Infectious Bursal

Disease & Stop

Gumboro Cycle
Gumboro Disease – Economic impact

• Ubiquitous
• One of the most economically damaging
diseases to the poultry sector

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Gumboro Disease – Historical aspects

• Gumboro Disease was first observed in

1957 as a clinical disease that caused acute
morbidity and mortality in broilers in the
town of Gumboro, Delaware.

• In 1962, Cosgrove described it as “An

apparently new disease of chickens –
Avian Nephrosis” and it rapidly spread to
other broiler and egg producing areas in the
USA and, later, throughout the world
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Gumboro Disease – Historical aspects

• In 1972, ten years after its description,

Faragher and co-workers reported that the
serological response to Newcastle disease
vaccine was reduced significantly in
chickens which were experimentally
inoculated with the IBD virus at one day of
age and concluded that this viral infection
was immunosuppressive.

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Gumboro Disease – Historical aspects

• In the mid-80’s, the

emergence of variant IBD
strains in the USA and the
very virulent form of the IBDV
in Europe and Asia started to
cause enormous economic
impact on the poultry sector.

Courtesy: Dr Yannick Gardin

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Global distribution of the Gumboro Disease virus

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Source: Global Ceva IBDV Awareness map - Google My Maps
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 varIBD virus through Asian countries

2019 2021 2009

2021
2021

Sources: Fan et al. 2019; Myint et al., 2021; Thai et al., 2021; Aliyu et al., 2021, Ceva Animal Health, 2009 (data not published) 8
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Reassortment – IBD virus

Viral proteins
Segment A
VP2 main capsid protein, major host-protective antigen with
antigenic regions responsible for induction of neutralizing
antibodies
VP4 protease
VP3 inner capsid protein
VP5 nonstructural protein, regulate the release of intracellular
virions

Segment B
VP1 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

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Reassortment – IBD virus

Parent strain 1 Parent strain 2

A B A B

*Segment A (VP2)
*Segment B (VP1)

A B
Reassortant strain

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Reassortment – IBD virus

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Disease surveillance - Indonesia

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Diseases prevalence - Indonesia

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Materials and methods

• Commercial broilers were vaccinated with either Transmune or rHVT-IBD vaccines at day-of
age;

• At 28 days of age, chickens were infected with 104.0 lgEID50/dose of challenge strain per oral
route.
• D407/02/04 TR Turkish very virulent (vvTR)
• Delaware E (D610/2); US variant (DelE)
• D1256/56/09 MX Mexican variant (MX variant)
• D430/3 ZA South-African variant (ZA variant)
• D1311/7/09 BR Brazilian subclinical (BR subclin.)
• AVS-EL (D2274-2013); US variant (AVS-EL)

• Protection against microscopic bursal lesions after IBDV challenge (4 dpch)

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Protection after IBDV challenge

Protection against microscopic bursal lesions after IBDV challenge (4 dpch)

100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

Full protection
Protection against microscopic lesions of the

(% of fully protected chickens at 4 dpch)

bursa

0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Chall. control
No protection
TR Del-E AVS-EL MX ZA BR

IBDV challenge strains

Commercial broilers; CH at D28; full protection = less than 10% of follicles affected by challenge virus . Study at
SSIU, Ceva-Phylaxia

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Protection after IBDV challenge

Protection against microscopic bursal lesions after IBDV challenge (4 dpch)

100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

Full protection
Protection against microscopic lesions of the

(% of fully protected chickens at 4 dpch)

80%

70%

rHVT-IBD
50% 50%
bursa

Different levels
of protection
30%

10%
0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Chall. control
No protection
TR Del-E AVS-EL MX ZA BR

IBDV challenge strains

Commercial broilers; CH at D28; full protection = less than 10% of follicles affected by challenge virus . Study at
SSIU, Ceva-Phylaxia

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Re-excretion of IBD challenge virus

Challenge virus load in vaccinated broilers (4 dpch; bursa)

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(log10 IBV RNA load in bursa samples at 4 dpch)
Level of challenge virus replication

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Transmune
Full protection against challenge virus
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replication in the bursa

rHVT-IBD vaccine
2
Different level of challenge virus
replication reductionj
1

0
TR AVS-EL

IBDV challenge strains

Trasnmune & ch. rHVT-IBD vacc. & ch. Challenge

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Transmune vs Vector IBD vaccines

✓ Field IBD virus

rHVT-IBD
✓ Field IBDV will be shed to
the environment

✓ W2512 (attenuated
vaccine virus)

Transmune
✓ W2512 will be shed to
the environment

Picture: Mango Chen - Bursa of Fabricius of 42 day-old broiler flocks vaccinated with Transmune and rHVT-IBD vaccines in China. III BSF – Paris 2014
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The cycle of Gumboro Disease virus

Courtesy: Dr. Yannick Gardin 20

The cycle of Gumboro Disease virus

Courtesy: Dr. Yannick Gardin 21

The cycle of Gumboro Disease virus

Courtesy: Dr. Yannick Gardin 22

The cycle of Gumboro Disease virus

SHEDDING

Courtesy: Dr. Yannick Gardin 23

The cycle of Gumboro Disease virus

CLEANING + DISINFECTION
+ DOWN PERIOD

Courtesy: Dr. Yannick Gardin 24

The cycle of Gumboro Disease virus

THIS IS THE GUMBORO CYCLE !

Courtesy: Dr. Yannick Gardin 25

Stop the Gumboro Cycle
Concept of protection against IBDV

Proper • Strengthen biosecurity to

cleaning &
disinfection ensure that NDV won’t be
reintroduced into the farm.
Downtime
period • Reinforce the vaccination
program.
etc

Proper • The IBD virus will be

cleaning & present in the farms when
disinfection
day-old chicks are placed.

Downtime • Is there anything to be

period
done to reduce the
etc
chances of infection?

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Transmune vs Vector IBD vaccines

✓ Field IBD virus

rHVT-IBD
✓ Field IBDV will be shed to
the environment

✓ W2512 (attenuated
vaccine virus)

Transmune
✓ W2512 will be shed to
the environment

Picture: Mango Chen - Bursa of Fabricius of 42 day-old broiler flocks vaccinated with Transmune and rHVT-IBD vaccines in China. III BSF – Paris 2014
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Stop the Gumboro cycle

Resident & non-resident pathogens

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Stop the Gumboro cycle

Displacement of field IBDV

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Stop the Gumboro cycle

Displacement of field IBDV

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Stop the Gumboro cycle

Displacement of field IBDV

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Stop the Gumboro cycle

Proper • The IBD virus will be present

cleaning & in the farms when day-old
disinfection
chicks are placed.

Downtime • Is there anything to be done

period
to reduce the chances of
etc infection?

Proper Proper
cleaning & cleaning &
disinfection disinfection

Downtime Downtime
period period

etc etc

REDUCE THE RISKS OF IBD VIRUS INFECTION TO SUBSEQUENT FLOCKS 33

Stop the Gumboro cycle

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Final considerations

• Gumboro Disease virus, in its different forms, continue to

threaten the profitability of the poultry sector;
• In Indonesia, only very virulent IBD virus has been detected.
However, constant active surveillance is needed;
• Transmune induces clinical protection against Gumboro
Disease and reduces the challenge risks by displacing the
field IBD virus.

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Thank you very much for your kind attention!!