PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68, 036604 共2003兲

Linear dynamics of double-porosity dual-permeability materials. II. Fluid transport equations

Steven R. Pride*
Géosciences Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France

James G. Berryman†
University of California, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808 L-200, Livermore, California 94551-9900, USA
共Received 14 December 2002; published 9 September 2003兲
For the purpose of understanding the acoustic attenuation of double-porosity composites, the key macro-
scopic equations are those controlling the fluid transport. Two types of fluid transport are present in double-
porosity dual-permeability materials: 共1兲 a scalar transport that occurs entirely within each averaging volume
and that accounts for the rate at which fluid is exchanged between porous phase 1 and porous phase 2 when
there is a difference in the average fluid pressure between the two phases and 共2兲 a vector transport that
accounts for fluid flux across an averaging region when there are macroscopic fluid-pressure gradients present.
The scalar transport that occurs between the two phases can produce large amounts of wave-induced attenu-
ation. The scalar transport equation is derived using volume-averaging arguments and the frequency depen-
dence of the transport coefficient is obtained. The dual-permeability vector Darcy law that is obtained allows
for fluid flux across each phase individually and is shown to have a symmetric permeability matrix. The nature
of the cross coupling between the flow in each phase is also discussed.

DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.68.036604 PACS number共s兲: 43.20.⫹g, 81.05.Rm, 83.60.Uv, 83.60.Bc

I. INTRODUCTION
⫺i ␻␨ int⫽ ␥ 共 ␻ 兲共 p̄ f 1 ⫺ p̄ f 2 兲 , 共4兲
This is the second of two papers dedicated to obtaining
macroscopic governing equations for double-porosity dual-
permeability composite materials. In the first paper 共Paper I兲,
冋 2
⫺i ␻¯␶ D ⫽ 关 G⫺i ␻ F 兴 “v⫹ 共 “v兲 T ⫺ “•vI .
3 册 共5兲

the governing equations were derived. The frequency depen-
dence of the acoustic attenuation predicted from these equa-
tions depends strongly on the internal mesoscopic flow be-
tween the constituents. Thus, in this paper 共Paper II兲, the
fluid transport laws governing wave-induced fluid flow are
studied in greater detail. The Biot theory of porous-media
acoustics 关1,2兴 ignores all wave-induced flow at mesoscopic
scales. It is well known that Biot’s theory is not capable of
explaining the measured level of acoustic attenuation in po-
rous rocks 关3兴. The theory developed in the present two pa-
pers provides one approach for doing so.
In Paper I 关4兴, it was established in particular that the
macroscopic governing equations controlling the linear re-
sponse of isotropic double-porosity composites, when an
e ⫺i ␻ t time dependence is assumed, take the form
“•¯␶ D ⫺“ p̄ c ⫽⫺i ␻ 共 ␳ v⫹ ␳ f q1 ⫹ ␳ f q2 兲 ⫺ ␳ g,
See Paper I for the definition of the various fields. What
needs to be established further in the present paper is the
detailed nature of transport coefficients in Eqs. 共2兲 and 共4兲.
As demonstrated in Paper I, only two aspects of the mac-
roscopic fluid pressure response are driving fluid transport in
this theory: 共1兲 the difference between the average fluid pres-
sures in each phase p̄ f 1 ⫺ p̄ f 2 is responsible for the scalar
transport ␨˙ int internal to ⍀; and 共2兲 the average drop in fluid
pressure from one side of a constituent averaging region to
the other ⵜp̄ f 1 and ⵜp̄ f 2 is responsible for the vector trans-
port qi across ⍀ i . For the isotropic composites being treated
here, there is no coupling between the tensorial orders of the
flow 关5兴. Due to the linearity of the physics, we choose to
resolve the fluid transport into a scalar part defined with
p̄ f i ⫽0 and “p̄ f i ⫽0, for i⫽1,2, that defines the internal
transfer between the constituents, and into a vector part in
共1兲 which p̄ f i ⫽0 and “p̄ f i ⫽0 that defines the macroscopic
共Darcy兲 flow within each constituent. The sum of these two

冋册 冋
q1
q2
⫽⫺ 册冋
1 ␬ 11 ␬ 12 “p̄ f 1 ⫺ ␳ f 共 i ␻ v⫹g兲
␩ ␬ 12 ␬ 22 “p̄ f 2 ⫺ ␳ f 共 i ␻ v⫹g兲 册 , 共2兲
contributions gives the total fluid transport within 共and
across兲 each averaging volume ⍀.
Section II presents the analysis of the internal fluid trans-

冋 册冋 册冋 册 冋 册
port in the composite double-porosity medium. Section III
“•v a 11 a 12 a 13 p̄ c 0 presents the macroscopic flow laws. Our conclusions are
1 summarized in the final section. A technical appendix de-
“•q1 ⫽ a 12 a 22 a 23 p̄ f 1 ⫹ ␨ int , 共3兲 scribes a specific model calculation used to motivate some of
i␻
“•q2 a 13 a 23 a 33 p̄ f 2 ⫺ ␨ int the conclusions in Sec. III.

II. INTERNAL FLUID TRANSFER

*Email address: spride@univ-rennes1.fr In what follows, the internal fluid transfer ␨˙ int is shown to
†
Email address: berryman1@llnl.gov obey a transport law of the form

1063-651X/2003/68共3兲/036604共10兲/$20.00 68 036604-1 ©2003 The American Physical Society

S. R. PRIDE AND J. G. BERRYMAN PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68, 036604 共2003兲

␨˙ int⫽ 冕0
⬁
dt ⬘ ⌫ 共 t ⬘ 兲关 p̄ f 1 共 t⫺t ⬘ 兲 ⫺p̄ f 2 共 t⫺t ⬘ 兲兴 , 共6兲
p ci acting as the source term in Eq. 共9兲 need not be uniform
throughout their respective regions. To determine the p ci ,
the following equations are therefore required:
as has already been anticipated from the statement of the
“• ␶ D
i ⫽“p ci , 共12兲
energy-dissipation rate given in Eq. 共42兲 of Paper I. The
relaxation function ⌫(t) can be expressed as
␶ Di ⫽G i 关 “ui ⫹“uTi ⫺ 32 “•ui I兴 , 共13兲

⌫共 t 兲⫽
1
2␲
冕 ⫺⬁
⬁
d ␻ ␥ 共 ␻ 兲 e ⫺i ␻ t , 共7兲 p ci ⫽⫺K i “•ui ⫹ ␣ i p f i , 共14兲

subject to the boundary conditions

so that in the frequency domain this transport law takes the
form 关Eq. 共71兲 of Paper I兴 n• 共 ␶ D
i ⫺ p ci I 兲 ⫽⫺n⌬ P on ⳵ ⍀ i , 共15兲

⫺i ␻␨ int共 ␻ 兲 ⫽ ␥ 共 ␻ 兲关 p̄ f 1 共 ␻ 兲 ⫺p̄ f 2 共 ␻ 兲兴 , 共8兲 关 ui 兴 ⫽0

i.e., such internal transport occurs to the extent that the av- and
erage fluid pressures in each phase are different.
We determine the transport coefficient ␥ ( ␻ ) by treating 关 n• 共 ␶ D
i ⫺ p ci I 兲兴 ⫽0 on ⳵ ⍀ 12 . 共16兲
the particular situation in which a sealed sample of the com-
posite is immersed in a reservoir whose pressure may be This set of differential equations 关Eqs. 共9兲–共16兲兴 is what con-
controlled. Such an isolated sealed sample will have no net trols the local internal fluid transfer.
macroscopic fluid flux across either phase (qi ⫽0), which is
equivalent to the desired macroscopic conditions of “ p̄ f i A. Low-frequency limit
⫽0. The approach taken to determine ␥ ( ␻ ) is essentially In the limit as ␻ →0, the above fields may be developed
that of Johnson et al. 关6兴. The idea is to determine the nature as perturbation expansions in ⫺i ␻ ,
of ␨˙ int in the limit of both low and high frequencies and then
f i ⫺i ␻ p f i ⫹O 共 ␻ 兲 ,
p f i ⫽ p (0) 共17兲
(1) 2
to connect the frequency dependence in these two limits by a
simple postulated function of frequency satisfying causality
ci ⫺i ␻ p ci ⫹O 共 ␻ 兲 ,
p ci ⫽ p (0) 共18兲
(1) 2
constraints. Johnson 关7兴 has also recently applied very simi-
lar ideas to the problem of patchy saturation in porous media.
Assuming that a sealed sample ⍀ of the double-porosity and equivalently for ui and ␶ D i . Note, however, that the total
composite is immersed in a fluid reservoir whose pressure confining pressure p̄ c ⫽ v 1 p̄ c1 ⫹ v 2 p̄ c2 ⫽⌬ P is independent
varies in time as ⌬ Pe ⫺i ␻ t , the local fluid pressures p f i in of frequency.
each phase i⫽1,2 are determined from the following diffu- The zero-order fluid pressure response is governed by
sion problem 关obtained from Eqs. 共1兲–共4兲 of Paper I with
definitions of the various local fields as given there兴: ⵜ 2 p (0)
f i ⫽0, 共19兲

ki ␣i ␣i f i ⫽0 on ⳵ ⍀ i ,
n•“p (0) 共20兲
ⵜ 2 p f i ⫹i ␻ p f i ⫽i ␻ p ci , 共9兲
␩ K iB i Ki
f i 兴 ⫽0
关 k i n•“p (0)
subject to the sealed-sample boundary condition
and
n•“p f i ⫽0 on ⳵ ⍀ i , 共10兲
关 p f i 兴 ⫽0 on ⳵ ⍀ 12 . 共21兲
and to the continuity conditions
This boundary-value problem has the unique solution p (0) f1
关 p f i 兴 ⫽0 ⫽ p (0)
f 2 ⫽B o ⌬ P 共a uniform constant兲.
To determine B o 共the zero-frequency or ‘‘single porosity’’
and Skempton’s coefficient 关8兴 of the composite兲, the second and
third lines of Eq. 共3兲 are added under sealed conditions
关 k i n•“p f i 兴 ⫽0 on ⳵ ⍀ 12 . 共11兲
(“•qi ⫽0) to obtain
The square brackets in the continuity conditions mean to
evaluate the jump in the stated quantity across the interface. 0⫽ 共 a 12⫹a 13兲 p̄ c ⫹ 共 a 22⫹a 23兲 p̄ f 1 ⫹ 共 a 23⫹a 33兲 p̄ f 2 ,
As in Paper I, the sample volume is being partitioned into 共22兲
phase 1 and phase 2 portions ⍀⫽⍀ 1 ⫹⍀ 2 as is the external
surface of the sample ⳵ ⍀⫽ ⳵ ⍀ 1 ⫹ ⳵ ⍀ 2 . The internal surface where a i j are given by Eqs. 共64兲–共69兲 of Paper I. If the
separating the two phases are again denoted by ⳵ ⍀ 12 . perturbation expansions for the fluid pressures are introduced
In general, when the two phases have arbitrary geometry and if terms are grouped by common factors of ⫺i ␻ , one
and elastic properties, the local confining pressure changes obtains

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LINEAR DYNAMICS OF DOUBLE- . . . . II. . . . PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68, 036604 共2003兲

p̄ (0) a 12⫹a 13 This integral is obtained by integrating Eq. 共25兲 over all of
fi
⬅B o ⫽⫺ , 共23兲 ⍀ 1 and applying the divergence theorem
⌬P a 22⫹2a 23⫹a 33

p̄ (1)
f2
⫽⫺
a 22⫹a 23
. 共24兲
k1 1
␩ V 冕 ⳵ ⍀ 12
n•“p (1)
f 1 dS⫽
␣1
K1
v 1 p̄ c1冉
(0)
Bo
⫺ ⌬P .
B1 冊 共33兲
33⫹a 23
(1) a
p̄ f 1
If Eq. 共55兲 of Paper I is used for p̄ c1
(0)
along with the facts that
However, Eq. 共24兲 will not be needed in what follows.
The leading-order correction to uniform fluid pressure is p̄ c ⫽⌬ P and p̄ f 1 ⫽ p̄ f 2 ⫽B o ⌬ P, the exact low-frequency
(0) (0)

thus governed by the Poisson problem limit is obtained as

ki
␩
ⵜ 2 p (1)
fi ⫽ 冋
␣ i (0) B o
p ⫺ ⌬P ,
K i ci Bi 册 共25兲
⫺i ␻␨ int⫽⫺i ␻ 关 a 12⫹B o 共 a 22⫹a 23兲兴 ⌬ P⫹O 共 ␻ 2 兲 . 共34兲

It has been verified algebraically that this result is unchanged

subject to the previously stated no-flow condition on ⳵ ⍀ i and
continuity conditions on ⳵ ⍀ 12 . The zero-order confining
pressure that acts as the source term is given by
ci ⫽⫺K i “•ui ⫹ ␣ i B o ⌬ P.
p (0)
(0)
if throughout Eq. 共33兲, the index 1 is replaced by 2 and n is
replaced by ⫺n.
The next step needed in order to define the transport co-
efficient ␥ ( ␻ ) requires us to replace ⫺i ␻ ⌬ P by p̄ f 1 ⫺p̄ f 2 .
共26兲 An average of Eq. 共17兲 gives

The displacement fields u(0)

i are now scaled as p̄ f 1 ⫺ p̄ f 2 ⫽⫺i ␻ 共 p̄ (1)
f 1 ⫺ p̄ f 2 兲 ⫹O 共 ␻ 兲 .
(1) 2
共35兲
1⫺ ␣ i B o Because Eqs. 共25兲–共31兲 governing the response p (1)
i 共 r 兲 ⫽⫺
u(0) ⌬ Psi 共 r兲 , 共27兲 f i are lin-
Ki ear in ⌬ P, we can define a ⌬ P independent material prop-
erty ⌼ as
where si are applied-pressure-independent displacement
fields satisfying the well-posed problem
f 1 ⫺ p̄ f 2
p̄ (1) (1)

冉 冊
⌼⫽ . 共36兲
␮i ⌬P
␮ i ⵜ si ⫹ 1⫹
2
““•si ⫽0 in ⍀ i , 共28兲
3
Thus, in the transport law ⫺i ␻␨ int⫽ ␥ o 关 p̄ f 1 ⫺ p̄ f 2 兴 ⫹O( ␻ 2 ),
subject to the boundary conditions on ⳵ ⍀ i we can identify the low-frequency transport coefficient ␥ o

冉 冊
⫽lim␻ →0 ␥ ( ␻ ) as
2
␮ i n• “si ⫹“sTi ⫺ “•sI ⫹ 共 1⫺ ␣ i B o 兲 “•si n
3 ␥ o ⫽ 关 a 12⫹B o 共 a 22⫹a 23兲兴 /⌼. 共37兲
⫽ 共 1⫺ ␣ i B o 兲 n, 共29兲
However, for the theory to be useful, the material property
and to the two continuity conditions across ⳵ ⍀ 12 dependencies of ⌼ need to be specified. To do so analytically

冋 冉 冊 册
requires approximations to be invoked.
2 In practice, phase 2 is envisioned to be either small pock-
␮ i n• “si ⫹“sTi ⫺ “•sI ⫹ 共 1⫺ ␣ i B o 兲 “•si n⫹ ␣ i B o n ets embedded within a larger body of phase 1 material or to
3
be in the form of thin through-going joints. In the idealiza-
⫽0, 共30兲 tion that either the pockets can be modeled as ellipsoids or
that the joints are planar 共and have intersection volumes that
冋 1⫺ ␣ i B o
Ki
si ⫽0.册 共31兲
can be considered negligible兲, Eqs. 共28兲–共31兲 are solved ex-
actly by the deformation tensor “si ⫽I/3, with “•si ⫽1,
which corresponds to uniform confining pressure throughout
A dimensionless shear modulus ␮ i ⬅(1⫺ ␣ i B o )G i /K i has both phases. Using this approximation, the equations govern-
been introduced. Such scaling of the displacements results in ing p (1)
f i can be written as
兩 “•si 兩 ⬇O(1), as is seen in Eqs. 共28兲 and 共29兲.
Having established these results, we can now address the
low-frequency behavior of ␨˙ int . As ␻ →0, the definition of
k1
␩
ⵜ 2 p (1) 冉
f 1 ⫽ 1⫺
Bo ␣1
B1 K1冊⌬ P in ⍀ 1 , 共38兲
␨˙ int 关Eq. 共27兲 of Paper I兴 along with the fact that “p (0) f i ⫽0,
so that to leading order in ⫺i ␻ we have n•q12

integral
f 1 / ␩ ⫽i ␻ k 2 n•“p f 2 / ␩ on ⳵ ⍀ 12 , defines the
⫽i ␻ k 1 n•“p (1) (1)
k1
␩
ⵜ 2 p (1)
f2 ⫽
k1
k2
1⫺冉Bo ␣2
B2 K2 冊
⌬ P in ⍀ 2 , 共39兲

冕
with the boundary conditions
i␻ k1
⫺i ␻␨ int⫽ f 1 dS⫹O 共 ␻ 兲 .
n•“ p (1) 2
共32兲
V ␩ ⳵ ⍀ 12 f i ⫽0 on ⳵ ⍀ i ,
n•“p (1) 共40兲

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S. R. PRIDE AND J. G. BERRYMAN PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68, 036604 共2003兲

k1 phase 1 lies within a⬍r⬍R), we can determine ⌽ 1 by in-

f2 ⫽
n•“p (1) f 1 on ⳵ ⍀ 12 ,
n•“ p (1) 共41兲 tegrating the Laplace equation Green function over phase 1.
k2
The Green function ␺ satisfying ⵜ 2 ␺ ⫽⫺ ␦ (r⫺ro ) and the
boundary conditions of ⳵ ␺ / ⳵ r⫽0 on r⫽R and ␺ ⫽0 on r
f 1 ⫽p f 2 on ⳵ ⍀ 12 ,
p (1) 共42兲
(1)
⫽a can be built up exactly from the infinite-space Green
where the right-hand sides of Eqs. 共38兲 and 共39兲 are now function ␺ ⬁ ⫽(4 ␲ 兩 r⫺ro 兩 ) ⫺1 using a standard cascade of im-
spatially uniform constants. ages of the source point ro . Upon further averaging of the
To simplify further, we now use the fact that the perme- resulting ⌽ 1 throughout phase 1, we obtain to leading order
ability ratio k 1 /k 2 can be considered a small number in al- in a/R 共only the first two images of the infinite sequence are
most any application where a dual-permeability model is retained to this order兲,
likely to be necessary. In the k 1 /k 2 →0 limit, the phase 2
response p (1) (1)
f 2 (r)⫽p̄ f 2 becomes a spatial constant. The phase
1 response can then be written as
L 21 ⫽
9 2
14 冋
R 1⫺
7 a
6 R
⫹O 共 a 3 /R 3 兲 . 册 共50兲

f 1 共 r 兲 ⫽p̄ f 2 ⫺
p (1) (1)
␩
k1 冉 1⫺
Bo ␣1
B1 K1 冊
⌬ P⌽ 1 共 r兲 , 共43兲
This estimate of L 1 will be used in the numerical results of
the final section. Note that all reference to R may be elimi-
nated using the phase 2 volume fraction v 2 ⫽(a/R) 3 or R
where the potential ⌽ 1 (r) has units of length squared and ⫽a v ⫺1/3
2 . In this case,
satisfies the purely geometric problem
L 21 ⫽ 149 a 2 v ⫺2/3
2 2 ⫹O 共 v 2 兲兴 .
关 1⫺ 67 v 1/3 共51兲
ⵜ 2 ⌽ 1 ⫽⫺1 in ⍀ 1 , 共44兲

n•“⌽ 1 ⫽0 on ⳵ ⍀ 1 , 共45兲 B. High-frequency limit

⌽ 1 ⫽0 on ⳵ ⍀ 12 .
In analogy to Johnson’s treatment 关7兴 of patchy saturation,
since ⌽ 1 has units of length squared, a length L 1 is intro-
duced by defining
If the applied confining pressure is changing at suffi-
共46兲 ciently high frequencies, the fluid pressure from the constitu-
ent with the higher average fluid pressure has time to invade
only a small distance into the lower-pressure phase. In the
limit ␻ →⬁, the fluid-pressure penetration can always be
modeled as a locally one-dimensional process in the vicinity

冕 冕
1 1 of ⳵ ⍀ 12 .
L 21 ⬅ ⌽ 1 dV⫽ “⌽ 1 •“⌽ 1 dV. 共47兲 To study this limit, we employ a set of curvilinear coor-
V1 ⍀1 V1 ⍀1 dinates (x,y,z) having metrical coefficients h x ,h y ,h z in
which the surface x⫽0 defines the interface ⳵ ⍀ 12 and where
Multiplying both sides of Eq. 共44兲 with ⌽ 1 and then integrat-
x⬎0 corresponds locally to phase 1. We assume that as 兩 x 兩
ing easily demonstrates the equality of the integrals in Eq.
→0 from either side, the metrical coefficients become inde-
共47兲. The length L 1 defines the average distance over which
pendent of x; i.e., sufficiently close to x⫽0, the curvilinear
the fluid-pressure gradient still exists in phase 1 in the final
coordinates become a set of ‘‘normal coordinates’’ in which
stages of equilibration. With these results, ⌼ can be written
x/h x is a simple coordinate of linear distance even though y
as
and z remain curvilinear. As ␻ →⬁, the solution of Eq. 共9兲

⌼⫽⫺
k1
␩
冉 1⫺ 冊
Bo ␣1 2
L
B1 K1 1
共48兲
takes the form 共cf. Ref. 关7兴兲

p f 1 共 x,y,z 兲 ⫽ p out
f 1 共 x,y,z 兲 ⫹C 1 共 y,z 兲 e
i 冑i ␻ /D 1 x/h x
, 共52兲
to leading order in k 1 /k 2 . ⫺i 冑i ␻ /D 2 x/h x
The same geometric approximation “•si ⫽1 that yielded p f 2 共 x,y,z 兲 ⫽ p out
f 2 共 x,y,z 兲 ⫹C 2 共 y,z 兲 e , 共53兲
Eq. 共48兲 for ⌼, also requires the composite’s drained bulk
modulus to be the harmonic mean 1/K⫽ v 1 /K 1 ⫹ v 2 /K 2 in where the diffusivities D i are defined as
which case Q 1 ⫽Q 2 ⫽1. Because of this, the numerator in
␥ o ⫽ 关 a 12⫹B o (a 22⫹a 23) 兴 /⌼ can be further reduced allowing k i B iK i
D i⫽ for i⫽1,2, 共54兲
␥ o to be expressed in the final form ␩ ␣i

v 1k 1 and where the outer fluid-pressure fields that hold every-

␥ o⫽ . 共49兲 where except in a vanishingly small neighborhood 冑D i / ␻ of
␩ L 21
the interface ⳵ ⍀ 12 are defined as the undrained response
f i ⫽B i p ci . The constants C 1 and C 2 will be determined
p out out
The dependence on the mesoscopic geometry of the two
phases enters through L 1 . presently from the continuity conditions on x⫽0.
Upon introducing p outf i ⫽B i p ci and the scaled displace-
out
In the special case in which phase 2 is a small sphere of
radius r⫽a surrounded by a spherical shell of phase 1, so ments ui (r)⫽⫺(1⫺ ␣ i B i )⌬ Ps⬁i (r)/K i into Eq. 共14兲, the
⬁

that the composite sphere has a total radius of r⫽R 共i.e., outer confining pressures may be written as

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LINEAR DYNAMICS OF DOUBLE- . . . . II. . . . PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68, 036604 共2003兲

⬁
ci ⫽⌬ P“•si ,
p out 共55兲 volumes 共but for large volumes it is expected that the two
⬁
f i ⫽B i ⌬ P“•si to de-
values will converge兲. Thus, we use p out
⬁
f i ⫽B i ⌬ P“•si .
p out 共56兲 fine the dimensionless material property

The applied-force-independent displacements s⬁i satisfy 具 p out

f 1 典 s⫺ 具 p f 2 典 s
out
␪⫽ 共66兲

冉 冊 f 1 ⫺ p̄ f 2
p̄ out out
␮ ⬁i
␮ ⬁i ⵜ 2 s⬁i ⫹ 1⫹ ““•s⬁i ⫽0, 共57兲
3
S ⫺1 兰 ⳵ ⍀ 12共 B 1 “•s⬁1 ⫺B 2 “•s⬁2 兲 dS
subject to the boundary condition on ⳵ ⍀ i ⫽ . 共67兲
V ⫺1 ⬁ ⫺1 ⬁
1 兰 ⍀ 1 B 1 “•s1 dV⫺V 2 兰 ⍀ 2 B 2 “•s2 dV
␮ ⬁i n• 共 “s⬁i ⫹“s⬁T ⬁ ⬁
i ⫺ 3 “•si I 兲 ⫹“•si n⫽n,
2
共58兲
With this definition, we again obtain the transport law
and to the continuity conditions on ⳵ ⍀ 12 ⫺i ␻␨ int⫽ ␥ ( ␻ ) 关 p̄ f 1 ⫺ p̄ f 2 兴 of interest but now with an
asymptotic frequency dependence given by
关 ␮ ⬁i n• 共 “s⬁i ⫹“s⬁T ⬁ ⬁
i ⫺ 3 “•si I 兲 ⫹“•si n兴 ⫽0,
2
共59兲
i 3/2冑␻ 共 k 1 / 冑D 1 兲共 k 2 / 冑D 2 兲 S
冋 册
␮ ⬁i ⬁
Gi i
s ⫽0. 共60兲
␥共 ␻ 兲⬃
␩ k 1 / 冑D 1 ⫹k 2 / 冑D 2 V
␪ 共68兲

as ␻ →⬁. Thus, the fluid volume ␨ int exchanged between the

The parameter ␮ ⬁i ⬅(1⫺ ␣ i B i )G i /K i is the dimensionless
two phases tends to zero as 1/冑␻ in the limit as ␻ →⬁.
shear coefficient appropriate at high frequencies. As at low-
For those special cases considered earlier in which the
frequencies, even though each porous constituent is uniform
strains “•s⬁i are uniform throughout the composite 共e.g.,
throughout the averaging volume, the local frame dilatations
when G 1 ⫽G 2 or for certain conformally layered composites
“•s⬁i need not be uniform in general.
including rectangular networks of thin joints兲 we find that
To determine the coefficients C 1 (y,z) and C 2 (y,z), we
␪ ⫽1, and that ␪ also approaches unity in general when the
employ the fluid-flow continuity conditions of Eq. 共21兲 on
volume becomes very large.
⳵ ⍀ 12

冋 k ih x
⳵ p out
⳵x
fi
⫹i 3/2冑␻
ki
C ⫽0,
冑D i i 册 共61兲
C. Full model for ␥ „ ␻ …
To connect the low- and high-frequency behavior of
␥ ( ␻ ), we use the simple function
f i ⫹C i 兴 ⫽0.
冑
关 p out 共62兲
␻
␥共 ␻ 兲⫽␥o 1⫺i , 共69兲
In the limit ␻ →⬁, the terms proportional to ⳵ p out
fi /⳵x are ␻c
negligible so that
where the relaxation frequency ␻ c is defined as
k 2 / 冑D 2
C 1 ⫽⫺
k 1 / 冑D 1 ⫹k 2 / 冑D 2
f 1 ⫺p f 2 兴 ,
关 p out out
共63兲
␻ c⫽ ␩ 冋 冉冑 k1
⫹ 冊 册
D 1 冑D 2 V ␥ o
k2 S ␪
2
共70兲

冉 冊冉 冑 冊
k 1 / 冑D 1
C 2⫽ f 1 ⫺p f 2 兴 ,
关 p out out
共64兲 ␩ B 1K 1 V ␥ o 2
k 1B 2K 2␣ 1 2

k 1 / 冑D 1 ⫹k 2 / 冑D 2 ⫽
k 1␣ 1 S ␪
1⫹
k 2B 1K 1␣ 2
. 共71兲

where the outer pressure fields are being evaluated along x Equations 共69兲 and 共71兲, along with Eq. 共49兲 for ␥ o , are the
⫽0. Using the definition of ␨˙ int 关Eq. 共27兲 of Paper I兴 then results of interest here. As required for a causal response, any
gives that as ␻ →⬁, zeros or singularities of either ␥ ( ␻ ) or 1/␥ ( ␻ ) must lie in
the lower half of the complex-␻ plane when there is an as-
i 3/2冑␻ 共 k 1 / 冑D 1 兲共 k 2 / 冑D 2 兲 sumed e ⫺i ␻ t time dependence; i.e., both ␥ ( ␻ ) and 1/␥ ( ␻ )
⫺i ␻␨ int⬃
␩ k 1 / 冑D 1 ⫹k 2 / 冑D 2 must be analytic everywhere in the upper-half ␻ plane in-
cluding the entire real ␻ axis. The above model for ␥ ( ␻ )
S satisfies these important constraints since the only singularity
⫻ 关 具 p out
f 1 典 s⫺ 具 p f 2 典 s兴 ,
out
共65兲
V is a branch point at ␻ ⫽⫺i ␻ c . Finally, since the inverse
transform of ␥ ( ␻ ) must be the real function ⌫(t), we must
where 具 典 s denotes an average over the interface region have ␥ ( ␻ ) * ⫽ ␥ (⫺ ␻ * ), which is also seen to be satisfied by
⳵ ⍀ 12 , and where S is the total area of ⳵ ⍀ 12 contained within formula 共69兲.
the averaging region of volume V. In practice, the square-root term in Eq. 共71兲 can be ne-
There is no reason, in general, why the surface average glected relative to unity in any situation where a double-
具 p out
f i 典 s must be equal to the volume average p̄ f i for small
out
porosity theory is likely to be necessary 共both k 1 /k 2 and

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S. R. PRIDE AND J. G. BERRYMAN PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68, 036604 共2003兲

K 2 /K 1 are small兲. We will normally assume that ␪ ⬇1 as
well, with ␥ o given by Eq. 共49兲.
III. MACROSCOPIC FLOW LAWS
A. Problem statement
We imagine an averaging volume in the form of a circular
disk with sealed boundary conditions on the outer circumfer-
ential face and fluid-pressure boundary conditions applied to
the two flat faces. The axis of this disk is defined as the
z direction so that the two flat faces reside at z⫽⫺H
and z⫽H.
We consider two applied forcing states, the sum of which
gives the total flux. In the first state, denoted with a super-
script a, a pressure drop is applied across phase 1, while
maintaining no pressure drop across phase 2:
pressure gradients are created by compression of the frame-
work of grains on time scales dictated by the compressional-
wave speed. So long as the wavelengths of the compres-
sional wave remain large relative to H, the identification of
Eq. 共74兲 remains valid 共i.e., the macroscopic fluid pressure
gradients are created essentially instantaneously relative to
the time 1/␻ ). Other than for the overall pressure drop ⌬ P i
across each phase associated with the wavelength-scale
variations of the fluid pressure, our modeling of ␨˙ int has al-
ready accounted for all aspects of the heterogeneous fluid
pressure response in the composite. Thus, the local Darcy
flow induced by the wave may properly be taken to be sole-
noidal (“•Qi ⫽0) in the present section.
However, if laboratory measurements are performed by
applying time harmonic pressures to fluid reservoirs that
connect to the faces z⫽⫾H, then to use the present descrip-

再 再
tion for interpreting the measurements, the time (2H) 2 /D i
⌬ P1 , z⫽H 0, z⫽H required to establish the macroscopic pressure gradient
p af 1 共 r兲 ⫽ p af 2 共 r兲 ⫽
⫺⌬ P 1 , z⫽⫺H, 0, z⫽⫺H. 关where D i is the fluid-pressure diffusivity defined in Eq.
共72兲 共54兲兴 must be much smaller than 2 ␲ / ␻ . If 2H is taken to be
the smallest length that contains within it the pertinent me-
In the second state, denoted with a superscript b, the pressure soscopic variation of the two constituents, then the maximum
drop is applied to phase 2: applied frequency f that can be treated is f max⫽Di /(8␲H2).

再 再
The governing equations that complement the above
0, z⫽H ⌬ P2 , z⫽H boundary conditions on the external surface are thus
p bf 1 共 r兲 ⫽ p bf 2 共 r兲 ⫽
0, z⫽⫺H, ⫺⌬ P 2 , z⫽⫺H.
共73兲 f i ⫽0 in ⍀ i ,
ⵜ 2 p a,b 共76兲

f 1 ⫽ p f 2 on ⳵ ⍀ 12 ,
p a,b 共77兲
a,b
In writing these conditions, we have taken p̄ a,b f 1,2⫽0. As is
fairly straightforward to demonstrate 共e.g., Ref. 关9兴兲, the
f 2 ⫽ ⑀ n•“p f 1 on ⳵ ⍀ 12 ,
n•“p a,b 共78兲
a,b
boundary conditions of Eqs. 共72兲 and 共73兲 are equivalent to
the presence of uniform force densities in each phase of the
where ⑀ ( ␻ )⬅k 1 ( ␻ )/k 2 ( ␻ ) is the ratio of the intrinsic per-
form (⌬ P 1,2 /H)ẑ. The frame of reference for the relative
meabilities. The frequency dependence in the intrinsic per-
flow is the framework of grains that, in the presence of
meabilities is again that due to the development of viscous
waves, is accelerating as v̇. Thus, in identifying the pressure boundary layers in the pores 共a proper model having been
drops ⌬ P i , the uniform inertial force ␳ f (v̇⫺g) must be in- given previously by Johnson et al. 关6兴兲. The elliptic problem
cluded to give presented by Eqs. 共76兲–共78兲 exhibits no frequency relaxation
other than whatever is contained within ⑀ ( ␻ ).
⌬ Pi Our averaging disk has a total volume of V⫽2AH. The
⫽ẑ• 关 “p̄ f i ⫹ ␳ f 共 v̇⫺g兲兴 . 共74兲
H definition of the macroscopic flux qa,b i 关Eq. 共22兲 of Paper I兴
that corresponds to the above problem is then
As per the treatment of Pride and Flekkoy 关9兴, the identifi-
cation in Eq. 共74兲 is independent of both the average fluid
pressure in each phase p̄ f i and the presence of volume-
fraction gradients “ v i . The only requirement is that the vol-
2 ⫽⫺
qa,b
k 2 ẑ
␩ 2A 冋冕 z⫽⫹H
ẑ•“p a,b
f 2 dS⫹ 冕 z⫽⫺H
ẑ•“p a,b 册
f 2 dS ,

ume fractions v i be well approximated by the area fractions 共79兲

冋冕 册
determined on the two flat faces

v i⫽
A i 共 z⫽⫹H 兲 ⫹A i 共 z⫽⫺H 兲
, 共75兲
1 ⫽⫺
qa,b
k 2 ⑀ ẑ
␩ 2A z⫽⫹H
ẑ•“p a,b
f 1 dS⫹ 冕 z⫽⫺H
ẑ•“p a,b
f 1 dS .

2A
共80兲
where A is the area of one of the two flat faces and where
From the linearity of the physics as well as the assumed
A i (z⫽⫾H) is the area of each flat face that is occupied by
isotropy of the double-porosity composite, we can immedi-
phase i. See Pride and Flekkoy 关9兴 for a discussion of the
ately write the macroscopic Darcy law as
conditions required for Eq. 共75兲 to be a good approximation.
Further comment is in order when the applied pressure
drops are changing in time as e ⫺i ␻ t . For the problem of
linear wave propagation through the composite, the fluid
冋册冋 册
q1
q2
⫽
qa1 ⫹qb1
qa2 ⫹qb2
共81兲

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LINEAR DYNAMICS OF DOUBLE- . . . . II. . . . PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68, 036604 共2003兲

⫽
␩ 冋
⫺1 ␬ 11
␬ 21 ␬ 22
␬ 12
册冋 “p̄ f 1 ⫹ ␳ f 共 v̇⫺g兲
“p̄ f 2 ⫹ ␳ f 共 v̇⫺g兲
册 . 共82兲
here entirely contained in ⑀ ( ␻ ), as defined after Eq. 共78兲兴, it
is assumed that in practice, ⑀ is a small number. The need to
use a double-porosity theory is apparent precisely when ⑀ is
a small number.
In terms of our above statement of the boundary-value prob- We are now able to develop the fluid pressures as
lem, the four permeability coefficients are defined by
p af i ⫽ 关 ␸ ai ⫹ ⑀ ␲ ai ⫹O 共 ⑀ 2 兲兴 ⌬ P 1 /H, 共89兲
␬ 11 兩 ẑ•qa1 兩 ␬ 12 兩 ẑ•qb1 兩
⫽ , ⫽ ,
␩ ⌬ P 1 /H ␩ ⌬ P 2 /H p bf i ⫽ 关 ␸ bi ⫹ ⑀ ␲ bi ⫹O 共 ⑀ 2 兲兴 ⌬ P 2 /H, 共90兲

␬ 21 兩 ẑ•qa2 兩 ␬ 22 兩 ẑ•qb2 兩 where the applied-force-independent potentials ␸ a,b

i and ␲ a,bi
⫽ , ⫽ . 共83兲 have units of length, and are dependent only on the mesos-
␩ ⌬ P 1 /H ␩ ⌬ P 2 /H
copic geometry of the two porous constituents. Because the
local Darcy flow in phase 1 goes as Q1 ⫽⫺ ⑀ k 2 “p f 1 / ␩ , the
B. Reciprocity leading-order flow in ⑀ is independent of the potentials ␲ a,b
1 .
Using all of these results, the reciprocity condition ␬ 12 The leading-order potentials are all solutions of Laplace’s
⫽ ␬ 21 will now be proven. We first form the products equation in their respective phases and from Eqs. 共76兲–共78兲
satisfy the following boundary conditions:
p bf 1 关 ⵜ 2 p af 1 兴 and p af 1 关 ⵜ 2 p bf 1 兴 , 共84兲

both of which vanish from Eq. 共76兲. Equivalent expressions

共replace 1 with 2兲 hold for phase 2. Taking the difference of
n•“ ␸ a2 ⫽0 on ⳵ ⍀ 12 , ␸ a2 ⫽ 再 0,
0,
z⫽H
z⫽⫺H;

再
these expressions gives H, z⫽H
␸ a1 ⫽0 on ⳵ ⍀ 12 , ␸ a1 ⫽
“• 关 p bf 1 “p af 1 ⫺p af 1 “p bf 1 兴 ⫽0, 共85兲 ⫺H, z⫽⫺H;

which upon integrating over ⍀ 1 , dividing by V⫽2AH, and

appealing to the divergence theorem and the boundary con-
ditions of Eqs. 共72兲 and 共73兲 yields
n•“ ␸ b2 ⫽0 on ⳵ ⍀ 12 , ␸ b2 ⫽ 再 H,
⫺H,
z⫽H
z⫽⫺H;

⌬ P1 1
H 2A 冋冕 z⫽⫹H
ẑ•“ p bf 1 dS⫹ 冕 z⫽⫺H
ẑ•“ p bf 1 dS 册 n•“ ␲ a,b
2 ⫽n•“ ␸ 1
a,b
on ⳵ ⍀ 12 , ␲ a,b
2 ⫽ 再 0,
0,
z⫽H
z⫽⫺H;

⫽⫺
1
V
冕 ⍀ 12
n• 关 p bf 1 “p af 1 ⫺p af 1 “p bf 1 兴 dS. 共86兲 ␸ b1 ⫽ ␸ b2 on ⳵ ⍀ 12 , ␸ b1 ⫽ 再 0,
0,
z⫽H
z⫽⫺H.
共91兲

Using Eq. 共80兲 for the definition of the macroscopic flux Since ␸ a2 satisfies homogeneous boundary conditions, it has
along with the above definition of ␬ 12 allows us to write the unique solution that ␸ a2 ⫽0 everywhere, and this is why

冕
⌬ P 1⌬ P 2 ␩ ⑀ ␸ a1 ⫽ ␸ a2 ⫽0 on ⳵ ⍀ 12 .
␬ 12⫽⫺ n• 关 p bf 1 “p af 1 ⫺p af 1 “p bf 1 兴 dS. Thus, using these potentials in the definitions of Eqs. 共79兲,
H 2 k 2 V ⍀ 12 共80兲, and 共83兲, it is a straightforward excercise 共integrate, use
共87兲 the divergence theorem, appeal to the boundary conditions兲
to write the ␬ i j in the following forms to leading order:
Identical manipulations for phase 2 gives
␬ 11 /k 2 ⫽ ⑀ 具 “ ␸ a1 •“ ␸ a1 典 , 共92兲
⌬ P 1⌬ P 2 ␩
H 2 k2
␬ 21⫽
1
V
冕 ⍀ 12
n• 关 p af 2 “p bf 2 ⫺p bf 2 “p af 2 兴 dS.
␬ 12 /k 2 ⫽ ⑀ 具 “ ␸ a1 •“ ␸ b1 典 , 共93兲
共88兲
␬ 22 /k 2 ⫽ 具 “ ␸ b2 •“ ␸ b2 典 ⫹ ⑀ 具 “⌽ b2 •“ ␲ b2 典 , 共94兲
If these two equations are subtracted and the continuity con-
ditions of Eqs. 共77兲 and 共78兲 employed, one indeed finds that where the brackets indicate a volume average over the entire
␬ 12⫽ ␬ 21 . Such a simple proof of the reciprocity is not forth- averaging volume. These averages are dimensionless order-
coming if the volume-averaged flow fields v i Q̄i are used in unity functions of the mesoscopic geometry of the constitu-
place of the mean fluxes qi . ents. In the second term of ␬ 22 , the potential ⌽ b2 is a solution
to Laplace’s equation in phase 2 satisfying ⌽ b2 ⫽0 on ⳵ ⍀ 12
C. Permeability matrix and ⌽ b2 ⫽⫾H on z⫽⫾H.
In order to obtain a model for the ␬ i j that has separable Even for the simple ‘‘plane-parallel-joint’’ geometry de-
contributions from the mesoscopic geometry of the constitu- picted in Fig. 1 for the case of forcing-state a, the dimen-
ents and from the underlying material properties 关which are sionless field “ ␸ a1 is not just the unit vector ẑ. Indeed, rather

036604-7
S. R. PRIDE AND J. G. BERRYMAN PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68, 036604 共2003兲

FIG. 1. An idealized unsealed double-porosity sample has the

same average fluid pressure in both phases, but there is a macro-
scopic pressure gradient in the vertical direction ẑ across phase 1 FIG. 2. A plot of the normalized fluid pressure p for the geom-
driving a flow in phase 1 共the large arrows兲 while we impose the etry depicted in Fig. 1 in which d⫽1, a⫽4, and H⫽2. The inter-
boundary condition that no pressure gradient can develop across face ⳵ ⍀ 12 between the two phases is located at x⫽0 共and at x
phase 2. Nonetheless, there is induced in phase 2 secondary local ⫽4), while the plane x⫽⫺1 is at the midpoint of the joint phase
flow including flow across the internal surface ⳵ ⍀ 12 as indicated by and the plane x⫽2 is at the midpoint of the matrix phase. The
the small arrows. The analytically determined fluid pressure distri- permeability ratio ⑀ has been taken to be 0.1. The pressure gradient
bution for this situation is shown in Fig. 2. has a singularity in the x direction at the points (x⫽0,z⫽0) and
(x⫽0,z⫽2H⫽4).
nontrivial flow develops as indicated qualitatively by the ar-
rows. Because there is a macroscopic pressure gradient
across phase 1 and none across phase 2, there are fluid- where F i are the formation factors of each phase defined
pressure variations in the x direction that drive flow laterally using the Neumann potentials as
either into or out of phase 2 as shown. The only trivial po-
tential in this geometry is ␸ b2 , which does correspond to 1/F 1 ⫽ 具 “ ␺ a1 •“ ␺ a1 典
“ ␸ b2 ⫽ẑ.
To understand this flow better, we solve in the Appendix
and
the asymptotic 共leading order in ⑀ ) flow problem correspond-
ing to forcing state a, i.e., we determine the pressure fields
p af 1 ⫽ ␸ a1 and p af 2 ⫽ ⑀ ␲ a2 that contribute to the leading-order 1/F 2 ⫽ 具 “ ␸ b2 •“ ␸ b2 典 共96兲
Darcy flow. The results are plotted in Fig. 2. We see indeed
that there is considerable cross flow between the phases
共which averages to zero throughout the entire sample so that and where the parameters ␹ i j are defined as
␨˙ int⫽0 always兲. At the entrance of the sample 共taken as z
⫽4 in the figure兲, we see that fluid is flowing out of phase 2 ␹ 11⫽ 具 “ ␦ ␸ a1 •“ ␦ ␸ a1 典 , 共97兲
while at the exit (z⫽0), fluid is flowing into phase 2;
i.e., such flow is in the opposite direction to the average
phase-1 flow. ⫺ ␹ 12⫽ 具 “ ␦ ␸ a1 •“ ␸ b1 典 , 共98兲
The permeability matrix is finally written in a slightly
different form. The phase-1 potential ␸ a1 , that satisfies Di- ␹ 22⫽ 具 “ ␦ ␸ b2 •“ ␲ b2 典 . 共99兲
richlet conditions on ⳵ ⍀ 12 , is rewritten as ␸ a1 ⫽ ␺ a1 ⫹ ␦ ␸ a1 ,
where ␺ a1 satisfies the Neumann condition n•“ ␺ a1 ⫽0 on
One of the principal reasons for writing the permeability ma-
⳵ ⍀ 12 and ␺ a1 ⫽⫾H on z⫽⫾H and where the difference po-
trix in this form is that in any plane-parallel joint model, the
tential ␦ ␸ a1 therefore satisfies ␦ ␸ a1 ⫽⫺ ␺ a1 on ⳵ ⍀ 12 and ␦ ␸ a1 two Neumann potentials are equal along the internal inter-
⫽0 on z⫽⫾H. Similarly, the phase-2 potential ⌽ b2 satisfy- face, i.e., ␺ a1 ⫽ ␸ b2 on ⳵ ⍀ 12 . Using this fact, it is straightfor-
ing Dirichlet conditions on ⳵ ⍀ 12 is rewritten as ⌽ b2 ⫽ ␸ b2 ward to use the boundary conditions on ⳵ ⍀ 12 along with
⫹ ␦ ␸ b2 so that the difference potential satisfies ␦ ␸ b2 ⫽⫺ ␸ b2 on Eqs. 共97兲–共99兲 to show that ␹ 11⫽ ␹ 12⫽ ␹ 22⬅ ␹ for such
⳵ ⍀ 12 and ␦ ␸ b2 ⫽0 on z⫽⫾H. Using these potentials in Eqs. models.
共92兲–共94兲, the permeability matrix takes the form Flow in plane-parallel joint models thus has the interest-

冋 册
ing property that the total flow q1 ⫹q2 is unaffected by the
⑀ 共 1/F 1 ⫹ ␹ 11兲 ⫺ ⑀ ␹ 12
␬ i j ⫽k 2 , 共95兲 cross-coupling coefficient ␹ . However, the energy-
⫺ ⑀ ␹ 12 1/F 2 ⫹ ⑀ ␹ 22 dissipation rate ␴ due to the Darcy flow,

036604-8
LINEAR DYNAMICS OF DOUBLE- . . . . II. . . . PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68, 036604 共2003兲

⑀ 共 1/F 1 ⫹ ␹ 兲 2⑀␹ p af 1 ⫽ 共 ␸ a1 ⫹ ⑀ ␲ a1 兲 ⌬ P 1 /H,

␴⫽ “p̄ f 1 •“ p̄ f 1 ⫺ “p̄ f 1 •“p̄ f 2
␩ ␩
p af 2 ⫽ ⑀ ␲ a2 ⌬ P 1 /H,
共 1/F 2 ⫹ ⑀ ␹ 兲
⫹ “p̄ f 2 •“ p̄ f 2 , 共100兲
␩ p bf 1 ⫽ 共 ␸ b1 ⫹ ⑀ ␲ b1 兲 ⌬ P 2 /H,

is seen to be affected by ␹ when “ p̄ f 1 ⫽“p̄ f 2 . In other- p bf 2 ⫽ 共 z⫹ ⑀ ␲ b2 兲 ⌬ P 2 /H.

words, the extra influx and outflux of fluid, as seen in Figs. 1
and 2, at the entrance and exit faces is dissipating energy
Since the pressure gradient in phase 1 gets multiplied by
even if it is not contributing to the total flow.
another factor of ⑀ when determining the flow, we need only
Using the results from the Appendix for flow in the two-
determine the four potentials ␸ a1 , ␲ a2 , ␸ b1 , and ␲ b2 if our
dimensional 共2D兲 geometry of Fig. 1, and taking a square of
interest is to understand the pressure field giving rise to the
material in which 2H⫽a⫹2d, we find Eq. 共95兲 with 1/F i
⬁ leading-order flow. These potentials are all solutions of
⫽ v i and with ␹ 11⫽ ␹ 12⫽ ␹ 22⫽(2/␲ ) 兺 n⫽1 tanh(n␲v1)/n. Un-
Laplace’s equation and satisfy the boundary conditions given
fortunately, this series is logarithmically divergent, which
in Eq. 共91兲. Phase 1 is taken to lie between 0⭐x⭐a and
can be seen in the limit n→⬁, where it becomes the har-
phase 2 between ⫺2d⭐x⭐0.
monic series 兺 n 1/n, which is well known to diverge. This
The solution of the Laplace equation in 2D is the sum of
divergence is entirely due to those points where the internal
products of the form 关 sin ax,cos bx兴⫻关sinh cz,cosh dz兴. For
surface ⳵ ⍀ 12 and the two flat faces z⫽⫾H meet 共e.g., the
example, ␸ a1 has a solution of the form
points x⫽0, z⫽0 and x⫽0, z⫽4 in Fig. 2兲. At such points,

冉 冊
there is a discontinuous jump in the fluid-pressure boundary ⬁
␲ nx
conditions, resulting in locally divergent flow. This non-
physical artifact can be removed by requiring the potentials
␸ a1 共 x,z 兲 ⫽ 兺 A n sin
n⫽1 a
on the boundaries to vary smoothly at those points where the
internal surface intersects the flat faces. The smoothing dis- 兵 sinh关 ␲ n 共 z⫹H 兲 /a 兴 ⫹sinh关 ␲ n 共 z⫺H 兲 /a 兴 其
⫻ ,
tance can be made arbitarily small relative to the joint thick- sinh关 ␲ n2H/a 兴
ness d but, so long as it remains finite, the permeability ma-
trix retains the form of Eq. 共95兲 and has a finite ␹ . satisfying the required Dirichlet conditions at x⫽0 and x
Elaboration of this rather involved demonstration is left to ⫽a. The constants A n are selected so that the nonhomoge-
the interested reader. neous conditions at z⫽⫾H are satisfied and this is done in
the usual manner by exploiting the completeness relation for
IV. CONCLUSIONS the sine basis functions. We find 共cf. Morse and Feshbach
关10兴, p. 708兲.
The main result of the present paper is the frequency and

冉 冊
material-property dependencies of the internal transport co- ⬁
4H 1 ␲ nx
efficient ␥ ( ␻ ), as expressed in Eqs. 共69兲–共71兲. The coeffi- ␸ a1 ⫽
␲ 兺 sin
n odd n a
cient ␥ ( ␻ ) controls the mesoscopic fluid-pressure equilibra-
tion between the two porous constituent phases. We have 兵 sinh关 ␲ n 共 z⫹H 兲 /a 兴 ⫹sinh关 ␲ n 共 z⫺H 兲 /a 兴 其
also established that the dual-permeability Darcy law is sym- ⫻ .
sinh关 ␲ n2H/a 兴
metric. The cross coupling in the Darcy law was shown to be
due to the existence of local fluid-pressure gradients that 共A1兲
drive flow from one porous phase to the other.
The other potentials are similarly found to be

冉 冊 冉 冊
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ⬁
⫺2H 共 ⫺1 兲 n ␲ nz ␲ na
The work of J.G.B. was performed under the auspices of ␲ a2 ⫽
␲ 兺
n⫽1 n
sin
H
tanh
2H
the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. W-7405-
ENG-48 and supported specifically by the Geosciences 兵 cosh关 ␲ n 共 x⫹2d 兲 /H 兴 ⫹cosh关 ␲ nx/H 兴 其
Research Program of the DOE Office of Basic Energy ⫻ , 共A2兲
sinh关 ␲ n2d/H 兴
Sciences, Division of Chemical Sciences, Geosciences and

冉 冊
Biosciences. ⬁
⫺2H 共 ⫺1 兲 n ␲ nz
␸ b1 ⫽
␲ 兺
n⫽1 n
sin
H
APPENDIX: 2D FLOW THROUGH A PLANAR SLAB
GEOMETRY 兵 sinh关 ␲ n 共 a⫺x 兲 /H 兴 ⫹sinh关 ␲ nx/H 兴 其
⫻ , 共A3兲
We now obtain the fluid pressure distribution for the sinh关 ␲ na/H 兴
simple 2D flow geometry presented in Fig. 1. The pressures
are obtained to leading order in ⑀ ⫽k 1 /k 2 as and

036604-9
S. R. PRIDE AND J. G. BERRYMAN PHYSICAL REVIEW E 68, 036604 共2003兲

冉 冊 冕 冕 冕
⬁
⫺2H 共 ⫺1 兲 n ␲ nz 1⫺cosh共 ␲ na/H 兲 0 ⳵␲ a2 0 ⳵␲ b2 a ⳵␸ b1
␲ b2 ⫽
␲ 兺
n⫽1 n
sin
H sinh关 ␲ na/H 兴 ⫺2d
dx
⳵z
⫽⫺
⫺2d
dx
⳵z
⫽
0
dx
⳵z
⫽⫺ ␹ ,
共A6兲
兵 cosh关 ␲ n 共 x⫹2d 兲 /H 兴 ⫹cosh关 ␲ nx/H 兴 其
⫻ . 共A4兲
sinh关 ␲ n2d/H 兴 where the parameter ␹ is defined as
These potentials are those contributing to the pressure distri-

冉 冊
bution in Fig. 2. ⬁
4H 1 ␲ na
The quantities needed for estimating the permeabilities ␹⫽
␲ 兺 tanh
n⫽1 n 2H
. 共A7兲
are the integrals of the z derivatives of these potentials on the
external surface. One finds that

冕
This series is logarithmically divergent for reasons discussed
a ⳵␸ a1 in the text, but finite results are obtained by introducing a
dx ⫽a⫹ ␹ , 共A5兲
0 ⳵z physically motivated smoothing distance.

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