classMAte
Date
Page.
BIOMOLEC ULES
CaubohydHoies
Caxbohuduates ae de\imed os bpliealy a chive polyhydk.
aldeha deA OH poluphydbxy keBomes
eo compoLunda
which qwe duc
omp0undA om
hu duolysü a
Clous suicatuem o Canbohydaie
[Link] eambe divide elassiied t two ciasse
Duga
heeoMe cwustallune ubbBance hich ae weet and
alule ~a u t e ucdose
2NombugoA
hese ae asteless mpiuble im waeand amorphoo
2 CeLlulose ilarch elc.
tulheH i elassuied into hyee claases
Moo sacchaides
Olaasacchacides
3) [Link]
(CHOMomosacchoi desThese ae the Simnplest eaubohsdyales
unrch [Link] be hydtolped mto Simpler eonapound
ucse EHueloie StGalactose, ete Kiboce pie
O1aosacthaidesIhese ae the eanbohsdrakex uhich
uoto em momabacchanide
mole.u om
hudtousu a Diasacchanlde- ueun Le Lactase Maitos
Taaczhwnide Ca Ha Kat{?nmos.e
usacthaside 2 theae a1e can bohudale hioharepaueiice
Can be hydtoluaed qi»eaLange no dmonoso
-haide umh stanch, JCeituibe.e, qucoas
clASSMALe
pate
Page
Glucose
Mepayaluem o glueose
Fom [uenose khem SucH0Se 3 boled wih
diue HgSO4 m alcohole a t , quroie rutio
ae Gbta ed Cua amouunl
Gucoce Huctoe
LcLMeD uucoso
CH CHD
H - 2 c OH HO
HO- H-C
H- H
H C DH HO-C-H
eH20H
CHDH u e o se
D-Gueose_
e OH im the the uiqht Side
on 0-Guos
Gucoe 1et
5luciuHe0 ueuse
Ctio oH
Ho C H
H-
CHgOH
D-Hueluse
Date.
Page
Cheamcalopevliea ucLe
Acdylasioon
CHO CHO
Zm Clo
(CHOH) T5 (cHg0), CHOC0 CH3)4
CHgOH
CH 0CO CH3
weose r'emtaacetale
Keduetiom
Na-H
CHO
HbH
TH cHOH)4
(CHOH) CHo0H Soubitnl)
CHgOH HI
Red P ,j0o°e
CHg CHg CH3
n:[Link]
3eaio n nth huduoasmcyande
CN
HCN
(CROH)
1 (CHOH)
CHgDH eH OH
Gweose cano hdtume
H-C <N -0H
Nd-0HP
+Ho0
CHOH
ChloOH
luedse oxime
classmAtee
Date
Paga
Osidatib eatl m
a) H-C0
Co0H
CHOH) BY9Hg0
CH OH tot)a
CHUH
Glucomic add
CODH
CHOH)
CHDH COOH
Saechanie acd
CHD COO NH4-
CCHTOH) Ag+NH
lallems 3 HD
CHoDH CH20 H
eagent
Aomamacafua a i
a Fehlima Solution
CHD OONa
eHOH) Na0 H (CHOH) A t3g o
CHoOH CHgOH
+Cu0
Red ppt
Cuciic iuctuge -Glucose
H- 0DH H C-0H
Gucosdie
H0CH
H C fmkage
OH C-H 0
H C-0H H C-6H C
H-C- HC0-H
CHOH CH0H
D -Gueoe
- - Gu eose D-Gueose
(otHatht sHueuMe)
2 hos Ort im
ala ciose C DaTe
Page
ueDse
as anomei
0-Gutosoy - D utnie
IuHamose lueluye
CHDH
0H
3
3
OH 0t
-D-ucose D Guwse
CH20H 'CH0H
A-
OH
QH H OH/cH0 H
d-0- udos
Dsacchauides3
Thae ae He eaubohydrate which an hydmolusis
qPve tuo Same oH mo nosauchauides
Genera rmula
2 Cn Hgg01 t b0 C,Hi20,+ ,Hig0
Sucxose Gucos e Fuetose
H+
C,, Hrg tHad CMn0, tHp0
Malto se Gmeose Guc e
CiaHga tHo H
CHi206 C H4206
Lactose Gutose Galartos e
MALE
Date
Page
ucsse
& a Coko uulus,
& veu
eydtallne a uble m Juweet
uoeet suwh stance
dexleHotatouy walex&&ta
aqueousdolubm
oqmesus oluhem
t 66 hang Apeclte MotaMom
xotatom eauad
equal t
66 5 a
50m hyduol uHh
eqmoleculay ueauld,
nue ,9--ganse ad, ag?ves
afves
DoSueHOCO D-(--pnuetese
HT
Cia HaaO +HD e,Hi20 tCHi2D
Hot f 6b:5°c
Sp:
D-(t)-plueoge D--fuctose
t 52 50) (-124')
So, Aueuo se extaqotatoybut ajen a hydialy
A aves D-)- qlueos e 8 D-Auctose) Euttose
hasaqYeokr Apede 4otatio m han qlueose
ThereloHexsutaat Sotn
pom huddys &leaveyata
toMy0 im matuuewth Sp Hotatom -39.9
Pnce there change n the Aiam Hotatien
dextxo bboe hydxo ye4 o leawo
"aer hwdrslysta the Headan b Cdled
onuetion eachn themlxtume (glueese
suidose) colled Rnueut Suga
ucHose amposed ol-b-qucose &-D-fructose
hese umi aye held ogeher by oR-aucos?a¥c
Pmkaqe bdwetn o h e glueose unt8 C2
ohe wcto'se umt
CHOH
CHo O
H
OH
* oHCH0H
2 -H20
3
OH
H PTO
d-D
Date
Poge
/
OH Gyeoad e
Linkag
cH10 0
OH
cHa0H
Maltas e
-Queose unu ohich
4 eomposed twd-D
ohe u &
are Condended toqetheu thio ugh Cof
l the othex unit
6CH20H cH20H
H
H
H
OH
2 OH
Na 2
H Gyeasidkc OH
-D-ueose
Lactos e
Cogmposed B-D-9ueose B-D-Galactose
[Link] uninaxe held toqelhe by qees?ate
Linkage bethseen C aalautose e 4 4 uwese
Lkage cH2oH cH2ot
o OH
H20
+
OH DH H
3
HO ou
-D-Galautose B D ucos&
ASSMAte
Date
poge
HoH CH2DH
-O
o H
H H
OH
Latose
Reduemq & Non-Reduimq Sugons
The sacchaldes whfch qeduce Pehlengk 8outin9
Tollem ueaqent 4e Called eduuñ
do nbalis
do mtals iechaYoupswhlch can be easily osidistd
by Fehlung,Sa8ollens Reoeni
- doxy aldehudeoH dhydbrox y ketone
OH
Ihe 5acchanldes whfch do mot Heducetehlfngs
50 M Tollen HeaqenE a called mon-Heduihq
Augo ~a t a acei ucHO Se
Folysacchanides a
OSkan ch
a po lume -D-gu cose& consst S two
Compoments
Anm lose (2o/)
Amylope ctfa (80 ))
t& waey Soluble kradiom.4 &a
Amylose a
Amean polume X-D-qucos e U9t contahs abat
D-Guose unii whith aye aked to
0 100o -
a dqcostd?cunkage
ome amo he-thYough he next
Pnvolvng3 C,4 one queoge 8 C
Page.
C2o H CH2OH CH20H
HS
Ho
OH
H
Amo pedià 9t & water h& oLuble Practom
y meuJf Consáts
9ahighly branched ch an po
shoxt chahs o T25-30D-Guu
CaLarge
u n thi ase na chn fnvolves
-Unka betweem opd ameit - D - q a
unt & the oheu. DA teAminal qu the
cose
In eath cha urthe Linked to C
other qucose umlt I n the mext chaina hrotugh
C- d-Lhkaqe.
CH0 H
CHadH
OH
K
oH
CH20H
K OH
Celluloseo
r bluduHally &a Atraiaht chaih polysaccha
wdes Compose4 d ony-D-guDse unt htch
ase aimed by aueostd nkage betweer
e one ucose
mext qucose i
H
O
1er:
n
H arks
oH
H
oH
Aomfno Acd
organrc
hesee compounds whose malele contan boh the
Casboxyb add rop and amino 9Houp aMe
colled amno aci.
Jh 091e e pH enkd by qeneYa oYmula
RC cO0 H
NH2
*heeane 20 ammo auids whlch onm_ pHoteîn..
he amimo adds whth ane_kynthesbed tn ow
bodt
ody ae: known aA mom-easent amino auids
g8Gyane, Alanihe chc
*hoseamino
hdse adds which cannot be Aynhesded
im ow body and must be Aupplfed tou dfets
known a essenttal amno autda. g Val'ne lysfne.
FHopentiea o amino audg
) Amino auid ane uually co loulesS, CHUAallune
Ao LRda21heae asue doluble ti wake & have hfgh m:p
salts due to he presene d
3They behae e n the Same
both
both asidie &amnogroup exts a4
molele Aheueore, he amno aud
Date.
Page
dipol ax on called Zwitte ion. t has pos?R
s wed tolAin the Same mole aulp
u
negadwe ends
R- C-C00H
R--C0o
NH2&
Zwtex fon
soelecic point &Ihe pt at whith dipolax lon (Zwiter fon)
ex'st as neutHal nthat & pastfve &negaluve cha
equal 8 t doex mot migHate to eithe eledmode
called oelecdju [Link] amino adds have
least&olubill at Aoedectut pont whith helps în
depahatiom amino au'd
pH 652.5:5-63& ioelectxic pafntor
amno aPds
Hoktens
Pxokrs Q e complex niuHogeneo u oYganïc Mole cule
wh'ch_aHe [Link] h [Link]
body CKamically-dieana the
the poo
asne
polumers
-amino auds whtch aHeunked by peptfde aD
bomd. -NH
P
PeptidesaMe compounds efmed by the condenaadon
Aame oH dijeyent K-anino aids
The condeniahèn betweenOmno ads
wth he ellminahibn Awak in hd cake he
Canboxylie qiop
910up meammoaud &amho qroup
onoter ämino aldqe Condena ed
DIhe elmonation watermoleule. The Yeultha
E-NH nkaae
peptide and
bcalled pept'dehlLage o
Date
R
N C-oH t N - - .
C-0 t
H
2ache
Sign.
emar
NHCH CH C -0H
fepRde 1mkage
Jssuoopno
lens 8
Om the ba o molecudan &huchuue 3
F6Mepxoleng
GlobulanpHotans
1) HbaouspMotens a
he pHokng whith have lon hxead uke Atuiunes
ane colleod bxaupHolkin s aihih end to fe side
bu sfde
side
tooHmbehe moleule ame hel4
ogethe b H-boindsn Aome caseshey aHe
Pnsolhble Gaale due oAtona inermolèulas
arLes
ttsuactiaan heuaMe thie structhAral
akerbl animd Hssuest i Kenahn
MyosPm
Globula oens
The pHakins whose moleules ae olded otming9
Compact una
unu oneay Aphetfta hape, Ths
olduig HEsult or kHadh na bettuween
he
yafo
anfos Afdechaind qYops Consuuent omno aids
PnvolueA H-bomdnq-tq * hklin , Albumtn +
Haemoglobin
Date.
Page
bucuxeo botes (FHom NCERT)
mpd-helk hutine ( diaqYam)
Pamany
amany Ga) secordasuy Tediany 4Quadernar
Naffve Stode and enahuratiim peokin opMokin
Nake State o The most energtically &tale statea
pMolea colled matve State
Denadumadihn_ A proce chanqe
hadpuateins the phcal
bfological pTopesdiea
uhout aleting
he dhemfca compo& lienD pHotefh caled déhobura
om
3t&calMedb cestaun phyatal ou dhemícalreaf e
nt auth as change m pH tempeyadune presence
salts or cexfau chemital agents Eq3When an ea
boiled Pn wak h e qlobula pHofens pre ent in't
change to a Hukbey uke imsoluuble mass
Cundlungomilk Pvesence d
Coagulthen milk nlema n oYm
eYm dheese
Vifamims
hese aeoqan ampounds whfch canhot be pro duts
by the bo dy must be Aupplfed In Small
amoun Jet t peilermpeac bidogical
unctiins Aa the noYma healh qdowth moumaunta
-ente D 6
body
Clajcatho Vulamuns
waer Soluble viamu is VUanun Ao luble
uate &sVtam -6 complex VPtamn e
) Fat Aoludle tamns Vkomks Aouble tn at
A D E and K
Ea3Vitann
Date
Page
Commenvitamimsthev
thenAounceA and ImpoMfaneo
Vtamm A The chemfcal none etimolL
Funeton 0Helps
mpHop1 goA8 noTaral Akele
development he bdy o
(i) Play aun
mpottdnt Hole n maintauntna pYopen
våfon
(w) aaentia or healthy eth stuuwye
Sounces8Buttex", LivexCanot MIK Ffsh ofl
toomabts, pumpkIm, pasaup etz
Deidunc VAcaeA& Nqhd- blindness
Vrinamin B,; Chemical name thyamfma
Funcfonit)Halps th Caxbohudnate metabouam
i) Help undt nRq heart,menva msde
Saunces Yeas MPlK, qreek veqetables, Cerealu
DejctanyCase %Bexi-Bené
Vitamin B, chemlcal name Ribo (lavim
hunon ) Helps canboh1ade & proteln metaelam
iHelps in oxtdotion &dtlikation'DAgn
Nesayto to Kap Hhe skn hehy
SoulLLe MIK, east lve,kidneyqeen
vegetabea
Doionu casa Chadkm o skfn, [Link]
610he mouh
Viramin B emcal name yanocobalt amînt
tuntfon 8Essential er the l mefabo LAm
neAvoUs
iin Ssaenta erpImatèn d healhs blood
ScuA Lven eggmK ih meat
Dakuenu asa [Link] (RBC delidenu
in haamoglobPn)
Date
Page
tonin c Chemcal name Ascobrc aoo., htaly,
hlu.
Funduon NeceMany oY kepune qu jnu
Help n metrahduam . aninio aids
b8APes amunst deases
4ves Hesitance to
SuIceaAmla, all Yaita elt
Deturendy case Snvy
6vitaminD Chemital name Calcipheno
Funtion 8 O Keeps hones leelh healths
ouno Coxdlver of1, e9, 1h, e htu
miK butfet exposune suntaht
Veiden Causes 8 Riuke
9Vtama E hema name TskopheHo
hundfan Flays om împHole in he pYotechiòn é
vtamfn A Keno a AscoHbtc atid
esan 0 nor mal Heptodutton prolectBn
the1ve
SaLA Veaetableou, Milk tomatoadak qreen
lea veqetalea eaqs whaleqrath Lerealk
Dekiden caLA A Loss seKual pawtr Heprodu
-fon
8)VPtamin K h emical mame Phs lloqumone
FuncHons Helps ndoting bload
Crean ehld, Usayabeans, cabbaqe
tomato
DyiaentsCausCs a nyeased bload clotting imu
classmate
Date
Nude Acfs
Nuddc
Nuddc Ai daaxe lenq thain
ha plaly an impoHtamt poumeu
polm U nueohide
Aeredtan hayatouAfa Ho'le in tnahamafon nuleohides
bPo Anthess prakeins
Thene aMe
d ypaonleic aid
DNA DEor Nibd-nulete AA).
2)RNA CR bo udele adA)
A nudeohide Comas a 3 hemical aomponerts
A itM0gen Contain?'nq hedewyelic boe
A qve caxbom uga Pentose
3A Suga)
phasphate 2roup
Ntoqem en Lomtalninq hekenayclic base
here aL 2 yea toqen omfaminq basesourd in
nucdeic add 1heae ate å
Puimu AyhmdRnes
0
Parinnes
lho ate bases dexived kom puints
Ca Adenime [A (b) Guanihe (&)_
Pan?nidines
denkved Yom pyrmidnes
Thene oHe. bas le Unadl U)
bJ:Thym?nel19
todme (C}
8 B Aymi?ne
umine ane
ane
quanine,,utoune
9n DiA 0denine
anda wwaci a
w4ac aee
utoune
quanine
hRNA, adenine,
ound
Date
Sgah
hexe aMe up m mudic adid
The ugan presehr h gan prescnt
RKd B - D-Rbase & tn
DNAV
-D-Deoxudbo se.
sCthoH CHDM
DH o
H
A
OH OH
-D-Rt bo se
CinerNA) -D-2-deoyuibose (inDNA)
3Phosahore gup
Nudeodes ê he omlecula im Lohich one the
nitoqen
base Pyimidine
DH punime & bordded h
ugan moleule called muleosfd es
0P-0 H Basec
OH O -P-o
RNA)
32H
(DN
lassMAte
Data
Fhos pg1 Pose)
Phosp Bgi-Phassmau Che
Sune 6 DNA&RNA (NCERT) No.
Dorence beween DNA & RNA (NcERT)
Bfolag fcal Hundtbm 6 Nudelc Asa (NCERT)
kme Qequece n whith Polypeptide chains ae avyart
Amy chanqes alker btologtal process
Secomdan hape in whih ng polupeptfde chais
-heluk-replan coiuig pdlpegide chalDs
whfh s[abized by H-bo.m
B-plaaed al ptide chas ae hetched to ma
exkemaom _akranged Pde by siade & hokd togethe 4
H-bondimq
