World Wide Web

Module 2: Learning Objectives 16-17

 WWW
Learning Objective 16
World Wide Web
 WWW is a global information space which people can read and write via
computers connected to the Internet

 The world wide web has revolutionized the way we communicate, do

business, access entertainment and share information

 It was invented by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989 at CERN

 Commonly known as www or triple w (w3) or also referred to as web

World Wide Web
 The world wide web is a way to exchange information

 A document on the web is referred to as a web page

 Web pages have unique addresses by which they are identified. These
addresses are called URLs

 Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) are commonly referred to as a web

address.
World Wide Web - Structure
 Web pages are made using Hyper Text Markup Language better known as HTML
and display text, graphics and sound in the browser

 Clients use browser applications to send Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) via
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) to servers to request a web page

 Servers respond with the requested web page or an error message if it’s not
found

 A URI is a sequence of characters that identifies a web resource by location,

name, or both available on the internet

 A URL is a sequence of characters that only identifies the location of a

resource available on the internet.
World Wide Web - Components
STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
 Clients/Browsers
 Servers
 Caches
 Internet

SEMANTIC COMPONENTS
 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
 Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML)
 Extensible Markup Language (XML)
 Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs)
World Wide Web - Fundamentals
WWW
 Global hypertext network of millions of web servers & browsers
 Connected by Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
 Web pages can be designed by Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

Web Browser
 A web browser enables users to access and display web documents

Web Server
 Servers respond with the requested web page or an error message if it’s not
found
World Wide Web - Fundamentals
Uniform Resource Locator
 URLs are web addresses
 When we type the URL in the address bar of a browser, this requests a web
page from the web server
World Wide Web – URL Structure
Internet vs WWW
Internet
 The internet is a global system of interconnected computer network.
 It is a massive network of networks connecting millions of computers.

WWW
 WWW is one of the services that run on internet.
 WWW is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via Internet.
 It is simply A large portion of internet
Internet Protocols
Learning Objective 17
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
 HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is a collection of rules for exchanging data
on the World Wide Web, such as text, graphic pictures, sound, video, and
other multimedia files.

 When a web user opens their web browser, they are indirectly using HTTP

 HTTP is an application protocol that sits on top of the TCP/IP protocol stack
(the foundation protocols for the Internet)

 HTTP/2, which was released in May 2015, is the most recent version of HTTP.

 HTTP/2 is an alternative to HTTP 1.1, although it does not render it obsolete

How Does HTTP Work?
 HTTP concepts include the idea that files can contain references to other files
whose selection will prompt additional transfer requests, as the Hypertext
part of the name implies.

 Aside from the Web page files it can serve, every Web server machine has an
HTTP daemon, which is a program that is designed to wait for HTTP requests
and handle them when they arrive.

 A web browser is an HTTP client, which sends requests to server computers.

How Does HTTP Work?
 When a browser user enters file requests by "opening" a web file (typing in a
URL) or clicking on a hypertext link, the browser generates an HTTP request
and sends it to the Internet Protocol address (IP address) specified by the
URL.

 The HTTP daemon on the destination server machine receives the request and
sends back the requested file or files.

 A web page frequently consists of more than one file.

Example of HTTP in Action
 A user wishes to go to TechTarget.com

 When the user enters a Web address, the computer sends a "GET" request to
the server that hosts that address

 That GET request is sent via HTTP, and it informs the TechTarget server that
the user is looking for the HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) code that is
used to structure and style the login page

 The text of the login page is included in the HTML response, but other parts
of the page, particularly its images and videos, are requested and responded
to separately via HTTP requests and responses
Example of HTTP in Action
 The more requests that must be made, for example, to call a page with many
images, the longer it will take the server to respond to those requests and the
user's system to load the page.

 TCP/IP is used to reduce and transport information in small packets of binary

sequences of ones and zeros when these requests and responses are sent.

 These packets are physically transmitted overpower lines, fiber optic cables,
and wireless networks.
Status Codes
Servers frequently issue response codes in response to HTTP requests, indicating
that the request is being processed, that there was an error in the request, or
that the request is being redirected. Typical response codes include:

 200: This indicates that the request, such as GET or POST, was successful and
is being processed.

 300: Permanently relocated. This response code indicates that the URL of the
requested resource has been permanently changed.

 401: Unauthorized The client, or the user making the server request, has not
been authenticated.
Status Codes
Servers frequently issue response codes in response to HTTP requests, indicating
that the request is being processed, that there was an error in the request, or
that the request is being redirected. Typical response codes include:

 403: Forbidden. The client's identity is known, but he has not been granted
access.

 404: Not Found This is the most common and well-known error code. It
indicates that the URL is not recognized or that the resource at the specified
location does not exist.

 500: Internal Server Error. The server has encountered a situation that it is
unsure how to handle.
TCP/IP
 TCP/IP is an abbreviation for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol,
which are standard Internet communications protocols that allow digital
computers to communicate over long distances.

 The Internet is a packet-switched network, which means that information is

divided into small packets, sent individually over multiple routes at the same
time, and then reassembled at the receiving end.

 TCP is in charge of collecting and reassembling data packets, whereas IP is in

charge of ensuring that packets are delivered to the correct destination.

 TCP/IP was created in the 1970s and was adopted as the protocol standard for
ARPANET (the forerunner to the Internet) in 1983.
 Learning Objectives 16 & 17 Complete!

Sources:
• https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/HTTP-Hypertext-Transfer-
Protocol#:~:text=HTTP%20(Hypertext%20Transfer%20Protocol)%20is,indirectly%20making%20use%20of%20HTTP

• https://www.britannica.com/technology/TCP-IP