KINEMATICS

ENGR. LEA JOY J. HIPONIA

KINEMATICS
 Dynamics – deals with the
effects that forces has on
motion

 Kinematics – deals with

concepts that are needed to
describe motion without
regard to what causes it
KINEMATICS
 Three types of motion:
Translational (car moving
down a highway)
Rotational (Earth’s spin on
its axis)
Vibrational (back-and-forth
movement of the pendulum)
KINEMATICS
 Particle Model – describing
the moving object as a particle
regardless of its size

 In general, a particle is a
point-like object – that is, an
object with mass but having
infinitesimal size.
KINEMATICS
 Position, 𝑥 – is the location of the
particle with respect to a chosen
reference point that can be
considered as the origin of a
coordinate system
Frame of Reference – is a choice
of coordinate axes that defines the
starting point for measuring any
quantity
KINEMATICS
 Table 1:
Position of the Car at
Various Times
Position 𝑡(𝑠) 𝑥(𝑚)
A 0 30

B 10 52

C 20 38

D 30 0

E 40 −37

F 50 −53
KINEMATICS
KINEMATICS
 Displacement, ∆𝑥 – is the
change in position of a moving
object in some time interval
∆𝑥 = 𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖
 Distance, the length of the
path followed by a particle, is
a scalar quantity while
displacement is a vector
quantity.
KINEMATICS
 Average Speed, 𝑣– is the total distance
traveled divided by the total time
elapsed:
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑
𝑣= =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡
 Average Velocity, 𝑣ҧ – is the
displacement divided by the time
interval:
∆𝑥 𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖
𝑣ҧ = =
∆𝑡 𝑡𝑓 − 𝑡𝑖
KINEMATICS
 Average Velocity, 𝑣ҧ
Generally, the average velocity of an
object during the time interval ∆𝑡 is
equal to the slope of the straight line
joining the initial and the final points
on the graph of the object’s position
vs. time.
 Example 1:
Find 𝑣ҧ from point A to point B.
Example 2
A turtle and a rabbit engage in a footrace
over a distance of 4.00 km. The rabbit runs
0.500 km and then stops for a 90.0-min nap.
Upon awakening, he remembers the race and
runs twice as fast. Finishing the course in a
total time of 1.75 h, the rabbit wins the race.
(a) Calculate the average speed of the rabbit.
(b) What was his average speed before he
stopped for a nap?
KINEMATICS
 Instantaneous Velocity, 𝑣 – is the
limit of the average velocity as the
time interval becomes
infinitesimally small:
∆𝑥
𝑣 = lim
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡
 The instantaneous velocity
indicates how fast an object moves
and the direction of the motion at
each instant of time.
KINEMATICS
 Instantaneous Speed – a scalar
quantity defined as the
magnitude of the instantaneous
velocity.
 Like average speed,
instantaneous speed, usually
called “speed”, has no direction
associated with it and hence
carries no algebraic sign.
 Example 3a
A train moves slowly along a straight portion of
track according to the graph of position versus time
in Figure a below. Find (a) the average velocity
for the total trip, (b) the
average velocity during the
first 4.00 s of motion, (c) the
average velocity during the
next 4.00 s of motion, (d)
the instantaneous velocity
at t 2.00 s, and (e) the
instantaneous velocity at t
9.00 s.
KINEMATICS
 Average Acceleration, 𝑎 ത – is the
change in velocity divided by the time
interval:
∆𝑣 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖
𝑎ത = =
∆𝑡 𝑡𝑓 − 𝑡𝑖
 When the object’s velocity and
acceleration are in the same direction,
the speed of the object increases with
time, and conversely.
KINEMATICS
 Instantaneous Acceleration, 𝑎 – is the
limit of the average acceleration as
the time interval goes to zero:
∆𝑣
𝑎ത = lim
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡
 It is equal to the slope of the tangent
to the velocity vs. time graph at that
time.
Example 4
A baseball player moves in a straight-line path
in order to catch a fly ball hit to the outfield. His
velocity as a function of time is shown in Figure a.
Find his instantaneous acceleration at points A, B,
and C.
Example 5
A whale swims due east for a
distance of 6.9 km, turns around and
goes due west for 1.8km, and finally
turns around again and heads 3.7km
due east. (a) What is the total
distance traveled by the whale? (b)
What are the magnitude and
direction of the displacement of the
whale.
Example 6
The plane starts from rest (𝑣𝑜 =
0𝑚/𝑠) when 𝑡𝑜 = 0 𝑠. It
accelerates down the runway and
at 𝑡 = 29𝑠 attains a “velocity” of
𝑣 = +260𝑘𝑚/ℎ, where the plus
sign indicates that the velocity
points to the right. Determine the
average acceleration of the plane.
Example 7
The velocity of a particle moving
along the x-axis varies in time according
to the expression 𝑣 = (40 −
Example 8
A particle moves along the x-axis
according to the equation
𝑥 = 2.00 + 3.00𝑡 − 1.00𝑡 , where
2

𝑥 is in meters and 𝑡 is in seconds. At

𝑡 = 3.00 𝑠, find:
(a) the position of the particle,
(b) its velocity, and
(c) its acceleration.
Seatwork 1 Find (a) the average
velocity from O to C, (b)
the average and
instantaneous velocities
from O to A, (c) the
approximate
instantaneous velocity at
t = 6.0 s, and (d) the
average and
instantaneous velocity at
t = 9.0 s.
Seatwork 2
A baseball player moves in a straight-line
path in order to catch a fly ball hit to the
outfield. His velocity as a function of time is
shown in Figure b. Find his instantaneous
acceleration at points A, B, and C.
Seatwork 3
A tourist being chased by an angry
bear is running in a straight line toward
his car at a speed of 4.0 m/s. The car is
a distance “d” away. The bear is 26 m
behind the tourists and running at 6.0
m/s. The tourist reaches the car safely.
What is the maximum possible value for
“d”?
Example 4
A particle moves along the x-axis
according to the equation
𝑥 = 50𝑡 + 20𝑡 , where 𝑥 is in
2

meters and 𝑡 is in seconds. At 𝑡 =

5.00 𝑠, find:
(a) the position of the particle,
(b) its velocity, and
(c) its acceleration.
KINEMATICS
 Motion Diagrams
A motion diagram is a
representation of a moving object
at successive time intervals, with
velocity and acceleration vectors
sketched at each position. The
time intervals between adjacent
positions in the motion diagram
are assumed equal.
KINEMATICS
 Motion Diagrams
KINEMATICS
 Kinematics with Constant Acceleration
When an object moves with constant
acceleration, the instantaneous
acceleration at any point in a time
interval is equal to the value of the
average acceleration over the entire
time interval.
𝑎ത = 𝑎
KINEMATICS
 Kinematics with Constant Acceleration
𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖
𝑎=
𝑡𝑓 − 𝑡𝑖

𝒗 = 𝒗𝟎 + 𝒂𝒕
𝑣0 + 𝑣
∆𝑥 = 𝑣𝑡ҧ = 𝑡
2
𝟏
∆𝒙 = 𝒗𝟎 + 𝒗 𝒕
𝟐
KINEMATICS
 Kinematics with Constant Acceleration
1
∆𝑥 = 𝑣0 + 𝑣0 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑡
2
𝟏 𝟐
∆𝒙 = 𝒗𝟎 𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕
𝟐
1 𝑣 − 𝑣0 𝑣 2 − 𝑣0 2
∆𝑥 = 𝑣0 + 𝑣 =
2 𝑎 2𝑎
𝟐 𝟐
𝒗 = 𝒗𝟎 + 𝟐𝒂∆𝒙
KINEMATICS
 Summary
𝒗 = 𝒗𝟎 + 𝒂𝒕 (velocity as a function of time)
𝟏
∆𝒙 = 𝒗𝟎 + 𝒗 𝒕 (displacement as a function of
𝟐
velocity and time)
𝟏 𝟐
∆𝒙 = 𝒗𝟎 𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕 (displacement as a function of
𝟐
time)
𝒗𝟐 = 𝒗𝟎 𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂∆𝒙 (velocity as a function of
displacement)
KINEMATICS
 Problem-Solving Strategy
Read the problem.
Draw a diagram.
Label all quantities.
Kinematic Equations
Solve for the unknowns.
Check your answer.
Example
9. A race car starting from rest
accelerates at a constant rate of
5.00 𝑚/𝑠2. What is the velocity of
the car after it has traveled
1.00 𝑥 102 𝑓𝑡?
10. A truck covers 40.0 m in 8.50 s
while smoothly slowing down to a
final speed of 2.80 m/s. (a) Find its
original speed; (b) its acceleration.
Example 11
A typical jetliner lands at a speed of
160 mi/h and decelerates at the rate of
(10 mi/h)/s. If the plane travels at a
constant speed of 160 mi/h for 1.0 s
after landing before applying the
brakes, what is the total displacement
of the aircraft between touchdown on
the runway and coming to rest?
KINEMATICS
 Freely Falling Objects
When air resistance is
negligible, all objects
dropped under the
influence of gravity near
Earth’s surface fall toward
Earth with the same
constant acceleration.
KINEMATICS
 Freely Falling Objects
In the idealized case where air
resistance is negligible, such
motion is called free fall.

The expression freely falling

object doesn’t necessarily
refer to an object dropped
from rest.
KINEMATICS
 Freely Falling Objects
A freely falling object is any
object moving freely under the
influence of gravity alone,
regardless of its initial motion.
Objects thrown upward or
downward and those released
from rest are all considered
freely falling.
KINEMATICS
 Freely Falling Objects
Free-fall acceleration (g)
The value of g decreases with
increasing altitude, and varies
slightly with latitude, as well.
At Earth’s surface, the value of
g is approximately 9.80 m/s2.
KINEMATICS
 Freely Falling Objects
neglecting air resistance and
assuming that free-fall acceleration
doesn’t vary with altitude over
short vertical distances, then the
motion of a freely falling object will
be the same as motion in one
dimension under constant
acceleration. 𝟐
𝒂 = −𝐠 = −𝟗. 𝟖𝟎 𝒎/𝒔
Example
12. A golf ball is released from rest at
the top of a very tall building.
Neglecting air resistance, calculate
the position and velocity of the ball
after 1.00 s, 2.00 s, and 3.00 s.
13. A stone is dropped from rest from
the top of a tall building. After 4.00
s of free-fall, (a) what is the
displacement y of the stone? (b)
what is the velocity of the stone?
KINEMATICS
 Example 14:
The man tosses the coin up
with an initial speed of 5.00
m/s. In the absence of air
resistance, (a) how high does
the coin go above its point of
release? (b) what is the total
time the coin is in the air before
returning to its release point?
KINEMATICS
 Example 15:
 A skydiver is falling straight down,
along the negative y direction. (a)
During the initial part of the fall, her
speed increases from 16 to 28 m/s in
1.5 s. (b) Later, her parachute opens,
and her speed decreases from 48 to 26
m/s in 11 s. In both instances,
determine the magnitude and
direction of her average acceleration.
KINEMATICS
 Example 16:
A stone is thrown from
the top of a building with
an initial velocity of 20.0
m/s straight upward, at
an initial height of 50.0 m
above the ground. The
stone just misses the
edge of the roof on its
way down. Determine:
KINEMATICS
(a) the time
needed for the
stone to reach
its maximum
height,

(b) the maximum

height,
KINEMATICS
(c) the time needed
for the stone to
return to the
height from
which it was
thrown and the
velocity of the
stone at that
instant
KINEMATICS
(d) the time
needed for the
stone to reach
the ground,
and
(e) the velocity
and position of
the stone at
t = 5.00 s.
KINEMATICS
 Kinematics in Two Dimensions

𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 = ∆𝒓 = 𝒓 − 𝒓𝟎
ഥ 𝒓 − 𝒓𝟎
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑽𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 = 𝒗 =
𝒕 − 𝒕𝟎
∆𝒓
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑽𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 =
∆𝒕
𝑰𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒆𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝑽𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚, 𝒗 ∶
∆𝒓
𝒗 = lim
∆𝒕→𝟎 ∆𝒕
KINEMATICS
 Kinematics in Two Dimensions
ഥ 𝒗 − 𝒗𝟎
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑨𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝒂 =
𝒕 − 𝒕𝟎
∆𝒗
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑽𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 =
∆𝒕
𝑰𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒆𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝑨𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏, 𝒂 ∶
∆𝒗
𝒂 = lim
∆𝒕→𝟎 ∆𝒕
KINEMATICS
Equations of Kinematics in Two
Dimensions
𝒙 – Component Variable 𝒚 - Component
𝒙 Displacement 𝒚
𝒂𝒙 Acceleration 𝒂𝒚
𝒗𝒙 Final Velocity 𝒗𝒚
𝒗𝟎 𝒙 Initial Velocity 𝒗𝟎 𝒚
t Elapsed Time t
KINEMATICS
Equations of Kinematics in Two
Dimensions
𝒙 – Component 𝒚 - Component
KINEMATICS
 Kinematics in Two Dimensions
KINEMATICS
 Example 17
In the x-direction, the spacecraft has
an initial velocity component of
+22m/s and an acceleration
component of +24m/s2. In the y-
direction, the analogous quantities
are +14m/s and +12m/s2,
respectively. At a 7.0s, find (a) x & vx,
(b) y & vy and (c) final velocity.
KINEMATICS
 Kinematics in Two Dimensions
Consideration: Objects that move in
both the x- and y-directions
simultaneously under constant
acceleration
Special case of two dimensional
motion is called projectile motion.
KINEMATICS
 Projectile Motion – the motion of an
object that is projected at an angle into
the air
 Trajectory – the path of a projectile
Projection angle – an angle the velocity
vector makes with the horizontal
 Projectile – the object moving in the
trajectory
KINEMATICS
 Kinematics in Two Dimensions
Anyone who has tossed any kind of
object into the air has observed
projectile motion.
If the effects of air resistance and the
rotation of the earth are neglected,
the path of a projectile in the Earth’s
gravity field is curved in the shape of
a parabola.
KINEMATICS
 Two Assumptions
 The free-fall acceleration g is constant
over the range of motion and is
directed downward.

The effect of air resistance is

negligible.
KINEMATICS
 When analyzing projectile motion,
consider it to be the superposition of
two motions:
 Constant – velocity motion in the
horizontal direction

Free-fall motion in the vertical

direction
 KINEMATICS
 Projectile Motion 𝒈𝒙𝟐
𝒚 = 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽𝟎 −
𝟐𝒗𝟎 𝟐 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽𝟎 )𝟐

C
D
B
𝒗𝟎 𝒚 = 𝒗𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽𝟎

𝒗𝟎 𝒙 = 𝒗𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝟎
E
A
The horizontal and vertical motions are
completely independent of each other.
KINEMATICS
 Projectile Motion
KINEMATICS
 Projectile Motion
A

O B

𝒗𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽𝟎 𝒗𝟎 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽𝟎
𝒕𝑨 = 𝒉=
𝒈 𝟐𝒈
𝒗𝟎 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝜽𝟎
𝑹=
𝒈
KINEMATICS
 Example 18:
a. A stone is thrown from the top of a
building upward at an angle of 30.0°
to the horizontal with an initial
speed of 20.0 m/s. If the height of
the building is 45.0m, (a) how long
does it take the stone to reach the
ground? (b) what is the speed of the
stone just before it strikes the
ground?
KINEMATICS
 Example 18:
b. A ball thrown horizontally from the
roof of a building 50 m tall and lands
45 m from the base. What was the
ball’s initial speed?
c. A football is kicked at ground level
with a speed of 20 m/s at an angle of
37° to the horizontal. How much
later does it hit the ground?
KINEMATICS
 Problem-Solving Strategy
1. Select a coordinate system and
sketch the path of the projectile,
including initial and final positions,
velocities, and accelerations.
2. Resolve the initial velocity vector
into x- and y-components.
3. Treat the horizontal motion and the
vertical motion independently.
KINEMATICS
 Problem-Solving Strategy
4. Follow the techniques for solving
problems with constant velocity to
analyze the horizontal motion of the
projectile.
5. Follow the techniques for solving
problems with constant acceleration
to analyze the vertical motion of the
projectile.