Bro Molecales

Cazoohyhates .
Cabsych ates are the combo wndo of c,A and O
having genal forrmula C (Ho,, since they
re the hyales o carban m they qre cálled carbahyotae
9
Ci2 (Ho)u ie C2H220,1 ( Sucnse )
(5u all the compo unds bshich fallo w thü fozmula qye mot

Carbohyctaites ke CHCoOH c,yo), (acetie aid )

Accoyding do moden deffinithon poy hyog
hode Combo uncy which on
aldelycde, poly Aycroycombowndy
Retane oY
called caybohyohates hese
hyctonlis gve these
Compouncds ane ophcally achive
CHO CH-oH (Sucyome)
CigHa,, + H0
C=0

CHOH (CHOH)3
(elucoges Glucose) fruc tosey
(frucbse
Claasi fiealion o Caybohycrates
Corbolytates

Nonaugqs
Sugaa
(Suweet in taste Cystalline, sobable in 3o)
PolysacchBamde)
)
( No swat in taste,amoyphous
in co ld uateY
A ingouble
1. 9B þrodyce large no
monogacchaides mhyrglo.
Monosacchoides Oligosacehavides (CH6),, +mo
9+ þoduce Q-lo (Sach)
9} can mot be fychoyge leues mano nçH;26 (3ucose)
fusther into loweisugas 6acthmdeo gn
2. Gen fomula Cmann Kycryslg 2. hey ye he po lymexs of
e. depening upon monosacchariles
3 Conlauy 3-9 Cavbons o.o male eules
prydiced they re Cellulose,Stqeh ,
4
gyeogen ete
aldehydeo or Retshes Called, digacehoides,
Aiaacchides ete

Sucme disacchondey
(Trisacchaide)
 2

Nomenclature yeheiall sufix 0ze' wed n he mame f

Caboydíales he monog aechaide have aldehy de (-cHo)qsup
s called Aldoses'
knoun as ketoses
Glucose aldofexode
Yrucase ketahexote
Redueng and Non Redueung Sugar hose augoa chih cah
yeduce Fehl1ng 6a luhon, To llens veagenl ete ane calld veduewg
sugavs hey antan o- hytoy aldede, d- hycoy ketone, yelie
hemiacelal Remi kelals ey qll mono94cchaides
.

Hiose ugavs ohich do mat Yeduee Fehling

6outisn Tollehs veaqent ane called man yedueug g9-hiyY
do mt fove free Canbonyl gou. eg Sucme . Poyaceh idg
Monosacchazides
(Gucose Grape sugay or deetroe )
the esenhial
Sweel fruta and fhoney 9t ra also
element o I4 called blood suggy gn naure et
blood to t 14
18 þiese achye ldomer d0 at 4 called dezoe re
Ophcally
dexo volahery aldohexoye
Srucliye CHO Beonal )
H-OH (2,3,4, 5,6 -penjahydry
Gucose CH-6H gt ca be Coviten as
tH-oH CHO
(4- asymmel1e |
(qHi20s) Covbsn
CH-OH Q°alcohol1è qroub )
by-oH CyoH (4 alcohile qou)
Aepralion
Fom hyolysis of sucme;
Glucose fructose
2. From SBaych -

(starehb) (gucosey
Proheshes straght ehain n
1. Presenee of diin covban kuked HI
glucose can be shoun by educhon by
.

ÇHo HI
(¢HOH
CH-oH
 3
Presence ct fve -0H Group
SCHeoc) +SHCI
CHO Pyichne
CHó

(CHOH)4 (CHOCoCH)
5ycoo CHOCoCH +scycooH
CH-oH Pyridune
(Gucoe þenta
3
fresence of Canbony Gyoup (e=o) CHOH
acotale

CHO +HCN, |CN

(Gucgse cyano )
(CHOH4
CH-oH
Rydvine
CHOH)
CH-oH
4 BNOH CH=NOH (elucosoxAme )

(CHOH4
4 resence G aldehde gpoup CH-oH
CH-OH (Reduchon )
Na-Hg (cH-oH (Sovbitol.)
CH-OH
CHO CH-OH
CHoH4 (guenic)
QudOseidalon
(HOH>4 [o) cooH
CH-OH
|o) cooH ( lucongechanc)
acid
Conc HN03 (kHoH)
cooH
( ucoye recuces Fehling solton anto ved cyo )
Tollens veagent anto Ag
5. Reaction nth pheny fyctragihe
(Osqgone Formabon )
CH=0
CH=NNHÇH
H-0H 3HNNB =N-NHÇHS tHNH +NH
(CHOH) (HOH)S
+ HO

CH-oH CH-OH (Glucosagone )

Ohen Sucuve f Glucose he exact spaial avrngene nt
on he basy
of iffeent -OH qoup uas given by Fscher
which t maned D(+)- 9ucose D represens
hu Com1qu ation and <+) Yere sent the dexto o latog
natie CHO
Ho 0=ç- H
C-0H

H-C-OH CHOH
(D -Confiquyahan )
HO -H H -oH
H --OH CHO
H-C-0H HOH Ho - H
CHOH
(L- Confiquvalion)
CB-oH (gyceral dehyde y
Evidence agant open chaunstruclare
clocs mot gye
ppt ath Scaifa
Dobile faving -CHO qpoup t
1:
reagent nd 2,4 -DNP
guucoye
by
Concentated dolution Cryohall1aahn -e, lucose
303 K

hot and daturated Cpall1sahoh

oluhon of gucose 39|K
3. T ene
omelc mety glucosides (a e8) qre formed by heahig
gucose nth cyoi (Glucoide Formahin )
GH,, (o CH) + Ho
gucoside uta o}aton
4. solhin
An agueous soluton of gucose soco
Mutarotaluon i In he agyesw solution of gucoe equlibmún
m1ipe has 367, «- gucose and 6#% f-geucoje
volatim of d- gucme hanges fom lo toto +SQ-s
shecifie oalon o p qucote changes f'rom +19-7° to +ses
and l mutaoaon
D-Guco4e a-D-guacose 4 f-D.gucoje
d- D-Gycoe Equilibuy
8-D-gucoje
sp. olhon +SQs
 (Tnulin)
(GHo°snt
no
Prerdion
heONe ) (Reto fructoe D-(-)-
CB-OH ólatary Kaevo
-0H - H CH-OH
H-¢-oH CH-OH
fosmula CH-OHhexan2-ohe þenta 5,6 ,3,4,
on) (Fscher Ho--H Hy26) G(
C=0 stuetre chaun Open
suga) (Frat Fuctose
nose D-t)-gucopyanose
B-D+) o- Pyyn
OH
3 HO
H OH
2
oH H
H
CHOH 6
CHOH
eprejented
by ca
be shucue cyclie he
hácsre Hosa
th
gucose B-D-4) o-D-(+)-Gwcoe
CH-OH CH-OH CH-OH
H-C C-0H H-
H-C-OH H-COH H-C-0H
-H -C HO
HO-C-H
H-C-H C-0H H- HC-OH
HO-C
-H CH- C-OH H-
foms homeY3. called
qre they p-fom
nd and a-fosm I0omeyc u n
gupof-CHO cbsence a is Hrer6hucre
eycue thi pyrn.
Tn hnalogg 1ygen
An Cabon
fiComyning
ve membened
ing 61X stsclúre Pyraunose Ao
shucuye chohle poje Rhe
on gr-0H the nd gou -CHO beween FiAche 6lucune
hemiace
lal ft cyclieof faam ucose Gucote: Shuclure
of Cyelic
S
Cyclic Shucne af Fucose Il also exst an Zwo eycui fons
uhich ne obaibed by addehon of -OH at fipth carbon o the
thus
Cabnye gub he ing Hhe formed is simlay
thu fomed to furan
carbon atoyn CnH,
called unnose ing Contav fou

HO-C-CHOH
Ho HC -C-OH
HO -C-H
HO C-H
H C-0H
H-C -OH

fuzan H-C H
CHOH CH-oH
B-o-(-)-yuctofuranose
o-D-(-)frucofuranos
Hocwazlh shuchne of fruehose folloas
HOCH

H H
H OH CHOH
3 4

ÞH ÓH H
Di sacchaides :. hose cay bohy dh aley shichdi}ferenRydolys þucce
monsaccharides
o mlecules f same oY
aYe ealled disacchandes
qlucosidic lnkage Tao mohosaccharides are fotnedt together by
un Ocide Rnkage foomed by the loss af water ad thi kunkage
bekocen turo monsacch ovides trnouyh ojgen ia called gucosidic
Rnkage
Sucroe (Cane Suga)
Styucie of Sucvose and Ca of pfruchose.
ore joned by gaycosidue Rnkage sÀcrO%e ill form 9t ia
n redueung dugoy since redueing gua Jonnad trth eah and
no tree vedueng group ds fresest
H HoCH o H

HO CHOH
OH
OH H
&-D-Gucote P-D- ieeose fruclose
Anvevaon G Sugay - Sucose ds dexboYolatory but on
gives clexto rolatory glucoge and laevo 70lahy
nycholyis t sþecifie ulationss° nd
-qg.4'yespechveby
fructose having is Raevo volatory nd thushveslm
change
Ko ovevall spe ufic otalion
olauon an aqueous aoluton is Rnoun as
of specifie

C;2H221l Thvevlae D-(+)-guucoye D-)-fructose

(sp. votahon) 42-4
(Sucose) sp otahon)+52-s
Maltose (maltaugax)
lunkage o Ci o o-D-guoe
qt fonmed by gucoside molecule
and
C4 o d- D- 9 ucose of nohey molecyle make
t c1 ot second
the ree ~CHO gu
redu cung sug4 GCHOH
6CHOH
H H H

H
4
2 2
HO
OH
OH
d-D-Gucose
o-D- ucode
Lactoe (Milk Sugar
galactose and p -D -gucode at C1
gt ta eotmpoged of B-D-
gt 4 alao edueng sugor.
ahd C4 carbon

HO
H
H |OH
2.
H 3

(d-D-alacBse) (8 -D -gucose )
Poysacchandes Polyacehan des eontaun, Rnkage
a Lange . hey
rumberacoas
monosacchondes lnked tagether by gucosid
Jood storage matenal
Stareh 9 is the main storage polysacehandes of plants 9t aa
betymer d- gLcoJe and Coniisb o tuo comþonento -
VAtrmy lose - 9t vs14 aa aky 6ouble component having Is- 20, f stavch.
a lsng wnbranthed chain held by C1 -c4 lnkage
d-D - gucode
 go-8s.
Amyloþechh - 9B a 1nsoube in asatey and conshtule
starch 9t iw a branched ehan þaymeY d-D gucoge
branch1g 0ccuvs
which chain i4 foN mecl by C-C4 lnkage and
by Cd-CG glucoidic Cnkage Choh
CHOH CHOH
H
H
M/Lot
-fo OH

H
H OH
(omylose )
H
H

H (amylohecin )

H
to

ant Crmahuent o
Lot
ce) wall o plant Cella
Celluloe:. 9f bredmin
abundant organic sublance h plant kingdom . 9B tà shaght
g ra most B-D. Gu coe nito . at C-i of
Chain p oysa ccham des of
gluoe are storedwn animal body
elycogen he cavbohydnates ngl starch. 9 wbesen
called animal
gycogen Éngy mes break gyco gen Anto gluce
th avev, mueles and brin
fungi
cshen body vequred . 9t is alo found ih yeast and
Tmporlance of Conbohychrates
3. As Bio fuel yucose,fructose ,storch ete þrovide ener
Yor the funchoning o Rving organism tushen
a. Reserved food matevial guycoger oreak Into gycoge
body equyeal
3 Conshlyents Biomoleules- ike D·NA, R.NA AtPele
4. Tnduwtries - Textiles, Paper, Cotton Fib ele
 PROTEINS
he woYd proteun i devyed from he rovd poteios' present ustich
Meas imay oY of p ime nþovtance an Protein aye
celly lants and qre imala . Each ving
n almost all aving dufferen teins ashich essenhal foy
cell js made
gouth ahd manten anee of fe compounds
Pöteins ave ibugenou orgnie ndensation
o hugh moleculav moses and ave obfauned by
a- amino aids. hey qye
mono meyic
polymei3aian of seveva) nd onials and n Rydolysio give
gthesyed by boh planty
o-aníno Quds
Prolra ’ Pepides Hynyiis
Hychelyiy bifunehonal rganie moleule
vAmino Acido-: Caybyli'e qoup (-CooH) and aniho group-NH)
hat Containy both
-NH gup uith veapect to -'cHg.
Sependeng upon the þos1han oo BY,Sete
they re cianified
d - amino Qid
Neutal
NH CoOH
One --Co 9 -
oHgY
aminO aid
Audic
No Basic
Amino Acidy- Abou
About 20 amino qcid
Essenhal and Non-emenhal vandus
Rae been IAolaled by the hytalysig ovabe profuny among
n thedjet
hve supblièd to qur body
ushieh lo amlno audy aye Anom as Emenhal amino Qldy
r þpey health and 90th
amino Qidy ashich
he remaning lo
Ssenhal Amino Acids
ealled N×n
the body an ynhesnjeino Acids - Amno acidy ane genevally
are

Nomenclature Gt d- Am
but one leter symbo
are

Teresened by three Kaay symbo

I. glycine gly (G) CooH (Non Essenhl )
11. Alan1ne Ala (A) CH-CH - NB
CooH
Valiie (V)Val (CH cH-cH CooH
1V, Leueine Leu(L) (CH), cH-Ch -CH (Ewenhal)
Tsoleucine Ile () G,H cH -cH- N3
 Structure Gf ad- Amino Acids
Zwtter Ion - Th broBein anino auds conlan basic amino
the agueou
qroup (-NH) and atdic cqvbayie grup (-cooH) Inacceplkd
-c0OH 9u
3 ose ose a prolon tuhicht5n l) form
by -NH gou shich dapola
knoum as gnHey Imhe 3unter tm dipalar Cany
ovevall t 4 elechh caly
boBh +Ve) and cVe) charge bul
meuhal. ’R-cH-Coo
’R-CH-Co0
R-CH-Coo4
NK
NH
behaviouy ince t
J shog arnphofev audy & bayes
Yeaey R

> Ho NHCH coo

oH
R NH-CH -Co0'
NH CH-cooH k Qud) (Baye)
(Neuhal )
(As cahôn) except gy cune ) have
anino aicy
Moat alrally ocCur ing having confgyation
aymmeic d- cybon ouffevent d-amino
shen sveral sme
Pephde Lnkage
togchey by el1m1natin o raler molecyle then this
and
aady rked
hav1ng CONH-lunkage ullform
bephde bond
pe lng hain Repide linkage oY
Rnkage a Rnoum pephde amed
oy Ruring mino

molecles trooug pephde Linkage is Calledpepide whiih

aual
designaled as d i , , hÍ etc
Qve
R BN-CH-CoNH-CH-Co0H
H-NH-CH-CooH ’
BN-CH-cooH + dubeþhde
R
HN-CH cONH-CHCONHcH-CoOH HN-CH-Co0H

(Z1 pephde )
Clafcalion Gf Potens :
(1)Fibooua Protein ehai yn þaralel
when thu polypepide dulph
hycrogn and disuphi de bondo then
and aye held togehew by botein
fiore lrey qye formedl Roan as fibo
lke sru
|noluble h uqley
generally ha, wrool silk) Myosin (muwcles)
eg Keyahin
 q1obulay Roteins he polypephdeto chain n Jhese Boten folded
oten nolecnle
anound hel! nsouch a uay o as g1ve the enhe hese pten
dunenhohal sbheodal shape
an almodt globulay o thré Thsulin Mlbumin etc
qne sually souble n aler
Slructue G Proleins
Pouteens consts of several poy
Primary structune o fnoleins
peþhde ehain . Each paly bephde speeifc þroten Pas
palteyn
þatern and hu Aeuerce
Kinked uih each othev un a sheeifrc
to be b1may srure of þrateun
o amino aidy s said arrangemest of poyephde
shuctne
he o called secondry
b) Secondy Slruelire of Protens bonduig
chans as a esutt of fydngen duffevent yþe of stnehares -
f roteins Ruo
exisla most comman rays
the anto a rigt
o-helix - 9B
forms ai
e
þos1ble H-bonds tuihrg
each amino
aud d
Poypebhde chain yt he -NH 92uþ the helix
hnded sCres (hel1) bondud do the ceo grou
Temauning Hychogen stuclaye all ephde chs
pleted sheet suclure gn thi etenhoh ad then laid
B- mgumum
he sretched ut o megy togeher kby H-bond
held overallfaldung
A\de by side ashich ae the
9} rebresentsecgnty shuctire
Terhory stctne f potins
chais te furher folding of shapes - fbros and
o polypephde to tuo maoy moleculay respansible for *
9+ gives uhih
globlar e main forces Vander. Walla
wallà forees dusulphide
e H-bond
and 3° stuclpey elecstaie forees alrach on
Runkage and camposed o tro
potejns - Some þroteiy
d QuayBevnary suehre of chains (subunitj and their apaha? as qsatenay
0Y mre polybephde eqch otthey ta Rnoun
hgemert sh reect to
arrangemet
Btyduye proBeins qe
DenatuYation Gf Proteine: the stuetiye of prteh is
ahvrty When the
Yesþonsible da biolagical chemica ehange (Rke temþrature
Riojeeaal he do ohyical ory oybed and þotees loses ts
þH ete) H-bonds are danalyakon Gf potein 9n the
biolog1ca) achviy Rnoum as intaet
1 s t r e yem ais fomahin
dleniaticm pio cesd
n bailng , curding mlk dce do
aud koy bactern present in the milk
& Rache þroe1ns Boh ae palymei
9ifernce blw pouybeþides and
amino auds but molgy maes qre
bo duct of -
they ae called þoteiy and below lo, ouD
above lo soD they
qre called polypepi des.
 |2
Cngymes: Engymes
hese ane sed as bacally þrotens þro duced by laving ellu.
ave
catast in seveval biachemi cal eeachoms
they are alo called Bio Calalyat
ne globulay
AImot all he engy mes qe
preis hey geherally
sË Compouhds upon which
mamed afer the Compoud o lays
hey he endng of the ame
n en3yme s ase
Maltase (Gucose)
C12H220| + H0 2çH
(Maltoye)
Engymes Rave follounng þropeshes () Achve a opimum
Highly apecafie cuw ighly eficrent caBalst
þH(6-8) and oþhmum tempyahyve (3o35°e) v) Only small quanhy requ rd
Vifamis: Organlc combounds yeguyed un the duet an small amounl
An pevfom sþeatic biological funchons for mal mautenance of
oþhmum Vitam1
g0wh and hea| h of Onagnism q7e called fiave amino gou
Vifamins -(Vital + amine ) Since erliey Compounds and
Fat soluble vilamins : A,D,E, K qve soble in faty & oila
ne stoed in Rvey and adipose (fat shong tssues )
Waler dolble vitamins; B erup Vitamihs and ViBamin C are
un diet because
isaley icuble hey must be supplied regularly i
ean mot be so red
they ane readily excréted UYIne and
ouy body
Name of ViBamis Sources |Deficieneg diseases
Vitamin -A (Rehnol)Fsh,Livey od, Caots,buter,m1lk Xevoþhth al mia
hardening fcothea)
NighB bl1ndhes
Vitamin-8, (Thianmine) Yeast,Milk, cereaks, green vegetablesBen-be1
Cheilosis
B,(Riboflavin) Milk, e9g-ahile ,L veY
B (Pyridauhe) Yeast, milk,e99 Ylk ,9rams Cohvulsions
Bi2 (cyano coba lami1y Meat.fsh, eg? & urd Pernicious anaemm
|(depheien yof R8c)
Vitamin -C Citrus ruits , aumla and green |Scurvy (bleeding
(Aseorbiè Aeia) Reafy vegelables gums
Viamin-D Sunl1ght, Fish ,e yolk Rickets (Bone
deform1ties)
Vitanin -E Veeable oib, fsh, eg yolk steril1ty
(mpotency )
(Ineveased foagility
Vitamin-K geen leay vegelables Inereascd blod
lclotng time
 Nucleic Aads
he pavheles n Jhe mucle of Lhe cell ves por-s ble foz hevedaty
made ub o roleus ahd anohr
are called Ch omoso mes which gre
ype o blonolecles called cleic acidy they ave (Ribomucleic
mauny
aud)
deoxyibo mucleLe aud), RNA
DNA (
-

mucleohdes tothey
Nucleit aids long chain þoymes
aTe also called poyrucle ohdes
Chemical Compo[ihoh GfDNANuc leie Aeads :Yields a pentose
and RNA
o
Complete Rycnlyis Ade Contanthg heloyche baucs
Phosshoric ond nubogen In RNA- B-D.nbose
mgay,
In DNA - -D-2 deoy 1bose
HOHC

H
3
H
H
OH
OH H
Adenine (A)Guanne(G)
tree bases
Among Hebneyclie bases Commgh in both D NA L
RNA
uhile
and Cyhs1ne (c ) is Thymine(T) in DNA N
baye
sile the ouvthUYacil
R.N.A hayeGuannne (u) Purine der1vghves
Adenine - derivahves
Thymine , Uracl- Pyim1d1ne
Cghosine,
NH N
c
N

CH NH NA
NH
NH T) (U)
(A) G)
Structive of Nueleic AcÁd to l þos1hon
alachment of base
Nucleide !- A unt formed by called mucleoside
Nucleotide - mueleoside is lnked to phosphgme aid at
hen
þoshoh of sugor are called mueleotides
S
Bese
Ho CA Base

H
H
H
3' 3
OH
(Nucleoside ) (Nucleotide )
 unkage
Nucleohdes ayejoined Augether by phosphadiegley
hetween ' and 3' cavbon atoms G penlose sug9Y
0 - P 0 - CH Bae

Base

Phosphale Sugar
Phopde Sagar
To-=o (Phosphodieslov
Rnkage)

atyetyye
helhic
a
doublestrand qre cwowd abou
D.N.A - Watsoh and Cyick 9ave mucleic hains þaii of baes .
for DNA In this
this shcire by H-bondy bekweenchle
hile cykosine
held togeher (A=T)
each otey and H-bond nt
Thymne
Aden1neforms guanine (C=G)
ith quanine
fudrgen
Ferma fydrgen
formy bnt
RNA onty single styanded
secondyy suctire of on themselves to fom
RNA Th fola back
þrwent, sÑmehmes they maleculeg e hree y
pes
heliees are sbuctre " RNA 6ynhesis yoplas m
ih the t-RNA)
double heix þroteis
a
RNA (m- RN4) - 9t dyeetsanh the hl b o (RNA)
(a) Mesehger of cell
RNA (Y-RNA)
(Y- RNA) (e) Transfe
(b Ribso mal RNA of bases on DNA 14 wnique
sequence
A regvdng this s Called fingerþr1nhng
DNA Fingexpnhng njomalon
peson and
foY ame aund can
can not
mot be alBeyed by any Rnou idenhficaton
9+i 6
gi for every eell Forens ic Labs foY CYIm)ngl
tyeatment. 9+ 3 Used in - (a) re Tdenhfy acial g0ups
an indivn dual
(b» detevmihe þatenity o Auds:.
Biological Funehions Gf Nucleic genett informahon
DNA is regarededl ad the eseve of
ahecies
For maimaining the ldenthy of difeent
duning cell d1vlsioh .
self duli calon
DNA is capable vtoe RNA moleeules h the cell,
froten synthesis n the cel)by