The motion of the paraglider can

be described in terms of its

position, velocity, and
acceleration. When landing, the
pilot of the paraglider needs to
consider the wind velocity and
the relative motion of the glider
with respect to the wind.

Chapter 1 (Kinematics)
 Mechanics is a branch of the physical sciences that is concerned
with the state of rest or motion of bodies subjected to the action of
forces.

The study of motion and of physical concepts such as force and

mass is called dynamics. The part of dynamics that describes motion
without regard to its causes is called kinematics.

In this chapter the focus is on kinematics in one dimension:

motion along a straight line. This kind of motion involves the concepts
of displacement, velocity and acceleration.
Kinematics
- treats only the geometric aspects of the motion.
- begins by describing the geometry of the system and declaring
the initial conditions of any known values of position, velocity and/or
acceleration of points within the system. Then, using arguments from
geometry, the position, velocity and acceleration of any unknown parts
of the system can be determined.
Motion
In physics, Motion is a change in position of an object over time.
Motion is mathematically described in terms
of displacement, distance, velocity, acceleration, time, and speed.

Motion of a body is observed by attaching a frame of

reference to an observer and measuring the change in position of the
body relative to that frame.
Rectilinear Kinematics. The kinematics of a particle is characterized by
specifying, at any given instant, the particle's position, velocity, and
acceleration.
Position. The straight-line path of a particle will be defined using a
single coordinate axis s,
Displacement. The displacement of the particle is defined as the
change in its position. For example, if the particle moves from one
point to another.
Velocity. If the particle moves through a displacement 𝛥s during the
time interval Δt, the average velocity of the particle during this time
interval is:

Differential Calculus
Representation:
Acceleration. Provided the velocity of the particle is known at two
points, the average acceleration of the particle during the time interval
Δt is defined as:

Differential Calculus
Representation:
Motion with Constant Velocity

Where:

S = Distance travelled (m, ft)

V = Constant velocity (m/s , ft/s)
t = Time consumed in traveling the distance (s)
Constant Velocity
(Time Vs. Distance Graph)
Constant Velocity
(Time Vs. Velocity Graph)
Problem Solving 2. Determine speed
according to the diagram
1. A car travels at a below….
constant 10 m/s.
Determine distance
after 60 seconds.

3. Cars A and B approach each other on parallel tracks. When the

distance between the two cars is 100 meters, car A moves at a constant
speed of 10 m/s, car B moves at a constant speed of 40 m/s. Determine
(a) the distance of car A before passing car B (b) time interval before car
B passing car A.
One- Dimensional Motion with Constant
Acceleration (Horizontal Translation)

Where:

S = Distance travelled (m, ft)

𝑽𝟎 = Initial velocity (m/s , ft/s)
V = Final velocity (m/s , ft/s)
a = Acceleration (m/s2 , ft/s2)
t = Time consumed in traveling the distance s
Constant Acceleration
(Time Vs. Velocity Graph)
Constant Acceleration
(Time Vs. Acceleration Graph)
Formula’s on Constant Acceleration
(Distance, Velocity, and Acceleration)

From the differential representation

Considering the constant acceleration

𝑡 𝑣
𝑎 ‫׬‬0 𝑑𝑡 = ‫𝑣𝑑 𝑣׬‬ -> 𝑣 = 𝑣0 + 𝑎𝑡
0
Considering the velocity

𝑡 𝑠 1
‫׬‬0 𝑣 𝑑𝑡 = ‫׬‬0 𝑑𝑠 -> 𝑠= 𝑣0 𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝑡 2

Equating dt in the two Differential Representations

𝑣 𝑠
‫𝑣𝑑𝑣 𝑣׬‬ = 𝑎 ‫׬‬0 𝑑𝑠 -> 𝑣 2 = 𝑣02 + 2𝑎𝑠
0
The three kinematics equation of motion with
constant acceleration
𝑣 = 𝑣0 + 𝑎𝑡
1
𝑠 = 𝑣0 𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝑡 2
𝑣 2 = 𝑣02 + 2𝑎𝑠
Where:
S = Distance travelled (m, ft)
𝑽𝟎 = Initial velocity (m/s , ft/s)
V = Final velocity (m/s , ft/s)
a = Acceleration (m/s2 , ft/s2)
t = Time consumed in traveling the distance (s)
d = deceleration (m/s2 , ft/s2)
Problem Solving
1. How long does a bicycle
with an acceleration of 0.8
𝑚/𝑠 2 take to go from 4 to
12 m/s?
2. A man driving a car at 65
kph suddenly sees an object
in the road 20 m ahead.
Assuming an instantaneous
reaction on the driver’s part,
what constant deceleration
is required to stop the car in
this distance?

3. A car traveling at 22.4 m/s skids to a stop in

2.55 s. Determine the skidding distance of the
car (assume uniform acceleration).
One- Dimensional Motion with Constant
Acceleration (Vertical Translation)
Free Falling Bodies, Air Resistance Neglected
The three kinematics equation of motion with
constant acceleration (FREE FALLING BODIES)
𝑣 = 𝑣0 + 𝑔𝑡
1
H = 𝑣0 𝑡 + 2 𝑔𝑡 2
𝑣 2 = 𝑣02 + 2𝑔𝐻
Where:
H = Height (m, ft)
𝑽𝟎 = Initial velocity (m/s , ft/s)
V = Final velocity (m/s , ft/s)
g = Acceleration Due to gravity “g” (9.81m/s2 , 32.2 ft/s2)
t = Time consumed in traveling the distance (s)
Optional solution to difference in height of
bodies thrown up
Problem Solving
2. A ball is dropped from a
1. A bullet is fired vertically
building 100m high. After
upward with a speed of 600
what time will the ball
m/s. To what theoretical height
strikes the earth? Ans.
(in km) would the bullet
4.52s
ascend?

3. A man standing on the roof of a building 30m high

throws a ball vertically downward with an initial velocity of
5m/s as it leaves his hand. How high is the ball after 1.5
sec? Ans. 11.5m
Seat Work
1. A car starts from rest and
has a constant acceleration
of 3𝑚/𝑠 2 . What is the
average velocity during the
first 10s of motion?
2. Two cars A and B accelerate
from a standing start. The
acceleration of A is 1.3m/s2 and
that of B is 1.6 m/s2. If B was
originally 6m behind A, how
long it takes to overtake A?
3. An automobile accelerates
uniformly from rest on a straight
level road. A second automobile
starting from the same point 6
seconds later with and initial
velocity zero accelerates at 6m/s2
to overtake the first automobile
400m from the starting point.
What is the acceleration of the
first automobile?
4. An automobile starting from rest
speeds up to 12 m/s, with constant
acceleration of 1.2 m/s2, runs at
constant speed for some time, and
finally comes to rest with a
deceleration of 1.5 m/s2. If the total
distance traveled is 300 m, find the
total time required?
6. A stone is dropped into a well.
The sound of the splash is heard
3.63s later. How far below the
ground surface is the surface of the
water? Assume that the velocity of
sound is 1090 ft/s.
5. Body A starts from rest at a point
O and travels along a straight line
with an acceleration of 2m/s2. Body
B starts at O 4s later and travels
along the same path with an
acceleration of 3 m/s2. How far from
O will they be when B overtakes A.
7. A ball is dropped from a
balloon at a height of 190m. If
the balloon is rising at 25m/s,
find the time of flight of the ball.
8. A man standing at a window
5m tall watches a falling ball pass
by the window in 0.3 s. How high
above the top of the window was
the ball released?
9. A student determined to test
the law of gravity for himself
walks off a skyscraper 900m
high, stopwatch in hand and
starts his free fall. Five seconds
later superman arrives at the
scene and dives off the roof to
save the student. What must be
superman’s initial velocity be in
order that he catch the student
just before the ground is
reached?
Curvilinear Translation
Curvilinear motion occurs when a particle moves along a curved path.
Since this path is often described in three dimensions, vector analysis
will be used to formulate the particle's position, velocity, and
acceleration.
Projectile Motion
Projectile motion is a form of motion experienced by an object
or particle (a projectile) that is thrown near the Earth's surface and
moves along a curved path under the action of gravity only (in
particular, the effects of air resistance are assumed to be negligible).
 Formulas on Projectile Motion
Horizontal Distance
𝑥 = 𝑣𝑥 𝑡 → 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑜 cos 𝜃 𝑡
Horizontal Velocity
𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣𝑜𝑥 → 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣𝑜 cos 𝜃
Vertical Distance
1 2 1 2
𝑦 = 𝑣𝑦 𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡 → 𝑦 = 𝑣0 sin 𝜃 𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡
Where: 2 2
Vx is the velocity along x-axis, Vertical Velocity
V0x is the initial velocity along x-axis,
Vy Is the velocity along y-axis,
𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣𝑜𝑦 − 𝑔𝑡 → 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣𝑜 sin 𝜃 − 𝑔𝑡
V0y is the initial velocity along y-axis. Horizontal and Vertical Relation (distance)
g is the acceleration due to gravity and
𝑔𝑥 2
t is the time taken ±𝑦 = 𝑥 tan 𝜃 −
Vo is the initial Velocity, 2 𝑣0 cos 𝜃 2
sin θ is the component along y-axis, (+) for projectile hits above point of release
cos θ is the component along x-axis (-) for projectile hits below point of release
 Time of flight (entire motion)

2𝑣0 sin 𝜃
𝑡=
𝑔
Maximum Height reached
𝑣02 sin2 𝜃
𝐻=
2𝑔
Where: Horizontal Range
Vx is the velocity along x-axis,
V0x is the initial velocity along x-axis,
𝑣02 sin 2𝜃
𝑅=
Vy Is the velocity along y-axis, 𝑔
V0y is the initial velocity along y-axis.
g is the acceleration due to gravity and Farthest horizontal distance occurs when
t is the time taken 𝜃 = 450
Vo is the initial Velocity, Note:
sin θ is the component along y-axis,
When y = 0; then x = R
cos θ is the component along x-axis
When 𝜃 = 00 ; then y = H
Problem Solving
1. A soccer ball is kicked
at an angle of 200 with
the ground. Assuming its
initial velocity is 15m/s,
how far away from its
launch site will it land?
2. A cannon ball can make a
maximum angle of 300 with
the horizon. What is the
maximum speed of a cannon
ball if it must clear a 10m high
obstacle in 2 sec?
3. A projectile has a maximum
range of 40 miles. Compute the
maximum height to which the
projectile will rise.
4. An archer aimed his
arrow at the bull’s eye of a
target 50 m away. If the
arrow’s speed is 350 m/s,
how far below the bull’s eye
does the arrow strikes the
target?
Rotational Translation
- is a motion in which the body is moving in a circular motion but the
body has no horizontal or vertical translation.
The three kinematics equation of Rotational
Motion with constant acceleration
𝑤 = 𝑤0 +∝ 𝑡
1
𝜃 = 𝑤0 𝑡 + 2 ∝ 𝑡 2
𝑤 2 = 𝑤02 + 2 ∝ 𝜃
Where:
𝜃 = Angular Distance (rad, rev)
𝒘𝟎 = Initial Angular velocity (rad/s, rev/min)
w = Final Angular velocity (rad/s, rev/min)
∝ = Angular Acceleration (rad/s2, rev/min2)
t = Time consumed in traveling the distance s
Problem Solving
1. A flywheel is rotating at
the rate of 150 rpm.
Determine through how
many radians does it turn
in 5 minutes?
2. A flywheel accelerates
uniformly from rest to
2000 rpm in 20s. What is
its angular acceleration
in rad/𝑠 2 ?

3. Using constant acceleration, a water turbine is brought to its normal

operating speed of 180 rpm in 6 minutes. How many complete
revolutions did the turbine make in coming to normal speed?
The end..