GST ASSIGNMENT

IBRAHIM BADAMASI BABANGIDA UNIVERSITY, LAPAI.

FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY & MINING

GROUP THREE (3)

S/N NAMES MATRIC NO
1 ISMAIL MARYAM U20/FAT/GLG/1003

2 GODIYA MUSA PANCHIGAI U20/FAT/GLG/1013

3 AMINU MOHAMMED AHMED U20/FAT/GLG/1023

4 U20/FAT/GLG/1033

5 U20/FAT/GLG/1043

6 MOHAMMED JIBRIN U20/FAT/GLG/1053

7 ZUBAIRU ALHAJI U20/FAT/GLG/1063

8 ABUBAKAR YAHAYA U20/FAT/GLG/1073

9 ABUBAKAR HABIBU U20/FAT/GLG/1083

10 U20/FAT/GLG/1093

11 SHEHU ABDULLAHI U20/FAT/GLG/1103

INTRODUCTION
The word library is “Libraire” in French and Latin “Liber” means book. It is an
organized collection of resources

made accessible to a defined community for reference or borrowing. It

provides physical or digital access to material and maybe a physical

building or room, a virtual Space, or both. A library’s collection can

include books, periodicals, newspapers, manuscripts, films, maps, prints,

documents, microform, CDs, cassettes, videotapes, DVDs, e-books,

audiobooks, databases, and other formats. Libraries range in size from

a few shelves of books to several million items. In Latin and Greek, the

idea of a bookcase is represented by Bibliotheca. This means Libraries in

many modern languages. For example, in French, the library is called

a bibliothque.

HISTORY OF THE LIBRARY IN THREE ERA

1. ANCIENT LIBRARIES OF GREECE (1500BC)

The Greek civilization with, it is characteristic city states come into prominence by
1500BC. There was also evidence of ancient libraries in Greece but the best known
of these were Aristotle's library. The Greece philosopher Aristotle had a private
library which contained large number of collections obtain through gifts and
seizure. As it was common during ancient times the king played prominent roles in
the development of libraries in ancient Greek, the Greek, we're literary famous
scholar amount who were Plato, Archimedes, Aristotle, Aristarchus, Hippocrates.
Thus, there were recorded in formation in many disciplines, especially in
philosophy, politics, poetry, medicine mathematics etc. the work of this writer
were written on papyrus. There is no doubt that many people were literate in
Greece, hence there were many private collections. As in many other countries
during the ancient times, many of the temple in Greece had libraries
Some historians said Pisistratus, a ruler of anthers during the 500BC with
establishing the city first government owned library. Most of the people of ancient
times could not read and so public libraries like that of Pisistratus served only a
small minority of people. It should be noted, however that during this era, Egypt
was under the Greek Empire, and Alexandria was the mediterianseaport of Egypt.
The library was established as a researched library for scholar. The Alexander
library occupied two building one at the temple of mases and the other.

2. ANCIENT LIBRARIES OF ROME (18BC)

The romans, as a result of spoils of war also had a share of ancient libraries. Many
of the spoils of war brought to Rome by the roman regions included books and
provide collections. The Roman we're great scholars, this they were great books
collection. There were many private libraries in Roman because it was sort of
status symbols as the collection were hardly used. They were established by
prominent Roman citizen. The first public libraries in Rome because it was
established during the region of Emperor of Apollos library on the palatine hill was
commissioned in the 28BC this second one was portious Octavia library built in
honor of octavis the eraperos sister. The Roman Empire was great many countries
were conquered including Greece. One significance feature of the Roman generals
was that as part of their boory they usually ensured that educated people were
taken as slaves and their collection taken to Roman. They educated people
captured we're used as person who made copies of written document before
invention printing, many of those collection formed the initial collection of the
libraries most of the books in their libraries were written both in Greek and Latin.
By the beginning of the fourth century. Public libraries began to appear as there
were about 28 public libraries in Rome many other cities in the Roman Empire
also followed suit by building public libraries. From this detail we can easily
deduce that the Roman public libraries were frequently adorned with the busts of
the most famed writers of old.

A library worth particular note is that built by Emperor Trajan, just by his famous
Trajan’s column. Trajan’s library was actually divided into two: one either side of
the column. One half held texts written in Greek whilst the other held texts in
Latin. The column itself is interesting because it is devised as a long scroll relating
actual historical events.
3.TWENTY (20) CENTURY

The 20th century saw a remarkable transformation in library philosophy, away

from the traditional understanding of the library as a treasure house that protected
books from untrustworthy readers toward a new conception of the library as a
building type that encouraged the encounter between readers and books. Pioneered
in the United States, this new philosophy put particular emphasis on allowing
readers free access to books stored on open shelves, providing children’s reading
rooms, and establishing branch and traveling libraries. So radical was the idea of
giving readers ready access to book collections that many public libraries did so
only in conjunction with architectural mechanisms aimed at controlling readers.
These included turnstiles (which forced readers to file one at a time past the
charging desk) and the radial arrangement of bookshelves (which enhanced the
ability of a single staff member to survey several aisles of bookshelves).
Developments was the Cooperative Committee on Library Building Plans, a
loosely defined group of architects, academic librarians, and university
administrators who met between 1944 and 1952 to discuss library design. In
addition to Macdonald, the group included Keyes D. Metcalf (1889-1983) of
Harvard University, who became an important library consultant in the 1950s and
1960s and who wrote the bible of modular library planning, Planning Academic
and Research Library Buildings (1965). Discussions of modular library planning
also took place at Library Building Institutes, sponsored by the American Library
Association, from the mid-1940s until 1967. In the face of predictions that the
computer would make the library obsolete, the last 20 years of the 20th century
saw a renewed interest in library architecture, with a particular emphasis on large
central public libraries that can serve a sizable audience by reaching further afield
for library users while aiding in the economic redevelopment of urban centers.
Several of these libraries have been the subject of national or international design
competitions, including the Joensuu Library.
 REFERENCE

1. Katz, William A. (1995-01-01). Dahl’s history of books. Scarecrow

press. ISBN 9780810828520.
2. Katz, William A. (1995-01-01). Dahl’s history of books. Scarecrow
press. ISBN 9780810828520.
3. “Ulpian library” Penelope. U Chicago. Edu. Retrieved 2016-11-18
4. Katz, William A. (1995-01-01). Dahl’s history of books. Scarecrow
press. ISBN 9780810828520.
5. Bibliotheca Ulpian |ancient library, Rome, Italy”. Encyclopaedia
Britannica. Retrieved 2016-11-19.
6. “History of libraries” eduscapes.com. retrieved 2016-11-18.
7. “History of library” eduscapes.com. retrieved 2016-11-18.
8. Harris (1999). History of libraries in the v.
9. “Ulpian library”. Penelope.U Chicago.Edu.