CREATIVE WRITING

FIGURE OF SPEECH 4. IRONY

-connotative presentation of words to
produce a literary effect
-makes writing more entertaining and
clarifies their meanings they wanted to
convey
-paints a picture in people’s mind
FIGURES OF COMPARISON
1. SIMILE
-comparison of two unlike things
-uses “like” or “as”
-comparison of anything with another
thing of the same class is NOT a figure of
speech
2. METAPHOR
-direct comparison of two unlike objects
-doesn’t use as, like, or as if
FIGURES OF CONTRAST
1. OXYMORON
-JUXTAPOSITION (placing side by side) of
two contrasting words
-two opposite ideas are joined to create
an effect
2. ANTITHESIS
-words are used in such a that their
intended meaning is different from the
actual meaning of the words
FIGURES OF REFERENCE
1. METONYMY
-one word is substituted for another with
which it is closely associated
-describing something indirectly by
referring to things around it
2. SYNECDOCHE
-part is used for the whole, the whole for
the part, the specific for the general, the
general for the specific, or the material for
the thing made from it
3. ALLUSION
-makes a reference to, or a representation
of people, places, events, literary works,
myths, or works of art, either directly or
by implication
-brief reference, explicit or indirect, to a
person, place or event
4. PERSONIFICATION
-figurative attribution of personal or
human qualities to things that are not
human. E.g. inanimate objects

-two sentences of contrasting meanings in 5. APOSTROPHE

close proximity to one another
-some absent or non-existent person or
- to create balance between opposite thing is addressed as if present and
qualities capable or understanding or replying

3. PARADOX
-self-contradictory, contains two
statements that are both true, but in
general, cannot be true at the same time
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FIGURES OF SOUNDS 2. INFORMAL DICTION - involves the
playful use of words, including jokes and
1. ALLITERATION
wordplay.
-repetition of the initial consonant sounds
-the way you talk to the people closest to
in a succession of words
you
-provides a work with musical rhythms
3. PEDANTIC DICTION -an excessive
2. ONOMATOPOEIA amount of academic or BIG words

-formation or use of words that imitate or
suggest the source of the sound that it
describes
3. ASSONANCE
-comes across as arrogant in real life
4. PEDESTRIAN DICTION - trying to
sound normal or common, how regular
people talk

-repetition of vowel sounds to create 5. SLANG-

internal rhyming within phrases or
6. COLLOQUIAL DICTION
sentences
7. ABSTRACT DICTION- discussing
4. CONSONANCE
something intangible, like an idea
-a cunning combination of consistently
8. CONCRETE DICTION- specific and
copied consonants
direct language with minimal ambiguity.
-The same consonant sound appears Describes things as they are
repeatedly in a line or sentence, creating a
9. POETIC DICTION- makes use of
rhythmic pattern
rhymes, rhythm, and phonetics to make
words wound pleasing together

DICTION
-choice of words especially with regard to
correctness, clearness, or effectiveness:
wording
-style of writing or speaking determined
by the choice of words by a speaker or
writer
9 TYPES OF DICTION
1. FORMAL DICTION- uses proper
definitions of words in a mostly serious
tone
-school and other formal environments
 CREATIVE WRITING
POETRY a. using poetic line rather than the
sentence as the primary unit
-derived from the Greek word “poiesis”
(making or creating) b. relying more on images than in
abstractions
-literary art where the evocative and
aesthetic qualities of a language are c. cultivating the sound of words
brought out in lieu
d. developing rhythms of language
-emotional and imaginative discourse in
e. creating density by implying for more
metrical form
than what is stated
FUN FACTS
ELEMENTS OF POETRY
-Mahabharata is the longest poem in the
1. SPEAKER- a created narrative voice of
world, 1.8 million words
the poem, can be a persona or fictitious
-oldest written poem, Epic of Gilgamesh character
(4,000 years old) from Babylon.
2. AUDIENCE- to whom the speaker is
Gilgamesh, half-god, and half-human
speaking
-“Come Home”, a two-word poem- the
3. CONTENT- subject or the idea or the
shortest and sweetest of songs, George
thing that the poem concerns or
Mcdonald
represents
-“I Have a Rendezvous with Death” by
4. THEME- a general idea or ideas
Allan Seeger was John F. Kennedy’s
continuously developed through the
favorite
poem
-“called back” on Emily Dickenson’s
5. STRUCTURE- poem’s composition
gravestone
A. LINE- a unit of language into which a
-METROPHOBIA- fear of poetry
poem is divided
-METROMANIA- compulsion to write
B. ENJAMBMENT- is the running-over of a
poetry
sentence or phrase from one poetic line to
POETRY VS. VERSE the text, without terminal punctuation
-Poetry- reserved for verses of high merit C. END-STOPPED LINE- the syntactic unit
(phrase, clause, or sentence) corresponds
-Verse- metrical line as the basic unit of
in length to the line, the sentence runs on
poetry
into the next line, slow down the pace
POETRY VS. PROSE
D. STANZA- grouped set of lines within a
According to Stephen Minot (5 poem
fundamental characteristics that
distinguish poetry from prose)
 CREATIVE WRITING
6. SHAPE AND FORM- SHAPE (separates B. ENCLOSED RHYME- enclosing rhyme,
prose and poetry), FORM (pattern for abba
making the poem)
C. CHAIN RHYME- interlocking rhyme or
A. STRUCTURED POEM- has predictable chain verse, Spenserian sonnet (abab,
patterns of rhyme, rhythm, line- length bcbc, cdcd, dede, ff)
and stanza construction
D. MONORHYME- all lines of the poem
B. FREE VERSE- does not follow a pattern have an identical rhyme, diona (tagalog)
7. TONE- attitude of the poet towards the E. COUPLET- couple of lines that usually
audience rhyme (aa) and have the same meter
8. MOOD- emotional and intellectual F. TRIPLET- all three lines follow the
attitudes of the author towards his or her same rhyme that can be schematically
subject matter in a given literary work diagramed as aaa, bbb, ccc, and so on
9. RHYME- the coincidence of sounds,
correspondence of sound in the final
accented vowels, repetitive occurrence of
identical or similar sounding words
A. END RHYME- words at the end of lines
and most common type of rhyme in
classical and traditional poem
B. INTERNAL RHYME- inside the lines
C. BEGINNING RHYME- first syllable or
first few syllables of several lines
D. EYE RHYME- visual rhyme or printer’s
rhyme
10. RHYME SCHEME- the way the poet
deliberately arranges the terminal words
or syllables of certain stanzas or entire
poems to form a set pattern
-to establish balance and relieve poetic
tension
A. ALTERNATE RHYME- open rhyme or
cross rhyming, repeated alternation of
two different rhymes in a series of four or
more lines (abab)
 CREATIVE WRITING
GENRES OF POETRY C. SONNET- short poem with fourteen
lines, the typical subject is love, to express
POETRY- emotional and imaginative
other emotions
discourse in metrical form
D. SONG- short lyric or narrative text set
1. NARRATIVE POETRY- tells a series of
to music
events using poetic devices such as
rhythm, rhyme, compact language, and E. VILLANELLE- fixed lyrical form of
attention to sound poetry composed of 19 lines that follows a
certain pattern or rhyme scheme
-tells a story but with poetic flair
- first five stanzas (tercets- stanzas of
-ELEMENTS (character, setting, conflict,
three lines each), final stanza (quatrain-
plot)
four lines) aba aba aba aba aba abaa
A. EPIC- long unified narrative poem, that
3. DRAMATIC POETRY- tell a story or
embodies religious and philosophical
portray a situation
beliefs, moral codes, customs, traditions,
etc. A. DRAMATIC MONOLOGUE- when the
character reveals his or her innermost
B. METRICAL ROMANCE- its central
thoughts and feelings, those that are
interest is courtly love, together with
hidden throughout the course of the
tournaments fought and dragons and
storyline
monsters slain for the damsel’s sake
B. SOLILOQUY- the act of speaking alone,
C. METRICAL TALE- straightforward story
especially when used as a theatrical
in verse, narrates strange happenings in a
device that allows the character’s
direct manner without a detailed
thoughts and ideas to be conveyed to the
description of the character
audience
D. BALLAD- meant to be sung, ballad
MONOLOGUE- character usually makes a
stanza, derived from the oral tradition
speech in the presence of other characters
2. LYRICAL POETRY- the most intense
SOLILOQUY- character or speaker speaks
form of poetry, honors its musical origins
to himself, character keeps these thoughts
A. ODE- praising and glorifying an secret from other characters
individual commemorating an event or
ASIDE- short comment by a character
describing nature intellectually rather
towards the audience for another
than emotionally, with an accompaniment
character usually without his knowing
of a musical instrument
about it.
B. ELEGY- written in elegiac couplets,
expresses sorrow or lamentation, usually
for one who has died
-elegus- song of mourning or lamentation
that is accompanied by lyre
CREATIVE WRITING