What is carpentry?

Carpentry may be designed as the process of

making wooden articles and components such
as roofs, floors, windows, doors and partitions.
Carpentry involves cutting shaping and
fastening wood and other materials together
to produce a finished product. Preparation of
joints is one of the important operations in
wood work.
Carpentry tools are used to produce components to an exact size. The
types of carpentry tools are as follows:
1. Marking tools
2. Measuring tools
3. Holding tools
4. Cutting tools
5. Planning tools
6. Boring tools
7. Striking tools
MARKING TOOL (MARKING GAUGE)
It is used to mark lines parallel to the
edges of a wooden piece. It consists of
a square wooden stem with a sliding
wooden stock on it. On the stem, a
marking pin is attached which is made
up of steel. This stem is provided with
a steel nail to scratch the surface of
the work. It consists of two pins; the
distance between the pins is
adjustable. It is used to draw parallel
lines on the stock.
Pencil:
Head pencil generally used for marking purpose.
Scriber:
It has a sharp conical edge used to mark on even hard
surfaces. The front edge is hardened to reduce the wear and
tear. It is made up of carbon steel.
Mortise gauge:
It is used to draw two parallel lines. Its working is similar to
marking gauge except it has two pins. In some mortise
gauges one is fixed while other is movable
PENCIL SCRIBER MORTISE GAUGE
MEASURING TOOLS
The carpentry measuring tools are classified as
follows :
1. Steel tapes and steel rules
2. Try square
3. Callipers
Steel tapes and steel rules:
Steel tapes and steel rules are mainly used for measuring short and
lengths in millimetres.
Try square:
A try square is used for testing squareness and marking of joints.
Bevel square:
A bevel square is used for marking and listing angles between 0 degree to
180 degree.
Callipers:
Callipers are used for the precision measurement of cylindrical surface.
Inside callipers are used for measuring outside diameter and outside
callipers are used to measure inner diameter of a pipe.
 TRY SQUARE

STEEL RULE
OUTSIDE CALLIPERS

STEEL TAPE
BEVEL SQUARE INSIDE CALLIPERS
1. Bench hook: It is used to prevent work from moving
forward when being planed. It is a very simple type of
holding tool.
2. Clamping vice: The whole vice is made up of iron and
steel and also made up of cast steel and jaws are lined
with hard wood.
3. C-Clamp: It is simple type of clamping device generally
used to paste one wood on the other
CLAMPING VICE
C-CLAMP
Saws:
A saw is used to cut wood into pieces. There is different type of saws,
designed to suit different purpose. A saw is specified by the length of
its tooled edge.
Chisels:
Chisels are used for cutting and shaping wood accurately. Wood
chisels are made in various blade widths, ranging from 3 to 50mm.
Most of the wood chisels are made into tang type, having a steel
shank which fits inside the handle.
Axes:
It is a cutting tool made of carbon steel.
There are 5 types of chisel in carpentry shop:
Firmer chisel: It has a gauge with a thin blade used to shape and
finish wood by hand.
Dovetail chisel: It has a long carbon steel blade with a bevelled
back. It is generally required for dovetail joints.
Mortise chisel: It is used for taking heavy and deep cuts. The
blade thickness varies from 5 mm to 22 mm.
Socket chisel: very high stock removal is possible by socket
chisel.
Gauge chisel: It is used to finish the curved holes. It is of two
types: inside and outside.
 GOUGE CHISEL

SOCKET CHISEL

FIRMER CHISEL
DOVETAIL CHISEL

MORTISE CHISEL
SAW
Rip Saw: The blade of rip saw is either straight or skew-backed. The teeth are so
set that the cutting edge of this saw makes a steeper angle about 600.
Cross Cut saw: This is similar in shape of a rip saw. It is used cut across the grain
of the stock. The correct angle for cross cutting is 45.The teeth are so set that
the saw kerf is wider than the blade thickness .This allow the blade to move
freely in the cut without sticking .
Tenon or back saw: A tenon saw is used for fine and accurate work .It consists of
a very fine blade, which is reinforced with a rigid steel back. The teeth are
shaped like those of cross cut saw.
Keyhole saw: used for cutting thick internal curves. Its blade width is very small.
 RIP SAW CROSS-CUT SAW

TENON SAW KEYHOLE SAW

It is used to produce holes. Some common tools
are:
Hand drill: It consists of a spindle, drill chuck,
crank handle, and two bevel gears. Bevel gears are
fitted on the body.
Ratchet brace: The ratchet brace consist of a
crank, a head, a ratchet, and a chuck for holding
the drill.
Gimlet drill: It is a very simple type of drilling tool
and it is used to produce small hole.
HAND DRILL

GIMLET DRILL
ANATOMY OF A JACK PLANE
Planes are used to maintain the job smooth and of proper size. Sometimes
grooves can also be prepared using planes:
Wooden jack plane Iron jack plane
Striking tools:
Cross peen hammer: It has a cast steel
body and a wooden handle.
Claw hammer: It is used for striking as
well as pulling off the nails from the
wood. It is made of cast steel.
Mallet: It is used to strike the chisel that
have wooden handles. It is of rectangular
shape.
 CLAW HAMMER

CROSS PEEN HAMMER

MALLET
Water Stone Triangular file Grinding wheel
It is also known as rasp
file. Sharp cutting teeth
are provided on its
surface and can be
used for wood work
only. Mainly used for
making the wooden
surface even.
Jobs performed in carpentry shop:

Job 1: To make a half lap T-joint.

Job 2: To prepare a mortise and tenon joint of the given dimension

 Job 1: Half Lap T-Joint
Material: Two Wooden pieces of 150 mm x
75 mm x 25 mm
Material Selection:
Tools:
Cal wood is used for the
1. Wooden vice 7. Firmer chisel job because:
2. Steel rule 8. Mallet hammer 1. It is available at low
3. Try square cost.
9. Pencil
4. Iron jack plane 2. It is easy to cut.
10. Rip saw 3. It is shiny when
5. Marking gauge
6. Tenon saw 11. Hammer smoothened.
12. Rasp file

13. Sand paper

1. Get a wooden piece of required size from the wood plan by cutting with the
help of rip saw.
2. Prepare a smooth surface of wood with the help of iron jack plane
3. After marking to the required size, check the accuracy by try square.
4. Mark the piece as per drawing with the help of steel rule, try square, marking
gauge and pencil.
5. Hold the piece in the carpentry vice and cut it by the rip saw and Tennon saw
6. Remove the undesired part with the help of tenon saw, firmer chisel and
mallet.
7. After removing the material part, the left remaining part of the workpiece is
smoothened with the help of smooth file.
8. Check the fitness of the required half lap T-joint by fitting both parts.
Material: 2 wooden pieces of 150mm x 50mm x
50mm.
Tools: Carpentry vice, steel rule, try square, iron Jack
plane, marking gauge, tenon saw, firmer chisel,
mallet hammer, pencil, rip saw, hammer, rasp file,
sand paper.
Operations:
1. Get a wooden piece of required size from the wood plan by cutting with the
help of rip saw.
2. Prepare a smooth surface of wood with the help of iron jack plane
3. After marking to the required size, check the accuracy by try square.
4. Mark the piece as per drawing with the help of steel rule, try square, marking
gauge and pencil.
5. Hold the piece in the carpentry vice and cut it by the rip saw and Tennon saw
6. Remove the undesired part with the help of tenon saw, firmer chisel and
mallet.
7. After removing the material part, the left remaining part of the workpiece is
smoothened with the help of smooth file.
8. Check the fitness of the required joints by fitting both parts.
1. One should wear proper gloves, lab suit and shoes.
2. Wooden piece should be held properly in the vice before planning.
3. Marking should be done accurately and properly.
4. Place the job accurately and cutting should be done carefully.
5. Always take clearance in the cutting operation and don’t work on
the marking line.
6. Tools which are not to be used should be kept in their respective
positions.