Bfomtlewles

presert: inm the yuîrg

vîny
th
moléwles whfuh ore
The
are calecd os bfomeleaulej
system they
Carbohycrotes, pote>ns, u?tamins ,nuuere
e9
actds
op bilds the
RThe organi Compounds unch
vng dgstems ond respenstble for routh
Ore Couecl bYcmolecules

Carbehy darates
o optfcally active
These are deftnedd
retones are
Phycuxy oldehyeles or
Substances wnfth ields on h y d e a i s

Clasi ficoct on f carbonydrates8

dasiffed
hydolyss hey
are
aed n

int
3 ees Monasacehoide

These ere sîmplest orbohydrates

to Smaller
* uhih 0annt hyolroysed
be
mole 1 e s they oure Couled as mono sacchaXdey

Theenem famnia CcH2o)n

here nz 3-+

Otgo SacchaRdes
This cavbehydates utth en hydnysis gives
- molestes ot monoSScLUhaides hey
orecaued a oigo sacahañdes
neneral form ula of oligoSacLhaRdes ( Hio Os )n

*| Ougosacch @ides forther elasifd fnte 3yPe

a Disacehafdes
RCorbohudote) on hydosfs afves tuo moletes
of Soume o dferet menasaeUhaRdes are
colled disacechatde).
 for m uld Ci H2
general
The M a t t o s e , lacTDSE Sudmse

e9
CHiOd6 Ce Hh2DL

SULroSe
Cnwcos e frcttse.
Cheteosacchatde
Hi6 t6411 Cetia
Lan Ha2 O case gCose
Mautese
Crhotmasacchatdes

b T r i s a t c h a n d e s

malele
3
oh hydtouysts gfves are
Caurbohydhae saLthaRdey
mono
eHteret
o f somne ot
caued ts achafdes.

Formula
i g H32 Oi
CisH32 O
*neneral f
frru
cctt
o es
see
galactose
ucase,
eg
Tetas acchaides:-

gves 4 moleute
of
on hydrouysS calied
Carbohyarates
ae
sachundo
dHerent mono
ot
ame
tetta satcharides
formula 24 H4 Oa
neneral

3Pousaahafde.

numbeE
n u m b e af
uuhfuh aves large
o n hyclrelysrs a r e
*Caurbohyclrates
on hycldysTs
osachaHde
ontts
meh
Called potys athatdes taste hence
sweet 'n
andes are not
Pouytach
are called non. Sgas
they
eg-
Starch, cellu kse, g9cgeh
*neneral formula CHroOs)n
asifed

ety sgas
dasii
*Babed on
o n reduäng prop
fnto 2 types
Redudng sugar Fehl ng s
S uto
ttrto
onn
unith
reduces Fenlf ng
Cabhydrates referred
r e f e r r e d

are
Ond Uen's reagent
aldose or petoge
redprn9 sugaS des uhether
mo'ho sdceh andey
uhehe
ore
reducfnq sugas
 eggwcese fruttese, maltos e, lattuse.
bDoh redwcngSugas
T h e corbehyolrades uhfch lo not reduee fehitna
Solutton well O Touen's reagent are
Callednon redudng sgas
f r e e aldehyde
or eeone
e SuUDse

Clasitcatfen of monoSacch aRdey

Aldcse t
Monosadhaandey contaï h an aldehyde gop
CCHe) they o r e
Caledl a
old eses
rfbese
, r{bose, deexy
eg goCos e, 9alattose
Ketose:
Mohosacch undes Cotain a eetone group theu
oure eaued as retose

e 9 Fructose

Courbon Atm eneu Atdehyde

TermnS Ketone
TrROSe Alc T o s e eto Trfose

Tetrese AIcotetraewetetetese
5 Pentose AIdo Pentese Ke fentose

Hexose Alc hexose Reto hexose

Heptose Aldb heptosé Ket heptese

Aldehyde goup contaï n 6 Carbe axtoms calec

alcds hexse
e.9 gutose
ohtain 6 Caboh actoms Caled
etohe aroup
peto hexose
eg fctose
 ncese

reely tn hatre ab Ueul a

tn combfned stote.
Ttis preet in
uits,sueets ond honey.
Preparadfons
*oocase prepared in 2 methocs :
Disacchncundes- 7D Aabarotohy methec>Suuese
trsoechandes >j) commeråal methad starth
From Sucose cone sga)
*Sucose on- hyplroysTs
u t h dilHa or H Soy
gose ard
alesh elic mecfum t o give
n
a m ouhts
fructesee în eqal
Ci2 H22 On +Ho dilt Ce Hia O +CeHn
Suese Cemen Jeicej guwuose frutese
Lream of tarta
From starch
obt a n e d
co mmercially by
* ocose fs
stardh ith drl 2 4 ot 03K and
Doilf n
r
2-3otm p r e s r e
n Cti2 O6
C Ho Os)n nHiodil-H3cy.
2-3ocm
3tose
Sthotte of monasacchafdes-

Rbese De oxyHbese
ncose Fhoctosee
Alco Pentse
(eHi2 Os

CH26H

HC-oH
H- -6H -H H- oH
It - -OH

1 H- orl
C2o4
H oH
CH2oH

HOH
oH
- oH H2
 Stctuee ot gutcse

Ce Hin O
-H
opeh ehain
StrcTure

Fisher
HO- -H Prof eetion
--oH
H-C -oH
*The CHdH
pen dhain stnctre proposed by
Boeyer
*| Tt eentaïn ne oddehyde,one alohel
and4 secondary allohos and tt contwn

4Unfral ohar bons and t shouss \6

opttcal Tsemers
Chral arben 24
optfcal Rsemers= 2"- 24216
n ne. ot Uiral earbens
torese treated ith methono1 n the
presenee of
dny A t grves mone
methy dertvatves.
-D-glucostde
B--cesTele
Unweose present Pn yutc a'22sthctres

dDg epyranose
-D- gto Pyranase

opehchain
8-9 Sthuctuke t e Pyranese
goropyrarese
 Ho-C-H

-H H-
H - C-oH
C-oH
H
HO - C-tH

-oH
4-c-oH -C~6H

CH2ot

CHOH CH26H

*& only vanatfon at C position

are Caled anomenc Carbon.
carbonS
ore callecl
uhith differ. in Ci positfon they
anomerTc Corbon
s Les stoble nan p

t s present în natre 36/ and B Preet

in nauture 641

Harwauth sthoCture Cctosed chan)

-D-gwcopyran ose:
C42DHH

oH

-D-gcopytanese i
CH2oH
ott

Uhemical Properfes

*nweose en mild oxidatfon uuth Br ves

gcenfo aud this Pndrcates Cabony
group Preaet n gwcose
 CHO Coot
Br ocder 1
CetoH) CLHot)y4
l Hc
CHoH mld oxidizing HOH
agant wLoniC aüd
Cdensed
Fomula &or gutesee
(nucese on oxfdatton with ntic add form
SacchaRe add or alwcaf attd or gytar

acid
CHO
CooH
HNO3
CcHoH)y strong oxidizing CeHoH)4
agent
CH20H ost
Cnwcafe add
guycae aud
gagwhaxic add
weese en acelactfen uith aLeH unhydi
wh+tn
ves
v es wuse pentaetaxe
5-6H 9ups in
Confms he presence
gluocase
CH3C CHO

cH anhydfde
Acd o Cco-CHsu
Ct2H4
Cese perta aetateR
Conden sed
formula for tSUH3l00
Lose