisel fastened to a metallic or wooden block called body.
The Chisel fastened to the body at an angle of 25 to 35
degree respectively. Another Blade called Cap Iron is used
for stiffening the cutting blade, prevents chattering and helps
in cutting and curling of shavings. The Cap iron should be
1.5mm above the cutting edge.
1. Wooden Jack Plane
2. Iron Jack Plane
3. Smoothing Plane
Boring and Drilling Tools:- for producing
holes in wood.
 Auger
 Gimlet
 Bradwal
 Brace and Bits
 Hand Drill
 Gimlet

Auger

Bradwal

Brace and
Hand Drill
 Striking Tools
1. Mallet
2. Claw Hammer
3. Peen Hammer

Mallet

Claw
Hammer Peen Hammer
Miscellaneous Tools
1. Screw Driver

2. Pincer

3. Rasp file