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GEOCHEMISTRY, MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY • SOFIA

Е , Е А Е •
2012, 49, 1-16.

Unidentified hydrothermal mineral occurrences in Northern


Somalia – first mineral thermometry study
Borislav K. Kamenov, Paraskev Petrov

Abstract. The Northern Somali region concentrates the main occurrences of metallic mineralizations in the
country. Together with the regional mapping the area was a target of the principle reconnaissance and
prospecting activities and as a result quite a number of base-metal, auriferous, copper and molybdenum
manifestations were registered, amongst them many hydrothermal ones. No published information on this
genetic type mineralization is available. For lack of funds and political instability during the last 30 years all
these manifestations remained only registered points and nothing had been added to their understanding. At
present stage of knowledge they are considered as hypothetical resources although some of them could be
turned into proved deposits after proper prospecting. This paper centers to the promising hydrothermal
occurrences drawing some regularities in their distribution and mineralogical peculiarities. Several genetic
groups and typical ore formations are distinguished. Fluid inclusions in selected quartz crystals from different
occurrences were subject of mineral thermometry study and the occurrences were assigned to three
temperature stages of crystallization (400-350oC, 340-270oC and 220-100oC). The representative hydro-
thermal occurrences with measured homogenization temperatures of the fluid inclusions in their quartz
crystals are briefly portrayed. The outline given in the paper emphasizes some preliminary conclusions which
may be useful as prospecting criteria for further more detailed metallogenetic generalizations for this part of
Somalia.
Key words: hydrothermal occurrences, ore formations, mineral thermometry, Pb, Zn, Mo, Cu, Au –
metallogeny, Somalia
Address: B.K. Kamenov, P. Petrov – Department of Mineralogy, Petrology and Economic Geology, Faculty
of Geology and Geography, Sofia University, 1504 Sofia, Bulgaria; E-mail: b.kamenov@gmail.com

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© 2012 • Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgarian Mineralogical Society


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(400-350oC, 340-270oC and 220-100oC). -


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Introduction the geological activities in the country but also


had suspended them for over thirty years. This
Looking at the references, concerning gap of significant time made Somalia the
Somalian geology and mineral resources one unique country in Africa where nothing was
will find that the mineral industry made a small added to its geological knowledge. That is why
contribution to the country’s economy. Somalia we decided to publish our old data on this
produced negligible quantities of gemstones, genetic type ore mineralizations aiming that
gypsum, salt and sepiolite during the last ten they could be a modest contribution to the
years. The country also has some deposits of metallogeny of Somalia. The main goal of the
feldspar, iron ore, kaolin, limestone, natural paper is to present some data on the
gas, piezo-quartz, silica sands, tantalum, tin hydrothermal in origin metallic occurrences in
and uranium, but they were not developed. Somalia and to arrange them conditionally by
Somalia’s prolonged civil war halted most their temperature of crystallization, knowing
exploration for mineral resources. The quite well that these data are only preliminary.
damaged infrastructure, political instability,
intertribal fights, anarchy, and administrative
Geological background
chaos in the country have had considerable
unfavourable consequences for the mineral The Northern Somali Mountainous area (Fig.
sector. What is most interesting is the fact that 1) occupies the southern wing of the Yemen-
there is no mentioning of any base-metal, Aden Arch and constitutes the eastern branch
auriferous, copper or molybdenum hydro- of the East African Orogen (Kröner 1984; Stern
thermal occurrences in the published 1994; Meert 2003). It is a giant swelling of the
references. Not to say anything about some Earth crust exposed the products of
specific mineralogical examinations on them. Precambrian sedimentation, metamorphism and
The first author being employed as an prolonged magmatism. This region
adviser for the Somalian Ministry of Mineral concentrates the main occurrences of metallic
and Water Resources between 1974 and 1977 mineralizations and the principle volume of
had visited and sampled all known by that time reconnaissance and prospecting operations
mineral occurrences in the country and had (British Geological Survey reports and maps in
carried out some laboratory works on them. A scale of 1: 125 000, 1952-1962; UNDP
lot of mineralized manifestations were projects, 1962-1974) were carried out just
registered, amongst them many hydrothermal there. The Precambrian Basement (Daniels
ones. Having in mind that the mineral 1965; Warden & Daniels 1972; Merla et al.
thermometry is a powerful means to decipher 1973; D’Amico et al. 1981; Warden & Hörkel
the genetic conditions of the ores, quartz 1984; Dal Piaz & Sassi 1986; Kröner et al.
specimens of different mineralizations were 1989; Sassi et al. 1993; Kröner & Sassi, 1996;
then separated and the second author measured Kuski et al. 2003) was brought to the
the trapped fluid inclusions in them. The civil contemporary erosion surface by uplifting,
war not only slowed down the development of complicated by different tectonic movements

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(garnet-and pyroxene bearing gneisses and
amphibolites) and on some places even
eclogitic ones occur. The supposed age of these
remnants of older continental crust is about
1400 Ma (Warden & Hörkel 1984) or 1800 Ma
(Kröner et al. 1989). The prevailing part of the
North Somali Basement is built up by medium
pressure and temperature metasedimentary
rocks in the amphibolite facies marked the
culminatory folding throughout the
Mozambique Orogeny. The wide spread
migmatization on them is also typical. The
rocks of the Basement influenced by this
orogeny are subdivided into several series: (1)
the Gebile metapsammitic series, (2) the
Borama – Ubali metapelitic series, and (3) the
Haridad-Mora calcareous series. The likely
time interval of these metamorphosed and
folded series is c. 850-750 Ma (Kröner & Sassi,
1996). The upper parts of the basement
sequence comprise the (4) Abdul Qadr series
(c. 700-640 Ma, Sassi et al. 1993) occurred in
the margins of the strongly metamorphosed
portion of the belt where volcanic rocks (felsic
to andesitic rocks, ignimbrites and greenstones)
overlie uncomformably the other series. The
Fig. 1. Geological locality sketch of Somalian main sequence of these series terminates in the
Basement exposures eastern sector of the belt by (5) the Inda Ad
series consisting of mudstones, siltstones,
quartzites, and carbonates. Although folded,
and igneous processes. The whole block is the last rocks show only locally evidence of
tilted gently to south and steeper to north. The low-grade regional metamorphism in green
northern margin of this block is characteristic schist facies. The available radioisotope data,
of many faults from the rift systems of the Red rare finds of organic remnants and correlations
Sea (145°) and of the Gulf of Aden (80°). indicate that the likely epoch is Middle-Upper
Intensive tectonic displacements had raised a Cambrian (750-600 Ma).
narrow belt, dismembered by internal Nepheline syenite exposed in the west is
dislocations. Various magmatic bodies, referred to the pre-tectonic assemblages.
granitoids mainly, impregnated the territory in Gabbro, ultrabasic rocks and diorites are
large numbers. The principle structural- interlayered with the garnetiferous gneisses and
metallogenetic units are localized in the probably belong to the intertectonic plutonic
uplifted blocks where metamorphic and rocks in the area. Granitoids within the North
igneous complexes are exposed. The oldest Somali basement are subdivided to four
basement rocks are strongly migmatized episodes. The first episode (845-710 Ma,
ultrametamorphic gneisses peaked in some “hot Kröner & Sassi 1996; Teklay et al. 1998)
spots” within the cores of antiforms. In the includes the deformed syn orogenic granite-
vicinity of the line Hargeisa-Berbera not only gneisses, metagabbro and syenites and it is
silimanite-bearing facies, but also granulitic related to Mozambique Orogeny. The second

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late-kinematic episode covers 750-620 Ma time hydrothermal records. The start of geological
interval (Kröner & Sassi 1996; Küster & independent activities of the Geological
Harms 1998; Teklay et al. 1998). The Department with the Somali Ministry of
subsequent third (570-530 Ma, Stern 1994; Mineral and Water Resources in 1974 under
Lenoir et al. 1994) and fourth episodes (490- the guidance of two Bulgarian advisers marked
450 Ma, Merla et al. 1973; Küster et al. 1990; from the very beginning new occurrences and
Kamenov & Lilov, 2012) are related to Pan- initiated a follow-up metallometry and a
African post-tectonic plutonic and preliminary prospecting on some of the most
deformational events (Kennedy 1964). The important mineralizations. The number of the
wide-spread pegmatite swarms within the west records increased and reviews of all known by
sectors of the basement exposures are assigned 1976 hydrothermal occurrences in Somalia
to the third episode (560-500 Ma, Kamenov & appeared (Kamenov 1975, 1976a, 1976b,
Lilov, 2012) and could be the final magmatic 1977a, 1977b; Kamenov & Trashliev, 1976).
products of the post-tectonic plutonic activity The total number of the registered copper
in Northern Somalia. occurrences got to 26, of the lead-zinc ones –
Almost all hydrothermal metallic to 35, of the molybdenum ones – to 14 and for
occurrences are confined close to the axes of the gold ones – to 15.
anticlines and usually fill faults related to The geochemical prospecting on stream
Miocene-Quaternary rifting. The largest and sediments carried out in Northern Somalia
deepest fractures were set up still in the (UNDP 1975) resulted of establishment of
Precambrian and after that they had been many many positive geochemical anomalies for lead,
times reactivated by the subsequent tectonic zinc, copper, and nickel. The allocation of the
movements and by magmatic processes. The most important anomalies coincides with some
most important faults have been most active of the areas of the known ore occurrences. The
during the later rifting processes. The vertical recognizing of the anomaly areas according to
displacements along faults of the East African the data of the geochemical prospecting was
system (N-S to NNE-SSW), Gulf of Aden based rather on the determination of areas with
system (ENE-SSE) and Red Sea system (N-S high metal contents instead of on the separation
to NNW-SSE) may be over 1000 m. The of areas of metal contents comparable with the
relationship between the three systems forms ones of a known ore mineralization,
escarpment terrace-like down-thrown sides, approaching economical scale. The lack of
generating grabens and horsts. sufficient number primary lithogeochemistry
prevents the satisfactory interpretation of the
Hydrothermal metallic available geochemical data. For instance only 7
mineralizations in Northern Somalia anomalies for lead and zinc are directly related
to small in scale and quality known base-metal
British geologists as far back in late fifties of mineralizations. Out of them only Gallo Ado
the last century registered some single and Golujeit seem to be promising, but they
mineralization points during their geological were not prospected properly and therefore the
mapping in Northern Somalia (Daniels 1960; significance of the revealed anomaly was
Pallister 1959). More metallic occurrences uncertain. In spite of that, it is quite clear that
were recorded at the time of the the associations Pb-Zn-Cu of high metal
implementation of UNDP projects between contents are present in Northern Somalia
1962 and 1974. The third phase of the UNDP Basement. The number and the significance of
project (1972-1974) especially was engaged to such “anomalies” may be disputable, as well as
geochemical stream-sediment sampling in the way of their interpretation, but one thing is
Northwestern Somalia and some new findings beyond any dispute – this is the fact that the
of such manifestations were added to the list of revealed anomalies reflect an essential

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peculiarity of the metallogeny of the area and formation – examples: Sigib, Buhl, Bown,
that they could be thought as favourable Lejeli, Lodjerti, Dananjieh, Gobed Hulul,
indications for the general assessment of the Ardahh, Fulanful, Wiget, Bihendula); (Barite-
prospects for metallic ores in Somalia. galena formation – examples: Dalan-North,
It is important to be emphasized that no Karin Kul, Unkah, Gedad, Kul, Gedalaan,
industrial proved deposit for lead, zinc, copper, Velya tug); (Quartz-barite-galena-carbonate-
molybdenum and gold at the present stage of limonite formation – examples: Xidit, Haaji);
knowledge in the Somali Democratic Republic (Quartz-barite-galena and Quartz-cassiterite
is explored. All described occurrences could be formation – example: Dalan, Eruduwe,
classified as hypothetical resources and some Shaftaaak); (Quartz-auriferous with pyrite and
of them are surmised to turn probably into arsenopyrite formation – examples: Biyo Asse
deposits on the basis of broad geological and Debis); (Quartz-pyrite-sphalerite-chalco-
knowledge. The only workable tin deposits are pyrite formation – example: Arapsiyo);
known in the area of Madjayan-Dalan (Vladov (Quartz-pyrite-chalcopyrite-molybdenite-
et al. 1974) but they were not mined at all. galena-hematite formation – example:
From practical point of view we have Daaremo).
subdivided the hydrothermal occurrences in Generalizing we can enumerate the
Somalia into several genetic groups, each one following hydrothermal metallic ore formations
comprising various ore metallic formations. typical for the Northern Somalia: 1. Quartz-
I. Occurrences located within plutonic bodies molybdenite-chalcopyrite; 2. Quartz-sulphide;
(Quartz-molybdenite-chalcopyrite formation - 3. Quartz-molybdenite-galena-chalcopyrite-
example: Darkainle). pyrite-arsenopyrite-fluorite with bismuthinite;
II. Occurrences in effusive rocks as small lens- 4. Quartz-barite-galena-limonite-carbonate; 5.
like morphology or ramificated veinlets within Galena-barite; 6. Quartz-cassiterite; 7. Quartz-
metarhyolites and metadacites (Quartz-pyrite- auriferous with pyrite and arsenopyrite; and 8.
sphalerite-chalcopyrite formation – examples: Quartz-pyrite.
Abdel Quadr and North Darkainle). Typical geochemical peculiarity in the
III. Occurrences accommodated in pegmatites regional distribution of the hydrothermal
and in granite-porphyry dykes – (Quartz- occurrences is that always Zn>Pb in the
molybdenite and quartz-galena-chalcopyrite- western blocks of Northern Basement, while in
pyrite formations - examples: Wai-Wai, Hed the eastern sectors quite the contrary relations
Valley, Dobo, Dobo Yer, and Yubare). are established – Pb>Zn. The metal contents
IV. Occurrences emplaced in contact- are low to moderate. Cu, Ag and Au are the
metasomatic replacements (Quartz-sphalerite- usual trace components in the ores.
chalcopyrite-barite-ankerite-calcite-gold and The detailed description of all hydro-
Quartz-pyrite-chalcopyrite-molybdenite- thermal metallic manifestations in Northern
galena-hematite formations – examples: Galo Somalia is out of scope of the present paper,
Ado; Daaremo, Isha Obasha, and Tobsi-west). but the sampled representative occurrences
V. Telethermal occurrences confined as nests with estimated homogenization temperatures of
in limestones (Galena-barite formation - the fluid inclusions in their quartz crystals
examples: Al Miskat, Arorgob, Abasa, and (Table 1, Fig. 2) are briefly portrayed below.
Golujeit). 1. Dalan Central occurrence comprises
VI. Occurrences in shear zones, strongly about 1200 cassiterite-containing pegmatite
tectonized quartzites, fault zones (Quartz-pyrite and quartz veins. It is situated near to the crest
formation – example: Bur Mado). of the Dalan anticline. The richest quartz veins
VII. Vein-like occurrences: (Quartz- are E-W trending closely spaced, with average
molybdenite-galena-chalcopyrite-pyrite- thickness of 2.00 m. and sometimes they are
arsenopyrite-fluorite with bismuthinite well-arranged in swarms. The average grade is

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Sn = 0.178 % and the calculated proved Cretaceous “galena” crystals show 110 Ma
reserves are 2530 tons of tin dispersed in the (Greenwood 1960). Some of the manifestations
rock mass (Vladov et al. 1974). Cassiterite, could have been redeposited in the younger and
rutile and apatite, together with hematite, rejuvenated faults. At the current stage of
muscovite and rare feldspars occur in the investigation, the occurrence shows too low
central zones of the veins. Pyrite, tourmaline, contents of ore components but there are
epidote, braunite, psilomelane, pyrolusite are enough reasons the manifestation to be recom-
much less common. Cassiterite in blocks of up mended for possible further investigations.
to 10-15 cm is concentrated within quartz 2. Xidiq occurrence is situated in eastern
lenses. sector of North Somalian basement near to the
1b. Dalan North occurrence is a lead- Escarpment. The mineralized 6 subparallel
barite mineralization located 3 km NNE away quartz veins are emplaced entirely within the
from the tin deposit Dalan. The mineralization metasediments of Inda Ad Series. The strike of
occurs along the contact of Inda Ad Series with galena-bearing veins is 20 to 60°N with
Mesozoic-Neozoic sediments. The area was variable thickness and they were traced out
mapped in scales of 1: 50 000 and 1: 10 000, with interruptions to 1 km. The occurrence is in
subjected of metallometric sampling and the area of intersection of two faults. The older
prospected by trenches and pits. Channel one (150°N) is displaced (350-400 m) with a
sampling along the tectonized Northern pronounced left side strike slip component by
Contact between the Inda Ad Series and the younger fault (290oN).
Mesozoic sequences and along some faults was The prevailing mineral in the veins is
carried out. Galena-barite mineralization is quartz. Isolated nests of galena are dispersed
closely related to several first-order fault and usually the single individual crystals have
structures. The galena-bearing veins are located size of up to 1 cm while the crystal aggregates
within the metamorphic rocks of Inda Ad are larger up to 5 cm. Galena crystals and
Series and at the same time in the Jurassic aggregates are covered with anglesite coating.
limestones. The close spaced parallel galena- Close to the quartz-galena veins a zone of
bearing veins are emplaced within the ore- carbonate-limonite brecciated material is noted.
zone, which could be traced about 1 km. Short and thin quartz veinlets, containing
Usually short barite veins with irregularly incidental galena mineralization are observed
distributed galena crystals ramify out in not very far from the site of the occurrence.
different directions. The main ore mineral is The insignificant mineralized sectors in the
galena occurred in nests, pods, stringers. veins and their extremely sporadic distribution
Anglesite, cerussite, pyrite, hematite and small are the reason the occurrence to be considered
grains of electrum are the minor ore minerals. without any practical importance from
The dominant gangue mineral is barite filled economical point of view.
80-90% of the vein mass. The barite veins with 3. Arapsiyo occurrence is one of the
a visible mineralization show lead contents of many copper manifestations revealed in the
up to 3-4 per cent, but as a whole the Pb area Gebile-Hargeisa. Small quartz veins
concentration is low. The average assays for Zn (traced out several hundred meters) occur in
are 0.1-0.3%, reaching up to 0.82%. The quartzites and micaceous schists, amphibolites
barium contents range 0.1 to 0.3% outside of and granite-gneisses. Chalcopyrite, sphalerite,
the veins and their contents in the channel galena and pyrite are unevenly distributed in
samples are average 25-30% with maximum insignificant quantities within the veins.
peaks of up to 48. Increased concentrations of Copper grades in separate samples are 0.20 to
Pb, Zn, Mo, Ni and Co are revealed by the 0.95%. One of the regional geochemical
metallometry along the so-called Northern Ore anomalies coincides with the area of
Fault. The age of the mineralization is Late distribution of quartz-sulphide veins. The

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Table 1. Homogenization temperatures of quartz crystals from representative ore formations of the
hydrothermal metallic occurrences in Northern Somalia

No Sample Occurrence Co-ordinates Ore formation T°C Homog.


107- Dalan-Central,
1 11°05' N, 48°50' E Quartz-cassiterite 360-380
D75/BK vein 56
1b 110/BK Dalan-North 11°06' N, 48°50' E Barite-galena 160-190
Quartz-barite-galena-
2 13/BK Hidiq (Idiq) 11°02' N, 48°46' E 270-340
carbonate-limonite
Quartz-pyrite-sphalerite-
3 358/BK Arapsiyo 9°40' N, 43°50' E 350-370
chalcopyrite
I/BK Quartz-auriferous-with
4 Biyo Ase 9°50' N, 43°55' E pyrite and arsenopyrite 350-400
354/BK
I/BK Quartz-auriferous-with
5 Biyo Ase 9°50' N, 43°55' E pyrite and arsenopyrite 150-160
354/BK
Quartz-pyrite-chalcopyrite- 360-380
6 361/BK Daaremo 9°48' N, 43°35' E molybdenite-galena-
hematite 150-200
Quartz-molybdenite-galena-
7 372/BK Sigib ridge 10°17' N, 43°45' E chalcopyrite-pyrite- 160-200
arsenopyrite-fluorite
Quartz-molybdenite-galena-
8 5a/BK Buhl 9°49' N, 43°56' E chalcopyrite-pyrite- 180-220
arsenopyrite-fluorite
Debis 9°49' N, 44°50' E Quartz-auriferous-with 300, near to
9 389/BK
pyrite and arsenopyrite surface; gas
Quartz-molybdenite; 350-370
10 326/BK Hed Valley 9°55' N, 44°43' E Quartz-galena-chalcopyrite- 170-200
pyrite
core 370, rim 215
11 12/BK Bur Mado 10°14' N, 43°43' E Quartz-pyrite P 1000-1100 atm
H 3.5-4.0 km
Quartz-galena-chalcopyrite-
11b 10/BK Wai-Wai 10°12' N, 43°40' E 160-200
pyrite
Quartz-pyrite-chalcopyrite- 400
12 344/BK Galo Ado 9°44' N, 43°52' E molybdenite-galena-
hematite 100-200
13 63/BK Karin Kul 11°08' N, 48°29' E Galena-barite 150-180

Note: Laferug specimen of comb-like quartz – 195°C. The numbers of the occurrences correspond to the
sketch in Fig. 1 and to the text

occurrence can be considered only as a positive calc-silicate metamorphic succession of


sign in other reconnaissance works at the Precambrian age. The presence of gold was
present insufficient stage of knowledge. proved chemically in the cross-cutting quartz
4 and 5. Biyo Ase occurrence comprises 4 veins. The mineralized area is located in the
gold-bearing quartz veins confined within a southern flank of an anticline structure and it is

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Fig. 2. Map showing the distribution of sampled for quartz mineral thermometry hydrothermal metallic
occurrences in Northern Somali Basement. The numbers of the mineralizations correspond to the text and to
table 1

in close neighbourhood with the western the granite massif Dagah Kureh in a cross
margin of the folded and elongated massif of cutting transversal quartz vein, near to the
porphyry granite, named Dagah Kureh. The northern contact of the ultrabasic massif. The
veins have been traced by trenches across strike existence of mineralized quartz-auriferous
(NNE) in distances of 6 to 20 m. Boreholes cut veins has been demonstrated, but these single
the veins at depth of 25 m. The mineralization grab samples are quite insufficient to complete
is scarce and it is expressed in form of separate the idea of the real practical significance of the
pyrite and arsenopyrite crystals, leaked in the occurrence. Many other quartz veins occur in
surface. Chalcopyrite and covelite are observed the area, but only a few of them are sampled
rarely. Iron hydroxides occurred along the for gold.
faces of the fissures. Collected grab samples In spite of the fact, that preliminary assays
have showed traces of gold. The highest results are encouraging enough, the structural picture
were between 9 and 23 ppm gold and 5-38 ppm indicates that these bodies might not be really
silver. Re-sampling of the veins some later on important, because of their small size and
gave a bit poorer results, but still interesting. number. It should be emphasized that the near-
The sampling of the contact between the surface samples would be of little use for
ultrabasic Udan Massif and an aplitic vein gave assessment, because of wide-spread of
an assay of 11 ppm gold. Traces of gold are leaching. The occurrence Biyo Ase is too small
found also in the gabbro massif, accompanied to warrant the hopes for independent profitable
by all over the area pyritization, southwards of mining in the nearest future. Without new finds

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of quartz-auriferous veins the gold prospects quartz veins of sub-meridional strike are
would not be cleared up. The general picture of molybdenite bearing. The locality where quartz
the gold potential of whole area could be veins are mostly concentrated is singled out
discussed provided that all quartz veins, under the name of the “Sigib First Zone”. This
including the ones within the metagabbro in the zone is traced along the strike (30°N). The
Agamso Tug had been sampled properly. extension of the veins is from 50 to 120 m;
6. Daaremo occurrence includes about 60 thickness – 0.3-1.2 m; strike – 20°-30°. The
quartz veins emplaced in metamorphic rocks molybdenite segregations are dispersed
referred to the Lower Proterozoic sequence. irregularly. The molybdenite ochres are
The veins are accommodated in two systems in frequent. No dissemination of molybdenite in
relation to the strike orientation of the country the country rocks is observed.
rocks: conformable and transversal. The About 17 lump samples have been
mineralized area is the crest of a major collected. Some samples from the country
anticline plunging to west and just there a rocks have been taken too. The results are: Mo
major sub-latitudinal fault zone named – 0.02 to 0.25% up to 1.0% in one sample only.
Arapsiyo Fault Zone passes. Chalcopyrite is Out of the prospected preliminary Sigib I-st
disseminated in very small quantities in the Zone molybdenite-bearing quartz veins were
quartz veins, along with galena, pyrite, found in several other places. Some of the
molybdenite, and specularite. The occurrence is veins contain considerably amount of sulphides
not prospected and for the time being is of (up to 10%), including apart from molybdenite
academic interest only. also chalcopyrite, and pyrite.
7. Sigib occurrence comprises over 40 Although poor in accessibility and water
quartz veins, as well as numerous small quartz supply, yet the area is a promising province for
veinlets and streaks containing visible general survey for molybdenum and accompa-
molybdenite flakes. Molybdenite forms fine- nying components. It is strongly recommended
dispersed impregnations in the mass of the for setting up specialized geological-pro-
veined quartz. The contact zones of the quartz specting works with the hope that an economic
veins show a higher content of molybdenite, profitable deposit would be estimated.
though in the thin veins its segregates are 8. Buhl occurrence was discovered by
larger. The veins contain also galena, British geologists and prospected preliminary
chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite and powellite. by shallow pits and some trenches. The
Sometimes fluorite is observed as a gangue occurrence was described also by Russian and
mineral. The near-to-the vein alterations are in Chinese prospectors. The molybdenite
the brecciated zones and they are displayed by mineralization is present between an anticline
beresitization and silification. The area of with an E-W axial direction south of the
spread of molybdenite mineralization forms an settlement Buhl and a syncline structure. The
elongated strip, vast for 10 km and long for main structural feature is the intrusion of a
about 20 km. This area is within an anticline large syenite sill (over 1 km wide, traced out
with NW strike of its axis and undulated hinge. for about 25 km), intruded between biotite
All mineralized veins are concentrated only schists and a metasedimentary series composed
within the Lower Proterozoic Series. Gneiss- largely by impure sandstones. Minor granite,
granites, gabbro, dykes of pegmatoid metagabbro and quartz-syenite bodies occur
leucocratic granites and pegmatite veins intrude too. Over 90 mineral-bearing veins of various
the metamorphic sequence. Two groups of sizes were injected along the marginal hanging
faults occur: (i) NW-SE zones of shearing and wall of the sill. The quartz veins stretch NE-
crushing and (ii) N-NE zones of brecciation, SW in general and N-S occasionally. Some of
silification, and beresitization. The quartz veins them measure as much as 200-800 m long and
fill both of these fault directions but only the 1-4 m in thickness. Laminated molybdenite and

9
black bismuthinite are the predominant metallic with rare crystals of galena, chalcopyrite and
minerals in the area, while galena is secondary pyrite. No prospecting operations were carried
in importance. The schistose crystals of out on it, but hardly would it turn into
molybdenite display a yellowish-green profitable deposit some time.
appearance after oxidation (powellite?). The 11. Bur Mado occurrence is encountered
gangue minerals comprise mainly white quartz in the area of Bur Mado Ridge in Northwestern
and secondary feldspar and muscovite. Somalia. Molybdenite-bearing quartz veins
Molybdenite is found also in some of the with sporadic galena crystals were sampled by
pegmatite veins in the area. semi-quantitative spectral analysis on the lump
The largest quartz vein is followed out by samples. The results were unsatisfactory:
pitting for 150 m, the strike is 70°N, dipping to 0.03% of molybdenum; 0.05% of lead and
the NW at 70-85°. This vein is traced out by traces of bismuth. Rutile and pyrite were also
subsurface workings down to 20 m. The assay recognized. The assays of individual chip-
results have been discouraging: Bi – 0.4 to samples up to 0.03% of Mo; 0.345 of Bi; 0.04% of
0.6%, Mo – 0.09 to 0.90%, Pb – 0.09 to 0.16%. Pb and 11 ppm of Ag were reported. The oc-
16 serial chip-samples from different veins currence could be considered only as an indi-
have been analyzed in Beijing in 1972. The cation for the presence of molybdenite min-
results show Mo contents ranging between eralization, because of the low grade of the ore.
0.001% and 0.85%; Bi – 0.001 and 0.236%; Pb 11b. Wai-Wai occurrence. The galena-
– 0.03 and 0.92%; Au – less than 0.2 ppm; Ag chalcopyrite-pyrite mineralization is related
– 4.5 to 3.90 ppm; Cu – 0.001 to 0.003%; and spatially to hydrothermal alterations on the
Zn – less than 100 ppm. Molybdenum-richer pegmatites of the piezo-quartz deposit Wai-
veins are poor in bismuth contents or vice Wai in the ridge Bur Mado in Northwestern
versa. In the largest outcrop the bismuthinite is Somalia. The country rocks are represented by
predominant. North and south of this area other ferruginous quartzites with disseminated
ore bodies occur with molybdenite sulphides, grading 0.4 per cent of copper. The
predominantly present. The quartz veins have a hydrothermal alteration of the pegmatites is
relatively high content of silver. The expressed by albitization on the feldspars,
occurrence in itself is too small to be of development of hydromica and forming of
economic significance. The geological ore cavities in the crystals. The scale of
reserves preliminary estimated from 13 mineralization is negligible and the occurrence
molybdenum and bismuth-bearing quartz veins hardly could be referred to the promising ones.
respectively with a thickness of over 1 m are The estimation of the occurrence, based on the
about 300 000 tons ore. These veins average very limited geological information appears to
0.294% of molybdenum and 0.41% of bismuth. be negative. The manifestation may be
The further exploration should be advisable evaluated only as a mineralization point of no
only if proper channel sampling continues to direct economic interest. Nevertheless the
show a combined metal content of question of the final assessment will be open
approximately 1 per cent or more. until a specialized work is set there.
9. Debis occurrence. Located in Adadleh 12. Galo Ado occurrence contains 8
area, the occurrence is registered by geologists mineralized veins consisting of sphalerite,
of UNDP without any other information for it. chalcopyrite, galena and barite. The gangue
Quartz-auriferous-pyrite poor mineralization is minerals are quartz, carbonate, dolomite,
only registered and no prospecting operations ankerite, chlorite, serpentine, and scapolite.
were carried out on it. The secondary ore minerals are malachite,
10. Hed Valley occurrence comprises azurite, bornite, chalcocite, smithsonite and
very poor and dispersed molybdenite tenorite. Iron- and manganese hydroxides are
mineralization in pegmatites, accompanied well present. The wall rocks include a calc-

10
silicate Precambrian sequence. The granitoid The idea about the negligible scale of the
massif Dagah Kureh occurs in close occurrence could be changed entirely if the
neighbourhood with the mineralization. economic concentration of the precious metals
Metamorphic rocks build up the southern limb Au and Ag was confirmed properly.
of a great anticline and the vein area is near to 13. Karin Kul occurrence is located in
its axial crest. The mineralogy of the veins Northeastern Somalia in the periclinal part of
bears a resemblance of skarn association. All an anticline, complicated by secondary folds.
“veins” are conformable with the strike and dip About 40 barite veins with galena are exposed
of the country rocks. A cursory schematic not very far from the Northern Tectonized
mapping on 40 km2 area in scale of 1:32 000 Contact of the Inda Ad Series. All veins are
has been carried out, as well as a detailed located within Inda Ad Series and they are
sketch for distribution of the metalliferous related to the main fault structures of the area.
veins in scale of 1: 1000. Soil sedimentary Three systems sulphide- and barite- bearing
geochemistry prospecting in scale of 1: 5 000 zones can be noted. The first system is
within the area of 1.2 km2 revealed three composed of veins almost N-S trending. These
isometric anomalies for zinc almost coinciding veins are intensively stained by iron oxides.
with the site of the metalliferous veins. They contain sporadic galena crystals. The
Selected sections have been subjected of veins of the second system are short and they
excavating works. do not bear galena. They trend in north-east
Two stages of mineralization can be direction and cut the veins of the first system.
recognized: mainly sphalerite-galena- The third system consists of veins having
chalcopyrite association included into almost NW strike. They are split off of the
serpentine, ankerite or chlorite matrix main Tectonized Contact Zone or in most cases
represents the older one. The later stage is they are parallel to it. Most of the veins in this
composed of galena-quartz veins crosscutting system are barite-carrying together with
the minerals of the first stage. The ore sulphides, but in some places they can be
mineralization of the first stage is of represented as barren quartz veins. The veins
importance for the assessment of the whole are traceable in strike from 20 to 250 m.
deposit. The mineralization was traced along Usually the veins can be found in a band about
the length of the veins between 5 and 160 m. 800 m in length, located almost parallel to the
The assays of single chip-samples from Contact Zone. Galena crystals occur in the
the vein material demonstrate values to 1% barite veins as irregular impregnations, nests,
copper and 5.5% zinc for the western sector of accumulations and stringers. The richest ores
the occurrence, but only for very limited are found in the places where the vein changes
sections. 22 out of 57 samples show traces of its strike or dip. The selvages of the veins are
gold (amongst them 3 samples with 2.9 and 10 the preferred places for concentration of the
ppm Au). The majority of the samples showing galena crystals. Two generations galena can be
gold contents contain up to 35 ppm silver. We separated. GalenaI impregnates barite mass and
could state that the volume and the quality of galenaII is in the quartz stringers intersecting
the familiar metalliferous bodies are obviously the barite veins. Irregular, fine-grained
out of any economical proportions at the impregnations of native silver and gold flakes
current economical conditions, even if these sized less than 0.01 mm in diameter are noted.
bodies would have been mineralized without The following minor minerals in small quantity
interruption. Without a careful search for can be observed in the veins: cerussite,
discovering new ore bodies and occurrences of anglesite, carbonate, quartz, barite, iron
this type in the area, every conclusion should hydroxides etc. The barite is the major
be unreliable until the final clearing up of the constituent of the veins (50 to 90%). The
morphology in depth and the grade of the ores. galena distribution is too irregular and large

11
sectors of the veins very often are practically manifestations containing quartz-cassiterite,
barren. The veins terminate when they reach quartz-molybdenite, quartz-sulphide and
the Jurassic sediments. quartz-auriferous ore formations. The medium-
The following volume of prospecting temperature substage includes quartz-barite-
activities undertaken by a Bulgarian mapping galena and quartz-auriferous ore formations.
team was carried out: 6 km2 mapping in scale The low-temperature substage is characteristic
of 1: 10 000, metallometry (lithogeochemical for the manifestations with galena-barite,
sampling), sampling for mineralogical X-ray quartz-auriferous and quartz-sulphide ore
diagnostics and for other purposes. The lead formations. Two-generation quartz crystal-
concentration in the veins varies from less than lization in occurrences from these formations
0.1% to over 1.0%. The zinc concentrations was established in the quartz-auriferous,
range 0.02-0.3% and usually they are quartz-molybdenite, quartz-pyrite-chalcopyrite-
correlated well to these of the lead. Only 5 molybdenite-galena-hematite and quartz-pyrite
specimens with higher lead and zinc contents ore formations. The first generation shows high
show increased copper concentrations – 0.01% temperatures 350-400°C, while the second one
and only in one sample this concentration is completes it in the rims of the large crystals at
getting to over 0.3%. The spectrally determined temperatures 100-220°C. The high-temperature
concentrations on the monomineral mineralizations are found in the following ore
concentrates of galena show silver content of manifestations: Dalan-Central, Arapsiyo, Biyo
over 200 ppm. The metals arsenic and Ase, Daaremo, Hed Valley, Bur Mado, and
antimony, even in insignificant quantities Galo Ado. Medium-temperature mineralization
appear in the most western part of the area. The is observed in Hidiq and Debis, while low-
order of their concentrations is normally temperature crystallization is noted in Dalan-
between 0.006 and 0.03, if not about 0.6%. Ni North, Biyo Ase, Daaremo, Sigib ridge, Buhl, Hed
analyses show to 0.01-0.03% and it is Valley, Wai-Wai, Galo Ado and Karin-Kul.
accompanied always by low, but permanently
conjugated with it Co quantity. Practical corollaries
The probable geological age of the base-
metal mineralization is likely to be post- There have been many speculations as to the
Jurassic to Tertiary. The metal contents are source of the metallic hydrothermal
relatively poor, the occurrence needs a mineralizations and as to the geological age of
systematic prospecting and more qualitative the occurrences. Some geologists think the
chemical control, but the discovering of native young rift-forming process as responsible for
gold and native silver in the galena deserves the mineralization, whereas others support the
prospecting in more details. idea of their origin from earlier ages – Jurassic,
Paleozoic or even Precambrian. Most of these
views are hypothetical and not well grounded.
Homogenization temperatures
Contemporary precise dating of the ore
The measured homogenization temperatures of minerals is not accomplished and that is why
all selected quartz crystals from different all opinions are unsupported sufficiently. What
hydrothermal occurrences cover the span of is obvious is that some regularity in the
400 to 100°C and fall entirely in the range of distribution of the mineralized sites can be
the hydrothermal stage of mineralization. Three outlined and from practical point of view it
temperature substages could be outlined: Ist may be useful for the future prospecting
high-temperature (350-400°C); IInd medium- activities. Even we do not deal with deposits,
temperature one (270-340°C) and IIIrd low but with single mineral manifestations, it is
temperature one (100-220°C). The high- clear that they are observed only within certain
temperature substage comprises metallic zones related to the principle regional

12
structures, magmatic bodies or stratigraphical and most of the lead-zinc and copper ones lie
layers. The following points would be within the Lower Proterozoic Basement Series.
significant as preliminary prospecting criteria A close spatial relationship between pegmatite
for the area of Northern Somalia. dykes and the ore-bodies in the great majority
1. All molybdenum-bearing occurrences of the fields of molybdenum mineralization is
are concentrated within the most northern part established. The major part of the pegmatites,
of the western sector of North Somali pegmatoid granites and granite porphyry dykes
Basement shaping a belt-like molybdenum are also concentrated in the Lower Proterozoic
ferrous zone which can be considered as a Sequence.
potential ore province. All base metal and 5. The country rock alterations are usually
copper occurrences are distributed southward quite narrow.
of this zone and form another metallogenic 6. All molybdenum and most of the
belt-like polymetallic zone in the western polymetallic occurrences are localized in the
Northern Somalia. The eastern sector of North near-to-the axial areas of the great anticline
Somali Basement includes mainly galena-barite structures and usually they are arranged along
occurrences. Coming out of the distribution of their strike. The junction zones of synclines
the copper occurrences a general trend of and anticlines also emplace some of the
decreasing copper prospects eastwards can be molybdenum occurrences. The copper
noted. manifestations are mostly accommodated in the
2. A sinistral strike-slip tear up synclines of the metamorphites of the Lower
displacement of the “Polymetallic belt zone” Precambrian and close to basic intrusions.
along the major fault zone passing between the 7. Several inferred deep-seated fault zones
towns Hargeisa and Berbera is well visualized of the so-called “Somali trend” (270° to 320°)
by the distribution of the occurrences and probably are ore-controlling factors. The Bur
geochemical anomalies of first priority. The Mado deep-seated zone is of special
well defined outlines of this zone would direct significance for the western part of the
the future reconnaissance and ore prospecting basement and it appears to be a trend of high
operations. On the west of this displacement Zn permeability of the Earth crust. Almost all
contents always predominates over Pb in large basic igneous masses for this block are
almost all metallic occurrences, while on the aligned along this trend and in the immediately
east quite the contrary - Pb contents prevail vicinity to it. Even the good deal of the
over Zn ones. younger basaltic eruptions is subordinated to
3. Large intrusive granitic bodies near to this trend, which proves the long life of the
the domes of the anticline structures, particu- zone. Quite a lot of the known metallic
larly in the Bur Mado, Daarburuq and Laferug mineralizations are in close space relationship
localities are in close vicinity to the molybde- to this tectonic zone. The greater parts of the
nite occurrences. Intermediate to acid intrusive lead-zinc occurrences are situated at fault
rocks occur in close neighbourhood with most intersect junctions. The galena-barite
of the ore occurrences. The fields of molyb- manifestations occur mostly in the eastern
denum mineralization tend also toward separate sector of Northern Somali Basement within
intrusive masses such as syenite plutons. The Inda Ad Series usually close to border contact
lateral relationship of these syenite massifs zones with the exposures of Jurassic sediments.
with the basic intrusives suggests the idea of The faults and crushing shear-zones of sub-
the role of hybridization processes between meridional direction (340° to 20°N) filled by
acid and basic magmas as responsible in pro- quartz veins are accompanied by zones of
ducing the syenite plutons and copper-molyb- hydrothermal alteration of the country rocks.
denite-bismuthinite manifestations as well. The role of this system faults is much essential
4. All molybdenum-bearing occurrences since they control also the orientation of the

13
molybdenite-bearing quartz veins. The synclines, quite a number of them were found
secondary transverse deep-seated fault zones in anticlines over the entire volume of the
with apparently sinistral strike-slip movements Basement. The cursory outline of the copper
play great role not only for the tectogenesis, but mineralizations shows that the synform
for the metallogenesis too. They are important structures more often than not are the places of
trends governing the redistribution of the ore the preferred concentration of copper
fields. The places of intersection of these occurrences. The above is true for the Cu- and
transverse zones with the “Somali Trend” most of the Cu-Ni associations. As the Cu-Mo
deep-seated zones, we believe, have been of associations are concerned they are related
importance for the metallic prospects. The predominantly with the antiform structures (for
post-ore tectonic movements have been instance to the Southern anticlinorium). The
widespread and influenced the size of the ore Zn-Pb-Cu associations appear to depend also
bodies or zones. strongly on the rift structures. Certainly the
8. The ore manifestations had been lack of known deposits approaching
investigated on the surface outcrops or at economical proportions prevents from making
insignificant depth. Only part of them had been satisfactory interpretations of the available
sampled on very rare grid or with single lump geochemical data. In spite of this limitation, the
grab samples. No channel samples were taken available geochemical data on the revealed
from them thus the chemical composition was anomalous areas could be used, as to assist in
inaccurate assessed. The lead contents are very understanding of metallogeny of Northern
low in the oxidation zone and without tracing Somalia. These anomalies are probably
down the veins in depth their economic favourable indications on the estimations of the
evaluation will be risky. general metallic prospects.
9. Geochemical stream-sediment survey A few of the hydrothermal metallic
carried out in the Northern Provinces indicated occurrences were investigated properly. Much
a geochemical pattern that is to be related detailed work remains to be done before a
except to bedrock composition also to some complete and accurate picture of environment
metallic mineralizations. The general sequence of the ore points can be presented with
of the decreasing values for copper with respect confidence. Nevertheless the outline given in
to the bedrock type is basalts of Aden rift the present paper emphasizes several
complex - gabbro, amphibolites and undeniable facts which are summarized with
hornblende schists – metavolcanics rocks of the hope that they will be useful for further
Abdel Quadr series - granitoids and more detailed metallogenetic generalizations
metasedimentary Precambrian rocks – Inda Ad for this part of Somalia.
rocks series. This sequence is just opposite to
that one for lead and zinc anomalous areas. References
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Project Finding and Recommendation.” United Accepted July 04, 2012

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