CAROOHYDRAT ES2

Cobohxrates a defeneoBIOMOLECULES
a ptcally aoteve Polyhxdroxy alduhydej dr kejtne or
Ciorpocnds kieh Aoduces &uah unths of
classiftcaken Casbohrdrate hxdnlysis
$acchaidle. Thu Casbohxrdraty ukieh Cau &nD+ be hdrdlsed further to 3#ve
cler Uts Polyhxdooxy
cese, uerse e alduhxdes keoneu is Called a monosac@haiae
goSa cehajedu Cabohrdratu Hat i e two to teu monoßacachaide u t s en
-

hdolyis ae Called etigosacehandu. Lastose,

SFolksaccharidu The Casbohxdrae
- Malto, Raffkno* *
Zueree,
O AdDMs a Called Poly&acc
h siva lage no. oP mowgsacchaiat
a

handu. Thuase not Suiat in taote, hence abo l a 4

anonsugar. e9 starch, eellulose, 2l
T2 o
deked a t
ogen k
a
lasge no. MonDsacehauide units au trinednuupa! Pal maic eLbrund n w
by glycidie lin nagr a
Polysacchandes.
The Casbobyetratu ay aho elauifed a reduoing and non- Ardueing
r s Tke easbo hxdrater hich &eduee Pehing's 8oluon aud Tollens Aeogent oii
Called Aeducing Sujar. e-9-
D-aucr, D Auet*, Mato LairK ,
The Caohydrake thich do nat Aduee Pesling's 8oluton and Tolens Aeagert
Qre Caled nen-sedueing sugar eg.- Bucroe Here e
8sups at bondad, nef fe. mdiuing alddhydic or rekonic
MONOS AccHAR1DES On te bais n o . Casbon atoms aud tunoknal zseuh
Preeti He, mouosacchaides ae temed a d e C aldahdic funohional zssup
aud ketose ( ketomie feuncteenal zsup:)
GLUCOSE Mehoels Prepauakon- 0) Aran uerrk o boling ueh
di. Hel or di H2s04,in al cohotic souken, sucrrse gtn zlucre ed tueYrsk.
Ca Ha O1 +HD CgHa6 + C H206
Hucoe
y hrom Sarch Starch on
ling èh dil. Has04, hkdolysed to &ud
STRUCTURE of GLUCasE
CHO D-aud L-Cnkeqmakon glucet.
Th D CHO CHO The L anfguuatcen Kas -0 8snp
CHH)4 4-0H athed toaborm adsacent to
cHDH atached Ho- H toH o n left ide.
Hp-CH
Casben adyasent -C-OOH
to CH0H n H--04
g t Mds. H-C-OH
H20H
CHH
Fia-D-gucrst. 9lucet
chemial Anaar ons 9uesse
. Achéon Aest- cugoH (etOH)Sve eHg CHsCHa.cHa.cHacHa.1 TRi reackm
2. Reaeleon wèth hdoxyl auene n-xaA
nhaxaas
&haiht ekaun
nfimg hPrakace
HOCH-CtoHJ eHo FNH5D HOCHa-CHoH HN-O4.
-Ho Prrsence fCobn
3 Reakon wth Hey
HoCH2-(CHOH -

cH<
HoCH2-CHOH)4-cHo-F*N cano hxdsen.
4 Oxidakon uith mild exidanq 0gent resent # Co .
cH0H-(4O4)CeO4 3/ucowe aid,
-
as alduhrdis
+OCH (c+Ot], CHO
5 p i e Aaizlaken:
This rmaton Cnftrm ha resence feve
H
(roH)4 (H-ol-cAa Jarps in guere
e2-cHa- uere Peata auta
xid akcon weth itie aud -
Co codH Sacchie anid
HOCH-(eH OH)-CHo +oOC -

(CH O)-
aboe atns shuctun # uen ww Prapacd a
S +
ischr.
Despete haring Hh eno Ksp , 2ucrse d oes n t gie 2,4 DNP * t
stifs test aud doas not AMaat with NaHsoThs Auta autate , uer
o s ne a s t wvith hydwxy amine ich indicate ha R o f r e -cHo FirA.

Thssnttets ti sins shusurn aucr.

iso mers hich differ i he lonfezunaton
ANOMERS The Par optieal anomeie
aound C-1 attm a s e Caled anomers The C- a o m is Caled
gn u c n is Called Pranase
The i x menbered cxcia
8uetu
Cabn atom.

cHoH

o4
OH Py re
o
Ot OH
- Dzluer.
- D gucagt.
Pructore Rao +h 8ame uericulas fornula o hat g l u c e
FRUeTOsE
bu h two diHy in tnir funet.oral Lrp: tueton Cntain a e m i e s n p
a C- Shactues.
p chin cue or Aing &uctun
CHaO
c0
OH
ho-C-H
o4
0H
-c-OH CH0
OH
ur.
OH
CHOH -D- uco P-D-udrs*
D-uehose.
DiSAceHARIDES I n disacchaides, +ta two mouD3acchaide units as
mo lecull SuaA
oxide linkage formed by he l o Of a wrater
a
inKed togemer by au
Jincage bewan tuo wonesasthou~du unis heugh oxzen ate s aied glytade
Suer.
ina - The turo mOnDsachasicdes ase keld tqather by a ayeosidc inage
betwean C " «- guucae aud C B truotn. a reduing garups zluem and
knute a énvtnd in gyuondic Rinnge, hence Bucrruis en edusing sug

HocH
-O -Sucro
urdic a
H nea eH cH OH
2 Maltose - 9+ Coneists two
units in hich C1 O e qluce od-D-gluee* H
wtth C4 is unre4
aoher
h t - CHo r. Ca aue
be
l aq.s0luton,
Produced at C-i. OH -0
hunce it au OH
a
dutin suga OH

i-Matre.
 3

S - 9* s màlk sugaL Conaisting * B-D-galactase aud B-p- qlue*

ined ttoa
eerby 3yosidie insage at ei o 2alactase aud C4 2uco.

H0H
H
OH
K H

H OH
OH
B-D -galactrre g-Lactou. - D-gueese.
FOLYSAccAARIDES Mos Cmmonl frund Cabohydsate en nature.
Starch Stareh s ha ain storase
Polysacchaides
Cereals,roofs, tubers 8om aud Plans, mainly frund 2 n
amylas* aud amyiopechè Amylesd vegefekle.
is ater
3t és Polymer A- Nuco aud CnAss
a

Ctute 1S-2y, f 3tareh. sstuble Conbonest 8tarcs tich

cheuiCally auylose es le hatn wèth 200- Jsro ok-D-CH
3uerse urits held b C C4 glyeoidie
Amylopectin is ensoluble in
linragR
wetur
branched chain Polmer -D- Jucse usts making 90-85 starch It
inkge The branching oceure b c1- Cg jrined together at C« C4 b3ycoMde
Celjuloe- cellulase is excluevey foand en aycosidic linag-e.
Plant cells eellulose is
Plaats aud uain Canstetuent *
ce wa
its rned &traigt chain
a
Polysacehaide ads up FB-D-
b zly cosidit at linrage 3u
yogen 94 is Caled
a wal 8tarch as a
-e4
ygen Grlcogeu i8 kiaAl brached Pol asbohxdatu
ase stored in anima
odt
regaly Mer K D- glue -Gheagen
s brancked than aylo becden. Amylobecin chain
mereas ycoaeM Consists * 2o-as guese
Consts lo- 14 2uce uaBs
tect quaBion 14.1. Crluegse
-

8uarose
benaens(inple ix mnbered sing Canuound) a&suble
in uater but
a

s ènsduble in wwter
credokuxane or
Ans- uce or &uermK Cntaun fsu-OH Loubs, Explain.
Cula H-bonduny wtth waer. herefore h e fo inter meu
epelo huane Conthins no krduanHehce he ast so luble in weter ut hehre
inkedwh
Ence Auy do avt fom
H-bend wètm water andtgaly
H
eluhonegkre aloms i e N,0 f .
int-14- uat an ta exbeated Poduets of iné dusla in water
gia tuso moleculs hxdrplyis
AnsOw Axdrolys, lawrose Laeose
Gad -D galach. mono
Hget
Lackhaide i. -D -CA) Zluce*
CH 20*HaLacta CcHh206 +CH106
Lotext-14:3. Hw -

do p-D- guu
tou enplain 'th
Dglucot
Ans uhen guc i reated weh aeke -D-galachrsr.
hsen ce
aldthxde garup io he Peutaauak
feur 0her oH seups at Ca, anhydide Oy sup at -1 along ,

Qutate C3, C4 aud wetb

r s does not Cantaun a foru peata aatate As he
a
hxdolyped n aq 8olukon to Pduee fea -o H 946up t - , there it Punta
auak gue qoa not eaa urtth tha open ckain Can not be
abdahrdieform auo Hus
NHeH
qlueote Oxiue. pna
to fom
 MINO ACIDS: The orgaic Compounds Cantaining both amino sup
ud Coboxylie zsup én ets wethculs are Called awino adds
Amino aeids may be elamfied a a, P, r, d aud so o r
bu a m t all nàturally occuing uuino asids Cmtain
aune nd 2s0ups n Caabn atm.
Class fieakenf eno auds
Non-ees seuheal auno auds. Tha auuno aud, 8uthenred in rus b
hence nat Acquird in o dit are called non euental amino aud. 3- Gune,
alanin, Prdine, sesien, Cysteine, Asþaaint, Glutamine, Tyron, Aspatie auid
hutamia anid, istidtaf.
2. Essental amino ads The amino aids which as not sxothesiaed *
bedy and naut be &upptied hrrugh rus dist to h bedy as ecaled eseatal
auiino a i e3- Valine, Leuine, 1soleusine, Phenylalanine, Mehioneue,
ttofhau Threenine, Lysint, Arainin , Histi dint.
&r
Amino aids beßave lke 8alt Tather h a a bas (amine)
aud oo4) This ds du to h Preence faridic C-ceo 4) aud baieNHa)
&sups tn ha Saus wleeul.
zwiHte i m i.
Lnag 8olukon , h i aunino auids
ex)st a
Prrto-
w i i n h a nLotLeuls. Hen
Poa
20n
C5tai iny both t v e aud - e ends

R- C-2-8 p R - e4- 2-6

NH2 2 teer ion

PEPTIDE AND PEPTIPE LINKAGE Peptide are he Compounds tomd

by-Hu Condeaton tuo r wuore, Sau r ditf errnt X-auino arids. Conden-
Saton sisuls in he elimiuakon of aueter weleewle fom Casboxyue 2 i r u
n melecauluaud a i n o L a f other nerltuu The 8ulng lun kge,
betwtun two molecules s Called pepHede linko8t r peptde bond.
-

HaN-CH2-Co0H + HaN -

CH- coOH H CH2-kfeh-caoe

CH -Ho
Poly pepiede - A Fepttde Aavng waleculas mau upro lo, or
Pepted ink cald polbetd
PROTEINS- Proteins are Long. Polxmers amino aid linced by bepkds
( -WH-) bonds i.e. a lonple wgenerw meletuls urhieh ara ekenta far
ssnuh aud
mantenance o life.
h
clascificatton Potein on he bass Lelteulas &toucture.
. fibrous Padtein- Thex t Proteins Con sists flinear hread lire
MOleel h i ah. terd to lie Mde by ids
to fbrm fëbrt The olecu aje hejd
nd disulBki de bonds nds. - Kerakn in skin, hair,
toAether by txdrogen yasin in mUscle,
ndla, wrd), Abroin in sèk,
a l e folded togethe
a. Crlobuwar Protein tepe oProteina, Hs oleuulee hormenes
In his
suoh ainsulin.
shabes. e - enmes,
ento Coupaut uets fmming- sphealcal Ebrus Proteins.
Difference betuean Globlar Proteins and Pebreuu Protein
Crlabular Proteins
. Thexe Aroteins as cres inced Csndenda The a linar Csndengarm Povduet
ton Produuets of baue aud aidl auino auds.
inseluble in
aje C m m a n &sfvent b t sduse
2.These a s e 8oluble
in water eraA. 8ola * |2.These
in sbug-atids o bae.
Quids. b a s ek.
3. The 2tebulas Protein molecuae ae 9.Thaug lanea hoteèn chains ask
folded +o gée hree dimensionasphesea Aeld toadher br intermolecua H-bend
hap n mwce, Kerein é
albuins n 37, enqms and 4. 0Sin
4 - hair, e
homene.
 STRUCTURE Of PROEINS
T m a u y 3huahurt- The seqnca èn ukich tha amino anids ae linked in ane
rolypepride chaina ot a Protein es aled Piay 3hucture Proheis.Tha axino
d uince a ottin deter mines i s fencéens &ud és caisieal to i s beolagica)
d x a akange f ou auino auid Ca ckange ha Aopet e r e ofei
drastëtaly
Scedy Abuchue The &econdau Ahueturt aivw manner in_udeh tha
Pol bettdeehains a Atded or aangea 9 aiv R Cenformaton ef h Protein mole-
T l adkes Aem Plane anukr Peptde bond ad hxdreaen batween
h C - o and N-H 2ssup There au tud comLan trpu f 8ec Stoucturu
- Helix 8tueture- In his Stuatuue, formaton H- bond batwean aide zssAs
Cin ha Zams chain eaused tta pepttde chains to cetl up into a spiral sucture.This
i Caled o helix -Myosin Keakn ,

P-Pleated sheatshucture 1n hiu &ucture ,h long bebtede ehains ie Bde

* i a i324 maner to for a fHat sheet Eashoain h e d +o tu tuo
eihbouLeny okouns b kpdrogen bonds. These shets an sBoekad ene ubon auoher toomm
the cimhaional stiiehur alled - Pleated Shest &huetue. 2:. Aibroin-
ertaY &uukare Tke tertiasy sucture aises duu to
Ceiling aud bendi
Pdpeptdde chains Produting thres dimensienal shucteres. folding
Thi shucture ge he
overa shope t Protein.e zlobular Protein.
Naeve 8tate Protein The most ehegetcally stable atate of a Aotein s Called eds
atee 2hete. In Hd &tate, Protein Possese uloni mum
DEN ATURAT10N, OF PR0TEIN H-bondi ns
A Proces Hat ehanges t
Physical and iolgca
Propeatees f Paroteins uethaut affesting he ahenical Conpositian
Called deustusatten - Protein. This es CAused by a
Protein tLs
s a l s ete. Tka deratured Proteins uéll lose change PH,temperature,
biolica Presene
aatevity. This doe not
chage As paiaLy auctur but szults fsem a Lauanaem rt f &e0ndaa
aud ertiasy 8suun. 3t a y er may not be Aeaibe
Coogulten
whie den boring, Cusdkis f màk duu to thu formatk'sn laeie huld bz-ts
baatesia Present nmek.
ENZYMES
The enrme arebcdlagtaa aatalyts Poradu ced byt ivng Cells tich eatalise he beo-
henicaAMaukons tn iving ergdniamá. chemical, enanes ase globuwas Proteind
Popetee.enzx M
a h eieieney 2 Used «n exbemely Amal quankt 3. HgAy speitic
2. Most effiieit at optemun tenp.CF°e) aud PH ( # )
Coen2 me Most aateve enzme aA asociated ueth d o i non- Protuin eoubo-
henta tequired tor Halr atrety Thee a enernlly mLf) Lns Gr Amall orgaie
Moleceu' and a x ColleatEvely Cäled Co-enmee 2n, M9, Mn, fe ek
Mechanus M ehame Cátalysed Seaek o
The follo uwing 8teps ae invafved en the
enayme CaBalysed Aeaaeon
Bindng of enayme CE) to ha Suhchate to formm Coplex.

Product formaton én ES
E - s

i)
ES EP
Coulex
Releae of Moduct fsaw he enxme - Produet omplex.
EP E+P.
Abpicale on Enxme
1. Enzxme deficienciu aud Pre ventcon f disease
Cusing disease steptokinae is wed to disofre blcod
3.
1nduasia abplicate ons - Ln ford processing syrup, elott
Cheeg b Coagulae on
io tha Produche on
lK
 6
VITAMINS Orgaic Contbounds wrkich Can not be broduced by He body
d rined in hdit, in Snia brobor+tom to berfer spec ffe Sio leyiea!
fneens for nonmua! maintenance f optenmum sccoth aud heal f
a s Cal!ed vitQins +HenganisM
Classificakon Vitanèns
Lfat Soluble vitamns a u n A,D, E and k. They au Seuble co ees
ad fats but osoluble en waer: stored n liver and adipose tssu-
2 Water Astuble Vitanins Vetanun and
ence e c
ase waicr & Lvitamin b ad C
Ca not be Stored énide he body euble
aa
hey
usine Hhce kese
vitamins mwat be Sudptied eagely excrekad hdtsA are

FUNeTIONS, soURCES ANDDEP!CiENCYDIsEASES gulaly i diut - i>texi qu4te on 14-6

. Vitaun
A: 9t es ako called
-

Funek gn a) it keths i Prober ssvh

-
RETINOL
and normal skeleta!
b) Helbs èo maintaining
Prober vision c Essenkal for {ealhyderlooment d
Source-Pish, wr ocl, Cassofs, buter, milk, 4+ech Skucun
eaved, tomalo, Coiander leavu, Curd, spinach, ello buubkin, mustasd
**Defiiency maugo, Pabaya, Caa folk ee
disease- Nigit blindness, Xeroshhal uia
2. Vitanin B
cheuca nae (Hardeing Corn@a E)
unckron- Helps
hiane
Cabohxdsate in
v
muuclu 3. s harpens netabolis
aud m 2. Helhs n funcheoneng f
o u abþe.iete heastss.
>ArC Milk, Pulsu, wheat bran,
-

**DeRciency dsaase s i aei (loss Yeast. 3scen egeasle, seyabean.

3. Vataun
B-2 -cheucal nawe abbeiete, serasded 3suh
Funcheen - Helps in oxi d en aud Ribofa vin
and
botein wetabo lis utelisaron f oxkaen Helps io Cass ohrdrek
normal uneeo nin eye. Necessaiy to keab he SRin
heaHy 4] 4etbs io h e
Source Meat, uhole -

vegetabtes. sains, and pulses, Milk Yeast,

ver, Peas, eqas, ,

Diciency diseaje Causes CAacking 3san

busning sensakeo S (cheilosis)k ofsin, ebs Diaestee diso rder and
Vitaun b-6- Chucal nau Pxsidoxi ne
Sourcd Yeast,
De Hcency disearc Milk, ea Xo/K, C reals, 9Sau
S. Vitawin Convul sions. (Con-tsackon muscles&)
-12
) Neceksay funcheong -
. E sseneal th o
efi ciency disease
fo he forLakon
healhr blood aud
wetabeisnm f herveus issus,
Per ni cieus anaunud Proper assdth af body
6 Vitanen -C- (Rac deicient in
Cheuca! oame Ascorbic aud anoglobin)
Fckons- a Nece ssasy
kecbing tecth, qums ad ov
norma ueiabrism uno aiu cints kealA*. bHelps en
Saurce- i r , chae, cHelhs en healing cus nd wcendt
abble, leens, lame Avula, Tonato, waugo,
e orauge, Pears, bineabble,
Defh ciency disease
ScURYY (bleadi nq u s Cabhage,
7 Vtauuo D -chent cal naml
Functeao- 1 kebs he
Calcifero
bone and
Surces Cod &veL oc,
teath healtAy
* Defiienty diseasel buter, nulk, ega
Pickets Cbone defor mutee etlkk Auniga
CSoft bones in children) and asteo Malacia
Vitauun E NecesSait for Paun in adul
ero
SotAYCe-Veg normma) ocls, tk, tontaBo, Sebroduce on and
e938, uts brotecicon uyer
beency diseasPJ oss of Sexual
nereaetd aaelty Petwer Scbroduche'on.
of AACs d
muscular twear nes
 Viianin K -cheu cal name
Phxlloquinone
Helhs en blood elotting aud Psevents
haamo whoAe
STArEA Crreen leafy vege-ables, Soyabean,
tomatoe Cobboge, vagetoble acl, spiNach,
*Deft ciencx diseases
-Increased blovd clofing teme, Causes
RaLmohage
NUCLEIC ACiD
NuCec
aud as
biolaae cally embortant Polmers which ase present n al
Cells. They
direat he
sxnthesis op Poteins ad ae 1sbonsible for ha sanster utng
ehekc eñtormaton. The Aabeaeng uits f nucleic auds a e nucleoBede.
Nucleoside- The nmole ceule in urkich On f h itrogenesw base is
wtth a Sugas olecel e ic Called nucleocide - bonded
Nucleoede. - when he Phosbhate 9sup is aHtached +o the nudleoicde, h e Conubotuna
formed is Called nucleotide
Nucleotede Consists f hree cheuuical
)Netsgen Contaiing heterocyclie booe Conbonents
i Sugar n A Phasbhate 3se
Nucic auds ase ofutwo txpes
DN DEOXYRIGOsE NUCLEIC ACID Contaiing deoxy Aebose wut ad *
a Qud
Adenine, CXtosine Juanine aud
hx une as Hi nitogenesus ba.
,

b) RNA- RIBos E NUCLEJC ACID- Containing D- ribase uut as Sugar ud

adeuine, Ctosine, guanine aud usacel a the ihogenesu ba.
STRUCTURE Oe DNA : PRIMARY S TRUCTURE
The DNNA Polmers f o r a
duplex stsuctwe Consis tenY f two strands f Paly-
udeotede chains Coiled asscend each other in h e
form dotable heux The
hudeottde macing up each &trand of DNA a u Conneeted f a
The bases by phosphate- ester bon4.
Proict
tow ads each oher cuehin his &tsuctire hale ad 8ugar
Phos bhate
Copo nets fozm a 2huetual tsamLurmK on te outde f H
duslexSuch Stsucture is Caled duble tulsx Stsuctue
sECONDARY 5TRUeTURE The bases o one &hand
of DNA a i Pacrea we
bages dhe other Atrod by means Hxdroger bond.
of Cruauune is hxd»ogen Songed
to Cystosine Oud adinine to hune.
Thy mine and adentne Can be fatned by
tuo H- bond urhale Cuauine +o cstosine
by thre 4- bonds. The teuo shands fDNA4
ae Couple ment aiy to each other
biological funitons nucluic auids3
. Repluicakon of DNA- The bopesty of a ole eaale to s h e z e ats auother
molecule f Sanu 4*pe is Called DNA repicatan. gt es he uniqu proþeut
DNA aud t a enayme Catalysed Proces. In Ais þroces, he two sardi of
DNA helix unwtnd and each 3haud sesvek as a template for he 8Khhesis
f a n o 8hravnd
2 PROTEIN sYNTHESIS In hus Proces, h genete enor maton Codad cn
DNA in h form of specife base sequwnee is tsanslated and exbresse4 in u
for of &equunce f anuno auds uhich Asult a he snthesis s p e c i f e
Preteins wrkich berforM Vaicus feuctons in th Cell 9 taxas Place én tro stebs-
a)Transcibtéon The tsanscuibkon envotve Copying f DNA &equunces anto
a Copimunda RNA Molecule Called -RNA A borkon of DNA ouble
elix 8hrand ig unwsund aud on of ht two DNA shrauds act au teuplate
for h snthesis of M-RNA
Trans lekron-Duing tsanslaten, M-RNA directs broteen snthcHs in t
cto Plasm f hecel uith hi nvefve Ment of auo ther +xbe RNA Called
t-RNA aud hAibastomal Pauhiele. The rocess ts Called tsanslaton
 ViHauin K.
-chenu cal name
Helps cn blood Phxlloquinone
SOTLreeA- Crreen clotting
kafp
ad PAevents
haeme whogAe
vegetab les, Soyabean,
* tomatoe
Defrciencx olsseass Cobboge, vagetable dcl,
Spinach
Increaped blaud Clotting teme, Causes
KaLmorhage.
Nueeuc
NuCLEIC ACID
Calls.
aud a e biologically. imbortant
They durect he &ntteis op Poltmers wtich ase presert in al
Proteins
deehc 2ñtormafton. The Aebeaeng units ad ae A0sonsible for ha sanster vtng
f nucdeic auds ale o
NucjeoSide- The mole cle in ukich ow nuc)eoed e
wtt a Sugas wolecuele is Called nucleoside -f H itrogenesu bae is bondd
Nucleoede when he Phosphate s r u is atached +o the nucleoude,he
-

ormed l& Called nucleotide ConbunA

Nucleotde
Nsgen Cantaining Consists f+hree cheuical Conubonents
keterocrclice booe iJ
Nucueauds ase oftwo sugav uJ A Þh askhafe i e
DNA - DEOXYRIBOSE tbeu
ACD
NUCLEIC
Sugar aud Acdenine, cxtosine, uauine audContaiuing deoyy Aebose r a

hx wune as Ki nutogenesuA bak

b)RN A-RIB0s E NUCLEIC ACID Cotaining D- tbace uuut as sgar ud
adeune, cytosine, guaune aud usal t nitrogenesu ban os

STRUCTURE Of DNA: PRIMARY STRUC TURE -

The DNA PolMers for a duplex
ucleotede chains Coiled assrend each other Consis
stucture ting f too strands f Paly.
in h e form f a double
hudeotede maicing up eath 8tand of DNA helux. The
ai Conneected by phosphate- ester bond.
The bases Pro1ect totw ads each oher cuetin this &tsuetie kle 8ugar ad
Phos phate Czpo nets fosm a &huetual fsauew an Hu autde f H
lex Such 8tsucture is Called dsuble tulk 8tsucture.
SECON DARY sTRUETURE The bases ot one 8hand of DNA aie Pai red ue
bases 0n he oHher strad by means o Hydreger bond. Guawne is hadrogen bonded
to CSto sine aud adinine to hune. Thy mine aud adeune C a be
two H- bond uule Cruauine to cystosine b
fotned by
+hres H- bends. The tero shands b v 4
ae Couple nunt aiy to each o+her

iological funheons nuclie auids-

. Rebli calton of DNA The probesty of a uole eale to shheze ats aother
woleclef8au t b e is Called DNJA repicaton. 9t is he uniqu probesty
DNA aud ts au en2y me Cotalysed Proces. In +Ais rocess, he two shands of

DNA helix unwtnd and eaoh atand sesves as a tenuplate fo He 8Khheis

f a n o Shrand
In ths Process, +h genete entor RMakon coded tn
2 PROTEIN sYNTHESIS
is sanslated aud exbreged in t
DNA in he form of speciffc
bae sequunee
uhich Atsult an h e snthesis specifie
form of of a n u n o auds
&equunce place en tuo stebs
uhich b erform V a l i o u u t u u c m s in h Cel 9t 4+aces
nto
Proteins enve{ves Cobing f DNA qunces
aTranscsipteon The +sanscubteon olouble
borton of DN
CobimentaL RNA
wolecule Called RN A 4
a
f hi tro DNA 8hauds act au teuplate
helix 8hand i wnwsund aud
for th 6ntheis ofM- PNA
directs roteen shthesis in h
M-RNA
bTransleteon Dueng tsans lat en,
auother xpe f RNA Cled
Cto Plasm of hu Cel usth hi envefve Ment of
ts Called tsanslaton.
t- RN A aud he Aibasoma Pashcle. The roces
 CODON The &equence o bases ase &ead en a sestal
rder en zinu^s hret at a tiu. Each thiplet °f hucleotide as Called a
Codon and it 8pectftes ou amino aid.
4ENE-The DN &equenee tRat Code for a &pecifc Protein bo
peptide is Called a
ene
GENETIC CoDE- The Aelatéon betwean tA nucleotide sèplets ad +he
amino auids Ls Calledenefic Code
MUT4TrON- The cheical ohauge en a DNA olecule hat Cauld lead to
heA p PaDteins weh different anino anid Bequence is Call ed
Ltakion Mutatton may Cause he loss e biolegical activetyy f Protein
aud hw Causèng- +Ra"deah hi el
DiSTINCTION ETWEEN DNA A NTD RNA.
DNA RNA
1. toecurs Mainly in the nucleu o .
h Cell.
9+ o ccurs i n a cctoplasm Cel.

2 3+ A a darele strauded shuahue 2 9t Ra single shanded stauefurt.

3.The Lngar mwle cule is deoxy ribose. 3.The sugas nole cuule is ALbase
4. Mibogenesus base uradl is not
4. Nitogenerus base hxmine is ng
Present
Present
5 9+ is Asponsible for h pans- S. Helps in protein biosbthes.
hission 4 Rereduty character.

DNA PINGERPRINTING
A Sequence of basu on DNA IS uniqe for a ferson aud +s infar-
maeon selated t his is Called DNA fënqerpaintina
APpicaktons
I Iofrensie laboratbaies fr edectfiaateon of CLiina
a. Jo deermining the þaternity f au indiidual.
3.To idinify dead bodiu in any accide by Con/sasing Ha DNA
Paret r children.