1 .

Laws of Motion
Exercises
1. Match the first column with appropriate entries in the second and third columns and remake
the table :
S. Column 1 Column 2 Column 3
No.
1 Negative acceleration The velocity of the object A car, initially at rest reaches a
remains constant velocity of 50 km/h in 10
seconds.
2 Positive acceleration The velocity of the object A vehicle is moving with a
decreases velocity of 25 m/s
3 Zero acceleration The velocity of the object A vehicle moving with the
increases velocity of 10 m/s, stops after 5
seconds
Ans –

S. Column 1 Column 2 Column 3

No.
1 Negative acceleration
2 Positive acceleration
3 Zero acceleration
The velocity of the object
decreases
The velocity of the object
increases
The velocity of the object
remains constant
A vehicle moving with the
velocity of 10 m/s, stops after 5
seconds
A car, initially at rest reaches a
velocity of 50 km/h in 10
seconds.
A vehicle is moving with a
velocity of 25 m/s

2. Clarify the differences :

(1) Distance and Displacement.
Distance
1. Distance is the length of the actual path
travelled by an object in motion .
2. It is a scalar quantity . (‘do not have
direction)
3. Magnitude of distance is greater than or
equal to that of displacement.
4. Distance travelled is always positive .
(2) Uniform motion and Non uniform motion
Uniform motion
1. If an object covers equal distances in equal
time intervals , it is said to be moving with
uniform motion .
2. The distance time graph for uniform motion is
a straight line .
3. In this case, the speed of the body is constant.
4. e.g. A car running at constant speed.
Displacement
1. Displacement is the minimum distance
between the starting and finishing points.
2. It has a vector quantity . (both magnitude and
direction )
3. Magnitude of displacement is less than or
equal to that of distance.
4. Displacement may be positive , negative or
zero .
Non uniform motion
1. A body is said to have non uniform motion
when it covers unequal distances in equal
intervals of time.
2. The distance time graph for non uniform is
not straight line. It is a curved line .
3. In this case, the speed of the body is not
constant.
4. e.g. Motion of vehicle on busy street road .
3. Complete the table

Table no .1 i) u = 2 m/s , a = 4 m/s2 , t = 3 sec , v = ?

v = u +at
= 2 + 4 x 3 = 2 + 12 = 14 m/s
2
ii) a = 5 m/s , t = 2s , v = 20 m/s , u = ?
v = u + at
20 = u + 5 x 2
⸫ 20 = u + 10
⸫ 20 – 10 = u
⸫ u = 10 m/s

Table no . 2 i) u = 5 m/s , a = 12 m/s2 , t = 3 s , s = ?

s = ut + ½ at2
= 5 x 3 + ½ x 12 x 9 = 15 + 54 = 69 m
ii) u = 7 m/s , s = 92 m , t = 4 s , a = ?
s = ut + ½ at2
92 = 7 x 4 + ½ x a x 16 = 28 + 8a
92 -28 = 8a
⸫ 64 = 8a ⸫ 64/8 = 8a ⸫ a = 8 m/s2.
Table no. 3 i) u = 4 m/s , a = 3 m/s2 , v = 8 m/s
v2 = u2 + 2as
82 = 42 + 2 x 3 x s
⸫ 64 = 16 + 6s
⸫ 64 - 16 = 6s ⸫ 48 = 6s ⸫ 48/6 = s
⸫ 8m = s

ii) a = 5 m/s2 , s = 8.4 m , v = 10 m/s , u = ?

v2 = u2 + 2as
102 = u2 + 2 x 5 x 8.4
⸫ 100 = u2 + 84 ⸫ 100 – 84 = u2 ⸫ 16 = u2
⸫ u = 4 m/s

Q. 4 Complete the sentences and explain them :

(1) The minimum distance between the start and finish points of the motion of an object is called
the.........of the object.
(2) Deceleration is.........acceleration.
(3) When an object is in uniform circular motion, its.........changes at every point.
(4) During collision.........remains constant.
(5) The working of a rocket depends on Newton's.........law of motion.
Ans. (1) displacement (2) negative (3) velocity (4) total momentum (5) third

Q.5 Give scientific reasons :

(1) The velocity of an object at rest is considered to be uniform.
Ans.(1)If an object covers equal distances in equal time intervals, it is said to be moving with uniform
motion. (2) The velocity of an object at rest is always zero and it is constant . (2) As it does not
change with time , it is considered to be uniform.

(2) When an object falls freely to the ground, its acceleration is uniform.
Ans. (1) If the velocity changes by equal amounts in equal time intervals , the object is said to be in
uniform acceleration. (2) When an object falls freely, the only force acting on the object is that due to
the earth's gravity. (4)So it travels in downward straight line and the velocity changes by uniform rate
. Hence, an object falling freely to the ground has almost a uniform acceleration.

(3) Even though the magnitudes of action force and reaction force are equal and their directions
are opposite, their effects do not get cancelled.
Ans.(1) When two equal and opposite forces act on the same body then the forces cancel each other .
(2) Action and reaction forces act on different bodies. They do not act on the same body .
Hence, though their magnitudes are equal and directions are opposite, their effects do not get
cancelled.
(4) It is easier to stop a tennis ball as compared cricket ball, when both are travelling with same
velocity.
Ans::1) The momentum of a body is the product mass and velocity. 2)The mass of a cricket ball is
greater than that of a tennis ball. Hence, if the two balls have the same velocity, the momentum of
the cricket ball will be greater than that of the tennis all. 3)Momentum is directly proportional to
applied force. 4) Also cricket ball is harder than a tennis ball. Therefore, it is easy to stop a tennis
ball than a cricket ball moving with the same velocity.

Q.6 Take 5 examples from your surrounding and give explanation based on Newton v laws of
motion.
Ans: Example 1: When we are travelling by a bus, we experience backward jerk as the bus start
moving from rest. This is in accordance with Newton's first law of motion.
Explanation:
i) A body resists change in its state of rest or of motion due to inertia. ii)When the bus is at rest, inside
the bus we are also at rest. iii) As the bus starts moving, lower portion of the our body which is in
contact with the bus acquires velocity, but the upper part of the body tries to remain at rest.
iv)As a result, we exert an inertia of rest and get a backward jerk, when the bus moves in the forward
direction.
Example 2 : A carpet when lifted up and given jerks, dust falls out of it. This is in accordance with
Newton's first law of motion.
Explanation: i)When we dust a carpet, by lifting it, the carpet is set into motion. ii) While the dust
remains in its state of rest due to inertia of rest. iii) As a result, dust particles get separated from
carpet, fall down under the effect of gravitational force and carpet becomes clean .
Example 3 : While catching a ball, cricketer moves his hands backwards. This is in accordance with
Newton's second law of motion.
Explanation: i)In the act of catching the ball, by drawing hands backward, cricketer allows longer
time for his hands to stop the ball. ii) By Newton' s second law of motion, force applied depends on
the rate of change of momentum. iii)Taking longer time to stop the ball ensures smaller rate of change
of momentum. iv) Due to this, the cricketer can stop the ball by applying smaller amount of force and
thereby not hurting his hands.
Example 4: A book kept on a table remains stationary. This is in accordance with Newton's third law
of motion.
Explanation: i) A book kept on a table has some weight . This weight is the gravitational force acting
on the table in the downward direction . ii) By Newton's third law of motion, every action has an
equal and opposite reaction. iii) Thus, the table also exerts an upward force on and balances weight of
the book. iv)Thus, both the forces are balanced and there is no displacement. Hence, a book kept on a
table remains stationary.
Example 5: An air filled balloon held in hand when released, moves forward. This is in accordance
with Newton's third law of motion.
Explanation: As air is released out in downward direction, it applies equal and opposite force on
balloon pushing it forward.

Q. 7. Solve the following examples.

1) An object moves 18 m in the first 3 seconds, 22 m in the next 3 seconds and 14 m in the last 3
seconds. What is its average speed?
Ans. Data : sl = 18m, t1=3s, s2 = 22 m, t2 = 3s, s3 = 14 m, t3 = 3 s, average speed = ?
Average speed = Total distance travelled
Total time taken
= s1+ s2 + s3
t1 + t3 + t3
= 18 m + 22 m + 14 m
3s + 3s + 3s
= 54 m/s = 6 m/s
9
The average speed of the object = 6 m/s
2) An object of mass 16 kg moving with an acceleration of 3 m/s2. Calculate the applied force. If
the same force is applied on an object of mass 24 kg, how much will be the acceleration?
Ans. Data : Mass of object (ml) = l6 kg, Acceleration (a1) =3 m/s2, Applied force (F) = ?
(i)We know , F= ma
⸫ F = m1a1 = 16 kg x 3 m/s2 = 48 N
The force acting on the object = 48 N
(ii) F= 48 N , Mass of object (m2) = l6 kg
F=m2a2
⸫ a2 = F = 48 N = 2 m/s2
m2 24 kg
The acceleration of the object (a) = 2 m/s2

3) A bullet having a mass of 10 g and moving with a speed of 1.5 m/s penetrates a thick wooden
plank of mass 90 g. The plank was initially at rest. The bullet gets embedded in the plank and
both move together. Determine their velocity.
Ans. Data : Mass of bullet (m1) = 10 g =10 x 10-3 kg, initial velocity (u1) = 1.5 m/s,
Mass of gun (m2) = 90 g = 10 x 10-3 kg, initial velocity (u2) = 0 m/s,
Bullet is embedded in the plank , so Final velocity of bullet = Final velocity of gun v1 = v2 = v =?
By the law of conservation of momentum,
mlu1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2
⸫ m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v + m2 v ………. v1 = v2 = v
⸫ 10 x 10 x 1.5 + 90 x 10 x 0 = 10 x 10-3 v + 90 x 10-3 v
-3 -3

⸫ v = 10 x 10-3 x 1.5 . = 10 x 10-3 x 1.5

 10x l0-3 + 90 x l0-3 (10 + 90 ) l0-3
= 10 x 1.5 m/s = 0.15 m/s
100
The speed with which the plank containing the bullet moves = 0.15 m/s
4) A person swims 100 m in the first 40 s, 80 m in the next 40 s and 45 m in the last 20 s. What is
the average speed?
Ans- Given: Distance swimmed in first 40 seconds (si) = 100 m, distance swimmed in next 40
seconds (s2) = 80 m, distance swimmed in last 20 seconds (s3) = 45 m
Total time (t) = t1+ t2+ t3= 40 + 40 + 20 = 100 s
To find: Formula: Average speed
Average speed = Total distance covered
Total time
Calculation: From formula,
Average speed = 100+80+45
100
= 225 = 2.25 m/s
100
Average speed of the person is 2.25 m/s.
1) Write mechanism of firing of a rocket. OR
Motion of rocket is based on Newton's third law of motion.
1. Newton's third law states that to every action force has
an equal and opposite reaction force which acts simultaneously.
2. When the fuel in the rocket is ignited, it burns as a result of
chemical reaction. The exhaust gases escape with force through a
small opening at the tail end of rocket.
3. This exhaust gas exerts an equal and opposite reaction force on the
rocket. It is this reaction
force which makes the rocket move in forward direction.
Give reasons -
1)A fruit falls down from a tree when the branch is shaken.
Ans. 1. The fruit falls due to inertia of rest.
2. When the tree is shaken, the branches move in one direction but the
fruits tend to remain at their previous positions due to inertia of rest.
3. This causes break at the point where fruits are in contact with the
branches and fruits fall down.

2.A bullet shot from a gun goes well inside a wooden block but a bullet thrown by hand does not.
Ans. 1. A bullet shot from a gun moves with a large speed and rotates as it moves ahead .
2. Due to this combined motion, the bullet exerts large force and penetrates the wooden block.
3. When bullet is thrown with hand, the speed acquired by bullet is very less to exert force on the
wooden block and penetrate it.
Thus, bullet shot from a gun goes well inside a wooden block.

3.When we travel by bus we experience a backward jerk when the bus starts moving from its
position of rest.
Ans :: 1. When we travel by a bus, the bus starts moving suddenly from a rest position, we get a
backward jerk because when bus is at rest, our body is also at rest inside the bus. It is based on
Newton’s first law of motion .
2. As the bus is put in motion, the portion of our body which is in contact with the bus acquires
velocity. But the upper part of the body tries to remain in the state of rest and so we fall back.
4. If brakes are suddenly applied to a moving vehicle, the passengers are pushed in the forward
direction.
Ans :: 1.The passengers in moving vehicle are in a state of motion in the direction of motion of the
vehicle.
2. When brakes are suddenly applied to the moving vehicle, it stops suddenly and the
lower portion of the body of the passenger which is in contact with the vehicle also comes to rest with
the vehicle.
3 .But the upper portion of the body of the passenger continues to be in a state of motion due to inertia.
4. It is based on Newton’s first law of motion .
Hence, the passengers in the vehicle are pushed in the forward direction.

5. While playing tug-of-war, (a) the centre of the rope becomes static (b) any one team wins the
game.
Ans - 1.While playing tug-of-war, so long as the forces applied by both the sides are equal, i.e.
balanced, the centre of the rope is static in spite of the applied forces.
2. On the other hand, when the applied forces become unequal, i.e. unbalanced, a net force gets
applied in the direction of the greater force and the centre of the rope shifts in that direction.

6 .When a bullet is fired from a gun, the total momentum is constant.

Ans - 1. As the mass of the gun is much higher than the mass of the bullet, the velocity of the gun is
much smaller than the velocity of the bullet.
2. According to law of conservation of momentum , The magnitude of the momentum of the bullet and
that of the gun are equal and their directions are opposite.
Thus, the total momentum is constant.
Difference between
Speed and Velocity.

Speed Velocity.
1. The distance covered by a body in unit time is 1.The distance covered by a body in a particular
called speed. direction is called velocity .

2. Speed is a scalar quantity. 2. Velocity is a vector quantity.

3. Speed is related to distance. 3. Velocity is related to displacement.
4. Speed = distance 4 . Velocity = displacement
time time

2. Velocity and Acceleration

Velocity Acceleration
1. The displacement that occurs in unit time is 1. The rate of change of velocity is called
called velocity. acceleration.

2. S.I. unit of velocity is m/s. 2 .S.I. unit of acceleration is m/s2.

3 . Velocity = Displacement 3. Acceleration = change in velocity
time time

3. Scalar quantities and vector quantities.

Scalar quantities Vector quantities

1. Quantities which are expressed in magnitude
alone are scalar quantities .
2. They can be added by simple arithmetic
methods.
3. Eg: Length, mass, time, speed etc.
1. Quantities which are expressed in both
magnitude and direction are scalar quantities .
2. They cannot be added by simple arithmetic
methods.
3. Eg: force, velocity, acceleration, etc.