Int J Biol Med Res.

2023 ;14(4):7702-7711
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Volume 14, Issue 4, Oct 2023

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Review article
Bioremediation and Information Technologies for Sustainable Management
Jyoti Prakash, Aryan Shukla and Ruchi Yadav*
Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, India

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords:
Abstract. Bioremediation is a process by which microscopic organisms' decay, attenuate,
Biodegradation
transform, eliminate, or neutralise chemicals from soil and water. Microbiologists,
Bioremediation
Environmental Sciences biotechnologists, and environmentalists are trying to figure out new bioremediation
Phytoremediation techniques to dispose of these environmental pollutants. We not only need to find methods to
Pollutants dispose of these pollutants but also replenish these resources back to the mother nature. In
bioremediation a biological agent, usually a microbe, is utilized to mend or degrade a toxic
waste or pollutant from our natural environment, usually from soil. This review paper focuses
upon the current bioremediation techniques, its advantages, drawbacks, and prospects.
Considering all the possible ways to deal with pollutants and recover contaminated soil,
bioremediation is found to be the most effective, clean, and affordable management tool. In
recent years, in situ, ex-situ and permeable reactive barrier techniques have seen strong
scientific growth, especially due to the rise of bioinformatics. Not only microbes, including
aerobes, anaerobes, and fungi, but plants also are observed to be very good in remediation of
the pollutants in the environment.
c
Copyright 2023 BioMedSciDirect Publications IJBMR - ISSN: 0976:6685. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
With the rise of new chemical being synthesized every year, the
need to dispose them carefully while keeping in mind
environment's safety is also rising continuously along with the
development of the society every day. There are about 3,50,000
chemicals used commercially a crosse the globe while this number
was just 60,000 in 2010 [1]. These chemicals include heavy metals,
toxins, harsh chemicals, and non-degradable particles. These
chemicals are synthesised by utilizing resources from earth which
is draining humans towards depletions of these resources [2].
Therefore, we can observe a rise in chemicals turned into
environmental pollutants disturbing the normal balance of the
ecosystem.
decay, attenuate, transform, eliminate, or neutralise chemicals
from soil and water [4]. Advantages of bioremediation techniques
include low cost, easy implementation, safe by-products, pollution
free procedure, versatility of remediating multiple chemicals and
its ability to be carried on site of dumping. In this research paper
we will try to see some of the current techniques of the
bioremediation, latest findings in this field and future aspects of
these techniques [5]. The approach of scientist recently has been
to retore pollutants without harming the environment at a cheap
cost.
2. Concept of Sustainable Management

Microbiologists, biotechnologists, and environmentalists are
trying to figure out new bioremediation techniques to dispose of
these environmental pollutants. We not only need to find methods
to dispose of these pollutants but also replenish these resources
back to the mother nature. Disposing of these chemicals by
traditional methods i.e., burning, giving simple physical or
chemical treatments, can cost government and private agencies
fortunes so we need cheap disposable methods too. These goals
could be achieved by bioremediation [3].
Bioremediation is a process (natural yet humans can replicate it to
use it for these own advantages) by which microscopic organisms'
* Corresponding Author : Dr.Ruchi Yadav, M.Sc, M.Tech, Ph.D
Assistant Professor
Amity Institute of Biotechnology
Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus
Malhaur, Near Railway Station,Gomti Nagar Extension,
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226028 (INDIA)
c Copyright 2023 BioMedSciDirect Publications IJBMR - All rights reserved.
We all know that the wastes or pollutants are generated in the
process or in the name of development of society or production of
goods that would get consumed by its population. we can say that
the waste is the undesired product of the development itself. Many
developed countries became developed by burning lots of fossil
fuel; therefore, it will be hypocritical of them to call out
underdeveloped countries trying to grow now. Even the
underdeveloped countries are now utilising the cleanest way
possible to a surplus production of goods. Still, they need to use
some non-eco-friendly methods [6].
Sustainable development is the concept of developing society
for more comfort and providing better living conditions to the
population without hurting the environment in the process.
Management of society and country as whole without producing
wastes is the goal of many countries’ latest policies [7].
Bioremediation is one such process where the waste or pollutant
produced by a country could be denatured, altered, or made
harmless. Apart from the bioremediation processes,
physiochemical treatment could also help in managing wastes.
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3. Physio-chemical treatments of pollutants Table 1 Optimum factors required during physio chemical
treatment of pollutants (name of pollutants)
3.1 Coagulation–flocculation treatments: Flocculation &
Coagulation are the physio-chemical processes utilized to remove
colloidal particles and finely suspended solid. Alum, lime, ferrous
sulphate, ferric sulphate, and ferric chloride are used as coagulating
agents as they form flocks which are larger in size so that they can
precipitate easily in the chambers or containers. The process of
sedimentation can only clear 50 to 70% of the total suspended
matter as 30 to 40% of the organic matter settles [8]. Whereas, in
coagulation and flocculation 80 to 90% of the suspended matter and
bacteria can be eliminated including effectively cleaning insoluble
dyes. However, the cost value of the process is doubtful taking cost of
treating the sludge into account. There are increasing number of
restrictions on account of the disposal of sludge [9].
3.2 Membrane separation processes: these physio-chemical
processes, is proving to be promising for textile effluent treatment as
effluent quality is found to be improving. Common biologically
treated water was found to have good BOD (Biochemical Oxygen
Demand) and COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) removal efficiency.
However, mineral parameters were not found to be in healthy limits
[10]. Henceforth, a viable alternative in this concern is membrane
separation. To decrease the fouling problems, different pre-
treatment is being considered. Filtration with normal filter paper
Bacteria are great friends who can help take care of pollutants for
was used before microfiltration to reduce fouling problem, which
us humans. They form a complex symbiotic and synergistic zone
also increases the membrane life.
called rhizosphere zone where bioremediation takes place. But this
Physicochemical pre-treatment like flocculation and coagulation complex does not always work in the interest of humans which is
were used before Nano filtration and reverse osmosis. Combination why scientists step in and try to alter rhizosphere zone [15]. The
of these processes are considered too according to the need. re c e n t d eve l o p m e n t s a re d o n e u t i l i z i n g p ro t e o m i c s
Ultrafiltration is best suited for secondary textile wastewater [11]. rhizoremediation, metabolic engineering, protein engineering, and
Nanofiltration works best for low molecular weight species whole-transcriptome profiling when dealing pollutants like
separation. Nanofiltration sometimes produces reusable permeate. chlorinated aliphatic and polychlorinated biphenyl and binding
Still, in nanofiltration treatment procedure, membrane fouling heavy metals. Cell surface expression of specific proteins helped
occurs and therefore to prevent this problem ultrafiltration is taken creating microorganisms to transport, bioaccumulate and/or
as pre-treatment. Even when direct ultrafiltration and ultrafiltration detoxify heavy metals and degrade xenobiotics [16].
(after microfiltration) were compared the latter gave better result
Degrading heavy metals is a difficult task since heavy metals
[12].
forms complexes and stronger bonds with the pollutants. Regardless
of this, they have, crucial functions in the environment like they are
4. Bioremediation as green tool micronutrients organisms needs to survive (chromium, nickel, zinc
etc) while some are useless (lead and mercury) [17]. An unseen
Bioremediation can be run with the help of microorganisms and
struggle between metal and microbes takes place as metal ions
wastes or pollutants either in presence of oxygen (aerobic) or in
become bactericidal at higher concentrations by inhibiting cell
absence of oxygen (anaerobic). Mostly aerobic bioremediation is
metabolic reactions of microbes but after many generations bacteria
carried out cause anaerobic bioremediation can lead to microbes
can develop resistance for that metal. At higher concentration they
dying and formation of undesirable products. Then the process is
decrease specific bacteria's population affecting their colony’s
further dependent on five more factors i.e., soil, redox potential, food,
diversity and lead to loss of biomass. Specifically speaking,
pollutants, and temperature [13]. The soil’s hydrology (the science of
rhizobacteria has mutated resistance against heavy metals high
the occurrence, distribution, and movement of water below the
concentrations. It has 5 mechanisms [18]
Earth's surface) is considered before carrying out the process. The
soil’s pH, moisture content, structure and type affect the process too.
Redox potential can be defined as measure of the ability of a chemical 1. Exclusion- where bacteria keep metal ions away from its target
species to acquire electrons from or lose electrons to an electrode site and separates pollutants in the process.
and can be reduced or oxidised, respectively. Food for microbes is 2. Extrusion- where it digests pollutants and pushes the metals out
usually the pollutants we are trying to get rid of. They use it as source of the cell with the help of chromosomal or plasmid mediated events.
of their energy. The food can be categorised as supplements
(electron acceptors like nitrogen and phosphorus etc.) and 3. Accommodation- where it uses metal binding proteins (e.g.,
substrates (methane, phenol, toluene etc.). other than these factors metallothienins) or other cell components to form complexes which
some microbes can be used as catalysts in this process, for example are harmless in nature.
mixture of fungus cultures are used to bioremediate crude oil [14]. 4. Bio-transformation- toxic metal is reduced to less toxic forms
Table 1 shows environmental factors and optimum conditions that using chemicals or proteins produced by it.
are required by a microbe to carry out bioremediation process.
5. Methylation & Demethylation- adding or subtracting of methyl
group to the pollutant.
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Many algae strains are tested out in labs to prove that it is possible to
remove heavy metals like chromium, zinc, and copper etc from
polluted soil or water completely[19].
5. Categories of bioremediation
It includes different techniques [20] like- a) Ex situ (Land
farming, Bioreactor- 1) Slurry reactors and 2) Aqueous reactors,
Windrow, Biopoile, Biostimulation, Composting, and Fungal
biodegradation); b) In situ 1) Natural attenuation and 2) Enhanced
(Bioslurping, Bioventing, Biosparging, Phytoremediation, and
Bioaugmentation); and c) Permeable reactive barrier as explained in
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1 Cladogram depicting evolution and branching of several
types of bioremediation techniques
In situ as the name suggest is treatment of pollutants in its
original place or in the ground waters of that place. While ex situ
techniques include excavation of soil and laying it out on other
suitable places for the process to occur. The selection of the
technique is done based on 3 factors: - biochemistry of pollutants
and microbes, availability of nutrients to microbes and bioactivity of
microbes.
5.1Offsite (Ex situ)
Advantages of ex situ techniques includes: - is simplicity, lesser
time taken, and versatility to treat a wider range of contaminants and
work on different soil types compared to in situ techniques. It
requires lesser to preliminary examination of polluted site before
bioremediation [21]. The continuous mixing the soil ensures
homogenized (when soil is excavated the big chunks gets broken
down in smaller pieces and microbes can easily communicate and
transport in soil), easy to observe and uniform degradation of
pollutant. It is usually done in closed controlled areas and i.e., labs,
buildings, working sites, inner cities, or societies etc [22].
While its disadvantages are: -they always require excavation of
soil, large are to decompose pollutants and it requires treatment pre
and post process which leads to increase costs. Excavation also
disturbs the natural soil and can cause pollution while excavation or
transportation of soil [23]. More capital is also utilised in making
new supporters for the excavated soil. Ex situ techniques are of 2
types: - solid-phase soil treatment processes (e.g., landfarming, soil
biopiles, and composting) and slurry-phase soil treatment processes
(slurry phase bioreactor). Types of ex situ bioremediation
techniques [24] include are shown in Fig. 2.
Fig. 2 Different types of ex situ bioremediation techniques
pollutants and microbes, availability of nutrients to microbes and
bioactivity of microbes.
5.1.1 Land farming
Biological processes are made to occur by humans. It is of
multiple types-base it is the simplest bioremediation technique, yet
it is difficult to classify it as in situ or ex situ. Usually decided based on
the depth of pollutant whether soil will be tiled (in situ) or excavated
(ex situ). It is mostly ex situ (when pollutant is above 1 m of ground
surface, otherwise in situ) technique and has a lot common with
other ex situ techniques [25]. It is then spread on ground with
something to support it (and stop the pollutants from spreading) and
degrade by autochthonous microorganisms. Mostly it is done
without adding any nutrient with the help of air and water only
microbes degrade the waste, especially diesel and other
polyaromatic hydrocarbons.
It is extremely cheap, simplest of all, and quite effective
technique. But it also has many limitations i.e., it is not so versatile as
it cannot treat volatile chemicals, it requires substantial amount of
land, and microbial activity is least in this technique [26].
5.1.2 Composting
It takes place at higher temperatures (55-60 degrees Celsius)
produced by microbes when they degrade organic matter to make
compost. It turns biodegradable solid waste into humus like
substance. Compost is further used as fertilisers for soil therefore
this process is not only cheap but also commercially beneficial.
Contaminated soil is excavated, filtered to take out big rocks and
debris and transferred to a container. To supplement carbon source
agricultural wastes such as straw, alfalfa, manure, and wood chips
(called amendments) are used. This helps in reduction of pollution
as these agriculture wastes otherwise would have been dumped on
land or worse could have been burned up to pollute the air [27].
Amendments and soil are layered into long piles termed as
windrows which are mixed thoroughly with the help of commercially
available windrow turning machine. Multiple factors like
temperature, pH, and moisture are maintained. Upon completion of
composting period, these windrows are opened to take compost out
and used in fields. Its disadvantage is that it requires months and, in
some cases, can take a year to complete. To boost up the process nous
as well as transient hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria [29].
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5.1.4 Biopiling it is not used commonly due to relatively high-cost capital. Toxin
concentrations and chances of contamination increases as microbes
In Biopiling excavated soil is taken to desired site, called
can grow in the hypertonic media [39]
treatment area, and mixed with amendments and air is pumped like
bioventing. Soil piles can at max go up to 6 meters high. The products 5.1.7 Fungal biodegradation (Mycoremediation)
formed at the end are carbon dioxide and water [30]. This process
Fungal species can be also utilised to decolorize dyes. In most
usually requires a treatment bed, an aeration system to pump air, a
cases, enzymatic degradation is the most common mechanism as
source of water and nutrient along with leachate (it is a liquid made
enzymes like laccase (Laccase’s activity is found in T. versicolor),
from rainfall and decomposed waste) collection system. Factors like
manganese peroxidase, and lignin peroxidase (Penicillium
nutrients, oxygen, moisture, pH, and heat are maintained at
chrysosporium’s lignin peroxidase decolourises dyes) degrades
optimum levels to optimize biodegradation. The irrigation/nutrient
dyes [40]. Aspergillus terreus SA3, a fungal isolated from textile
system is buried below the soil to pump mixture of air and nutrients
industry, is used for the removal of dye such as Sulfur black from
in it. It is suggested to cover soil piles with plastic sheets to decrease
textile effluent. Other cases of successful bioremediation by fungi are
evaporation, runoff, and volatilization, and it also helps in controlling
combination of Doratomyces nanus, Doratomyces purpureofuscus,
temperature by solar heating [31]. Its best used to treat agricultural
Doratomyces verrucisporus, Myceliophthora thermophila, Phoma
and municipal wastes. Its limitation includes management of loss of
eupyrena, and Thermoascus crustaceus degrading >70 % of
abiotic and low bioavailability and it can take up 3 to 6 months [32].
polychlorinated biphenyl [41]. Mycelium sterila 3 and R. stolonifer
5.1.5 Biostimulation working together to degrade 10% & 40% of metalaxyl and folpet in
vineyards soils respectively [42]. Alternaria alternata (AA-
The original microbes are encouraged to breakdown the
1), Aspergillus flavus (AF-3), Aspergillus terreus (AT-7),
pollutant in this manner. It usually entails adding nutrients (e.g.,
and Trichoderma harzianum (TH-5) working on crude oil to remove
carbon and nitrogen sources, O2), acid or bases to adjust pH, or water
73.6% of it. Alternaria alternata (AA-1), Aspergillus flavus (AF-
or specified substrates to induce precise enzymes. It is a useful
3), Aspergillus terreus (AT-7), and Trichoderma harzianum (TH-5)
bioremediation policy, albeit it has limited reproducibility and is
degrading 67.1% of polycyclic ar
dependent on microbial population features. To encourage the
unique microbial communities, nitrogen and phosphorus- Table 2 Some fungus with remediation potent
containing substrates have been supplied [33]. During a 72-day bio
stimulation management with a mineral nutrient and surfactant
solution, a 39.5 percent decline in total hydrocarbon content of an
aged contamination of crude oil contaminated soil was reported
while studying the hydrocarbon-degrading bacterial population in
laboratory soil columns. The problem of nutrient scarcity has been
solved by using fertilisers [34].
5.1.6 Bioreactors Technique for bioremediation
Bioreactors are instruments in which biological processes are
made to occur by humans. It is of multiple types-based on how we
transfer nutrients in it and take out products from it: - batch
(simplest), fed-batch, sequencing batch, continuous and multistage.
Among these types, people choose one over another based on their
profit and time allotment [35]. In the bioreactor, nutrients, substrate,
or pollutant are added and optimum conditions for the growth of
microbes is provided. The cells grow in 4 phases: - lag, log, stationary,
and death. There are 2 different types of reactors based on the water
content in reactor [36].
Slurry reactors
Stones and rubble are separated from the excavated soil
physically. It is also pre-washed in some circumstances to 5.2 Onsite techniques (In situ)
concentrate pollutants into a smaller amount of soil. An aqueous In situ bioremediation techniques are a lot cheaper when
slurry is made by mixing contaminated soil, silt, or sludge with water compared alongside ex situ by saving cost of excavation of soil and
and nutrients. The varying amounts of nutrients depending on the large amount of soil sample can be treated at once [44]. Types of in
concentration required for proper biodegradation (Typically, the situ bioremediation techniques include: -
slurry includes between 10% and 30% solids by weight) [37]. To
keep solids floating and microorganisms in touch with soil 5.2.1 Natural attenuation
pollutants, the slurry is mixed. The slurry is dewatered at the end of It is the simplest in situ biological remediation because nutrients,
the operation, and the treated soil can be returned to its original moisture content, temperature and oxygen can all occur naturally
location. Only the polluted fines and the collected wastewater need within the ground. so, no action implies zero cost along with no
to be treated further [38]. addition of harmful chemicals causing zero pollution and requiring
Aqueous reactors zero machinery [45]. Contaminant concentrations would be
monitored until they were lowered to acceptable levels. The
Here, bioreactors have copious amounts of water, hence the contaminants are being bio-degraded if there is no contaminant
name aqueous. It enhances mass transfer due to liquidity in the movement (zero plume growth despite diffusion, dilution, or
reactor. It also ensures effective use of inoculants and surfactant. But dispersion) [46].
omatic hydrocarbons [43] as explained in Table 2.
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It is commonly used for VOCs, SVOCs and fuel hydrocarbons are
commonly evaluated for natural attenuation. Some pesticides also
can be allowed to naturally attenuate (generally less effective). Only
if natural attenuation processes results in a change in the valence
state of the metal would it results in immobilisation of a metal
contaminant (e.g., chromium) (no actual treatment) [47].
Waste generation and transfer are reduced. Less bothersome
(only ground monitoring wells required). Can be used in conjunction
with or as a 'polish' treatment following other (active) remedial
procedures (depending on site conditions, cleanup aims, and
permissible treatment time), for example. Modeling (if possible) and
performance monitoring are generally less expensive than active
remediation (until sufficient contaminant levels have been reached)
[48].
Disadvantage of the process being too slow (if require rapid
remediation or have fast groundwater flow). More education &
communication efforts are required to gain public acceptance of
MNA (Monitored Natural Attenuation). Toxicity and/or mobility of
contaminant may be too great. Long-term, more extensive
performance monitoring reqd. longer time to achieve clean-up
objectives. Typically requires several years. Site characterisation
(modelling/evaluation) may be more complex and costly [49].
5.2.2 Enhanced
Enhanced bioremediation is type of bioremediation where some
factors are altered off natural attenuation [50]. It is of multiple
different types as explained in Fig. 3.
Fig. 3 Different types of enhanced in situ bioremediation
techniques
Biosparging
This approach is pumping air under pressure into the
groundwater to increase oxygen levels and slow the rate of biological
deterioration of the contaminated area by naturally present bacteria.
The installation of small-diameter air inoculation points is
straightforward and inexpensive, allowing for significant flexibility
in the arrangement's form and structure [51]. It is responsible for the
expansion of the saturated region and, as a result, the interaction
between soil and groundwater. This is the most well-organized and
non-invasive technology with native microorganisms'
biodegradative abilities and the presence of metals and inorganic
chemicals [52].
Bioventing
It is an improved biological version of remediation techniques
known as soil vapor vacuum extraction where a vacuum pump is
used to push air in wells. These air bubbles collect pollutants from
groundwater and raise it to the ground level where it is collected and
discarded. On the other hand, in bioventing we supply oxygen
containing air directly to residual contaminants, mostly petroleum-
oil lubricants, at a low rate enough to keep microbes alive and
functioning [53]. This helps in movement of biodegraded wastes as
vapours in biologically active soil while avoiding volatility of
chemicals to interfere with the process. It is feasible and low cost as it
only requires a blower and well.
In latest findings, it is seen that bioventing can be done by
pumping air along with nutrients directly on the pollutant soil to
biodegrade simple hydrocarbons [54]. Limitation of bioventing is
rare cases when we are unable to deliver oxygen to the polluted soil
or there is insufficient aeration in shallow contamination. It is also
quite slower process compared to others.
Bioaugmentation
This occurs when a collection of pre-selected organisms, typical
microbial strains, or a genetically modified alternative is used to
treat contaminated soil or water, increasing the rate or amount of
bioremediation, or both. It is commonly utilised in the treatment of
municipal wastewater. Bioremediation is mostly dependent on the
imported species' competitive potential and the bioavailability of the
xenobiotic chemicals in this process. Bioavailability refers to the
compound's attainment and subsequent transformation and is
linked to its chemical characteristics as well as a variety of soil
physical and chemical conditions [55]. The microorganisms used
must be perfectly suited to the waste pollution and metabolites
produced. Bio augmentation is utilised on chlorinated ethenes (e.g.,
tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene) contaminated soil and
groundwater. In situ microorganisms can break these contaminants
into ethylene and chloride which are not toxic. Petroleum-
hydrocarbons have been reported to be degraded by various
commercial microorganisms [56].
When a hydrocarbon-polluted Antarctic soil was bioaugmented
with a psychrotolerant strain, 75 percent of the hydrocarbon was
removed (B-2-2). After a 10-week management, the two fungal
species were able to remove PAHs from the polluted soil, with
concentrations of phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, and
pyrene dropping by up to 66 percent. Irpex lacteus and Pleurotus
ostreatus, two white rot fungus species, were employed as
inoculums in the bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon-
contaminated soil from a manufactured-gas-plant-area [57]. The
capacity to degrade most petroleum components, feasibility during
storage, genetic strength, and rapid growth in successive storage, a
high stage of enzymatic activity and development in the
surroundings, competence to resist native microorganisms, no
pathogenicity, and inability to create lethal metabolites are the most
well-known qualities of valuable seed organisms. Some members of
the group were able to digest 70% of the crude oil enzymatically,
while others destroyed crude oil through the production of bio
surfactant and rhamnolipid [58].
Different microbes for different wastes can be broken down by
different bacteria like Baikal EM1, a microbiological compound, can
degrade up to 96.7% of benzo(a)pyrene in contaminated soils. A
psychrotolerant strain can degrade up to 75% of hydrocarbon while
Irpex lacteus and Pleurotus ostreatus can degrade up to 70% of
crude oil [59] as explained in Table 3.
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Table 3 Percentage pollutants removed via bioaugmentation Table 4 types of plants with remediation ability

Phytoremediation
Green plants have been proposed to be used for in situ soil
phytoremediation, which has become a popular research and
development topic. Plant-assisted bioremediation, also known as
phytoremediation, is the use of green or higher terrestrial plants to
treat chemically or radioactively polluted soils. In a laboratory trial,
some researchers quantified and compared the responses of soil 5.3 Permeable reactive barrier technique
microbial communities to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This is newer physical technique for remediation of
Researchers discovered that bacterial 1-aminocyclopropane-1- contaminated groundwater. Biological reactions like degradation,
carboxylate (ACC) deaminase regulates ethylene levels in plants by precipitation, and sorption are one of several pollutant removal
converting ACC into -ketobutyric acid and ammonia. A recent paper mechanisms in PRB (Permeable Reactive Barrier) approach. PRB is
describes the development of transgenic poplars (Populus) an in-situ bioremediation technique for cleaning groundwater
overexpressing a mammalian cytochrome P450, a family of enzymes heavily contaminated with pollutants (usually heavy metals and
involved in the metabolism of toxic compounds [60]. The engineered chlorinated chemicals) [66].
plants demonstrated improved performance in the metabolism of
trichloroethylene as well as the removal of a variety of toxic volatile Here, we take semi-permanent or permanent reactive barrier
organic pollutants such as vinyl chloride, carbon tetrachloride, (medium usually constituting of a 0 valent iron) is dipped in the way
chloroform, and benzene. Some researchers suggested that of movement of polluted groundwater. The polluted water flows
transgenic plants could help to expand and improve the safety of through this barrier with its natural gradient and simultaneously
phytoremediation. Herbicides are economically important, but the pollutants get trapped in barrier. These pollutants undergo series of
non-point pollution they cause can have a negative impact on the reactions leaving water clean. Ideally speaking, these barriers
environment. Herbicide phytoremediation has been extensively should be reactive enough to trap pollutants as well as permeable
researched using conventional plants [61]. enough to let water flow but not pollutants [67]. They should also be
less expensive, accessible, and passive with little energy input. This
Both in-situ and ex-situ, the cost of phytoremediation is lower technique’s effectiveness depends on the type of media used more
than that of previous procedures. It is simple to keep track of the than any other factor. The type of media used is of course based on
plants. The potential for valuable products to be recovered and environmental and health influence, pollutant type, cost, mechanical
reused. It makes use of naturally occurring organisms and keeps the stability, biogeochemical and hydrogeological conditions [68].
environment in its natural state. The fundamental advantage of
phytoremediation is its low cost (up to 1000 times less expensive Lately, researchers tried combining PRB with other methods
than excavation and reburial) [62]. such as electrokinetics and it resulted in 90 % nitrate degradation
from spiked clay soil in just 1 week. While combining electrokinetic
The surface area and depth occupied by the roots are limited in soil flushing with biological-PRB resulted in 30 % diesel degradation
phytoremediation; slow development and low biomass necessitate a from clay soil and again Bio-PRB technique with electrokinetic
long-term commitment. It is impossible to totally avoid the leaching resulted in 39 % diesel degradation from diesel-polluted soils both
of pollutants into groundwater using plant-based remediation in just 2 weeks as shown in Table 5 [69].
techniques (without the complete removal of the contaminated
ground, which does not resolve the problem of contamination) [63]. Table 5: Combined techniques clearing pollutants.
The toxicity of polluted land, the general health of the soil, and the
bioaccumulation of contaminants, which then transfer into the food
chain from primary level consumers upwards, have an impact on
plant survival. Because of the limitations of phytoremediation,
researchers devised the innovative concept of bioremediation in
tandem with rhizoremediation [64].
Mostly plants take up heavy metal pollutants from the polluted
soil via roots’ absorption like Salvinia natans takes up 7.40 mg/g of
Cr [18]. Elodea densa takes up 177 µg/g of Hg [19]. Oryza sativa L.
takes up 77-162 mg/kg, 77-162 mg/kg, and 49-199 mg/kg of Fe, Cd,
and As respectively . Raphanus sativus L. takes up 40.2 mg/kg, 49.3
mg/kg, 43.8 mg/kg, and 1.1 mg/kg of Pb, Cu, Zn and Ni respectively
[65] as given in Table 4.
 Jyoti Prakash et al./Int J Biol Med Res.14(4):7702-7711
7708
By combing different methods factors (nutrients, pH,
temperature) affecting microbial growth in polluted soil were
maintained at suitable environmental conditions and it results in
distribution of surfactant biomass throughout the polluted soil. In an
artificial laboratory-scale aquifer, Trametes versicolor (a white-rot
fungus) when used as bio-barrier carried out 97 % degradation of
Orange G dye. It opened gates for the potential of different fungus in
natural aquifers to be used as a filtering barrier (PRB) [70].
Many physical or mechanical uncertainties can significantly
affect the generalization of PBR technique ‘s performance. In the iron
PRBs, these uncertainties could be reduced in future by
amalgamation of independent experiments and many more field
observations directed towards increasing our understanding its
surface deactivation mechanism [71].
6. Informatics in Bioremediation
Information technology (IT) have lots of impact on
bioremediation research. Bioinformatics and computational biology
play key role in identification of genes degrading pollutants and have
higher impact on genomics based research [72]. Number of genes
have been identified from different microbes, fungus that plays
critical role in bioremediation and biodegradation process. With the
advent of bioinformatics gene prediction tools, ORF prediction tools
etc. have been used to predict genes in bacteria, algae, fungus, plants
that have biodegrading potential [73].
Genomics, Metagenomics, Metabolomics, proteomics,
Metaproteomics research have been used in identification and
prediction of genes/ proteins that have function in biodegradation
process. This information of biodegrading genes and proteins can be
used to enhance gene/ protein expression and can be used for
bioremediation tool [74]. Table 6 enlist the different bioinformatics
databases that are used in bioremediation research.
Table 6 List of databases used for bioremediation research
along with information available and URL
7. Disadvantages of Bioremediation
When we compare bioremediation to physical or chemical
treatments, we find that it is extremely slow. Bioremediation is not
versatile enough. It cannot be used to treat inorganic chemicals and
few organic chemicals too, but it is newer method therefore it is not
tested out for many chemicals. In lab experiments while developing
these techniques it is tough to examine the end products of the
reaction. Many pollutants have low (high chlorine containing
compounds) to no (polyethene) biodegradability. While some
pollutants break down to become even more harmful to society (e.g.,
TCE to vinyl chloride). There are multiple factors affecting the
process of bioremediation and it gets difficult to control all these.
8. Conclusion
Analogy of bioreactors (with wastes being the waste in reactors)
works best to explain our current standing in the field of
bioremediation. Just like the bacteria in new media we scientific
minds are also in lag phase in process of producing solution to
increasing waste problem. We are trying out different possible
methods to consume the waste and turn it into useful product. With
the development of biotechnology and our understanding of
microbes we surely get new and newer number of methods along
with newly developed genetically modified bacterial species are
coming into light, the field of bioremediation becomes inevitable
solution for waste management. With new research fungus, plants,
and even membranes of microbes are being utilized to clear
contaminates. Many combinations of different techniques have also
shown in labs significant conversion of wastes into harmless
products. Heavy metals which were considered impossible to be
treated by microorganisms once. Now a Strain of CW-96-1 was able
to remove 99% of cadmium from industry discharged water in
just140 hr period [13]. Hence, we are getting closer to log phase
when we will be able to bioremediate waste faster than waste is
generated and once we eliminate significant waste, industries and
societies will also take note of it and might produce more
environmental pollutants. Resulting in us being in stationary phase.
People need to be educated about environmental issues and need to
implement waste management in their daily life. With these
implementation waste can be reduced at significant scale so that
scientist might even stop researching new techniques as the already
developed ones are enough to sustain good, hygienic, and proper life
on earth.
9. Discussion
In this paper, recent advancements, and follow-ups of the
techniques available to mankind for biologically treating the wastes
and pollutants are enlisted and described in logical order. The types,
subtypes, definitions, integration with different techniques,
pollutants it degrades (in percentage), mode of action, advantages,
and disadvantages etc of bioremediation are mentioned along with
diagrams and tables. This paper mostly focuses on very recent
advancements in bioremediation, i.e., permeable membrane
technology, fungal bioremediation, phytoremediation, and role of
informatics in this field. The amalgamation of computational biology,
informatics or bioinformatics with environmental technology has
led to development of new field of study called ecoinformatics or
ecological informatics.
Without a doubt, advancements in computational biology,
informatics or bioinformatics have significantly made theorising,
researching, testing, and implementing different techniques,
 Jyoti Prakash et al./Int J Biol Med Res.14(4):7702-7711
microbes, enzymes, and tools for bioremediation easier for the
scientists. Different ecoinformatics’ tools are described in this paper
helps in coming up with new proteins, enzymes, combination of
microbes, combination of different techniques or even novel
microbes which can better remediate wastes and further help clean
our planet. Even gathering intel about the techniques and microbes
available currently to scientists for bioremediation is made easier
with the different ecoinformatics databases. And then testing out
these novel genes, proteins, processes, or microbes is made easier
with the dry lab stimulation software which further helps cutting
down the cost, effort, and time of researchers.
Acknowledgments
We would like to acknowledge Amity Institute of biotechnology,
Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow campus for providing us
facilities to conducting this study.
Ethical issue
No ethical issues involved.
Competing interests
Author declares no conflict of interest
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