NESSIE OF

LOCH NESS

By
George F. Felfoldi
© 2023, George F. Felfoldi
NESSIE OF
LOCH NESS
COPYRIGHT INFORMATION
© 2023, George Felfoldi

Please feel free to distribute this e-Book,

As long as all the information is intact,
And is unchanged.

ALL OTHER COPYRIGHTS

BELONG TO THEIR RESPECTABLE
OWNERS.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page
Copyright Information
Table Of Content
Dedication
Special Thanks
About The Author
Other Books By The Author
Chapter 1 – Loch Ness
Chapter 2 – Earliest References
Chapter 3 – Loch Ness Monster “Nessie”
Chapter 4 – Up-to-date Sightings
Chapter 5 – Loch Ness Searches
Chapter 6 – Explanations
Chapter 7 – Photo Gallery
I would like to dedicate this e-Book
To my mom, brother, dad and
And also to all my readers
And friends.

THIS BOOK IS TO YOU ALL.

I would like to thank all the people,
Companies, Organizations,
Family and friends that made
This e-Book possible.

The Toronto Public Library

Government Of Scotland
Metro News Media
Toronto Star Newspaper
 Dr. P.K. Fung, M.D.
BBC Science
Nova Media
National Geographic Services
Wikipedia Encyclopedia
Scotland Tourism
Getty Images
CBS News Network
InterNet Pictures And Images
The Loch Ness Centre
Roza Felfoldi
Britannica Online Encyclopedia
Jean Guy Joseph Lehoux
 ABOUT THE AUTHOR

George F. Felfoldi

Dr. George Felfoldi is an Independent

Baptist Minister, An Author, Song writer
And Musician who is a native to
Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
George holds several doctors degrees in
Various fields and has written several books,
 On different subjects such as:
Occult, Health, Religion, Herbals,
Ships, and also Poetry and Lyrics.
George is also married and
Has four grown children.
 OTHER BOOKS BY
THE AUTHOR
2006

Katoomba - Columbia
The Powers of Garlic
Speaking to God Through Prayers
Ginger the Herb and Root Guide
The Complete Book On Angels
Chamomile The Healing Herb
The Healing Powers of Aloe Vera
The Healing Powers of Cranberry
The Healing Powers Of Seaweed And Algae
The Spiritual Key To Healing
The Healing Powers of Pomegranate
2007

The Healing Powers Of Blueberries

AMD – Age-Related Macular Degeneration
A Modern Look At Solar Power
The Healing Powers of Oregano
The Healing Powers of Coconuts
The Book of Spells :White Magic Vs. Black Magic
The Healing Powers of Cherries
Experimenting With the G-Spot
Sex Magic
The Images of God
The Healing Powers of Thistles
The Felfoldi’s :Medical Herbal Encyclopedia
The Complete Book on Herbal Magick
The Herbs And the Animals of the Bible
The Road To Better Health
The Gnomes In Mythology
The Magic of Having Great Sex
The Healing Powers of Strawberries
The Backyard Terror :Squirrels
Changing The Way We Look At Wolves
Cooking With Eggs Cookbook
The Healing Powers Of Watermelons

2008

The Healing Powers of Mangos

The Complete Book On Angels (Second Edition)
The State of Man (In Relationship To The Bible)
The Healing Powers of Tomatoes
The Schooner, Bluenose II
The Healing Powers of Mushrooms
A Modern Look At Parapsychology
Angel Light Bible Studies (A complete 22 lesson course)
Peach Popourri (A book on Peaches)
Hypnosis For Self Betterment And Healing
The Down To Earth Cookbook
The Science of Faith and Other God’s Sciences
World Wide Ghosts & Hauntings
The Modern Look At Poetry

2009

The Science of Mind Transformation

A New Look at Scheurmann’s Disease
Loch Ness Mystery
In Search of Mysterious Primates
The Healing Powers of Pineapples
The Healing Powers of Limes
The Scottish-Hungarian Cookbook
Cooking With Friends Cookbook
Spirit Orbs Photography
The Secret of Healthy Living
The Healing Powers of Mr. Garlic
The Complete Book On Herbal Magick (2 nd. Edition)
Spellcasting :White & Black Magic
The Healing Powers of Kiwi Fruit
A World Of Food Cookbook
A Psychic Connection To 2012
Paranormal Phenomenon :Levitation
Aliens Are Among Us

2010

The Devil And His Demons :Activities, Facts & Evidence

2012
Bed Bugs In The Woodwork
The Cockroach Invasion
The Basics of the Chinese Zodiac
Focusing the Mind, The Inner Universe
The Healing Properties of Honey

2014

The Toe Nail Fungus Book

The Healing Powers of Peppermint
The Healing Powers of Dandelion
The Healing Powers of Cloves

2015

The New Age Cookbook

From My Table Cookbook
Tranquility Of Mind :Modern Lyrics And Poetry

2017

Kimberley's Famous Recipes

2018

Don't Stop Cooking

Angels Of The Light
The Angels Connection
Hamsters Simplified
My Scottish Fold Long Haired Cat
Good Foods Made Easy
The Healing Powers Of Black Pepper
The Healing Powers Of Coffee
The Healing Powers Of Turmeric
The Healing Powers Of Water
Arthritis Simplified
An Invisible Wall In Nature
Bedbugs Simplified

2019

Farmer's Wife Olde And New Tyme Recipes

Light Approach To Stress Management

2021

Everyday Cooking
Cooking Through A Pandemic
Pandemic 2 Cookbook
The Fascinating Facts Of Gnomes
Cherries, A Superfood
Healing Properties Of Bananas
Healing Properties Of Corn
Healing Properties Of Garlic
Healing Properties Of Paprika
Healing Properties Of Turnip
Pears, A Superfood
Plums, A Superfood
Healing Properties Of Cranberries, 53p.
Healing Properties Of Ginger
Healing Properties Of Pomegranate
Speaking To God Through Prayers
The Future Of Solar Energy
Cleaning And Kitchen Tips
From Hungarian And Scottish Kitchens
Blue Mountain Cookbook
Vintage Recipes
Yes You Can Cook
Health Benefits Of Ginger
A Modern Look At Poetry

2023

Cooking Is For Young And Old

Eating Healthy With George
Cooking Healthy With George
According To The Bible
Great Foods Made Easy
Health Benefits And Use Of Elderberry
Another Look At Seaweed And Algae
Healing Benefits Of Pomegranates
Healing Benefits Of Blueberries
Healing Benefits Of Avocados
Creative Home Cooking Vol. 1
Nessie Of Loch Ness
CHAPTER

1
 LOCH NESS

Loch Ness, Scotland

 LOCH NESS

LOCH NESS (Scottish Gaelic: Loch Nis), which is a large

freshwater loch (or lake) that is located in the Scottish
Highlands that extends for approximately 37 kilometers (or 23
miles) southwest of Inverness.

It takes its name from the River Ness, that flows from the
northern end. It is one of a series of interconnected, murky
bodies of water in Scotland; its water visibility is exceptionally
low that is due to the high peat content of the surrounding
soil.

The southern end of the loch connects to Loch Oich by the

River Oich and a section of the Caledonian Canal. The
northern end of the loch is connected to Loch Dochfour via the
River Ness, which then leads to the North Sea via the Moray
Firth.

At 56 kilometers (or 22 square miles), Loch Ness is the second

largest loch that is in Scotland by surface area after Loch
Lomond, but due to its great depth it is the largest by volume
in Great Britain. The lochs deepest point is 230 meters or (126
fathoms; 755 feet), making this loch the second deepest in
Scotland after Loch Morar. This loch contains more water than
all the lakes in England and Wales put together, and is the
largest body of water in the Great Glen, that runs from
Inverness in the north to Fort William in the south.
Its surface is 16 meters or 52 feet above sea level. The loch
contains a single, artificial island that is named “Cherry Island”
(Scottish Gaelic: Eilean Muireach) at the southwestern end.

There is nine small villages around the loch, as well as the

famous Urquhart Castle;

Urquhart Castle.
The village of Drumnadrochit contains a “Loch Ness Centre
and Exhibition”, that has lots of great information about the
loch and the surrounding areas. This Centre is great to visit if
you are looking for information.

Scottish Flag.
GEOGRAPHY

Picture 1
 LOCH NESS OR (LAKE NESS)

This lake is an elongated freshwater lake that is located in

Scotland in the Highlands southwest of Inverness which
extends 23 miles and is flowing from southwest to northeast.

In 2016 a survey claimed to have discovered a crevice

extending to a depth of 271 meters or 889 feet, but further
research determined this to be a sonar anomaly. This lake is
52 feet above sea level. This lake contains all the water that is
in all the lakes in England and Wales combined. That is a lot of
fresh water.

There was formerly a second, natural island nearby that was

named “Dog Island”, (Scottish Gaelic: Eilean Nan Con), but it
was submerged when the water level rose. In the 15 th.
Century a castle stood on Cherry Island; this was constructed
of stone and oak wood and it was likely used as a fortified
refuge. Some people have suggested that Eilean Muireach
may have been used as a hunting lodge, with Eilean Nan Con
used as a home for the hunting dogs.
This lake or loch is one of a series of interconnecting, murky
bodies of fresh water in Scotland. The water is murky due to
the very high peat content in the surrounding soil.

The southern end of the lake is fed by the River Oich, that runs
from Loch Oich. While the northern end of the lake flows out
through the Bona Narrows into Loch Dochfour. Dochgarroch
weir at the downstream end of Loch Dochfour delineates the
start of the River Ness, that connects to the nearby and
ultimately leads through Inverness to the North Sea via Moray
Firth.

The lake forms part of the Caledonia Canal, that comprises 60

miles or 100 kilometers of waterways connecting the east
coast of Scotland at Inverness with the west coast at
Corpachthe near Fort William.
 VILLAGES AND PLACES

SHORES ....................PLACES

Northern Shore – Lochend

Western Shore – Abriachan

Western Shore – Drumnadrochit
Western Shore – Urquhart Castle
Western Shore – Invermoriston

Eastern Shore – Dores

Eastern Shore – Inverfarigaig
Eastern Shore – Foyers
Eastern Shore – Whitebridge

Southern Shore – Fort Augustus

 Picture Of Urquhart Castle # 1

Urquhart Castle is located on the western shore, 2 kilometers

ot 1 1/4 miles east of Drumnadrochit.
Lighthouses are located at the northern and southern ends at
Lochend, (Bona Lighthouse) and Fort Augustus. There also is a
lifeboat station on the northern shore near Drumnadrochit,
which has been in operation since 2008 and it was the first
non coastal RNLI station. This station is staffed by a volunteer
crew and is equipped with an inshore lifeboat.

Picture Of Urquhart Castle # 2

 LOCH NESS LOCATION

Location - Scottish Highlands

Coordinates – 57 degrees 18'N 4 degrees 27'W

Type – Freshwater lake

Oligotrophic, dimictic

Primary Inflows – River Oich/Caledonia Canal,

River Moriston, River Foyers, River
Enrick, River Coiltie

Primary Outflows – River Ness/Caledonian Canal

Catchment area – 1,770 km2 (685 square miles)

Basin countries – Scotland, United Kingdom

Max. Length – 36.3 kilometers (22.5 miles)

Max. Wide – 2.7 kilometers (1.7 miles)

Surface Area – 56 km2 (21.8 square miles)

Average depth – 132 meters (433 feet)

Max. Depth – 226.96 meters (124.10 fathoms; 744.6 ft)

Water volume – 7.7 km3 (1.8 cubic miles)

Surface evaluation – 15.8 meters (52 feet)

Islands – 1 (Cherry Island)

Settlements – Fort Augustus
Invermoriston
Drumnadrochit
Abriachan
Lochend
Whitebridge
Foyers
Inverfarigaig
Dores
 LOCH NESS FISH SPECIES

Urquart Bay Picture # 1

FISH SPECIES OF LOCH NESS

The following fish species are native to Loch Ness. A number

of other species such as perch and roach have been introduce
in the past to the Loch or Caledonian Canal with various
levels of success.

FISH SPECIES:

European ell – Anguilla anguilla

Northern pike – Esox lucius

European sea sturgeon – Acipenser sturio (unconfirmed in the

Loch, but known from Beauly – Moray Firth, which is
connected via the Ness River).

Three-spined stickleback – Gasterosteus aculeatus.

Brook lamprey – Lampetra planeri

Eurasian minnow – Phoxinus phoxinus

Atlantic Salmon – Salmo salar

Sea trout – Salmo trutta

Brown trout (Ferox trout) – Salmo trutta (Salmo ferox)Arctic

char – Salvelinus alpinus
 HYDROELECTRIC POWER GRID

Hydroelectric Picture # 1

Loch Ness serves as a lower storage reservoir for the 300 MW

Foyers pumped storage hydroelectric scheme, that has
opened in 1975.
A smaller 5 MW power station nearby used to provide power
for many of the factories in the area, such as for aluminium
smelting plant, but now electricity is generated and is supplied
by the National Grid.

Hydroelectric Picture # 2
Another scheme, the 100 megawatt Glendoe Hydro Scheme
near Fort Augustus, began in June of 2009.

Hydroelectric Picture # 3

It was out of service between 2009 and 2012 for repair of the
tunnels connecting the reservoir to the turbines. The 450
MW / 2.8 Gwh Red John project was approved in 2021. If
funded at 550 million (English pounds), it would store 5
million cubic meters of water near Dores.
 SOME RECORDS NOTED

JOHN COBB – has died in an attempt at the water speed

record when his boat the “CRUSADER” struck an un expected
wake on the surface of the lake in 1952. The accident was
recorded by the BBC reporters that was on site at the time.
Nearby, there is a memorial that was erected to him by the
people of Glenurquart.

DAVID SCOTT MUNRO – On August 31st. 1974, David Scott

Munro, of Ross-shire Caberfeidh Water Ski Club, became the
first person in the world to water ski (mono ski) the whole
length of Loch Ness. From Lochend to Fort Augustus and back,
he covered the 77 km or 48 miles in 77 minutes at the average
speed of 60 km/h or 37 mph.

BRENDA SHERRATT – In July of 1966, she became the first

person to swim the length of the Loch. It took Brenda 31 hours
and 27 minutes to accomplish the task.
CHAPTER

2
 EARLIEST REFERENCES

Nessie Of Loch Ness.

We are told that the Loch Ness Monster is a mythical animal

that allegedly lives in the lake which is called “Loch Ness”, that
is located in Scotland, which is a freshwater lake that is near
to Inverness. Although accounts of this aquatic beast living in
the Lock dates back 1,500 years. All efforts so far to find any
credible evidence of this animal has failed. Note here that, “

Just because you can not fine any evidence of this animal does
not mean that she is not there.”
However, that hasn't dampened the public's enthusiasm, for
any news about “Nessie.”

Loch Ness, is located in the Scottish Highlands and it has the

largest volume of fresh water in Great Britain; the body of
water reaches a depth of nearly 800 feet and the length of this
lake is 23 miles.

Scholars that were looking for Nessie has found a dozen

references to “Nessie” in Scottish history, dating back to
around 500 A.D., when local Picts in the area carved a strange
aquatic creature into standing stones near Loch Ness.
The earliest reference that was written of a monster in Loch
Ness is a 7th. Century biography of Saint Columna, who was an
Irish missionary who introduced Christianity to the Scottish
people. In 565 A.D. According to the biographer, Saint
Columba was on his way to visit with the king of the northern

Picts near Inverness when he stopped at Loch Ness to confront

a beast that had been killing people in the Loch.

Seeing a large beast about to attack another person, Saint

Columba intervened, invoking the name of God and he
commanded the creature to, “go back with all speed.”

The monster retreated and never harmed another individual.

 The Large Beast Of The Loch.

THE 1933 SIGHTING OF THE

LOCH NESS CREATURE
A new road was completed in 19 33 along the Loch Ness
shores, affording drivers a clear view of the lake. However, on
May 2nd. 1933, the “Inverness Courier”, reported that a local
couple claimed to have seem, a large animal rolling and
plundering on the surface.

The story of the “Loch Ness Monster”, became a media

phenomenon, with London newspapers sending
correspondents to Scotland and a circus offering a 20,000
pound reward to find and capture the beast.

After the sighting in 1933, interest in the monster steadily

grew, especially after another couple claimed to have seen
the creature on land, crossing the shore road. Several British
newspapers sent reporters to the site in Scotland, including
the London Daily Mail, which hired big game hunter
Marmaduke Wetherell to capture the beast.

After a few days searching the area and the Loch, Wetherell
reported finding footprints of a large four legged animal. In
response, the newspaper carried the dramatic headline:
“MONSTER OF LOCH NESS IS NOT A LEGEND BUT A FACT.”
 NESSIE

A score of tourists and scientists descended on Loch Ness and

sat in boats or deck chairs waiting for an appearance of the
beast. Many plastrer casts of the footprints were sent to the
British Natural History Museum, which reported that the cast
tracks were that of a hippopotamus, especially one
hippopotamus foot, that was probably stuffed.

The hoax has temporarily deflated Loch Ness Monster

hunters, but the stories of sighting continued.

In 1934 a famous photograph seemed to show a dinosaur like

creature with a long neck emerging out of the murky waters,
leading to some speculation that, “Nessie” was a solitary
survivor of the long extinct plesiosaurs.

The aquatic plesiosaurs were thought to have died off with

the rest of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago.
 Aquatic Plesiosaurs.

The Loch or “Loch Ness”, was frozen solid during the recent ice
ages, however, so this creature would have had to make its
way up the River Ness from the sea in the past 10,000 years.
And the plesiosaurs, believed to be cold blooded would not
long survive in the frigid waters of Loch Ness.

Most likely, other people suggested, it was an archeocyte, a

primitive whale with a serpentine neck that is thought to have
been extinct for 18 million years.
Skeptics argued that people were seeing in Loch Ness were,
“seiches” - oscillations in the water surface that was caused by
the inflow of cold river water into the slightly warmer loch.

Two Plesiosaurs Swimming Together.

 THE SEARCH FOR NESSIE CONTINUES

Urquhart Castle And Loch Ness

In The Background.

Many amateur investigators kept a constant virgil, and in the

1960s several British universities launched expeditions to Loch
Ness, using new equipment such as sonar to search the deep.
Even though, nothing conclusive was found, but in each
expedition the sonar operators detected a large moving
underwater object that they could not explain.

Boston's Academy of Applied Science in 1975, combined sonar

and underwater photography in an expedition to the Loch. A
photo resulted that, after enhancement, appeared to show
the giant flipper of a plesiosaur like creature.

Further sonar expeditions in the 1980s and in the 1990s

resulted in more tantalizing, if inconclusive, readings. But still
there is something out there.

Could This Be Nessie?

CHAPTER

3
THE LOCH NESS MONSTER, “NESSIE”

The Loch Monster.

The Loch Ness Monster (Scottish Gaelic: Uilebheist Loch Nis),
which was known by everyone as “Nessie”, is a creature in
Scottish folklore that is said to inhabit a loch that is known as
“Loch Ness” which is located in the Highlands of Scotland.

Nessie was described as a large, long necked, and with one or

more humps protruding from the water. The popular interest
and belief in Nessie has varied since it was brought to the
wolds attention back in 1933.

Evidence of Nessie's existence is anecdotal with a large

number of disputed photographs and sonar readings.

The scientific community explains alleged sightings of the Loch

Ness Monster as misidentification of mundane objects.

The pseudoscience and subculture of cryptozoology has

placed particular emphasis on the creature. The Loch Ness
Monster, (known as “Nessie”, is probably the most famous
target of cryptozoology, which is the study of animals whose
existence has not been proven. Cryptozoology IS NOT a
science. Cryptozoologists search for mystical creatures called,
“Crypids”.

THE ORIGIN OF THE NAME

The Courier, in August of 1933 has published the account of

George Spicer's alleged sighting of “Nessie”. The public
interest in this creature has skyrocketed, with countless
letters being sent in detailing different sightings, discribing a
“large monster fish,” “sea serpent,” or a “dragon,” with the
final name settling on “The Loch Ness Monster,” that was
later nicknamed later as “Nessie.” The largest marine creature
believed by some people ti inhabit Loch Ness, Scotland.

Since the 1940s, the creature has been affectionately called by

everyone as NESSIE (Scottish Gaelic: Niseag).
 THE LAKE MONSTER

This is the “surgeon's photograph”

that was taken in 1934 which
became famous world wide.

SUB GROUP – Lake monster

SIMILAR ENTITIES – Champ, Ogopogo, Altamaha-ha
 FIRST SIGHTED – 565 A.D.
OTHER NAMES – Niseag, Nessie
COUNTRY – Scotland
REGION – Scottish Highlands, Loch Ness
CHAPTER

4
 UP-TO-DATE SIGHTINGS

565 A.D. - Saint Columba

In 565 A.D. Was the earliest report of the monster in the

vicinity of Loch Ness that appears in the “Life of St. Columba”
by Adomnan, that was written in the 6 th. Century AD.
According to Adomnan, writing in his book about a century
after the event. He described, An Irish monk named Saint
Columba, was staying in the land of the Picts with his friends
when he encountered local residents burying a man by the
River Ness. They explained to him that the man was
swimming in the river when he was attacked by a, “water
beast”, that mauled him and that dragged him underwater
despite their attempts to rescue him by boat.

Columba sent a follower, Luigne moccu Min, to swim across

the river. The beast approached him, but Columba made the
sign of the cross and said to the beast: “Go no further. Do not
touch the man. Go back at once.” The beast has stopped as if
it had been, “pulled back with a rope,” and fled, and
Columba's men and the Picts gave thanks for what they all
thought was a miracle.

Believers in Nessie point to this story, set in the River Ness

rather than the loch itself, as evidence for the creature's
existence as early as the 6th. Century.

Non-belivers question the narrative's reliability, noting that

water beast stories were very common in medieval
hagiographies, and Adomnan's story probably recycles a
common motif that was attached to a local landmark.
According to some non-believers, Adomnan's tale may be
independent of the modern Loch Ness Monster legend and
became attached to it by believers that was seeking to bolster
their claims.

1871 or 1872 – D. Mackenzie

In October of 1871 or 1872, D. Mackenzie of Balnain has

reportedly saw an object resembling a log or an over turned
boat, “wriggling and churning up the water,” moving slowly at
first before disappearing at a fast speed. This account of the
sighting was not published until 1934, when Mackenzie sent
his story in a letter to Rupert Gould shortly after popular
interest in the monster increased.

1888 – Alexander MacDonald (mason)

Alexander MacDonald in 1888 of Abriachan sighted, “a large

stubby-legged animal” that was surfacing from the loch and
propelling itself within fifty yards of the shore where
MacDonald was standing. MacDonald reported his sighting to
Loch Ness water bailiff Alex Campbell, and he described the
creature as looking like a salamander.

1933 – Aldie Mackay

I find that the best known article that first attracted a great
deal of attention about the creature (Nessie) was published
on May 2nd. 1933 , in The Inverness Courier, that mentioned a
large, “beast” or a “whale like looking fish”. This article was by
Alex Campbell, water bailiff for Loch Ness and was a part time
journalist, he discussed a sighting by Aldie Mackay of an
enormous creature with the body of a whale rolling in the
water in the loch while she and her husband John were driving
on the A28 on April 15th. 1933. The word, “monster” was
reportedly applied for the first time in Campbell's article,
although some reports claim that it was coined by the editor
Evan Barron.
The Courier in 2017 published excerpts from the Campbell
article, that has been titled, “Strange Spectacle in Loch Ness”.

“The creature disported itself, rolling and plunging for fully a

minute, its body resembling that of a whale, and the water
cascading and churning like a simmering cauldron. Soon,
however, it disappeared in a boiling mass of foam. Both
onlookers confessed that there was something strange about
the whole thing, for the onlookers realised that there was no
ordinary denizen of the depths, because, apart from its
enormous size, the beast, in taking the final plunge, sent out
waves that were big enough to have been caused by a passing
steamer.”

According to a 2013 article, Mackay said that she had yelled,

“Stop! The Beast!” when viewing the event. In the late 1980s,
a naturalist interviewed Aldie Mackay and she has admitted
to knowing that there had been an oral tradition of a “beast”
in the loch well before her claimed sighting. Alex Campell's
1933 article also mentioned that, “Loch Ness has for
generations been credited with being the home of a fearsome
looking monster”.
1933 – George Spicer

A sighting on July 22nd. 1933, by George Spicer has sparked

modern interest in the monster once again, and public
interest in the monster began to skyrocket, when George and
his wife saw, “a most extraordinary form of animal” cross the
road from their car. They both described the creature as
having a large body which was about 4 feet (1.2 m) high and
25 feet (8 meters) long and a long, wavy, narrow neck, slightly
thicker than an elephant's trunk and as long as the 10 – 12
foot (3 to 4 meter) width of the road. They saw no limbs. It
lurched across the road towards the loch 20 yards (20 meters)
away, leaving a trail of broken undergrowth in its wake.

Spicer described it as, “the nearest approach to a dragon or

pre-historic animal that I have ever seen in my life,” and as
having “a long neck, that moved up and down in the manner
of a scenic railway.” It had “an animal” in its mouth and had a
body that “was fairly big, with a high back, but if there were
anf feet they must have been of the web kind, and as for a tail
I can not say, as it moved so rapidly, and when we got to the
spot it had probably disappeared into the loch.
Though he was the first to describe the creature as a
plesiosaur like dinosaur, evidence suggested by scientists and
researchers at the Columbia University in 2013 proved his
story to be fake. The university and Daniel Loxton suggested
that Spicer's sighting was fictionalized and inspired by a long
necked dinosaur that rises out of a lake in “King Kong”, a film
that was extremely popular in the theaters in his home city of
London during August of 1933, when he reported his sighting.
The Courier published a report on August 4 th. 1933 of Spicer's
sighting. This sighting triggered a massive amount of public
interest and an uptick in alleged sightings, leading to the
solidification of the actual name, “The Loch Ness Monster.”

During the time period it has been claimed that sightings of

the monster increased after a road was built along the lake in
early 1933, bringing workers and tourists to the formerly
isolated area. However, Binns has described this as “the myth
of the lonely loch”, as it was far from isolated before then,
due to the construction of the Caledonian Canal. In the 1930s,
the existing road that was by the side of the loch was given a
serious upgrade.

1933 – Hugh Gray

A photograph that was taken by Hugh Gray near Foyers on

November 12th. 1933, was the first photograph alleged to
depict the monster. This photograph was slightly blurred, and
it has been noted that if a person looks more closely the head
of a dog can be seen.
Gray has taken his Labrador for a walk that they and it is
suggested that the photograph depicts his dog fetching a stick
from the loch. Other people have also suggested that the
photograph depicts a swan or an otter. The original negative
was lost. However, in 1963, Maurice Burton came into
“possession of two lantern slides, contact positives from the
original negative” and when projected onto a screen they
have revealed an “otter rolling at the surface in characteristic
fashion.”

1934 – Arthur Grant

Arthur Grant, a motorcyclist, on January 5 th. 1934, claimed to

have nearly hit the creature while approaching Abriachan,
(near the northeastern end of the loch) at around 1 a.m. On a
moonlit night.

According to Grant, it had a small head attached to a long

neck; the creature saw him, and crossed the road back to the
loch. Grant who was a veterinary student, described it as a
cross between a seal and a plesiosaur. He said that he
dismounted and followed it to the loch, but saw only ripples.

A Plesiosaur.

Hugh produced a sketch of the creature that he saw ant it was

examined by Zoologist Maurice Burton, who stated that it was
consistent with the appearance and behavior of an otter.
Reguarding the long size of the creature reported by Grant; it
has been suggested that this was a faulty observation due to
poor light conditions. Paleontologist Darren Naish has
suggested that Grant may have seen either an otter or a seal
and exaggerated his sighting over time. His original sketch did
look like a plesiosaur no matter what others say.
1934 – Robert Kenneth Wilson

The news only seemed to spur efferts to prove the monster's

existence. The famous “Surgeon's photograph” which was
reportedly the first photo of the creature's head and neck.
That was supposedly taken by Robert, who was a London
gynaeologist, and a well established physician, that was
published in the Daily Mail on April 21 st. 1934.
Wilson's refusal to have his name associated with the photo
led to it being known as the, “Surgeon's Photograph”.
According to Wilson, he was looking at the loch when he saw
the monster, so he grabbed his camera and snapped four
pictures.

Only two of the pictures came out clearly; the first reportedly
shows a small head and back, the second photo shows a
similar head in a diving position.
The first photograph became well known around the world,
when the Daily Mail printed the photograph, sparking an
international sensation. Many people speculated the the
creature was a dinosaur (a plesiosaur) , a marine reptile that
went extinct some 65.5 million years ago. And the second
photograph

This picture was known as the,

“Surgeon's Photograph”.
attracted very little publicity because the picture was too
blurry and the creature was difficult to make out.

For 60 years the picture was considered evidence of the

monster's existence, although many skeptics dismissed it as a
driftwood, or an elephant, an otter or even a bird.

The picture's scale was controversial; it is often shown

cropped (making the creature seem larger and the ripples like
waves), while the uncropped shot shows the other end of the
loch and the monster in the centre. The ripples in the picture
was found to fit the size and the pattern of small ripples,
rather than large waves that was photographed up close.
Study and analysis of the original image fostered more doubt.

In 1993, the makers of the Discovery Communications

Doctumentary that was called, “Loch Ness Discovered”,
analyzed the uncropped image and has found a white object
visible in every version of the photo, (implying that it was on
the original negative).
It was believed to be the cause of the ripples, as if the object
was being towed, although the possibility of a blemish on the
photo negative could not be ruled out. The study and analysis
of the full picture indicated that the object was small, about
60 to 90 cm or 2 to 3 feet long.

Since 1994, most of the experts agreed that the photograph

was a fake. This picture has been described as a fake in a
December 7th. 1975, Sunday Telegraph article that fell into
obscurity.

Later in a book that was published in 1999 called “Nessie –

The Surgeon's Photograph Exposed”, which containes a
facsimile of the Sunday Telegraph article. Tells that the
creature was reportedly a toy submarine that was built by
Christian Spurling, which was the son-in-law of Marmaduke
Wetherell. Wetherell had been publicly ridiculed by the Daily
Mail, after he found the, “Nessie Footprints”, which turned
out to be a hoax. To get revenge on the Daily Mail and his
employer, Wetherell perperated his hoax with co-conspitators
Spurling who was a sculpture specialist and Ian Wetherell
his son, that bought the materials, and Maurice Chambers
that was an insurance agent. Ian the son of Wetherell bought
the toy submarine from F. W. Woolworth and its head and the
neck was made from wood putty. After they have tested in
the local pond the group went to Loch Ness, where Ian took
the picture near the Altsaigh Tea House. When they saw the
water bailiff approaching, Marmaduke sank the model with
his foot.

Chambers gave the picture plates to Wilson, a friend of his

who enjoyed, a good practical joke. Inturn, Wilson brought
the plates to Ogston's an Inverness chemist, and gave them to
George Morrison for development. He sold the first picture to
the Daily Mail, who then announced that the monster has
been photographed in Loch Ness.

Very little is known of the second picture; it is often was

ignored by researchers, that believed that the picture quality
was very poor and its differences from the first picture was
too great to warrant analysis. This picture also showed a head
very similar to the first picture, but with more turbulent
wave pattern, which was possibly taken at a different time
and location in Loch Ness. Some people thought that it was an
earlier crude attempt at the hoax, and other people like Roy
Mackal and Maurice Burton considered the picture which
looked like an otter or a diving bird that Wilson mistook for
the Loch Ness Monster.

According to Morrison, when the original plates were

developed, Wilson was uninterested in the second picture; He
allowed Morrison to keep the negative, and the picture was
rediscovered many years later.

1938 – G. E. Taylor

On May 29th. 1938, a tourist from South Africa, named G. E.

Taylor filmed something in Loch Ness for three minutes on 16
mm colour film. This film was obtained by popular science
writer Maurice Burton, who did not show it to other scientists
and researchers. A single frame of the film was published in
his book in 1961 which was called, “The Elusive Monster”.
His analysis concluded that it was a floating object, not that of
an animal.

1938 – William Fraser

On August 15th. 1938, William Fraser who was the chief

constable of Inverness-shire, wrote a letter that the Loch Ness
monster existed beyond a shadow of a doubt and expressed
his concern about a hunting party that had arrived, with a
custom-made harpoon gun, and that the group was
determined to catch the monster, dead or alive. William
believed his power to protect the monster from the hunters
was very doubtful. Williams letter was released by the
National Archives of Scotland on April 27 th. 2010.

1954 – Sonar Readings

Sonar readings in the Loch was taken on December of 1954 by

the fishing boat Rival III. The crew of the fishing boat noted a
large object keeping pace with the vessel at the depth of
146 meters or (479 feet). This object was detected for 800
meters or 2,600 feet before the contact of the object was lost
and regained. Many previous sonar attemps were inconclusive
or came out negative.

1955 – Peter MacNab

Peter MacNab who was at Urquhart Castle on July 29 th. 1955

took a picture that depicted two long black humps in the
water in Loch Ness. This picture was not made public until it
appeared in Constance Whyte's 1957 book that was written
on the subject. On October 23rd. 1958 the picture was
published by the Weekly Scotsman.

Author Ronald Binns wrote that the phenomenon which

MacNab photographed could have easily been a wave effect
resulting from three trawlers travelling closely together up the
loch.
Other researchers had considered this picture to be a hoax.
Roy Mackal has requested to use the picture in his 1976 book.
Roy has recieved the original negative from MacNab, but
discovered that the picture differed from the photograph that
had appeared in Whyte's book. The tree at the bottom left in
Whyte's was missing from the negative. He has suspected that
the picture was doctored by re-photographing the print.

1960 – Tim Dinsdale

Tim Dinsdale who is an aeronautical engineer filmed a hump

that left a wake crossing the loch in 1960. Tim, who reportedly
had the sighting on his final day of search, he described it as a
reddish with a blotch on its side. He said that when he
mounted his camera the object began to move, and he shot 40
feet of film. The object according to JARIC, was probably
animated. Other researchers were spectical, saying that the
hump cannot be ruled out as being a boat, and when the
contrast is increased, a man in a boat can be seen.

Discovery Communications produced a documentary in 1993

called, Loch Ness Discovered, with some digital enhancement
of the Dinsdale film. By enhancing and overlaying frames, they
found that what appeared to be the rear body of a creature
underwater: “Before I saw the film, I thought the Loch Ness
Monster was a load of rubbish. Having done the
enhancemeny, I'm not so sure.”

1977 – Anthony “Doc” Shiels

On May 21st. 1977, Anthony “Doc” Shiels, was camping next to

Urquhart Castle, he took some of the clearest photos of the
monster until this day. Anthony who is a magician and
psychic, claims to have summoned the animal out of the
water. He later described it as an elephant squid, and claiming
the long neck shown in the picture is actually the squid's trunk
and that a white spot at the base of the neck is its eyes.

Due to the lack of ripples in the water, it has been declairede

as a hoax by a number of people and received its name
because of its staged look. It was called the “Loch Ness
Puppet”.
2007 – Gordon Holmes (The Holmes Video)

A labratory technician named Godon Holmes on May 26 th.

2007, videotaped what he said was, “This jet black thing,
about 14 meters or 46 feet long, moving fairly fast in the
water.”

Adrian Shine, who ia a marine biologist at the Loch Ness 2000

Centre at Drumnadrochit, has described the footage as among
“the best footage he had ever seen.” BBC Scotland broadcast
the video on May 29th. 2007. The STV News North Tonight aird
the footage on May 28th. 2007 and has interviewed Holmes.
Shine was also interviewed, and suggested that the footage
was an otter, a water bird or a seal.

2011 – Marcus Atkinson (Sonar Image)

On August 24th. 2011, a Loch Ness boat captain called Marcus

Atkinson photographed a sonar image of a 1.5 meter wide or
4.9 feet, unindentified object that seem to follow his boat
for two minutes at a depth of 23 meters or 75 feet, and has
ruled out the possibility of small fish or seal. In April 2012, a
scientist from the National Oceanography Centre, said that
the image is a bloom of algae and zooplankton.

2011 – George Edward

George Edward who was a skipper, on August 3 rd. 2012,

claimed that the picture he took on November 2 nd. 2011
shows, “Nessie”. Edwards claims to have searched for the
monster for the past 26 years, and he reportedly spent 60
hours per week on the Loch aboard his boat, the Nessie
Hunter IV, taking tourists for rides on the Loch.

Edward said, “In my opinion, it probably looks kind like a

manatee, but not a mammal. When the people see three
humps, they're probably just seeing three separate
monsters.”

Many other researchers have questioned the photograph's

authenticity, and Loch Ness researcher Steve Feltham
suggested that the object in the water is a fiberglass hump
used in a National Geographic Channel documentary in which
Edwards has participated earlier.

Researcher Dick Raynor has also questioned Edwards' claim of

discovering a deeper bottom of Loch Ness, that Raynor calls,
“Edwards Deep”. Raynor has found some inconsistencies
between Edward's claims for the location and conditions of
the picture and the actual location and weather conditions
that day. According to Raynor, Edwards told me that he had
faked the picture in 1986 that he claimed was genuine in the
National Geographic documentary. Although Edwards has
admitted in October 2013 that his 2011 picture was a hoax,
and he insisted that the 1986 photograph was genuine.

A survey about other hoaxes that was done, including

photographs, that was published by The Scientific America on
July 10th. 2013, has indicated many others since the 1930s. The
most recent picture considered to be good appeared in the
newspapers in August of 2012; it was allegedly taken by
George Edwards in November 2011 but was definitely a hoax,
according to the science journal.

2013 – David Elder

David Elder who was a tourist, on August 27 th. 2013 presented

a five minute video of a “mysterious wave”, in the Loch.
According to Elder, a wave was produced by a 4.5 meter or 15
feet solid black object just under the surface of the water.
Elder, 50, from East Kilbridge, South Lanarkshire, was taking a
photo of a swan at the Fort Augustus pier on the south-
western end of the Loch, when he captured the movement.
He reported that, “The water was very still at the time and
that there were no ripples comming off the wave and no other
activity was on the water.”

Sceptics suggested that the wave may have been caused by a

wind gust.
2014 – Apple Maps photographs

On April 19th. 2014, it was reported that the satellite picture

on Apple Map showed what appeared to be a large creature,
thought by some people to be the Loch Ness monster, just
below the surface of Loch Ness.

At the Loch's far north, the picture appeared about 30 meters

or 98 feet long. Possible explanations for this were the wake
of a boat, with the boat itself lost in image stitching or low
contrast, seal caused the ripples, or wood that was floating.

2021 – Drone Footage

In September of 2021, it was reported that a 20 foot creature

was captured on a live stream near the Loch.

2023 – Loch Ness Center

The Loch Ness Centre has reported that there has been more
that 1,400 official sightings of the elusive monster recorded to
date, and the search for Nessie still continues.

The centre is putting together a search for the Loch Ness

Monster, one of the biggest ever in 50 years, and asking all
new hunters from all over the world to participate in the
search.

The search is planned to take place and is planned for the

weekend of August 26th. And 27th. 2023. It is billed as the
largest of its kind since the Loch Ness Investigation Bureau
studied the Loch in 1972. The Loch Ness Centre is on a
renewed hunt for, “Nessie,” in what is being described as the
biggest in 50 years.

Some of these searchers hope to use of thernal drones and

infrared cameras that will help to to identify any anomalies.
This will not be the first search taking adventage of the new
technologies since the legends about mystical creatures
started to circulate.
CHAPTER

5
 LOCH NESS SEARCHES

Loch Ness View From

the Urquhart Castle.

1934 – Edward Mountain And His Expedition

After reading in the newspapers about Rupert Gould's “Loch

Ness Monster and Others, Edward Mountain financed a
search on Loch Ness. There were 20 men that had binoculars
and cameras positioned themselves around the loch from 9
am to 6 pm for five weeks, starting on July 13 th. 1934.
Although there was 21 pictures that was taken, none of them
was considered to be conclusive.

James Fraser remained by the lake filming on September 15 th.

1934; this film is now lost. Zoologists and professors of natural
history concluded that the film showed a seal, which was
possibly a grey seal.

1962 To 1972, Loch Ness Phenomena Investigations Bureau

The (LNPIB) was a United Kingdom based society that was

formed in 1962 by Norman Collins, R.S.R. Fitter, politician
David James, Peter Scott and Constance Whyte. This bureau
was formed to study Loch Ness to identify the creature that is
known as the “Loch Ness Monster” or to determine the causes
of reports of it. The bureau in 1967 received a grant for
$20,000 from World Book Encyclopedia that had funded a 2
year programme of daylight watches that ranged from May to
October. This bureau's principal equipment was 35 mm movie
cameras on mobile units that had a 20 inch lens, and one that
had a 36 inch lens at Achnaannet, near the midpoint of the
lake. With the mobile units in standby about 80% of the lakes
surface was covered.

The society's name was later shortened to what is known

today as the Loch Ness Investigations Bureau or in short
(LNIB), which was disbanded in 1972. This society had an
annual subscription charge, that covered the administrative
work.

The LNIB's main activity was to encourage many groups of self

funded volunteers to watch the lake from different vantage
points around lake with film cameras that had telescopic
lenses. From 1965 to 1972 it had a carnival camp and a
viewing platform at Achnahannet, and sent observers to other
locations up and down the lake. According to the LNIB's 1969
annual report it had 1,030 active members, of whom 588
were from the United Kingdom.

1967 To 1968 – Sonar Study

The chair of the Department of Electronic Engineering of the

University of Birminghan named D. Gordon Tucker,
volunteered his services as a sonar developer and who was an
expert at Loch Ness in 1968. His gesture, part of a larger effort
led by the LNPIB from 1967 to 1968, involved collaboration
between volunteers and professionals in a number of
different fields. Gordon has chosen Loch Ness as the test site
for a prototype sonar transducer (STD), that had a maximum
range of 800 meters or 2,600 feet range. The device was fixed
underwater at Temple Pier that was in Urquhart Bay and
directed at the opposite shore, drawing an acoustic net across
the loch through which no moving object could pass
undetected. During the 2 week trial that was done in August,
multiple targets were identified. One of them was probably a
shoal of fish, but others moved in a way that was not typical
of shoals at speeds up to 10 knots.
1972, 1975, 2001, 2008 – Robert Rines Studies

A group of scientists and researchers from the Academy of

Applied Science that was lead by Robert H. Rines in 1972, has
conducted a search for the Loch Ness Monsters involving
sonar examination of the loch depths for unusual activity. The
research team took precautions to avoid murky water that
contained floating wood and peat. A submersible camera that
had a floodlight was developed to record all the images below
the surface of the water. If Rines detected anything on the
sonar, he would turn the light on and took pictures.

Rines' Raytheon DE-725C sonar unit on August 8 th. That was

operating at a frequency of 200 kHz that was anchored at a
depth of 11 meters or 36 feet, identified a moving target or
multiple targets estimated by echo strength at 6 to 9 meters
or 20 to 30 feet in length. Specialists from Raytheon, Simrad
(now known as Kongsberg Maritime), Hydroacoustics, Marty
Klein of MIT and Klein Associates who is a side scan sonar
producer, and Ira Dyer of MIT's Department of Ocean
Engineering were on hand to examine all the data that was
collected.

P. Skitzki of Raytheon suggested that the data indicated at 3

meters or 10 feet protuberance projecting from one of the
echoes. According to Roy Mackal who is an author, the shape
was a highly flexible laterally flattened tail or the
misinterpreted return from two animals that was swimming
together.

Also in junction with the sonar readings, the floodlit camera

obtained a pair of underwater pictures. Both of these pictures
depicted what appears to be a rhomboid flipper, although
sceptics has dismissed the images as depicting the bottom of
the lake, air bubbles, a rock, or a fish fin. The apparent flipper
was photographed in many different positions, indicating
some movement. The first photograph that was taken of the
flipper was better known then the second, and both were
enhanced and retouched from the original negatives.

According to one of the team members, Charles Wyckoff,

these photographs were retouched to superimpose the
flipper; the original enhancement that was done showed a
considerable less distinct object. No one is sure on how the
originals were altered. During a meeting with Tony
Harmsworth and with Adrian Shine at the Loch Ness Centre
And Exibition, Rines have admitted that the flipper in the
photos may have been retouched by the magazine editor.

Peter Scott who is a British naturalist, announced in 1975, that

on the basis of the pictures, that the creature's science name
would be Nessiteras rhombopteryx which meant in Greek for
“Ness inhabitant with diamond shaped fin”.

Peter Scott intended that the name would enable for the
creature be able to be added to the British registry of
protected wildlife.

Micholas Fairbairn who was a Scottish politician called the

name and anagram for the monster a hoax by Sir Peter Scott.
However, Rines countered that when rearranged, the letters
could also spell, “Yes, both pix are monsters – R.”
Another attempt at sonar contact was done, but this time
there was two objects estimated to be about 9 meters or 30
feet. The strobe camera pictured two large objects
surrounded by a flurry of bubbles. Some have interpreted this
that the objects as twp plesiosaur like animals,

Two Plesiosaurs.

Suggesting that several large animals were living in Loch

Ness. Thid picture of the two plesiosaurs has rarely been
published.

A second search was done which was conducted by Rines in

1975. Some of the pictures, despite their obviously murky
quality and a lack of concurrent sonar readings, did indeed
seem to show the head, the neck, and the upper torso of a
plesiosaur like looking animal, but again sceptics argued that
the object was a log due to the lump that was on it, meaning
on the chest area, the mass of sediment in the full picture, and
the object's log like skin texture. Another of the picture
seemed to depict a horned gargoyal head, that was consistent
with that of some other sightings of the loch monster;
however, some spectics pointed out that a tree stump was
later filmed during Operation Deepscan back in 1987, which
very much bore a striking resemblance to that of the gargoyle
head that was in the picture.

Rines' Academy of Applied Science in 2001 videotaped a V-

shaped wake traversing still water on a calm day. The
academy also videotaped an object that was on the floor of
the loch, which resembles a carcass and found marine
clamshells and a fungus like organism that is not normally
found in freshwater lakes, a suggested connection to the sea
and a possibly the entry for the creature.

Rines theorised in 2008, that the creature may have become

extinct, citing the lack of significant sonar readings and the
decline in eyewitness accounts. Rines un dertook a final
expedition, using some sonar and an underwater camera in
another attempt to find a carcass. He believed that the
animals may have failed to adapt to temperature changes
resulting from global warming.

1987 – Operation Deepscan

In 1087 the Operation Deepscan was conducted. This

operation used twenty four small boats that were equiped
with echo sounding equipment that were deployed across the
width of the loch, and simultaniously sending acoustic sound
waves.
 Picture of the boats scanning the Loch.

According to the BBC News the researchers and scientists had

made sonar contact with an unidentified object of unusual
size and strength.

The researchers returned, re-scanning the area. Analysis of

the echosounder images seemed to indicate debris at the
bottom of the loch, although there was motion in three of
the pictures.

Sonar bouncing of the bottom

of the loch.

Adrian Shine speculated, that based on the size, that they

might be seals that had entered into the loch.
 A picture of one of the boats
that was taking part in the Operation.

Darrell Lowrance who is a sonar expert, founder of Lowrance

Electronics, has donated a number of echosounder units that
was used in the Deepscan Operation. After examining all the
sonar returns indicating a large, moving object at the depth of
180 meters or 590 feet near Urquhart Bay, Lowrance said,
“There's something here that we don't understand, and there
is something here that is much larger than a fish, maybe some
species that hasn't been detected before. I don't know.”
2003 – Searching For “The Loch Ness Monster”

The BBC sponcered a search in 2003, of the loch using 600

sonar beams and satellite tracking. There was no animal of
substantial size was found and despite their reported hopes,
the researchers that was involved admitted that this proved
the Loch Ness Monster was a myth. Searching for the Loch
Ness Monster was aired on BBC One channel.

2018 – DNA survey

An international team consisting of scientists and researchers

were sent from the University of Otago, Copenhagen, Hull and
the Highlands and Islands, did a DNA survey of the loch in
June 2018, the team was looking for unusual species. The
results of this search was published in 2019; No DNA of large
fish such as a shark, sturgeons, and catfish could be found by
the team.

There was no otter or any seal DNA were obtained either,

though there was a lot of eel DNA.

Prof. Neil Gemmell who was the leader of the study of the
University of Otago has said that he could not rule out the
possibility of eels of extreme size, even though none were
found, nor were any of the caught.

The other possibility is that the large amount of eel DNA

simply comes from many small ells. There was no evidence of
any reptilian sequences were found, he also added that, “so I
think we can be fairly sure that there is probably not a giant
scaly reptile swimming around in Loch Ness.”
CHAPTER

6
 EXPLANATIONS

Thought To Be “Nessie”.

There has been a number of different explanations that has

been suggested to account for the sightings of the creature.
According to Ronald Binns, who was a former member of the
LNPIB, said that there is probably no single explanation for the
monster. Binns has wrote two spectical books on the subject
of nessie one was in 1983, that was called, The Loch Ness
Mystery Solved, and his 2017 other book called the, The Loch
Ness Mystery Reloaded. In these books he contends that an
aspect of human psychology is the ability of the eye to see
what it wants, and expects, to see. They may be categorised
an misidentifications of known animals, misidentifications of
inanimate objects or effects, reinterpretations of Scottish
folklore, hoaxes, and exotic species of large animals.

A person who reviewed his two books wrote that Binns had,
“evolved into the author of ...... the definitive, skeptical book
on the subject”. He said that Binns does not call the sightings
a hoax, but “a myth in the true sense of the term”, and he also
states that the, “monster is a sociological ... phenomenon ... .
After in the 1983 search ... for the posibility that there just
might be continues to enthrall a small number for whom eye
witness evidence outweighs all other considerations.”

MISIDENTIFICATIONS OF KNOWN ANIMALS

Eels:
An eel a large one at that was an early suggestion for what the
“monster”, was. That is because eels are found in Loch Ness,
and an unusually large one would explain many of the
sightings.

Tim Dinsdale have dismissed the hypothesis because eels

undulate side to side like snakes. In the 1856 sightings of a sea
serpent or kelpie in a freshwater loch near Leurbost in the
Outer Hebrides were explained as those of an oversized eel,
that was also believed was common in, “Highland Lochs”.

From 2018 to 2019, researchers from New Zealand undertook

a large scale project to document every organism that was in
Loch Ness based on DNA samples. The researchers reports still
confired that European ells are still found in the Loch. But
there was no DNA samples were found for any large animal
such as catfish, Greenland sharks, or Plesiosaurs. Many
scientists and researchers now believe that giant eels account
for many, if not for most of the sightings that are reported.

Elephant:
In an article back in 1979, a California biologist whos name
was Dennis Power and a geographer named Donald Johnson
has claimed the the, “surgeon's picture” was the top of the
head, extended trunk and flared nostrils of a swimming
elephant that was photographed somewhere else and claimed
to be from Loch Ness.

In 2006, a palaeontologist and artist Neil Clark suggested that

travelling circuses might have allowed elephants to bath in
the loch; and that the trunk could be the perceived head and
neck, with the head and back the perceived humps. In support
of all this, Clark provided an example painting.

Greenland Sharks:

Jeremy Wade who was a zoologist, angler and a television

presenter investigated the creature in 2013 as a part of a new
tv series called, River Monsters, and he concluded that it is a
Greenland shark. The Greenland shark, can reach up to 20 feet
in length, inhabits the North Atlantic around Canada,
Greenland, Iceland, Norway, and possibly around Scotland.
This fish is dark in colour, and has a small dorsal fin. According
to a biologist named Bruce Wright, he said that the Greenland
shark could survive in fresh water, (possibly using rivers and
lochs to find their food source) and Loch Ness has an
abundance of salmon as well as other fish.

Wels Catfish:

Three news outlets in July of 2015 have reported that Steve

Feltham, after a virgil at the loch that was recognized by the
Guinness Book of Records, has theorised that the monster
(today known as Nessie) is an unusually large specimen of
Wels catfish, (Silurus glanis), that may have been released
during the late 19th. Century.

Other Area Animals:

It is very hard to judge the size of an object in the water

through a telescope or through a binoculars with no external
reference. Loch Ness has area resident like otters, and pictures
of them and deer that are also swimming in the Loch, that
were sighted by the author Ronald Binns may have been
misinterpreted. According to what Binns have said, birds may
be mistaken for a “head and neck” sighting.

MISIDENTIFICATION OF INANIMATE EFFECTS AND OBJECTS

Boat wakes:

Waves or wakes have also been reported when the loch is

calm, with no boat of any kind nearby. David Munro who is a
bartender reported a wake he believed was a creature
zigzagging, diving, and reappearing; there were reportedly 26
other witnesses from a nearby car park, that have seen this
event.

Although some sightings described a V-shaped wake much

similar to a boat's, other people's report stated that it was
something not conforming to the shape of a boat.
Trees:

The Daily Mirror in 1933, has published a photograph with the

caption: “This queerly-shaped tree-trunk, washed ashore at
Foyers (on Loch Ness) may, it is thought, tro be responsible for
the reported appearance of a “Monster”.
A series of articles were written in 1982 for New Scientist,
Maurice Burton has proposed that the sightings of Nessie the
monster and similar creatures may be fermenting Scots pine
logs rising to the surface of the lake. A decomposing log
COULD NOT INITIALLY RELEASES GASSES THAT IS CAUSED BY
DECAY because of its high resin levels. Gas pressure would
eventually rupture a resin seal at one end of the log,
propelling it through the water or sometimes to the surface.
According to Maurice Burton, the shape of tree logs with their
branch stumps, closely resembles description of the monster.

Seiches And Wakes:

The Loch (Loch Ness), because of its long, straight shape, is

subject to unusual ripples in the water affecting its surface. A
seiche is a large oscillation on a loch, that is caused by water
reversing to its natural level after being blown to one end of
the loch, which resulting in a standing wave, The Loch Ness
oscillation period is 31.5 minutes.

However, earthquakes in Scotland are too weak to cause any

observable seiches, but extremely large earthquake that is far
away could cause large waves on the loch. The seiche created
in Loch Ness which was caused by the catastrophic 1755
Lisbon earthquake was reportedly, “So violent as to threaten
destruction to some of the houses that were built on the
sides of the loch”, while the 1761 earthquakes aftershock
caused two foot or 60 cm waves in the loch. However, at this
event there were no sightings of the monster were reported in
1755.

Optical Effects:

Heavy wind conditions can give a choppy, matte appearance

to the water with a calm patches appearing dark from the
shore, reflecting the mountains and clouds. W. H. Lehn in
1979 showed that atmosphiric refraction could distort the
shape and size of objects and also animals, and later he
published a picture of a mirage that was of a rock on Lake
Winnipeg that resembled a head and neck.

Seismic Gas:

An Italian geologist named Luigi Piccardi has suggested

geological explanations for ancient legends and ancient
myths. Piccardi noted that in the earliest recorded sighting of
a creature, the Life of Saint Columba, the creature's
emergence was accompanied, cum ingenti fremitu with a loud
roaring. The Loch Ness is along the Great Glen Fault, and this
could be a description of an earthquake. Many reports
consists only of a large disturbance on the surface of the
water; this could be a release of gases through the fault,
although it may be mistaken for something that is swimming
below the surface of the water.
Folklore:

Author Bengt Sjogren who was a naturalist, in 1980 wrote that

present beliefs in lake monsters such as the Loch Ness
Monster are associated with kelpie legends. According to
Bengt, accounts of loch monsters have changed over the
years; originally describing horse like creatures, they were
intended to keep the children away from the lake. Sjogren
has written that the kelpie legends have developed into
descriptions reflecting a modern day awareness of
plesiosaurs.

A Plesiosaur.
The kelpie as a water horse in Loch Ness was mentioned back
in an 1879 Scottish newspaper, and has inspired Tim
Dinsdale's Project Water Horse. Which was a study of pre-
1933 Highland folklore that was references to kelpies, water
horses and water bulls indicated that Loch Ness was most
frequently cited.

Hoaxes:

A number of different hoaxes over the past couple of years

have been made, some of these hoaxes were successful.
Other hoaxes were revealed rather quickly by the
perpetrators or exposed after a diligent research is made. I
have listed a few of these examples below:

An Italian journalist Francesco Gasparini in 1933 submitted

what he said was the first news article that was written on the
Loch Ness Monster which is now known as, “Nessie”.
Francesco reported in 1959 seeing a “strange fish” and he
fabricated eyewitness accounts saying that: “I had the
inspiration to get hold of the item about a strange fish. The
idea of the monster has never dawned on me, but then I
noted that the strange fish would not yield a long article, and I
decided to promote the imaginary being to the rank of
monster without further ado.”

Big game hunter Marmaduke Wetherell in the 1930s, went to

Loch Ness to look for the monster. He claimed to have found
some footprints, but when casts of the footprints were sent to
researchers and other scientists for analysis they turned out
to be from a hippopotamus; a prankster had used a
hippopotamus foot umbrella stand to make the inprint.

A team of zoologists from Yorkshire's Flamingo Park Zoo in

1972, searched for Nessie, they discovered a large body
floating in the water. The corpse, 4.9 – 5.4 meters or 16 to 18
feet long and weighing as much as 1.5 tonnes, was described
by the Press Association as having, “a head of a bear and a
brown scaly body with clawlike fins.” This creature was placed
in a van to be carried away so that testing can be done, but
the police seized the cadaver under an act of the parliament
prohibiting the removal of, “undentified creatures” from Loch
Ness. It was later on revealed that Flamingo Park education
officer who's name was John Shields have shaved the
whiskers and otherwise disfigured a bull elephant seal that
had died a week earlier before and dumped it in Loch Ness to
fool his colleagues.

Gerald McSorely on July 2nd. 2003, discovered a fossil,

supposedly from the creature, when he tripped and fell into
the Loch. After a good examination, it was clear to everyone
that the fossil had been planted.

A Five TV documentary team in 2004, using cinematic special

effects experts, had tired to convince the public that there
was something in Loch Ness. They have constructed an
animatronic model of a plesiosaur,calling this model, “Lucy”.

Despite setbacks, including Lucy falling down to the bottom of

the Loch, about 600 sightings were reported where she was
placed.
Two students in 2005, has claimed to have found a large tooth
embedded in the body of a deer on the shore of Loch Ness.
They both published the find, setting up a website, but when
some experts analyzed the tooth it soon revealed that the,
“tooth”, was the antler of a muntjac. The tooth was a publicity
stunt to promote a horror novel by Steve Alten, called The
Loch.

EXOTIC LARGE ANIMAL SPECIES

Plesiosaur:

It was suggested in 1933 that the creature, “bears a striking

resemblance to the supposedly extinct plesiosaur,” which is a
long necked aquatic reptile that went extinct during the
Cretaceous Paleogene extinction event.

A popular explanation at the time, the following argument

here below have been made against it:
 “Nessie Of Loch Ness.”

In an October article in New Scientist, that was called “Why

the Loch Ness Monster is no plesiosaur”, Leslie Noe of the
Sedgwick Musium in Cambridge said: “The osteology of the
neck makes it absolutely certain that the plesiosaur could not
lift its head up swan like out of the water”.

Loch Ness is only about 10,000 years old, dating to the end
of the last ice age. Before then, the lake was frozen for about
20,000 years.

It is also suggested that if a creature similar to plesiosaur lived

in Loch Ness everyone would see it more frequently, since
they would have to surface several times a day to breathe.

In response to these criticisms, Roy Mackal and Tim Dinsdale

and Peter Scott theorized that a trapped marine creature that
evolved from a plesiosaur directly or by convergent evolution.

Robert Rines explained that the horns in some of these

sightings function as breathing tubes or nostrils, allowing the
creature to breathe without breaking the surface of the water.
Also new discoveries that were found shows that Plesiosaurs
had the ability to swim in fresh waters, but the cold
temperatures would make it hard for it to live in that
environment.

LONG NECKED GIANT AMPHIBIAN:

Previously R. T. Gould suggested a long necked newt;
RoyMackal has examined the possibility, giving it the highest
score 88% of his list of possible candidates to live in Loch Ness.

INVERTEBRATES:

F. W. Holiday back in 1968 proposed that Nessie and other

Loch monsters, such as Morag, may be a large invertebrate
such as a bristleworm; he cited the extinct Tullimonstrum as
an example of the shape.

According to Holiday, this explains the land sightings and the

variable black shape; he linked it to the medieval description
of dragons as worms. Although this theory was considered by
Mackal, he found it less convincing then eels, anphinians or
plesiosaurs.

BUT THE SEARCH CONTINUES.

CHAPTER

7
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