Fitting Shop

Introduction
The bench work and fitting plays an important role in every engineering workshop to
complete and finish the job to the desired accuracy. The work carried out by hand at the
bench is called bench work. Whereas fitting is the assembling of parts together by fitting,
chipping, sawing, fore capping, tapping etc. fitting shop tool the tool which are used in fitting
lab are called fitting shop tools. these can be classified into the following groups according th
their function they performed.

I. Measuring tools
I. Measuring tape
II. Steel rule
III. Outside and inside calipers
IV. Verneir caliper
V. Micrometer
II. Marking / layout tools
I. Scriber
II. Divider
III. Center punch
IV. Prick punch
V. Surface plate
VI. V-block
VII. Odd leg caliper
VIII. Scribing block
III. Testing tools
I. Try square
II. Protector
III. Adjustable bevel
IV. Holding tools
 Vice
I. Bench vice
II. Hand vice
III. Machine vice
 IV. Pipe vice
V. Pin vice
VI. Leg vice
 Clamps
I. C-clamp
II. U-clamp
III. Parallel clamp
V. Striking tools
I. Ball peen hammers
II. Straight peen hammers
III. Cross peen hammers
VI. Cutting tools
I. Hand hacksaw
II. Drill
III. Files
IV. Chisel
V. Reamer
VI. Taps
VII. Dies

Fittings operations
Following is the list of fitting lab operations which perform to complete the project

I. Measuring operation
II. Lay out operation
III. Holding operation
IV. Cutting operation
V. Filling operation
VI. Drilling operation
VII. Inside threading operation
VIII. Joining operation
Measuring tools:

 Steel tape/ measuring tape

It is used to taking long measuring. Both systems
are mark on the surface of steel strip. The length of steel tape is 3m.

 Steel rule
It consists of a steel blade. Both system is marked on it metric and
imperils system.

 Outside caliper
This tool is used for measuring outside dimensions with the help of
steel role. It is made of HCS.
  Inside caliper
This tool is used for measuring inside dimensions with the help of rule.
it is also made of HCS.

 Micrometer
This tool is used for measuring minimum dimensions the L.C in metric
system is 0.01 mm and 0.001 inches in imperial system. It is available in
different types

 Types of micrometer
 Outside micrometer
 Inside micrometer
 Depth micrometer
 Screw thread micrometer
 Prick punch
A prick punch is a layout tool made of HSC. And it is used for small dots
on job. The purpose of these dots is to make the scribed line more clear.
It has sharp points graded to the angle of 30-60d.

 Center punch
Center punch is a similar to prick punch except that it is to an angle of
60d and used for start drilling accurately . if we use drill before using
center punch the drill will be try to slip, during the use of prick punch it
should be hold at the angle of 90d
 Odd leg caliper
Only one leg of this caliper is similar to the outside caliper while the
other is straight. It is used to find out the center of round work piece
and scribe line parallel to straight edge.

 Surface plate
Surface plate is made of cast iron and granite. It’s a heavy layout tool.
Body of this plate is machined by grinder carefully to an extremely
smooth and flat surface to enable accurate marking of articles. After
machining the smoothness of plate checked by a dial indicator edges of
surface plate are squared and we can keep this plate a table. different
size of surface plates are available in market. Maximum of plate is 144
by 72iches. In workshop mostly used 19 by 12.

 V-block
Is made of mild steel and all faces of are machined. The two opposite
side face have v-groves and two have slats. The v-block is used for
 bolting, holding, round bars, during marking center and drilling.

 Testing tool
 Try square
It consists of steel blades fixed at right angle to the straight edge of
stock. It is used for testing the squarness of surface at to set line at right
angle. it is available in various sizes like 100mm,150mm, 300mm etc.

 Protector
It is the simplest tool used to measure the angles between two faces of
components. It is made of HSS.
  Adjustable bevel
It is an important tool used for checking measuring and transferring
angle and laying out work. The adjustable bevel consists of blades. This
can be set, lock and position by screw.

 Holding tools
 Bench vice
It consists of a fixed jaw, a moveable jaw, a screw and nut to fasten the
jaws. The body of bench vice is made of cast iron and strips for jaws are
made of HCS .the size of vice is measured from the width of jaws and
maximum opening between the jaws. For holding soft or finished work
soft jaws are use.

 Cutting tools
 Files
Files are hand cutting tool and used to reduce and smooth surface. They
are made of high carbon steel and during manufacturing pass through a
number of stages, such as forging, grinding ,forming of teeth and heat
treatment. File is a cheap cutting tool.
 Files are classified according to their length, section shape, grade of cut,
and type of cut.
 Types if files according to length
The size of file specified by the length as measured from the heel to the
point. in metric length of file is 100mm to 450mm. and in inches 4 to 18
inch.

 Type of file according to shape

Files are produce in a wide range of shapes some of which suit general
purpose applications e.g flat files, hand files, half round files, round
files, square files, and triangular file.

 Types of file according to their cut

I. Single cut
II. Double cut
 According to grade of cut
a) Round file 20 to 25
b) Coarse file 25 to 30
c) Bastred file 30 to 40
d) Second cut 40 to 50
e) Smooth file 50 to 60
f) Dead smooth file 80 to 120
 Hand hacksaw
It is and cutting tool used to cut the material in to places. Its blade is
made of HCS and its frame is made of mild steel. It should be 50 strocks
per minute. There are two of frame

I. Adjusting frame
In these type of frames we can be hold different size of blades
like 8 inch to 12 inch.
 II. Non adjustable frame
In these type of frames we can hold only one size of blade which
demand on frame size

 Drill
Drill is also a cutting tool and used in the drilling operation of producing
a hole in solid material. It is one of the most frequently used tools in
engineering. The common workshop drill is known as a twist drill.
 Types of drill
I. Straight shank twist drill
Drills which have a straight shank and a standard flute length are
known as straight shank drill. These are the drill in normal size
use. Straight shank drill are not directly fitted in to drill machine
spindle. These are made of HSS. Straight drill is available in the
range of 1/64 inch to ½ inch.
 II. Taper shank twist drill
Taper shank drill is a standard tapper. These drill are directly
fitted into drill machine spindle more than ½ inch drill are made
tapper shank.

 Sleeve/socket
When drill shank is lage and drill machine spindle size is small than we
use socket. And when drill shank is small and drill machine spindle size
is large than used sleeve.
 Taps
Taps are used cutting internal thread in a hole and holed into the top
handle. Three types of taps are available.
I. Tapper tap
The tapper lead on the taper tap is spread over seven to nice
and has include angle of 8d.the taper lead enables a taper tap to
start the formation of threading gradually in simple word this is
the top used to start taping operation.

in imperial system TDS=M.D – 2DEPTH OF THREAD

½ - 2 (0.64 * PITCH OF THREAD

In metric system TDS=M.D – PITCH OF THREAD

II. Gun tap

The taper start of a gun tap extends over three to five threads
and has an angle of 16d. it used after the taper tap. A gun tap is
reduce the length of contact the taper tap makes with the work
material.
 III. Bottoming tap
The starting lead of this tapis spread over one to one and a half
threads and has included angle of 46d. The bottoming tap is
used to size and finish the hole.
 Dies
A tool which used to cut out side thread on the round bar called die.
Dies are made of HSS and holed into the die handle.
 Striking tool
 Hammers
Hammer are used for striking , peening, shaping and forming metal.
These are made of MCS and shaped by forging. A hammer consists of a
head, striking face , peen and a handle.
 Types of hammers
I. Ball peen hammer
The hammer has ball shaped peen and used for riveting and
chipping

II. Straight peen hammer

This hammer for used peeing and riveting also used for swaging.