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 CHAPTER 13

Biomolecules
The branch of chemistry that deals with the molecules involved in living system, is called
Biochemistry. Carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins and nucleic acids are some of the major components
of our body. These are collectively called Biomolecules.

[TOPIC 11 Carbohydrates
polyhydroxy ketones substances that will
Carbohydrates are optically active polyhydroxy aldehydes or or

yield these types of compounds on hydrolysis.

1.1 Classification of Carbohydrates

classified as monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides on the basis of
Carbohydrates are

their behaviour on hydrolysis.

() Monosaccharides These cannot be hydrolysed further to give simpler unit of polyhydroxy
aldehyde or ketone, e.g. glucose, fructose.
(i) Oligosaccharides These yield two to ten monosaccharide units on hydrolysis. They are further
classified as di, tri, tetra saccharides etc., depending upon the number of monosaccharides they
provide on hydrolysis.
(ii) Polysaccharides They yield a large number of monosaccharide units on hydrolysis, e.g. starch
cellulose, glycogen.
All the monosaccharides and disaccharides are sweet in taste, so called sugars. All monosaccharides and
disaccharides (except sucrose) reduces Fehling's solution or Tollen's reagent hence, are called reducing
sugars. In these sugars, aldehydic and ketonic groups are free. If the reducing groups, i.e. aldehydic or
ketonic groups are bonded, these are called non-reducing sugars, e.g. sucrose. These sugars do not
reduces Tollen's or Fehling's solution.
All carbohydrates are optically active as they contain one or more asymmetric (i.e. chiral) carbon atom.
CHAPTER13: Biomolecules 349

CH=N-OH
CHO
1.2 Monosaccharides
NI,01
The two important monosaccharides are glucose (CHOH) -1,o
(CHOH)
and Iructose.
CH,OH CHOH
Glucose oxime

Glucose HCN

CN
Glucose occurs freely as well as in the combined CH
form in nature. It can be prepared
OH
(i) From sucrose (cane sugar) (CHOH)4
C,,H,01+ H,0" C,H1:0, + C,H120,
Sucrose
CH,OH
Glucose Fructose Glucose cyanohydrin
(i) From starch on oxidation
(iv) Glucose forms gluconic acid
with bromine water and saccharic acid (or
(CH05),, +nH,0- 393K; 2-3 atmnCH\,0, glucaric acid) on oxidation with conc. HNO,.
Starch or cellulose Glucose
COOH CHO
Linear Structure of Glucose (CHOH)
Br, water (CHOH)4

CHO CH,OH CH,OH

Gluconic Conc. HNO, Oxidation
Glucose was assigned the structure| (ÇHOH), |on acid

COOH
CH,OH
the basis of following evidences: (CHOH)
(i) lts molecular formula was found to be 0OH
Saccharic acid
CH0
(i') On prolonged heating with HI, it formns Formation of gluconic acid indicates that
n-hexane, suggesting that all the six carbon carbonyl group is an aldehydic group.
atoms are linked ina straight chain. Similarly, formation of saccharic acid
CHO indicates the presence of a primary
alcoholic (-OH) group in glucose.
HI, A
(CHOH), CH,CH, CH CH, CH CH,
n- hexane
(v) Glucose on acetylation with acetic
anhydride (CH ,CO,)0 in the presence of
CH,OH pyridine gives glucose pentaacetate.
Glucose
CHO CHO
(iit) The following reactions confirm the presence
(CHOH), Acetic anhydride (H 0 -CH3)4
carbonyl group =oin glucOs CH,OH CH-0-C-CH
350 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers: CHEMISTRY

Facts that cannot be explained by 1.3 Disaccharides

open chain structure of glucose Disaccharides on hydrolysis with dilute acids or

Open structure of glucose can explain most of the
properties of glucose but cannot the
explain
following properties.
(i) Glucose does not
(a) form additive products with NaHSO.
(b) form oxime of glucose pentaacetate
(c) react with Schiff's reagent.
(ii) Glucose exists in two stereoisomeric forms, i.e.
a-D-glucose and B -D-glucose. Both differs in
the orientation of-OH group at C-atom.
enzymes give two molecules of
monosaccharides. These molecules may be
either same or different monosaccharides.
The two monosaccharide units are joined
together by an oxide linkage formed by the loss
of a water molecule. Such a linkage between
two monosaccharide units through oxygen
atom is called glycosidic linkage. e.g.
CHOH
H
H HOH2C

Cyclic Structure of Glucose HO

OH H
2
HO
CH2OH
Glucose exists as a cyclic hemiacetal Glycosidic H
H OH OH
structure in which-OH groups may add linkage
a-D-glucose B-D-fructose
to-CHO group and forms a
Haworth structure of sucrose
six-membered ring in which-OH at C-5
is involved in ring formation. Pyran Hydrolysis of sucrose brings about a change in
The six membered cyclic structure of the sign of rotation from dextro (+) to laevo ()
and the product is named as invert sugar.
glucose is called pyranose structure in anology with
pyran, a cyclic compound with one oxygen
atom and Maltose is composed of two o-D-glucose units
five carbon atoms in ring. and it is a reducing sugar.
Lactose is known as milk sugar because it is
Fructose found in milk and composed of B-D-galactose
Fructose is an important ketohexose which is and B-D-glucose. It is known as reducing sugar.
obtained along with glucose by the hydrolysis of
disaccharides like sucrose. It is also known as fruit
and is
1.4 Polysaccharidees
sugar. It is a laevorotatory compound
appropriately written as Polysaccharides formed when large number
are

CH,OH of monosaccharides molecules join together

with elimination of water molecules.
2C=O Starch is the main storage of polysaccharide of
-H
HO-
plants, it is a polymer of a-glucose. It consists
H- -HO of two components: amylose (water soluble)
H HO and amylopectin (water insoluble). Amylose
CH,OH is a long unbranched chain with 200-1000 a-D
D-fructose
(+)- glucose units held by C-C4 glycosidic
It exist as five membered ring and named as
linkage. Amyiopectin is a branched chain
furanose. polymer of a-D-glucose units in which chain is
Sucrose on hydrolysis with acids or enzyme gives formed by C- C4 glycosidic linkage whereas
cquimolar mixture of D (+) -glucose and branching occurs by C -C% glycosidic linkage.
D - fructose. Cellulose is a straight chain polysaccharide
CH,0tH,0-- C, H120, + CH,0, polymer of B-D-glucose units and found in cell
Sucrose
D(+)-glucose D(-) -fructose wall of plant cells.
CHAPTER 13 Biomolecules
is a polysaccharide carbohydrate
Glycogen which
is stored in animal body. It is also called animal
starch as its structure is similar to amylopectin
and is rather more highly branched.
PREVIOUS YEARS
EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
TOPIC 1
1 Mark Questions
1. What is the basic structural difference
between glucose and fructose?
2. Write the products obtained after
hydrolysis of lactose. Delhi2019
Or What are the products of hydrolysis of
lactose? All India 2013; Delhi 2010C
3. Write the product obtained when
D-glucose reacts with HN-OH
AllIndia 2015
4. Define the following term: Anomers.
AllIndia 2014, Foreign 2014
5. Which of the two components of starch is
water soluble? AllIndia2014
6. What are the products of hydrolysis of
sucrose? All India 2013, 2010: Delhi 2014
7. What is a glycosidic linkage?
Delhi 2013: AllIndio 201C
8. Name two components of starch.
Delhi2013C
9. Write a reaction which shows that all the
carbon atoms in glucose are linked in a
straight chain. AllIndia2012
10. What is meant by invert sugars?
Foreign 2012, 2010: Delhi 2010
11. Give an example each of reducing and
non-reducing sugars. Delhi 2010C
12. What are monosaccharides? AllIndio 2010
13. What is meant by reducing sugars?
All India2010
351
2 Marks Questions
14. Explain what is meant by
1) pyranose structure of glucose?
i) glycosidic linkage?
Delhi 2012, All India 2011CC
15. Write such reactions and facts about
glucose which cannot be explained by its
open chain structure.Delhi2012 Foreign2011,2010;
AllIndia201IC,2011, 2010C
16. What is essentially the difference between
the a-form of glucose and B-form of
glucose? Explain.Delhi 2011
3 Marks Questions
17. Write chemical reactions to show that
open structure of D-glucose contains the
following
) Straight chain
(i) Five alcohol groups
(ii) Aldehyde as carbonyl group
18. What happens when D-glucose is treated
with the following reagents
(a) Br, water (b) HCN
(c) (CH,CO),0 AlIndia 2019
19. Enumerate the reaction of D-glucose
which cannot be explained by the open
chain structure. Delhi 2014C,2011c
20. What is essentially the difference
between oa-glucose and B-glucose? What is
meant by pyranose structure of glucose?
AllIndio2012
21. What is glycogen? How is it different from
starch? How is starch structurally
different from cellulose? Foreign2012
22. How can reducing and non-reducing
sugars be distinguished? Mention the
structural features characterising
reducing sugars. Delhi2011C
Explanations
1. Basic structural difference between glucose and
fructose is that glucose is an aldohexose, having
an aldehydic group whereas fructose is a
ketohexose i.e. having a ketonic group. (1)
 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers: CHEMISTRY
352
HOHC(CHOH), CHO + HI CH,(CH)4CH,
2. () Lactose is a disaccharide of B-D-glucose Glucose n-hexanc (1)
and B-O-galactose.
10. Hydrolysis of sucrose brings about a change in sign
(i) Disaccharides on hydrolysis give
of rotation from dextro (+) lo lacvo (-) and hence,
monosaccharides.
it is known as invert sugar. (1)
Lactose on hydrolysis gives B-D-galactose and 11. Reducing sugar-maltose or lactose. (1/2)
B-D-glucose. Non-reducing sugar-sucrose. (1/2)
CH,,01 + HO CH,0, + C H 0
p-D-glucose p-D-galactose (1) 12. Simplest carbohydrates that cannot be hydrolysed
to smaller molecules are called monosaccharides,
3. D-glucose on reaction with NH,OH etc.
e.g. glucose, fructose,
(hydroxylamine) yield glucose oxime.
13. The sugars in which aldehydic or ketonic groups are
CH=N-OH free and thus, reduces Tollen's reagent, Fehling's
solution, etc. are callcd reducing sugars, e.g. lactose,
(CHOH)4 maltose. (1)

CH,OH (1) 14. (i) The six membered cyclic structure of glucose is
called pyranose structure (a or p), in analogy with
4. Isomers which differ only in the configuration pyran. Pyran is a cyclic compound with one
of hydroxyl group at C are called anomers. e.8. oxygen atom and five carbon atoms in the ring.
a and Bform of glucose (1)

5. Amylose is water soluble. (1)

HOH2C
and H O OH
6. () Sucrose is a disaccharide of glucose A
fructose. OH
i) Disaccharides on hydrolysis gives HO
monosaccharides.
H OH Pyran
Sucrose on hydrolysis gives equimolar mixture B-D- glucose
of D-(+)- glucose and D - (-fructose. (1)
(ii) Refer to solution 7. (1)
CH20 + H,O CH,O,+ CH,O,
Glucose Fructose (1/2+1/2)
Sucrose
15. Give reactions which are characteristic of aldehydic
7. The two monosaccharide units are joined group but not shown by glucose as in it, free
CHO group is not present.
together by an formed by the loss
oxide linkage
of a water molecule. Such a linkage between (i) Despite having the aldehyde group,glucose does
two monosaccharide units through oxygen atom not react with Schiff's reagent and does not form
is called glycosidic linkage. the hydrogen sulphite addition product with
sodium bisulphite.
CH,OH
CHO
H H HOH2C H
(CHOH)4+ Schiff's reagent No reaction
HO
3
OH -o- H HO
4CH2OH CH OH
Glycosidic
H OH linkage
OH H
-D-glucose
B-D-fructose CHO
(1)
(CHOH),+ NaHSO- > No reaction
8. The two components of starch are amylose
(water soluble) and amylopectin(water CH OH
(1/2+1/2) (1)
insolublec).
9. On prolonged heating with HI, glucose gives
(ii) The pentaacetate of glucose does not react with
n-hexane which suggest that all the six carbon hydroxylamine indicating the absence ot iree
-CHO group. (1)
atoms in glucose are linked linearly.
 353
CHAPTER 13: Biomolecules

CHO COOH
16. Glucose is found to exist in two diferent
crystalline forms which are named as a and B. The Brwater

wo forms differ from each other in orientation of ÇHOH) (ÇHOH)

(Oxidation)|
-OH group at C-1. Moreover, the a-form CH OH CHOH
(melting point 419 K) is obtained by D-glucose
Gluconic acid (1)
crystallisation from concentrated solution of 18. (a) When D-glucose is treated with Br, water, then
glucose at 303 K while B-form (melting point 423 gluconic acid is formed.
K) is obtained by crystallisation from hot and COOH
saturated solution at 371 K. (1) CHO
B r water

(CHOH)4 (CHOH)4
H-C-OH HOC-H
-OH H OH O CH,OH CHOH
HO- Glucose
Gluconic acid (1)
A
HO-H H (b) When D-glucose is treated with HCN, it gives
-OH
cyanohydrin
H CN
6 ,

CHOH CH,OH CHO

cH OH
a-D-(+)-glucose p-D-(+)-glucose
(1) HCN
(CHOH)4 (CHOH)
17. (i) Presence of straight chain (Reaction with
HI) When heated with HI for long time, it
a
CHOH CHOH
forms n-hexane which shows that all six carbon
Glucose cyanohydrin (1)
atoms arc linked in a straight chain.
(c) When D-glucose is treated when (CHCO),0
CHO
then pentaccetate is formed
ÇHOH), CH CH CH CHCH CH CHO CHO
n-herane

CHO (CHOH)4(CH,Co),0 CH-0- -CH)

Glucoe (1)
(ii) Presence of five -OH groups linked to CH2-0-C-CH3
CHOH
different carbon atoms acetylation of
glucose with acetic anhydride gives glucose Glucose pentaacetate (1)
pentaacetate which confirms the presence of
five-OH groups. 19. Refer to solution 15. (3)

CH COO 20. Difference between a-glucose and B-glucose:

CHO o CHO Refer to solution 16. (2)
CH COO
(Acctic anhydride) Pyranose structure of glucose
ÇHOH) (CH-0-C-CH)
(Acetylation) Refer to solution 14 (i). (1)
CHOH 21. Glycogen is a polysaccharide carbohydrate wlhich
Glucose CH-0 -CH, is stored in animal body. It is also known as
Glucose pentaacelate animal starch. Starch is a polymer of,a-glucose
(Siable compound)
and consists of two components amylose and
+5 CH COOH () amylopectin. (1)
(ii) Presence of an aldehydic group (Oxidation) Amylose is a linear polymer of a-D-glucose. Both
On reaction with a mild oxidising agent like glycogen and amylopectin are branched polymers
bromine water, Tollen's reageni or Fehling's of a-D-glucose but glycogen is more highly
solution, glucose gets oxidised to carboxylic branched than amylopectin. Amylopectin consists
acid containing six carbon (gluconic acid). of 20-25 glucose units while glycogen chain
This indicates that the carbonyl group present, consists of 10-14 glucose units. (1)
is an aldehydic group. Slarch is a branched chain polymer of
a-D-glucosc, while cellulose is a line." polymer of
354 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers : CHEMISTRY

B-D-glucose. Cellulose is present in the cell wall
of plants while starch is the storage material of
plants. (1)
22. Reducing sugars The sugars which reduce
Fehling's solution and Tollen's rcagent are called
reducing sugars, e.g. all monosaccharides
containing free-CHO or- = 0 groups are
reducing sugars. Thus, the presence of free
aldehydic or ketonic group is main feature of
reducing sugars. (1%)
Non-reducing sugars The sugars which do not
reduce Fechling's solution or Tollen's reagent are
called non-reducing sugars, e.g. sucrose.
In non-reducing sugars, reducing groups of
monosaccharides, i.e. aldehydic or ketonic groups
are bonded. (1%)

[TOPIC 2] Proteins, Vitamins and Nucleic Acids

2.1 Amino Acids Proteins help as transport agent, as enzymes, as
metabolic regulators, as antibodies and as
Amino acids contains amino (-NH,) and carboxyl
(-COOH) functional groups. structural materials.

Classification of Amino Acids Peptide Bond

(i) Depending upon the relative position of In proteins, the a-amino acids are connected to
amino group with respect to carboxyl group, each other by peptide bond or peptide linkage.
the amino acid can be classified as Chemically, peptide linkage is an amide bond
a, B,y and õ and so on. formed between-COOH group and-NH,
(ii) Amino acids are classified as acidic, basic or group.
neutral depending upon the relative number
of amino and carboxyl groups in their
H2N-CH2-COjOH + HHN-CH-COOH
Glycine
molecule. Equal number of amino and
carboxyl groups makes it neutral, more -H20 CH3
Alanine
number of amino than carboxyl groups
makes it basic and more carboxyl groups as
compared to amino groups makes it acidic. HN-CH2-CONH CH-COOH
(ii) Amino acids that can be synthesised in the CH3
body are known as non-essential amino Peptide linkage.
acids. e.g. Glycine, alanine. On the other Glycylalanine (Gly-ala)
hand, those which cannot be synthesised in
the
bodyand must obtained through diet
be Zwitter ion
are called essential amino acids,
e.g. In aqueous solution, the carboxyl group can lose
valine, leucine.
proton and amino group can accept a proton,
giving rise to a dipolar ion called Zwitter ion.
2.2 Proteins
Proteins are essential for the growth of our body. R-CH-C-0-H R-CH--0
Chemically, proteins are condensation polymers
in which the monomeric units are a-amino acids. NH2 NH3
These are the building blocks of proteins. Zwitter ion
CHAPTER 13 Biomolecules 355

Structure of Proteins
Structure of proteins can be studied at four levels. Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary.
(i) The sequence in which the various amino acids are linked to one another in a protein molecule is

called its primary structure.

(ii') Secondary structure refers to the shape in which a long polypeptide chain exist. They are found
to exist in two different types of structures which are a-helix and B-pleated sheet.
(in) The tertiary structure of proteins represents overall folding of the polypeptide chains. The main
forces which stabilises 2° and 3° structure of proteins are hydrogen bonds, disulphide linkages,
van der Waals' forces and electrostatic forces of attraction.
(iv) Although many proteins exist as a single polypeptide chain, but some of the proteins are
composed of two or more polypeptide chains called subunits. The spatial arrangement of these
subunits with respect to each other is known as quaternary structure.
() On the basis of molecular structure, proteins are classified as fibrous and globular proteins.
(a) Fibrous proteins When the polypeptide chains run parallel and are held together by
hydrogen and disulphide bonds, a fibre like structure is formed. Such proteins are insoluble
in water. e.g. keratin, myosin.
(b) Globular proteins When the chains of polypeptides coil around to give a spherical shape,
the protein is called a globular protein. Such proteins are usually soluble in water. e-g.
albumin, insulin.

Denaturation of Proteins
Due to temperature or pH change, secondary and tertiary structures are destroyed but primary structure
remains intact. This process is called denaturation of proteins.

2.3 Enzymes
Enzymes are the biocatalysts which are needed to catalyse biochemical reactions. Almost all the
enzymes are globular proteins. Enzymes are very specific for a particular substrate and reaction.

2.4 Vitamins
.Vitamins are required in small amounts for the growth, life and health of human beings and
animals.
.Vitamins can be water soluble (vitamin B and C) or fat soluble (Vitamin A, D, E and K), depending
upon their solubility. Water soluble vitamins must be supplied regularly in diet because they are
readily excreted in urine and cannot be stored (except B,2) in our body.
Deficiency of vitamins in diet may cause various types of deficiency diseases.
356 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers CHEMISTRY

Table 1.1 Some important vitamins, their sources and their deficiency diseases
Name of vitamins Sources Deficiency diseases
Vitamin A Fishliver oil, carrots, butter and milk Kerophthalmia, night blindncss

Vitamin B Milk, yeast, green vegetables and cereals Beri-beri (loss of appetite)
Vitamin B2 Milk,eggwhite, liver Cheilosis, digcstivc disorders
Vitamin B, Yeast, milk, cereals Convulsions
Vitamin B2 Meat, fish, egg and curd Pernicious anaemia
Vitamin C
Citrus fruits, amlaand green leafy vegetables Scurvy
Vitamin D Exposure tosunlight, fish Rickets and osteomalacia
Vitamin E Vegetable oils Muscular weakness and increased
fragility of RBCs
Vitamin K Green leafy vegetables Delayed blood clotting

2.5 Hormones
Hormones are the chemicalsubstances, produced by endocrine glands in the body and are released
directly in blood stream. On the basis of chemical constitution hormones can be divided into two classes,
i.e. steroid and non-steroid hormones.

2.6 Nucleic Acids

1. Constituents ofnucleus of a cell are responsible for heredity or inherent characters. The proteins
and nucleic acids the main components of the
are
nucleus.
Nucleic acids are biomolecules which are found in nuclei of all living cels. DNA
(Deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (Ribonucleic acid) are two main types of nucleic acids. These
are polynucleotides as they are long chain polymers of nucleotides.
2. Complete hydrolysis of DNA (or RNA) yields a pentose sugar, phosphoric acid and nitrogen
containing heterocyclic compounds called bases.
3. DNA has four bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) and thymine (T), RNA has adenine,
guanine, cytosine and uracil (U).
4. A unit formed by the attachment ofa base to l'position of sugar is called nucleoside (fig. (a). When
nucleoside is linked to phosphoric acid at 5' position of sugar moeity, we get a nucleotide (fig. (b)).
Thus, nucleotide is made up of a pentose sugar, a heterocyclic base and phosphoric acid unit.
O
Sugar
5'
Base 5 Base
HO-H,Ç 0-P-O-H,C
Phosphate
H H
2 H

OH OH OH OH
(a) (b)
5. James Watson and Francis Crick gave a double strand helix structure of DNA. TWo nucleic acids
chains are bound about each other and held together by hydrogen bonds between pair of bases.
The two strands are complementary to each other.
CHAPTER 13: Bionolecules 357

RNA has a single stranded helical structure.

11. Write the full forms of DNA and RNA.
RNA molccules are of three ypes and they
Forelgn 2012
perform diflerent unctions. They are is
nalned as nmessenger RNA (m-RNA), 12. Of the two bNse8 namcd below, which one
in
ilbosomal RNA (r- RNA) and transfer RNA present in RNA and which one is present
DNA?
(1-RNA)
(i) Thymine (ii) Urncil Forelgn 2012
7.DNA (Dcoxyribonucleic acid) transmits the 13. Where does the water present in the egg
hereditary characters Irom one generation
to another.
go after boiling the egg? Delhi 2012C

8. RNA (Ribonucleic acid) synthesises protein 14. The deficiency of which vitamin causes

in the cell. the disense, pernicious anaemia?

All Indla 2011C
15. Define the following giving one example,
Zwitter ion. All Indila 2011C

PREVIOUS YEARS 16. What are polypeptides? Delhl 2010

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 2 Mark Questions

TOPIC 2 17. Answer the following questions:
(i) Why arevitamin B and vitamin C
essential for us?
1 Mark Questions (ii) What is the difference between a

nucleoside and a nucleotide?

1. Amino acids show amphoteric behaviour.
Why? All Indio 2015
2. What are biocatalysts? Give an example.
Foreign 2014, Delhi2012
3. What are enzymes? AllIndia 2014C
4. Define a peptide linkage. All India 2014c
5. Write the name of linkage joining two
amino acids. All India 2013
6. What type of bonding helps in stabilising
the a-helix structure of proteins? Delhi 2013
7. What are the different types of RNA
molecules which perform different
functions? Delhi 2013
8. Name the deficiency diseases resulting
from lack of vitamin A and E in the diet.
Delhi 2013C,2011C
9. What is the biological effect of
denaturation of proteins?
Delhi 2013
10. How are hormones and vitamins different
functions?
in respect of their source and
All India 2013C
Delhi 2014C
18. Write the structural and functional
differences between DNA and RNA.
Delhi 2013C
19. Write the main structural difference
between DNA and RNA. Of the two bases,
thymine and uracil, which one is present
in DNA? Delhi2012
20. Explain the meaning of the following
terms:
(i) Polypeptide (ii) Enzymes
Foreign 2012
21. Write the main structural difference
between DNA and RNA. Out of the four
bases name those which are common to
both DNA and RNA. All India 2011; Delhi 2011
22. Describe what do you understand by
structure of
primary and secondary
proteins? Delhi 2011; Forelgn 2011
23. Name the bases present in RNA. Which
one of these is not present in DNA?
Delhi 2011
 CHEMISTRY
358 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers:

that catalyscs the

24. What are vitamins? Deficiency of which nzymes are biological catalysts
vitamins cause convulsions and biochemical reactions occuring in living
of proteins. Enzymes
pernicious anaemia? AllIndia2011C,2010C ganism.
are
They are made up
very specific for a particular reaction and for a

25. What is meant by denaturation of paruicular substrate. e.g. invertasc, zymase, etc. (1)

proteins? All India 2010 4. Protcins are the polymers ofa-amino acids and they
are connected to cach other by peptide bond or

3 Mark Questions peptide linkage. Chemically, peplide linkage is an

amide linkage formed between-cOOH groupo
26. Define the following as related to proteins: one a-amino acid and -NH2 group of other
) Peptide linkage a-amino acid formed by the loss of water molecule.
(i) Primary structure
(iii) Denaturation AllIndia 2015, Delhi2014 HN-CH2- OH +HN-ÇH-CoOH
27. How are vitamins classified? Name the
vitamin responsible for the coagulation of CH
blood? Delhi2015C
28. What are essential and non-essential
amino acids? Give two examples of each.
CH
**********

All India2014C HN-CH,/CONH-CH-COOH

************

29. i) What type of bonding helps in Peptide linkage (1

stabilising the a-helix structure of
proteins?
(i) Differentiate between globular and
fibrous proteins. AllIndia2010C,2010
30. i) What is the structural difference
between a nucleoside and a
nucleotide?
(i) The two strands of DNA are
identical but are complementary.
Explain. Delhi2010C
31. Amino acids may be acidic, alkaline or
neutral. How does this happen? What are
essential and non-essential amino acids?
Name one of each type. AllIndia 2010;Delhi 2010
Explanations
1. Amino acids contain both amino (NH) and
carboxyl(-coOH) groups, thus theyreact
with
both acids and bases. Hence, amino acids are
5. Peptide bond joins two amino acids. (1)
6. Hydrogen bonding present between theNH
group of each amino acid residue and theC=0
of an adjacent turn of the helix mainly helps in
stabilising the o-helix structure of proteins. (1)
7. RNA molecules are of three types and they
different functions. They are named as:
perform
not
(i) Messenger RNA (m RNA)
(i) Transfer RNA (1RNA)
(ii) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) (1
8. The deficiency disease due to lack of vitamin A is
xerophthalmia and due to lack of vitamin E is
and muscular
increased fragility of RBCs
weakness. (1/2+1/2)
9. During denaturation, the 2° and 3° structures of
protein molecule uncoils from an ordered and specific
conformation into a more random conformation.
The primary structure (1°) of protein does not
change.

amphoteric in nature. (1) 10. Vitamins Hormones

Enzymes are the biocatalysts needed to catalyse Organic compounds which These are produced
biochemical reactions, e.g. maltase catalyses the cannot be produced by body by ductless gland
hydrolysis of maltose into glucose. and must be supplied in that transfer
small amounts to perform information from

CH0 Maltose
Maluase2CH06Glucose (1)
speciflic biological functions. one group of cell to
another.
CHAPTER 13: Biomolecules
11. DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA Ribonucleic acid (1)
12. (i) Thymine is present in DNA. (1/2)
(ü) Uracil is present in RNA. (1/2)
13. Upon boiling the egg. denaturation followed by
coagulation occurs. During denaturation.
secondary and tertiary structures are destroyed
but primary structure remains intact. The water
present in the egg gets absorbed/adsorbed in the
coagulated proteins probably through H-bonding
14. Vitamin B causes pernicious anaemia.
15. Zwitter ion In aqueous solution, the carboxyl
group of amino acid can lose a proton and amino
group can accept a proton, giving rise toa dipolar
ion called Zwitter ion.
H,N- -COO
R
16. Polypeptides are formed when several molecules
generally more than ten of a-amino acids are
joined together by peptide bond.
17. (i) Vitamins B and C are soluble in water which
must be supplied regularly in diet because
they are readily exareted in urine and cannot
be stored (except vitamin B2) in our body.
(i) Nucleoside A unit formed by the attachment
of a base to l' position of sugar is known as
nucdeoside.
5 one or more polypeptide chains may be
HO-H Base
2 termed as primary structure of proteins.
OH ÓH
(Nudeoside)
(1/2)
Nucleotide When nucleoside is linked to
phosphoric acid at 5 position of sugar moeity,
a nucleoide is obtained. They are joined
together by phosphodiester linkage between 5
and 3carbon atoms of the pentose sugar.
0-P-0-H,C Base
O O
OH OH
(Nucleotide)
(1/2)
359
18. The structural differences between DNA and RNA
are
(i) The sugar in DNA is dcoxyribose lacking
RNA is
oxygen atom at 2'C, while that in
ribose having oxygen atom at 2'C. (1/2)
(i) DNA has a double-stranded a-hclical
structure, while RNA has a single-stranded
(1/2)
a-helical structure.
(ii) DNA contains the base thymine, while RNA
contains uracil.
(1) Functional differences betwcen DNA and RNA
are:
DNA is the chemical basis of heredity and is
responsible for maintaining the identity of
different species. In contrast RNA molecules
are responsible for protein synthesis but the
message for the synthesis of a particular protein
(1 is present in DNA. ()
19. Structural differences between DNA and
RNA Refer to solution 18. (1)
In DNA, thymine is present. (1)
( 20. (i) Polypeptides Refer to solution 16. (1)
(ü) Enzymes Refer to solution 3. (1)
21. Structural differences between DNA and
( RNA Refer to solution 18. (1)
The common bases are adenine, guanine and
cytosine. (1)
22. (i) Primary structure In a protein molecule,
present. Each polypeptide chain in a protein is
linked together in a specific sequence of
amino acids, this sequence of amino acids is
Any change in primary structure, i.e. in the
sequence of amino acid generates a new
protein.
(ii) Secondary structure It refers to the shape
in which a long polypeptide chain can exist.
They are found to exist in two different type of
structures, a-helix and B-pleated sheet
structure. These structures arise due to
regular folding of the backbone of polypeptide
chain due to hydrogen bonding between
and-NH-groups of the peptide
bond.
23. Uracil, cytosine., guanine and adenine are present
in RNA. Among these, uracil is not present in
DNA. (2)
 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers CHEMISTRY
360

Globular
24. The organic compounds which cannot be S. Fibrous
No. proteins proteins
produced by the body and must be supplied in
small amounts in dict to perform specific These are water These are usually
3.
biological functions for the normal health, growth insoluble, e.g. water soluble,
and maintenance of body are called vitamins. (1) keratin, myosin, c.g. insulin,
fibroin, etc.
Convulsions are caused by the deficiency of fibrinogen,
hacmoglobin, elc.
vitamin B, and pernicious anaemia is caused by
the deficiency of vitamin B2- (1/2+1/2) (2)
25. When proteins are subjected to a change in pH, Structural difference between a nucleoside
30. (i)
temperature, etc, the hydrogen bonds are and nucleotide Refer to solution 17 (ii). (1%)
disturbed due to which the secondary and tertiary
(ii) Refer to solution 31 (i) (1%)
structures breakdown but primary structure
remains the same and hence protein loses its 31. Amino acids may be acidic, basic or neutral
depending upon the relative number of
biological activity. This is known as amino
denaturation, e.g. coagulation of egg white on and carboxyl group present in the molecule.
boiling, curdling of milk, etc. (2) Equal number of amino and carboxyl groups
26. (i) Peptide linkage Refer to solution 4. (1) makes it neutral, more number of amino than
(ii) Primary structure Refer to solution 22. carboxyl groups makes it basic and more carboxyl
(1)
it
(ii) Denaturation Refer to solution 25. (1) group as compared to amino groups makes
acidic. (1%)
27. Classification of vitamins Vitamins are Essential and non-essential amino acids
classified into two groups depending upon their Refer to solution 28. (1%)
solubility in water or fat
(i) Fat soluble vitamins
(ii) Water soluble vitamins
Vitamin K is responsible for coagulation of blood. MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS
(3)
28. (i) Essential amino acids are the a-amino acids 3 Marks Questions
which are needed fo health and growth of
human beings but are not synthesised by the 1. (a) Give any one property of glucose that
human body, e.g. valine, leucine. (1) cannot be explained by the open
(ii) Non-essential amino acids are the chain structure.
-amino acids which are needed for health and (b) Compare amylose with amylopectin
growth of human beings and are synthesised by in terms of constituting structure.
the human body, e.g. glycine, aspartic acid. (1)
(c) Why do amino acids show amphoteric
29. (i) o-helix is one of the most common ways in behaviour? AllIndia2019
which a polypeptide chain forms. It is stabilised
by hydrogen bonds. (1) 2. (a) What is the difference between
native protein and denatured
(ii) S. Fibrous Globular protein?
No. proteins proteins (b) Which one of the following is a
1. They have fibre The chains of disaccharide: Glucose, Lactose,
like structure. polypeptides coil Amylose, Fructose.
around to give a
(c) Write the name of the vitamin
spherical shape. responsible for the coagulation of
2. The molecules The interaction blood. Al India 2019
are held together present in these
by H-bonds and are H-bonds, 3. Differentiate between the following:
disulphide ionic or sulphur i) Amylose and amylopectin
bonds. bridges. (i) Peptide linkage and glycosidic linkage
CHAPTER 13 Biomolecules
(iii) Fibrous proteins and globular
proteins Delhi 2019
4. Define the following with an example of each.
(a) Polysaccharides
b) Denatured protein
(c) Essential amino acids
Or (a) Write the product when D.-glucose
reacts with conc. HNO.
(b) Amino acids show amphoteric
behaviour. Why?
(c)Write one difference between a-helix
and B-pleated structures of proteins.
CBSE 2018B
5. Explainthefollowing
() Amino acids behave like salts rather
than simple amines or carboxylic
acids
(i) The two strands of DNA are
complementary to each other.
(ii) Reaction of glucose that indicates
that the carbonyl group is present as
an aldehydic group in the open
structure of
glucose. CBSE20188C
6. () Write the name of two
monosaccharides obtained on
hydrolysis of lactose sugar.
i) Why vitamin C cannot be stored in
our body?
(ii) What is the difference between a
nucleoside and nucleotide? Delhi 2016
7. (i) Write the structural difference
between starch and cellulose.
(i) What type of linkage is present in
nucleic acid?
(11) Give one example each for fibrous
protein and Globular protein.
All India 2016
8. What are enzymes? Describe their
functions. Name two diseases which are
caused due to deficiency of enzymes
All India 2016
361
9. (i) Which one of the following is a
polysaccharide:
Starch, maltose, fructose, glucose?
(i) Write one difference between a-helix
and B-pleated sheet structures of
protein.
(ii) Write the name of the disease caused
by the deficiency of vitamin Bi2
All Indio2015
10. i) Which one of the following is a
disaccharide:
Starch, maltose, fructose, glucose?
(ii) What is the difference between
fibrous protein and globular protein?
ii) Write the name of vitamin whose
deficiency causes bone deformities in
children. Delhi2015
11. ) Which one of the following is a
monosaccharide:
Starch, maltose, fructose, cellulose?
i ) What is the difference between acidic
amino acids and basic amino acids?
(i) Write the name of the vitamin whose
deficiency causes bleeding of gums.
Foreign 2015
12. Define the following terms:
i) Polysaccharides
i) Amino acids
(iii) Enzymes Foreign2014
13. Define the following terms:
() Invert sugar
ii) Vitamins
(ii) Nucleoside Foreign 2014
14. (i) Deficiency of which vitamin causes
night blindness?
i) Name the base that is found in
nucleotide of RNA only.
(ii) Glucose on reaction with HI gives
n-hexane. What does it suggest about
the structure of glucose? All India 2014
362 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers': CHEMISTRY

Explanations
. (a) Property of glucose that cannot be explained by open chain structure are as follows

(i) Despite having the aldchyde group, glucose does not give Schiff's test and 2,4-DNP test.
(ii) Glucose does not react with sodium hydrogen sulphide to form addition product.
(i The penta-acetate of glucose does not react with hydroxyl amine showing the absence of free-CHO
group. (1)
(b) Amylose is soluble in water and constitutes 15-20% of starch while amylopectin is insoluble in water and
constitutes about 80-85% of starch.
6

CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH

O .
H H H H H

-o OH
o OH OH /Lo-4
H OH H OH
a-link a-link
H OH

Amylose (%)
In both amylose and amylopectin, the D-glucose units are linked througha-glycosidic linkages between C-1 of
one glucose unit and C-4 of the next glucose unit whereas in amylopectin the branching occurs by
C-C6
glycosidic linkage.
CH OH CH2OH
).
H H H
-a-link
OH OH
3
H OH H OH O Branch at C-6

CHOH CH2OH CH2OH

H
H H H

DH H OH H OH Lo-3
H OH H OH H OH
a-link a-link
Amylopectin (%)
(c) Amino acids contain amino (-NH) and carboxyl(-COOH) as functional groups.
As they contain basic(-NH) and acidic (-COOH) both type of groups, thus it shows amphoteric behaviour.

2. (a) Proteinfound in a biological system with a unique three dimensional structure and biological activity is called
a native protein.
When a native protein is subjected to physical change like change in temperature or chemical change, the
hydrogen bonds get disturbed. Due to this, globules unfold and hlix get uncoiled and protein loses its
biological activity. Such protein is known as denaturated protein. (1)
 363
CHAPTER 13 Biomolecules

(b) Lactose is a disaccharide of p-D-galactose and B-D-glucose. (1)

(c) Vitamin K is responsible for the coagulation of blood. (1)

3.

(i) Amylose Amylopectin

Amylose is a long unbranched chain with 200-1000 a Amylopectin is highly branchcd chain polymer of a-D-
a

D(+-glucose units that are held together by C, -C

glucose glycosidic linkage is present

units in which
glycosidic linkage. between C, -C4 atoms, whereas the branching occurs
through C -C% glycosidic linkage.
(1)
(ii) Peptide linkage Glycosidic linkage
Proteins are connencted to each other by CO-NH Linkage between two monosaccharide units through an

bond which is called peptide linkage. oxygen atom is called glycosidic linkage.
For example For example,

CHOH
-OH
H,N-CH-OH+H-N-CH-coOH H
H
HOHC O,

O
CH3 OH
H HO OH
CHOH
HN-CHTC0-NH+CH-Co0H H OH
OH
CH
Peptide Glycosidic
linkage linkage ()

(ii)
Fibrous proteins Globular proteins
They are fibre like structure. The chains of polypeptides coil around to give a
spherical shape.
The molecules are held together by H-bonds The interaction present in these are H-bonds,.
and disulphide bonds. ionic or sulphur bridges.

These are water insoluble, e.g. keratin, myosin, These are usually water soluble, e.g. insulin,
fibroin, etc. fibrinogen, haemoglobin, etc. ()
4. (a) Carbohydrates which give a large number of monosaccharide units on hydrolysis are called polysaccharides,
eg. starch, cellulose, glycogen, etc. These are not sweet in taste, therefore they are also called non-sugars.
(1)
(b) Refer to solution 27. (1)
(c) Those amino acids which cannot be synthesised in the human body and are supplied through r diet
(because they are required for proper health and growth) are called essential amino acids. e.g. Arginine
lysine, etc.
5. (a) It is saccharic acid which is formed as per the reaction given below:

CHO COOH
Oxidation
(CHOH) 4
HNO,
(CHOH)
COOH
CHOH
D-Glucosc Saccharic acid

(b) Amino acids may be acidic, basic or neutral depending upon the relative nunmber of active amino and carbaxyl
group present in their molecule. Equal number of amino and carboxyl groups makes it neutral, more amino
364 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers: CHEMISTRY

group means basic and more carboxylic group B-D-glucose which consist about 300-3000
means acidic amino acid. Hence, amino acids units of glucose.
show amphoteric behaviour. (1)
(1) (ii) Phosphodiester-linkage. (1)
(c) Difference between a-helix and (ii) Fibrous protein Keratin
B-pleated
structures Globular protein- Insulin. (1)
9. Enzymes are biological catalyst, they are
a-helix Structure P-pleated Structure composed of proteins. Enzymes are highly specific
If the size of R-group is in nature. The two main function are as follows:
If size of R-group is small
large, intramolecular intermolecular H-bonds (i) They lower the requirement of activation
H-bonds are formed forms between C=O of energy. (1)
between C=0 of molecule polypeptide chain with
and NH of amino acid i
(ii) They speed up the rate of reaction.
N-H of other giving (1
polypeptide chain that B-pleated sheet structure. e.g. Enzyme maltase catalyses the conversion of
gives right handed a-helix maltose to glucose.
i.c. it is formed by the
structure.
i.e. it is formed by the
folding in more than one CGH +HOaas 2CH,
folding of a single polypeptide chain due to
(ii) Two enzyme deficiency diseases are
polypeptide chain due to hydrogen bonding. (1) (
(a) Phenyl ketone urea (PKU) (b) Albinism
hydrogen bonding. 10. (i) Starch is a polysaccharide as it gives a large
Or (i) In aqueous solution, the number of monosaccharides (glucose
carboxyl group loses a molecules) on hydrolysis.
proton and the amino group accepts a proton. (1)
In other words, the
carboxyl
and amino groups (i) a-helix In a-helix,
polypeptide
a chain forms
neutralize each other to form zwitter ion. all possible hydrogen bonds by twisting intoa
R-CH-COOH R-ÇH-COO righthanded helical structure
with-NH
group of each amino acid residue hydrogen
NH *NH3 bonded to
a-Amino acid Zivitter ion
()
theC=ogroup of an adjacent
(ii) The two strands in DNA molecule are held turn of the helix.
together by hydrogen bonds between purine B-structure In ß-structure, all peptide chains
base of one strand and are stretched out tor irly extension and then
pyrimidine base of the
other and vice versa. Because of different sizes laid side by side which are held
together by
and geometries of the bases, the intermolecular hydrogen bond.
only possible
pairing in DNA are G (guanine) and C The structure resembles the pleated folds of
(cytosine) through three H-bonds, i.e. (C = G) drapery. Thus, called B-pleated sheet. (1)
and between A (adenine) and T (iii) The disease caused by the deficiency of
(thymine)
through two H-bonds (i.e. A = T). Due to this vitamin is
B2 pernicious anaemia (RBC
base-pairing principle, the sequence of bases in deficient in haemoglobin). (1)
strand automatically fixes the
one
sequence of 11. (i) Maltose is a disaccharide.
bases in the other strand. Thus, the two strands (1
() Refer to solution 3 (ii). (1)
are complementary and not identical.
(1)
(ii) Refer to text on page 349. (i) (ii) Vitamin D deficiency causes bone deformities
(1) in children.
7. (1)
(i) D-glucose and D-galactose. (1) 12. (i) Fructose is a monosaccharide. (1
(ii) Since, vitamin-C is a water soluble vitamin, it is
excreted out through urine, hence cannot be
(ii) Acidic amino acids contain more number of
stored in our body. carboxyl group than amino groups while basic
(1) amino acids contain more number of amino
(ii) Refer to solution 17 (ii) of Topic 2 (1) groups than carboxyl group. (1)
8. (i) Starch is a disaccharide of two components (ii) Deficiency of vitamin C causes bleeding of gums.
amylose and amylopectin, both are made of
(1)
D-glucose units linked through a-glycosidic 13. (i)
units. Amylose is water soluble while
Carbohydrates which yields a large number of
monosaccharide units on hydrolysis are called
amylopectin is not. Cellulose on the other
hand is a polymer of straight chain
polysaccharides, e.g. starch, cellulose,
glycogen. (1
CHAPTER 13 Biomolecules 365

(ii) A simple organic compound containing amino

3. Polysaccharides have which of the
NH) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional
groups is called an amino acid. Depending following linkage?
upon the relative position of amino group with (a) Glycosidic linkage
respect to carboxyl group, the amino acld can (b) H-bond
be classified as, o B, y. 8 and so on. (1) (c) Peptide linkage
(d) No linkage
R-CH-COOH 4. The monomer units of starch are
NH (a) a-glucose (b) B-glucose
(Rside chain) (c) pyranose (d) galactose
a-mino acid

5. Vitamin C is
(ii) Refer to solution 3 of Topic 2. (1) (a) citric acid (b) lactic acid
14. (i) Refer to solution 10 of Topic 1. (c) paracetamol (d) ascorbic acid
(1)
(i) Refer to solution 24 of Topic 2 (1) 6. An example of water soluble vitamin is
(a) vitamin D (b) vitamin E
(ii) Refer to solution 17 (iü) of Topic 2 (1)
(c) vitamin A (d) vitamin C
15. (i) Deficiency of vitamin A causes night blindness.
(1)
7. What is the chemical name of the vitamin
(ii) Uracil base is found in nucleotide of RNA only. B2?
(1) (a) Ribollavin (b) Thianmin
(ii) On prolonged heating with HI, glucose gives (c) Cyanocobalamine (d) Pyridoxin
n-hexane hich suggests that all the six carbon
atoms in glucose are linked linearly. 8. Which one of the following is an essential
amino acid?
HOHC-(CHOH)-CHO+ HI
Glucose
(a) Methionine (b) Tyrosine
CH,(CH),CH,
n-hexane (1
(c) Proline (d) Glycine
9. The functional group which is found in
amino acid is
(a)-cOOH (b)-NH
Objective Questions (c)-CH (d) Both (a) and (b)

10. Thymine is held by two H-bonds with the

(For Complete Chapter) base
(a) guanine (b) cytosine
1 Mark Questions (c) thymine (d) adenine

1. Water hydrolysis of sucrose produces

11. The pair of bases in DNA are held
(a) two molecules of glucose together by
(a) ionic bonds
(b) two molecules of fructose
(b) H-bond
(c) one molecule of each glucose and fructose
(d) one molecule of each glucose and mannose (c) phosphate group
(d) deoxyribose group
2. The carbohydrate which is an essential
constituent of plant cell is 12. In DNA, the complementary bases are
(a) sucrose
(a) adenine and thymine; guanine and cytosine
(b) starch (b) adenine and thymine; guanine and uracil
(c) cellulose (c) adenine and guanine, thymine and cytosine
(d) vitamins (d) uracil and adenine; cytosine and guanine
366 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers: CHEMISTRY

our body and hence, its presence is necessary in

Explanations our diet.
1. (c) On hydrolysis with dilute acid or enzyme, 9. (d) Both functional group-CoOH and-NH, are
sucrose produces an cquimolar mixture of found in amino acids.
D-glucose and D-fructose.
10. (d) DNA and RNA are polynucleotides. In

CGH0+HO CHO, +CJHOD secondary structure of nucleic acids, Watson and

Sucrose D-glucose D-fructose Crick gavea double strand helix structure for
2. (c) Ccllulose is the most important constituent in DNA. Two nucleic acid chains are bound about
the plant cell. cach other and held together by H-bonds between
3. In polysaccharides, different monosaccharides
pair of bases. Adenine forms two H-bonds with
(a)
units are linked to one another by glycosidic thymine, whereas cytosine forms three H-bonds
with guanine. Structures of adenine and thymine
linkages.
are
e.g. amylose and amylopectin are composed of
-D-glucose units linked by glycosidiclinkage. NH2
4. (a) Starch is a mixture of amylose (15-20%) and
amylopectin (80-85%). Both amylose and
amylopectin are polymer of a-D-glucose.
N >N HC N H
H-C
5. (d) Vitamin C is chemically ascorbic acid. N N -H
6. (d) The vitamins which are soluble in water are
NCOb
called water soluble vitamins, e.g. vitamin B H H
group, (B-complex), vitamin C, etc. Adenine (A) Thymine (T)
Note Vitamin A, D and E are fat soluble vitamins
because they are soluble in fat.
11. (b) The pair of bases in DNA are held with each
other by H-bond.
7. (c) The chemical name of vitamin B2 is
12. (a) Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has the purine
cyanocobalamine. bases like adenine and guanine and pyrimidine
8. (a) Among the given amino acids, methionine bases
[CH SCHCHCH (NH) COOH] is an essential
such as thymine and cytosine. Accordingto
base pairing rule adenine paired with thymine
amino acid because it cannot be synthesised by
(A=T) and cytosine paired with guanine (C=G)

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