14.

Biom olecles

O7ganc Compounds
E3 Caroohydrates, p7stein, 4ats, lipid,
nuclec aud.

+E Cadbonydoates.

Paimuily produced by plants.

enes fo7mlai C CHo)y
Gut al he Casboh drates do nst t into this fos mula.
E.9. hamnose - Hi 0 s is a Cabohtdrake

oa the
Opticauacive Polyhdso4 aldehmdeseones
Compounds which produce suh uni on hydol7si's.
also known a s Sacehesides.
Cla 6Sihcahon
A

Mono Sacchavides:
Sacchaside.
Composed of Single Vnt of
to give smple unt of
Can not be hydzolysed fu thes
kene.
Polyhydrov alde hde
ma Consist upto Six Casbon atomns
About 20 ade Knodn to oceus in MahTe.

E g . glucose, fuctose, abose e r -

(2 oligoSacchazi des: -

Which ve 2-10 mono9acchasides units on hyddolHSS.

Can be 3Toed futhe di, tzi, teB79sacehasides e k -

Mos+Co
Common disacchasides.
T W 0 mono sGacchaside unit5 the give orM hydsoly 515, o
disaechagides may lbe Same oT
ffesen
E9. Sucsese -one molecule each o t glvcose
one
molede a£ Poueaye
Ma tese Two moleles oF ltose onl
Poly Sacchasidesi
m o n a C C h a t
m o n a S I C C h G 3

numbes oF
give lase
hyd3oly4is
On

al1Coqem e
E. Sterch, C e u l o s e , on-5
non-Sgy
aaars
s..
in taste
[Link]
Swee edudnq m
n aauuTse
e
These
bass of Tedudnq
A j i n class Bed
on

Non reduunq Sug1s

Recudn 5uj1s Heronic|Aldehydic gop

> Ketonic) Aldehrde gso oonded
and nol-
aTe
n
93e bonded and
Capalole of de duchn
Capalole bf Teduing Fehinss Solwion| Tolen's

Fehlfn 5 oluhon | Tollens

Soluhon.
Solwhion. E3. SuCTOSe, Starh,
E eucose, Foucto se, detins eR--.
ibose elt-
GlHjen ,

c i a s S i hcahion of MonoSacchaideb. -
o n the basis of c-akoms poe ser and Puneional
TP Present in them.
i1 Aldoses-CHo CA dehyde) is psesenk
E3. Sga3 Contining 3,4,5 CaTbon ams
are aldotaiose, aldotetrose, aldo pentos e essechely

iketose o cketone) is pTe sent.

E-3. Sg a Containing 3,4,5 Cagbon aoms ate

kerotiose, kelotehose, etopentose.
GjluCose
AldeAlde herose
oceurs Preely a s wel a s în Combined torm în nhse.
Presenk in Sweel- fruts and noney.
PTesent in lasge qanhkes in Tipe mangoes.
A1So Known as
gsape Sugas 07 dextTose.
3epasahi
=
on of glucose
OFTom Sucsose CCane Sug)
=
ot
obtined o hdoolysis o alcoholic eoluhon
Cane Sug4s in labo7aost.

2HaaOn + H0 dil.Hc1,sd4C Co Hia06 + C Hia0G

Fructose
SucTose GAlucose

)From Stascmi
iE
o n lasge Scale - hydsolysis o Stasch by boiling
with hot dil. R504 at 313K undes 2-3 akm. P3essure

H CHia 0 6
CC Hi0s)nt H 39314
Staruh ot 2-3 atm lucose
cellye

Stauctuse of Glucose 3
Aldo hexose wim 6 C-atoms
bolid Teachons
iate souTLe of enesiy fo7 a11 meta
Imme
in the animaS.

CHO Aldehde

CCHOH)2, - 2 allohol
n,oH alcohol

ci M.F: C Hi2 0
with HI).
Poesence of stTaight
chain
CP
Cii)
CHO HT, A
- hexane
CCHOR)4
CHoH
 Cini) Pze Sence of Casbony gsoup qmine
to
to o
hTsm
m an 0
hyd3oxl
with
qlucose re acts
amoleaule.
oE HCN to v e CY9nohydnn.
adds
an
CH = -o H
NHa0H

CHO Glucose oime

- H20 CCHOH)4
CcHOH4 CHaoH
ACN CN
CH
OH

CeHOH)4
CHa0
CAlucose Cyano h+din

cu) f'oeence of an aldehrde gsowp Couidahon):

B dtes,
On psesence o mild oudising agents like
Tolen's Teaem o Fehling's Soluhon oudised to i v e

CaTbolic auid.

CHO CooH
B wake
CcH OHD4 CeH CHoH)4
Oid aion
CHOH CH0H
AlutonG qud

(v) Tsesence of veoH 950ups linxed to dittese n c-aums

CAcekylaHon)
CHO CHO
Acehc An htdnde
CCHOH)D4 CeH- c- CH )4
CAcelahon)
CH,OH
CHa-0- C-CH
Galucose Pentaacelele

+ 5 CH CooH
*
Poesence
sesence of one Primav Alcoholhc 900P

CHo CooH CooH

Oidalion oidah on
CCHDH CCHOH4
1 HNO3 HNO
CHoH CH20H
CooH
Glu oniC
SacchaTIC
Aud Aid

Confiqudabion of Glucose : -
OP diftesent
E m i l Fisches gaue the exact Spahial azsangement
-OH gsoups in g lucose
eto CooH CooH

H - OH -OH H - o H

HO H HO H HO H
H OH OH H OH
H OH OH OH

CH OH CH20H CoOH
D-(+) - Gilutose Hlu(onic Auid SacchamC A u

Rere D sep3esents the Configu3akion 2 (4) dei zo 7otator7.

-

haS no deiahon with the optial acivt

Note D andL
of the ComPound

D andL- notahons.

CHO
CHO

HO. H
H

CH0H CHaoH
Altceraldehyde
GaHCeToldehpde L-L-) -

D-C+) -
W d h Can be chemical
Co-7elaked to (+) isome
Comfounds
to be D- Con Rgusaion.
ave Sad

ase Gad to be l-Con hiqusahon

C-) isomes
 aGymmetn c
Fo monoSaccha7ides 5 Lowest

CHO Casbon abm 15 ompaTed

CHO
H - OH on the
H on e. C+)-glvcose,
0west aSymmetmC Casbon
H
H oH Side.
is on Hhe Diqh
OH Ho- to
Which is Compasalole
CHa OH So i+
CHOH 4)- GlyceTaldenyde.
D-4)- ealuos e L-- - G&luse is a sSiqned as D-Con hqusah0

Cclic stouctuse of glu(ose

oF iB
Lineas siuchuse gly cose explained most
of
Telahions:
Propeses but #ailed to explain the facs and
O Even housh -CHo is pre sent, does not Deact wi

NR,
NR3, 2, 4-DN? and giq nard de
a gent.
do not Testose PinK Colous ofE schiff's. deagenF despite ot
hauing aldehtde goup.
Penta acetate does not act with hd7olamine which
Shows the alosence of -CHO gaoup
obtined #rom
Gluose ests in:d-glucose CmP-419 K)- cojstallisahon lzo
Glucose
P-glutose (MP -423) Conc Soluion of luuse
Obtauined fovm a t 303K.
C5tauisahon from not
Aldehde Caron before Qnd Sahsatesl agveous
Ctclisahon Goluhiom at 31 K
C1-nomesic Cq7 bon H
C

HCOH
H -C-OH o H
H OH
H OH
Ho H
HO-C-H
HO H
H OH
H OH

cH, oH
-- CH20H
CHoH B - D-C+)- Calose
d-D-(+) -Glutose D-4) Aose
/nPen chatn CanomevS)
Panose St7uchure : -

HawortH structuse:
CH20H
CHa0
O
O
H
OOH
H
OH H OH
OH H

OH OH

-D-C+)-gluco PyTanose -D-C+) q lutoryTanose

-

tFouctose -
ketonexose Sucsose.
hydsolysis of disacchaside like
0btaned
b
AlSo kn own a s frut ngas.

Stsuctuse;

cHOH Furan

HOHC-c-OH
HO- eH0H
HO -H HO H
HO H
- OH
-OH oH H
H H
HSOH H
H
CHOH
ChOH CHaoH
d-D-)- Faucoksanase
D-(-)-fouctose -D-)- fruto frsanose
LaevoTotcuo
Copen c h i n ) CFiecher fsojec Hon)
H a w o h StTucBuse:

O
O CHaOH
o

H HO

DH H
( )- fauctokranose P-D-C - fouctofusanose
 D i s « c c hasdes -
q
q n
thToug h
togethes thsoug
monoS1cchasideS join
Two
the loss o
o t
0 i d e lin Kaqe Which is fos med by
H molecule. i.e. gutosidic linKage
Gucrose
HCI

Ci2 H2a°+ Hd > Cc H12 06 + C6 H20 6

D-(--ntrse
D-+)-glutose
Gluco9idic linkaqe lbetween:
C-1 o d-glucose qnd C-2 o p-- fuchuse.
CHaH

0
H OAC
P
HO 1 -O nn/cnaon
C-0-C2
4 Co6icbc linkge
lutose nd fructose : mose laevozotato
mix tuse o

because laevootahion of
fTuc+ose C-42.4) is mose than

detroTotahio of glu Co se (+ 52.s).

Afte7 hydso4sis chanje the Sig1n of Totahion.

.e. detro (4) to laevo (-).

Hence, it is Known as invest Sugan.
oveTal Yoocess is Knon i'nveTsion oF Sug17.
 C1- O
*educing Sugas C44 IinKaqe
-

CHa0H
CHa0

H OH
H H
OH
-O-
H
OH

-D-9 lucose d-D-9ucose

Lactose
Commonly known as acd milk Sugas,
B-D-Gtal«ctuse P-D- alucose
Ci-O-C4 indage
I t Teduces toien's 07 Fehlings Soluhon.
seducin9 Suga.
CH0H

HO H
H

oH OH
H OH

OH
H

P-D-alackse -D-u cose

E Pol4SacchaTides

colou7less, tasteless, Amo7 phous Powders.

monoSa cchaside joined togemes by gtcoSide linkajes.

Vital Tole inn Pl ant and animal li fe b aching as the
food Stosage o7 StTucural matesias.

Starch for human

Souzce oF Canbohydgate beins
M o s t dieast
Content found in Ce+eals, T°ots, tube7S anel S0me
High
Vegetates.
 compo
0n é
er
Co
c on
nSsi st oE t#w
oP woo
e
and
lucos
Polymev ot d-g qmylopecthin.
qmylopecthn.
9orpecHar.
4
.e. qmylo se
i n s o b l e in Ha0
Solu be I n

St4sch
80 8S . dk
IS-20 oP
Stasch StouhTeS

Amlose C1-0 C4 inage to be

Amlopectin: Ci-o -C4 CI-0 - C6 linKages

ceuwlose
>occu7S only în plans.
most abundant oTqanmc Substance.
maun Constihuent of cell wal.
wHh -0-C4 linRajes
Compose d of p-D-g cose CStmctuse to be doawn)

Glucogeno
foT animals,
matesial
StoTaqe
Stouctuze Similas o amylopec hnL
1.e. animal Stasch
ghy branc heel.
and brain.
f o u n d in muscles, lived
1t breaks down to qhuose
lhen body e quire3 eneri,
by the action of enzymes.

also found in je4st and fungi.

Impoatance
oF Casbohydrates
ot ouT fooc.
fom mjos po% hion
GtaTuh-Plant * gycogem gnimas
StoTnge matesial like
-

StoTne
ceuul0se in h e forn of w0d als0.
PTovide Taw materials fod texhles, PaPeas , lacquers indstris.
Act as bio fuel to pTovide eneT Fos living o7ganism.
Act a s Conshtuent 0F ceul membTqnes oF plants bacteiu.

fovnd in Com binaion o many pToteins and lipid s Sudh as

glycopooteins and gl4colipids.
 Amino Acid -
R CH- C0 0H
NH2 - d -aminoToup
Foteins Hdvolysis Hdo SiS
feptides -qmino q udB

Glyine (G), Alanine CA), Valine (v) , Leucine (L),

l9oleucne (I) ,
Arqinine (R) et.-

Classihicaion
Acidic amino aud
Neutra amino aud Ba9ic amino aud
which Contin mose
which Contain Which ContainL
Carbolic gooup l-cuoH) equal number mose NHa souP
than amind of -Co oH f -N H2
g souf. than -co0H quf.
T0uP i.e- lycine,
.e Aspadhc aid,
E9. ycine
Glutamc aud a1inine e r -
alanie

Amino aide- Snthesised b bod Non-eSsenhal.

Amino auds- Cannot be snmesised by bod * a s e Supplied
fn the FoTm of di e Essen Hal.

opesies of amino acids

-

Colousless, CoyNStalline Solids.

M?.
SoluSolu e in Ha0 high
Contain audic 4 basic gooup So behave like Sals.

eutraluse each other învovin

In aqueous Golwhon,
to amino g7ouP.
transfes ot a PToton fTom Carbol group
e. Zwi t e s ion.

R-CH- -0-H R CH-

-

o
1
NA
NH24
ZWittes 1dn
 atl othe3 - amino auds are optcall
E x c e p t qly Cine,
qchve.
They exist in D and L fod ms .

în which
amino auids
have Con Rgudahon
Most of h e
is lePt hand Side.
-NH2 9 ToLp on

Pepthde linkaje: -
HN CooH +H N- CH CoDH
-

CH-
Clcine
Alanine
-H
CHCo0H
H,NCH Co -NH -

14Calanine
Cdipephde)
o two H a SAP.
Dipephde > becuse of poesence
amind a u s
w h e n the umbe of amino auids is mo7e than 10
then the produc a7e Polpephides.

A Poypeptide With mose than 100 amino aud TeSidue

havingmolecu las mass highes than 10,000u Ts Called

a p3otein.
Inslin which Contauns onl 51 qmino quds.
Note
 #
classiFicahion of Proteins:
o n the basis of theiz moleculas shape, PToteinS
aTe oF two t7Pes
FibmuS Psotens Globulas Proteins stouchre
Thsea d or Abre live Struchse spheTi cal shape
In which poly pephide chan hen he
Which resus
Tun Paallel and ade held ail
chains of pol7 pephde
togehes by hydroen and adound.
disalpide bonds, Soluble in Wates.
Insoluole in Waterv.
E . . insuln and
Eg KerainCfound in hai,
alby mins.
SKin, nails, wool, SilK)
m0Sin (Presentin muscles)
StTuctuse qnd shape of Pooteins
Fous diffevent levelS -

i) Poimary Stoucture :
Footeins may have one or move Poly Peptide chain s.
chain has larqe numbes of -4mino
>Each Polypephde
acid inked to one anothes in speciic Segueynce.
Vasious qmino aucls
> The 9peci hc Sequence în whch

linxed with Cach othe to Foom

a poly peptide; is
ade
stoucvre.
Called poimaT y
in one amin0 ud n h e seguence
S0, just one change
n d Can cTeake a
Can alteh its biological achvib
diffetent pTokein
Secondasy Posoteins:
-

C11)
Confbomahons which the Polypep Hde chauns assume

lbetween -d- and

and
asa TeGuut ot hydTogen bonding
-NH- 9Toup of he pephide bond is Called Secondar

stTucuse oF Proteins.
 The
hey two diffesent sBTuchises
exist în
P-pleaed sheetstucuse
-hel'x skruc hure aTe
tuse chains
m o S t Comm on struc
Al pephide
In which a poly Pep hde streched out to neaT
chau'n Porms a l p0ssilble
mmum extenStonqne

H-oonds twishng into hen laud lkg side btide

heu.
Tigh handed Which ase hg held
each t o g e h e r oy ntesmolecdar
-NH 9oup of
Qmino qad unit
is ndv0gen hydTogên bondS.

bonded to the=0 of StTucture Jesemble to

lds of
a n o hes amin0 acd unie Hhe ple ated Po
atan adj cent it is
Pre sent drapeH Thus
tuTn of Hhe helx. Known as p-pleatedL
sheek sBouchuse.

Ciii) Tevhary sBuchuse

stoucture.
Furthes folding of secondary KlbrouS 0 r
major moleculas Shape:
ives Gise to
two

slobula. stouchres ofP

Podces thal
stab1se 2 qnd 3
Main
bonds, Van der
V4nder
ase hydTogem bonds, disulpude
Protein Fovces of atrach an,
and electros tahe
WgalS Povce s

Structure -
civ) Quadter naT
Man PoToteins exist as a Smgle poB1 PepHde chain,
of the pooteins aTe Composed
oP two oT
but Some

mOTe Pol1 pephde chain Callesl Subun1ts

OF these Subum1ts wi
The Spaial aaTqngement-
TespecE othed is knoWn a s quartesnaT
eqdh
Stouchuse.
 Denusah on of Poroteins5:
Pootein found in biological S3 stem with a unique 3D
Structuye and biologic al achvit+ is call ed nhve
Porotein.
When nakive pzo tein is Subjected to phj5icad chanje
nen aa
Cke temp) os chemical chanje Cive pH), Hhe h d I * "

bonds qre duishnbeod.

As a segutt, globules un fold and hel' ge uncoiled
and p7oten los es ts biologiCal achvit
e demaurrhon ot pro ein.
destro7ed bul
Duing den ahu7uhon 2and 3° qze

isemuns inta ct.

E n zmes
E s s e n hal biol ogical Catalss
Almost au aze globudas P3oterns.
and foro aa
for
fos a p1hiculas eachon
V e s Sprcibe
Parrhcwar Subs BTate.

MaltaSe
Maltosse 2 gucose
Ho
he 0u'dalnon oe h e
Enz1 mes which Catalyses
the d m e r
One Substrake and Teduthon of
Substdake Smultaneously.

2 Ending of the name oF enz1 me: "ase'

Vitamins:

O0ganic Compounds.
t e s in g4 dtel
seqused in S m ol quanh
Most of the
Vitaminns Can not be synthe1sed in ous

bod but plans Can 91n thes1S almost al of hem.

 finchions.
Perios Specif biological
Vitamins

Fat Soluole Wates Soluble

Soluble fn fas and Soluble in Wates
Oils. E . 9 . B andC
Not Soluble in Hao suppied Tegules
mst be

E . A,D, E, K in dietE because the1 ase

S h r e d in lives and une and

ext7e ted in
adipose (fat Stoing) Can n e t be ssed in ouy

E1SSues. v i k m i n 312)
bod. Except
SouTLeS , dehcient1 diseaes tobe Tem emberee

H Nuclec Acid
ucleus of a living c e l is Tespen sible for the
The
chasactes. 1.e- Hered
transmission of inhe vent
For hesediH. .e. chovmestme[
Tesponsible
The pasheles
nuclec a c d
ChromoSomes Poo tein+

RNA DNA

RNA D N A - PolnucleoHdes.

Compo9iHon of Nuclerc Aud

chemica ives thsee
Mucleic acid 9
DNA/RNA,
On hydvoly siS oF
Gompounds: Cii) Nitogen
Cii) Phosphonc aud
base
Ci) Pen tose Sug a3

RNA Puroine imiln

DHA
UTaul()
B-D-ouse Aden1n e A)
B-D-2-deo TkI mneRE) Thtmine
Tebese
Guanine cta) Ctosinett
 bae: adeninea),
hsee Common
KNA bo th h as uanine la),

Eiclugivel
Th[mine Eiclucivey
Cytosine cc).

CT Urac

StTuchure o Nuclec Aud

Pentose Sug a t Nito1em Nucleo Side
Bse
When nucleos ide is linxed with phos pho mc a c d

dt s pos1Hon 1in Sugas m o i e y , nucleoide i5

foTmed
Ten tose + Nitojen+Phosphon Nucleo Hcde
Baoe Atid

Nucleo Hdes ase _joined togehes wfh phesphoclrestes

akoms of he
linKae between 5 and a' carb on
Pentoses Sujas
7ucleoHdes ade Connectecl. They o m
[Link]
Lasge
Lasge
nuclee qc'd. (BlYNclnHide)

sueled in
S T u c u r e of
nclec aud Can be
t w o levels
Secondas
PTima f Cnck model.
Watson
Into7maion Teq aTdhn Double helix S t T u u u r e

oF nuclep
Hdes
Gequence
A=TT
chain
of nude
he
in
2 H-bo nds 3 H-bonds
aud.

m-RNA (mesS en jes)

RNA f hree pes t -RNA C+7anGter)
T-2NA (Tbssom)