The Gibbs Equation Gibbs free energy * The feasibility of a reaction does not only depend on the entropy change of the reaction, but can also be atfected by the enthalpy change * Therefore, using the entropy change of a reaction only to determine the feasibility of a reactionis inaccurate + The Gibbs free energy (G) is the energy change that takes into account both the entropy change of areactionand the enthalpy change * The Gibbs equations AG? = AHpeaction® - TASsystem? + Theunits of AG® are inkJ mol * The units of AM;eaction® are in kJ mol + Theunits of Tarein K # The units of A S.yctem® are in J KI mol-1(and must therefore be converted to kJ K-! mol" by dividing by 1000)The Gibbs Equation: Calculations * The Gibbs equation canbe used to calculate the Gibbs free energy change of areaction AG? = AHyeaction® - TASsystem? * The equation can also be rearranged to find values of AHeactior®, A Ssystem® or the temperature, T * For example, if fora given reaction, the values of AG®, AHyeaction® aNd ASsystem® are given, the temperature can be found by rearranging the Gibbs equation as follows: AH, 2 - AG® SoWorked example: Calculating Gibbs free energy Calculate the Gibbs free energy for the reaction of methanol (CH,OH) with hydrogen bromide (HBr) at 298K: CH,OH()) + HBr(g) > CH,Br(g) + H,0(!) AHr® = -47 kJ mol" S®[CH,OH())] = 240 JK“ mol S®[HBr(g)] = 99.0 J K* mol" S°[H,O())] = 70.0 J K* mol S®[CH,Br(g)] = 246 J K* mol*Answer + Step1- Calculate AS., ASsystem® = EASproqucts? ~ EASreactants® ASsystem® = (AS? [CHsBr(g)] + AS? [H2O(I)]) ~ (AS® [CHsOH(I)] + AS® [HBr(g)]) = (246 +70.0) - (240 + 99.0) = -23.0)K"'mol"! * Step 2 - Convert AS*intokJ K! mol! =23.0 1000 -0.023 kJ K" mol" = -0.023kJK"'mol * Step3-CalculateAG® AG? = AHjoaction® - TASsystom? = -47 - (298 x -0.023) = -40.146kJ mol! =-40.1kJmol”The Gibbs Equation: Reaction Feasibility * The Gibbs equation can be used to calculate whether a reaction is feasible or not AG? = AHreaction® - TASsystem” * When AG? isnegative, the reactions feasible andlikely to occur * When AG*is positive, the reaction is not feasible and unlikely to occur Worked example Worked example: Determining the feasibility of areaction Calculate the Gibbs free energy for the following reaction at 298 K and determine whether the reaction is feasible 2Ca(s) + 0,(g) > 2Ca0(s) AH, = -635.5 kJ mol" S® [Ca(s)] = 41.00 J K* molt S®[0,(g)] = 205.0 J K* mol* $° [CaO(s)] = 40.00 J K* mol"Answer © Step 1: Calculate AS.ystem® ASeystem® = EASproducts? ~ ZASyeactants? ASzystem? = (2 x AS® [CaO(s)]) - (2x AS® [Ca(s)] + AS®[O2(g)]) = (2x 40.00) - (2x 41.00 + 205.0) =-207.0)K-'mol"! © Step 2: Convert AS*tokJ K!mol! tld _ 0.207 = -0.207 * Step 3: Calculate AG® AG? = AMyeaction® - TASzystem® = -635,5 - (298 x -0.207) = -573.8kJ mol"! * Step 4: Determine whether the reactionis feasible Since the AG® is negative the reactionis feasible and likely to occur