INTRODUCTION

Wooden containers have been used since from ancient times.

But now a days they have been replaced by plastics. But still
the heavy engineering goods in industry are packed in
wooden containers because they have a load carrying
capacity. Various composites & adhesives play an important
role in this. Progress in this business depends all on
forestation. There are various innovative designs developed
in wooden containers. Crates, barrels, boxes are types of
wooden containers.
Per capita forest area in hectares is more in canada (21.67) whereas in india it is
more in himachal pradesh (o.61) & nagaland (0.68)
Estimated growing stock (million m3) is more in Andhra pradesh
Average annual wood production is more in Madhya pradesh
There has been 8.3% growth in 2003/04 from 6% growth in 2002/03.
Total annual imports of wood products amounted to over $750 million from u.s in
2004
Duty implied on logs- 5%, lumber- 20%, veneer & wood base panels - 40%
logs volume
Production
From natural forests 14,000,000
From plantations & homesteads 43,000,000
Imports 3,000,000
Total apparent consumption 60,000,000
 2003($000) 2004($,000) % increase
Logs 361,851 692,582 91
Sawn lumber 7,716 12,777 66
Veneer 3,587 3,736 4
Plywood 3,810 4,359 14
Mdf / hdf 11,007 13,555 23
Particle board 7,819 13,740 76
Wood furniture 7,280 12,713 75
Total 403,070 753,462 87
 Raw material
.
Wood is divided into two categories:
Hardwood:pine,birch,maple,poplar
Softwood:deodar,kail,chir, fir
Source of timber are only dicotyledonous among angiosperms. Timber for
commercial use comes from trees only i.e almost more than 7m in height
Coniferales among gymnosperms are productive of timber on a commercial
scale.
Us has 80 species which is commercially important- 30 softwoods & 50
hardwoods.
Chemical component of wood:
a) Primary component: holocellulose 60-70%, Cellulose 40-50%,
Hemicellulose 20-35%, Lignin 15-35%
b) Secondary component: tannin
Volatile,gums,resins,latex,ash,other compounds etc.
 Wooden composites
Composites are normally thought of as two-phase system i.e particles interconnected
by a binder.
Classification:
I solid wood V fiber composites
II modified wood VI flour composites
III layered composites
a) Parallel laminates
b) Cross laminates
c) Reinforced wood
d) Sandwich panels
e) Mechanically connected laminates.
IV particle composites
a)particle board
b) Fiber board
 ADHESIVES
To get strong wooden product there should be proper bonding between
adhesive & wood substrate.
They are classified as:
Natural adhesive
Synthetic adhesive
PHENOL FORMALDEHYDE resin is the primary wood adhesive used in the
production of strong&durable exterior products.
Future adhesives:
Co polymer system will increase in prominence with emphasis being directed
towards multicomponent
Isocyanates used because of its extensive reactivity & ability to bond at higher
moisture content
 PROPERTIES OF WOOD
Physical properties:
a) weight, density& specific gravity
b) Reaction to heat:i) thermal expansion
ii) Thermal capacity& specific heat
iii) Thermal conductivity
c) Reaction to electricity
d) Others : porosity, colour, taste, texture& grain
e) permeability of woods
Mechanical properties:
Tensile force strenght
Compression force
Bending force
Shear force
 TESTING METHODS
Static bending
Impact bending
Compression parallel to grain
Compression perpendicular to grain
Indentation( hardness ) test
Shear
Tension perpendicular to grain
Tension parallel to grain
Torsion
Nail& screw pulling test
Brittleness test
 DEFECTS, MEASUREMENTS &
EVALUATION
Defects: checks, splits, shakes
Compression & tension wood
Heartwood rot, knots, sap rot, wane, worm holes
Measurements & evaluation:
Checks, decay or rot, shakes, knots, holes
Flutes, splits, spiral grain
 STANDARDIZATION
International standards:
ISO/TC/55 for sawn timber
ISO/TC/89 for fiber building
ISO/TC/139 for plywood
ISO/TC/122 for packaging etc
Quality control through standardization
Among the instruments developed only moisture meters have found
wide application.
But in this growing demand of industries automatic & computerized
quality control techniques are required in sorting & grading timber,
plywood & other wood products.
 Wood seasoning
Seasoning is the process of drying the wood because it contain little moisture in it .
Defects like shakes, warping, cracking etc. arises if proper seasoning is not done.
They are of two types: air seasoning
kiln seasoning
Special seasoning methods are: dehumidification drying
Solvent seasoning, vacuum drying, vapour drying etc
Wood preservatives
Their properties are:
High toxicity, high permanancy, high penetrability, high stability
They are of three types:
Oil type: eg: creosotes
Organic solvent type: cu&zn salts of org acids
Water soluble type: inorganic& organo metallic salts
 MANUFACTURING PROCESS
Saw mill machinery
Band resaws
Log storage Log cross cutsaw Band head saws Baulk storage

Toolroom saw doctoring

equipments

office
Final product trimmers
store
 WOOD WORKSHOP MACHINERY
Sawing Surfacing
Tool
machines Planning
room
machines

moulding boring mortising tennoning

Storage of
Finished
Products&
components sanding

Carpentary
shop General
store
Package & Polishing
dispatch finishing
 APPLICATIONS OF WOOD IN
PACKAGING
WIREBOUND CONTAINERS:
They are high strenght to weight resielient containers designed to support heavy
stacking even under adverse humidity & moisture conditions.
They are of two types:
i) All bound
ii) Pallet case or crate
The fundamental principle is to use wire, wood, cleats& relatively thin face
materials in order to approach the strenght of solid nailed wooden boxes,
yet maintain lightness & demountability.
TYPES OF WIREBOUND
:
PALLET
They are of three types: bins,
boxes,& crates
The foll diag is pallet box: they
are constructed with solid
plywood sides reinforced with
sawn lumber cleats & fitted
plywood lids, also reinforced
around the sides with sawn
lumber
 CRATES
A wooden crate is a framework used as a package for the
transportation of goods which do not require the complete protection
of a case.

Having less sheathing properties, crates usually have to be

braced with diagonal members to impart racking (anti-
deformation) strength.
 BARRELS
They are bulged from sides. They are also called as cask, keg, firkin etc.
these containers can be rolled easily. They are used especially for wines.
BASKETS: fresh fruits &
vegetables are packed in this as
they are made up of pine. These
are swedish basket made of
different styles & sizes.
SOAP-CASE
NEW INNOVATION
wb_oils_merchandiser wb_swivel_displ
ay_stand

wb_spice_rack
grammy-award-nomination
wb_corporate_gift_sweater wb_golf_ball_boxes

wb_seasons_tickets_box wb_hotel_promotion
 CRATE PIE
shirt_box

JAM TEA OILBO

TLE
 CURRENT TRENDS

Now a days wooden containers are used for packaging with that
also used for show pieces. Current news is that “wood pac”
industry have developed various award winning designs of wood
for packaging of various beverages, food items, alcohols & other
commodities. Industries now a days use various composites &
different adhesives to give more finished & attractive product.
Initially chairmen of ITC company have said that they will scale
up afforestation endeavour to cover over 100,000 hectares by
planting 600 million saplings over next 10 years.
 conclusion
There are no containers in the market which will challenge the
strenght of the wooden containers, for heavy goods always wooden
containers will be used. Only afforestation can be the reason of
decreasing the demand of wooden containers. But till now every year
there has been increase in overall consumption of wooden products.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
The chemistry of wood
-krieger
Mechanics of wood & wooden composites
- josef bodig
The common commercial timbers of india & their uses
-h. trotter
The wiley encyclopedia of packaging technology
- baker
Handbook of package engineering
III edition – joseph f. halon
British standard 113 sec 8: 1991
Wood boxes, cases & crates
Handbook of Indian wood & wood panels
- oxford university
Presentation Prepared by

Venu Banka