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Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine

兽医诊断和生产动物药品

Circovirus 圆环病毒
return to Swine Manual index
返回养猪手册索引

Porcine Circovirus Associated Diseases (PCVD, PCVAD)

猪圆环病毒相关疾病（PCVD、PCVAD）
Definition 定义
Porcine circovirus (PCV) is a common virus of pigs found throughout the world. This DNA virus is unique for its small size (~1800 bp),
circular genome, and hardiness in the environment. In the late 1990s, a novel circovirus emerged in North American swine that
appeared to be genetically distinct from the prototype PCV (now referred to as PCV Type 1) and was termed PCV Type 2 (PCV2).
Porcine circovirus Type 1 had been recognized for several decades as a common contaminant of laboratory cell cultures but despite
being widespread in commercial swine, was nonpathogenic. The emergence of PCV2 coincided with the occurrence of a new clinical
syndrome of swine referred to as postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). Since its appearance, PCV2 (and PMWS)
has become widely distributed in most developed swine industries around the world. The term PCVAD (porcine circovirus associated
disease) is now used in North America to refer to the different disease manifestations associated with PCV2. In Europe, the acronym
PCVD (porcine circovirus disease) is used instead.
猪圆环病毒（PCV）是世界各地发现的一种常见的猪病毒。这种 DNA 病毒的独特之处在于其体积小（约 1800 bp）、环状基因组和对环
境的耐受性。 20 世纪 90 年代末，北美猪中出现了一种新型圆环病毒，该病毒在基因上似乎与原型 PCV（现称为 PCV 1 型）不同，被
称为 PCV 2 型（PCV2）。几十年来，1 型猪圆环病毒一直被认为是实验室细胞培养物的常见污染物，但尽管在商业猪中广泛存在，但
它是非致病性的。 PCV2的出现与一种新的猪临床综合征（称为断奶后多系统消耗综合征（PMWS））的出现同时发生。自出现以来，
PCV2（和PMWS）已广泛分布在全球大多数发达的养猪业中。 PCVAD（猪圆环病毒相关疾病）一词现在在北美用于指与 PCV2 相关的
不同疾病表现。在欧洲，则使用缩写 PCVD（猪圆环病毒病）。

Occurrence 发生
Porcine circovirus Type 2 infection has been reported from nearly every country with a significant commercial production industry. It is
strongly associated with the occurrence of PMWS and also appears to have an association with porcine dermatitis and nephropathy
syndrome (PDNS), porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC), and occasionally reproductive failure. Postweaning multisystemic
wasting syndrome usually occurs in nursery or growing pigs and is diagnosed on a herd level through the occurrence of multiple
features:
几乎每个拥有重要商业生产行业的国家都报告了猪圆环病毒 2 型感染。它与 PMWS 的发生密切相关，似乎还与猪皮炎和肾病综合征
(PDNS)、猪呼吸道疾病综合征 (PRDC) 以及偶尔的繁殖障碍有关。断奶后多系统衰竭综合征通常发生在保育猪或生长猪中，并通过出现
多种特征在猪群水平上进行诊断：

Microscopic 微观的
lymphocytic depletion in lymph nodes often accompanied by histiocytic infiltration
淋巴结淋巴细胞减少，常伴有组织细胞浸润

Clinical 临床
loss of body condition in affected individuals, enlarged lymph nodes
受影响个体身体状况恶化，淋巴结肿大

Epidemiologic 流行病学
increased proportion of wasting pigs, lack of response to therapy in affected individual accompanied by a high case fatality rate
消瘦猪的比例增加，受影响个体对治疗缺乏反应，伴随着高病死率

Numbers of reported cases of PCVAD have increased rather dramatically in recent years. PCVAD now is widespread in the United
States, Europe, and reported from most swine-producing areas. An apparent immune-mediated sequel to viral (perhaps PCV2)
infection, porcine dermatopathy and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS) is sporadically reported. Circovirus is often associated with both
PMWS and PDNS but PCV2 as sole cause remains in dispute. Other agents or risk factors are likely to be involved.
近年来，PCVAD 病例报告数量急剧增加。 PCVAD 目前在美国、欧洲广泛流行，大多数生猪产区均有报道。零星报道了病毒（可能是
PCV2）感染、猪皮肤病和肾病综合征（PDNS）的明显免疫介导后遗症。圆环病毒通常与 PMWS 和 PDNS 相关，但 PCV2 作为唯一原
因仍存在争议。可能涉及其他因素或风险因素。
In utero infection with PCV2 may be inapparent, associated with reproductive failure or abortion. Because PCV2 is ubiquitous in swine
populations and other agents or risk factors are frequently present, disease associations with PCV2 are sometimes difficult to prove.
PCV2 的子宫内感染可能不明显，与生殖障碍或流产有关。由于 PCV2 在猪群中普遍存在，并且经常存在其他病原体或危险因素，因此
有时很难证明疾病与 PCV2 的关联。
Porcine circovirus Type 2 can contribute to PRDC in some herds. Experimental co-infection studies as well as anecdotal evidence
suggests that PCV2 is likely to increase the severity of pneumonia caused Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, swine influenza virus, porcine

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reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRS) and others.
2 型猪圆环病毒可导致某些猪群出现 PRDC。实验性共感染研究以及轶事证据表明，PCV2 可能会增加猪肺炎支原体、猪流感病毒、猪
繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒 (PRRS) 等引起的肺炎的严重程度。
Historical information 历史信息
Since 1994, outbreaks of PMWS have been reported in North America and Europe and most swine-rearing areas of the world. The
outbreaks have been consistently associated with PCV2 infection. Continued research and characterization of PCV2 remains of major
interest among swine practitioners, researchers and producers. Genomic sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism
(RFLP) techniques have defined several distinct viral clades within the PCV2 genotype but the clinical relevance of these distinctions is
not completely understood.
自1994年以来，北美、欧洲以及世界上大多数养猪地区都有PMWS暴发的报道。这些疫情的爆发一直与 PCV2 感染有关。 PCV2 的持续
研究和表征仍然是养猪从业者、研究人员和生产者的主要兴趣。基因组测序和限制性片段长度多态性 (RFLP) 技术已经定义了 PCV2 基
因型内的几个不同的病毒进化枝，但这些区别的临床相关性尚未完全了解。
Etiology 病因学
In 1982, a circovirus was isolated from porcine kidney cell line (PK-15) as an adventitious virus. Circoviruses are small, nonenveloped
animal viruses with single-stranded circular DNA. Porcine circoviruses are quite hardy in the environment and in organic substrates.
They are sensitive to most disinfectants but chlorhexidine, ethanol, and iodine are less effective. Circoviruses now are known to cause
psittacine beak and feather disease, an infectious anemia in chickens, and lethal infections of pigeons, canaries and ¬finches.
1982年，从猪肾细胞系（PK-15）中分离出圆环病毒，作为外来病毒。圆环病毒是一种小型、无包膜的动物病毒，具有单链环状 DNA。
猪圆环病毒在环境和有机基质中非常耐寒。它们对大多数消毒剂敏感，但氯己定、乙醇和碘的效果较差。现在已知圆环病毒会引起鹦鹉
嘴和羽毛病、鸡的传染性贫血以及鸽子、金丝雀和雀的致命感染。
Two types of circoviruses in swine have been described. The PK-15 virus is referred to as Type I (PCV1). There is circumstantial
evidence that PCV1 may be involved in congenital tremors but it is generally considered to be nonpathogenic for swine. Analysis has
demonstrated that PCV associated with PCVAD in swine is distinctly different genetically and antigenically and it is now classified as
PCV2. Antibodies between the two types have low cross-reactivity.
已经描述了猪的两种类型的圆环病毒。 PK-15 病毒被称为 I 型 (PCV1)。有间接证据表明 PCV1 可能与先天性震颤有关，但通常认为它
对猪不具有致病性。分析表明，猪中与 PCVAD 相关的 PCV 在遗传和抗原性上明显不同，现在被归类为 PCV2。两种类型的抗体之间的
交叉反应性较低。
PCV2 is consistently present in pigs with PMWS, and disease has been reproduced by experimental infection with PCV2. Many but not
all field cases of PCVAD have concurrent viral infections or some other evidence of immune stimulation that seems to allow permissive
replication and pathologic effects of PCV2 in swine. Herds that are endemically infected with other significant pathogens, are operated
on a continuous flow basis, are in swine dense areas, provide a suboptimal environment (air quality, hygiene), or practice poor
biosecurity have been shown to be more likely to experience an outbreak of PCVAD. Once affected, these same herds often are
presented with a more severe form of the disease.
PCV2 始终存在于患有 PMWS 的猪体内，并且通过实验性感染 PCV2 已重现疾病。许多（但并非全部）PCVAD 现场病例同时存在病毒
感染或其他一些免疫刺激证据，这些证据似乎允许 PCV2 在猪中复制和产生病理效应。被其他重要病原体地方性感染、在连续流动的基
础上运行、位于猪密集地区、提供次优环境（空气质量、卫生）或生物安全措施较差的猪群已被证明更有可能爆发疫情PCVAD 的。一旦
受到感染，这些牛群通常会出现更严重的疾病。

Epidemiology 流行病学
The epidemiology of porcine circovirus infections is speculative. Nearly all US swine herds are seropositive. Seroconversion usually
occurs by two to four months of age irrespective of whether clinical signs of PCVAD are observed.
猪圆环病毒感染的流行病学是推测性的。几乎所有美国猪群都呈血清阳性。无论是否观察到 PCVAD 的临床症状，血清转化通常发生在
两到四个月龄时。
With PMWS, affected pigs are between two and four months of age and “waste away” while cohorts seem to grow normally. Morbidity
varies from 2-30% but case fatality is high, approaching 80%. Transmission of the virus and conditions allowing virulence expression
are being vigorously studied. Some risk factors purported include coinfection with other viruses (PRRSV, porcine parvovirus, etc.) or
nonspecific immune stimulation (vaccination). Activated macrophages appear to be permissive for viral replication and persistence.
患有 PMWS 的猪只年龄在两到四个月龄之间，并且“日渐消瘦”，而猪群似乎生长正常。发病率从 2% 到 30% 不等，但病死率很高，接
近 80%。正在大力研究病毒的传播和允许毒力表达的条件。一些据称的危险因素包括与其他病毒（PRRSV、猪细小病毒等）的合并感染
或非特异性免疫刺激（疫苗接种）。激活的巨噬细胞似乎允许病毒复制和持续存在。
Pathogenesis 发病
Pigs infected with PCV2 develop viremia of variable duration, with replication and persistence most extensive in macrophages and
monocytes of lymphoid organs and lung. Lymphoid depletion at multiple sites, chronic lymphohistiocytic to granulomatous
inflammation, and an erosive bronchiolitis with fibrosis are characteristic. Reproduction of typical lesions by inoculation with PCV2 has
been inconsistent but there is general agreement among researchers that the virus is at least necessary and perhaps causal in order
for PCVAD to be expressed. Mechanisms that allow disease expression and/ or immunity are not definitively known but appear to be
related to macrophage activation prior to infection with PCV2. Occasionally, pigs may develop blotchy purple skin lesions and
nephropathy, likely as an immune mediated sequel to viral infection, which is termed porcine dermatopathy and nephropathy syndrome
(PDNS).
感染PCV2的猪会出现持续时间不等的病毒血症，在淋巴器官和肺的巨噬细胞和单核细胞中复制和持续最广泛。多部位淋巴耗竭、慢性淋
巴组织细胞性至肉芽肿性炎症以及伴有纤维化的糜烂性细支气管炎是其特征。通过接种 PCV2 来再现典型病变的情况并不一致，但研究
人员普遍认为，该病毒至少是 PCVAD 表达所必需的，而且可能是其因果关系。允许疾病表达和/或免疫的机制尚不清楚，但似乎与感染
PCV2 之前的巨噬细胞激活有关。有时，猪可能会出现紫色斑点皮肤病变和肾病，这可能是病毒感染的免疫介导后遗症，称为猪皮肤病
和肾病综合征（PDNS）。
Clinical signs 临床体征

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PCVAD: Clinical signs include gradual wasting, unthriftiness, rough hair coat, polypnea, dyspnea, pallor, diarrhea, and occasionally
icterus. To be defined as PCVAD, there must also be histologic lesions of lymphoid depletion and/or lymphohistiocytic to
granulomatous inflammation in affected organs with PCV2 demonstrable within lesions. Affected pigs usually die; clinical survivors are
severely stunted; non-clinical pigs in the same groups perform quite well. Both signs and lesions, as reported by various investigators,
vary considerably.
PCVAD：临床症状包括逐渐消瘦、不节俭、毛发粗糙、呼吸急促、呼吸困难、苍白、腹泻，偶尔出现黄疸。要定义为 PCVAD，受影响
器官中还必须存在淋巴耗竭和/或淋巴组织细胞性肉芽肿性炎症的组织学病变，且病变内可证实 PCV2。受影响的猪通常会死亡；临床幸
存者严重发育不良；同一组中的非临床猪表现相当好。根据不同研究人员的报告，体征和病变差异很大。
PDNS: Is mainly a condition of pigs from 8-18 weeks of age. There are red-purple blotches on the skin, sometimes slightly raised, most
obvious on the hind legs and perineum but can extend over the abdomen eventually covering the whole body. Most pigs with PDNS
eventually die.
PDNS：主要是8-18周龄猪的病症。皮肤上有红紫色斑点，有时轻微凸起，在后腿和会阴处最明显，但可以延伸到腹部，最终覆盖整个
身体。大多数患有 PDNS 的猪最终都会死亡。
Lesions 病变
PCVAD: Gross lesions include pallor, marked enlargement of all lymph nodes and perhaps spleen, and interstitial pattern of pneumonia
in lungs. Less often present are icterus, a fluid-filled intestine, subcapsular white foci on the kidneys, atrophy of the liver and ulcers of
the pars esophagea of the stomach. Microscopy reveals depletion of germinal centers in lymphoid tissues with replacement by
histiocytes and multinucleated giant cells. Basophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies often can be seen in macrophages in lymph
nodes, tonsils, spleen and Peyer’s patches. Lymphohistiocytic to granulomatous inflammation can be present in any organ, typically
lungs and/or lymphoid tissues, and PCV2 antigen is abundantly present within characteristic lesions by immunohistochemistry (IHC)
or in situhybridization (ISH). Erosive bronchiolitis and fibrosis of airways is fairly typical.
PCVAD：肉眼病变包括苍白、所有淋巴结（可能还有脾脏）显着肿大，以及肺部肺炎的间质性模式。较少出现的是黄疸、充满液体的肠
道、肾脏上的包膜下白色病灶、肝脏萎缩和胃食管部溃疡。显微镜检查显示淋巴组织中的生发中心被组织细胞和多核巨细胞取代。嗜碱
性胞浆内包涵体常可见于淋巴结、扁桃体、脾脏和集合淋巴结的巨噬细胞中。淋巴组织细胞性至肉芽肿性炎症可存在于任何器官中，通
常是肺和/或淋巴组织，并且通过免疫组织化学 (IHC) 或原位杂交 (ISH) 检测，PCV2 抗原大量存在于特征性病变内。糜烂性细支气管炎
和气道纤维化是相当典型的。
PDNS: Often, there are small circumscribed circular to irregular, deep-purple discolorations of skin that become apparent on hind
quarters, perineum, and flanks. Over the course of several days, the skin discolorations either resolve or expand and coalesce.
Necropsy often reveals kidneys to be swollen with foci of pallor and/or hemorrhage in parenchyma. Microscopically, there is
nonsuppurative vasculitis in sections of skin. Kidneys often have swollen glomerular tufts, inflammation, and protein in tubules.
Multifocal nonsuppurative interstitial nephritis can also be a feature. The lesions are thought to be due to immune mediated (immune
complex) vasculitis.
PDNS：通常，后躯、会阴和胁腹处的皮肤会出现小范围的圆形至不规则的深紫色变色。经过几天的时间，皮肤变色要么消失，要么扩
大并合并。尸检经常显示肾脏肿胀，实质上有苍白和/或出血灶。显微镜下可见皮肤部分有非化脓性血管炎。肾脏经常出现肾小球簇肿
胀、炎症和肾小管中有蛋白质。多灶性非化脓性间质性肾炎也可能是一个特征。这些病变被认为是由免疫介导（免疫复合物）血管炎引
起的。
Lesions of PDNS are not specific for porcine circovirus.
PDNS 的损伤不是猪圆环病毒特有的。

Diagnosis 诊断
PCVAD: Diagnosis is made on clinical features, gross lesions, microscopic lesions, and demonstration of PCV2 within lesions. Using
microscopy, characteristic lesions may be observed and virus inclusion bodies can often be identified in depleted lymph nodes, spleen,
tonsils or Peyer’s patches. Immunohistochemical tests or in situ hybridization are used to confirm diagnosis of disease associated with
PCV2. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) will confirm the presence of virus but does not confirm the presence of disease. Similarly,
isolation and identification of a circovirus is not useful for diagnosis since asymptomatic infection is widespread in swine populations.
Serological testing for both types of PCV has been developed to confirm infection but finding antibodies to circovirus in the herd is not
diagnostic since most herds are positive without discernible disease. PCVAD must be differentiated from other bacterial or viral
diseases, especially PRRSV which has similarities in clinical signs and lesion. Concurrent infections are common.
PCVAD：根据临床特征、肉眼病变、显微镜下病变以及病变内 PCV2 的显示进行诊断。使用显微镜，可以观察到特征性病变，并且通常
可以在耗尽的淋巴结、脾脏、扁桃体或派尔氏淋巴集结中识别出病毒包涵体。免疫组织化学测试或原位杂交用于确认与 PCV2 相关的疾
病的诊断。聚合酶链式反应（PCR）将确认病毒的存在，但不能确认疾病的存在。同样，圆环病毒的分离和鉴定对诊断没有帮助，因为
无症状感染在猪群中广泛存在。已经开发出两种类型 PCV 的血清学检测来确认感染，但在牛群中发现圆环病毒抗体并不能诊断，因为大
多数牛群呈阳性，但没有明显的疾病。 PCVAD 必须与其他细菌或病毒性疾病相鉴别，尤其是 PRRSV，其临床症状和病变有相似之处。
并发感染很常见。
PDNS: Diagnosis of PDNS is by observing typical clinical signs, gross lesions, and histopathology. PCV2 antigen is demonstrable in
some but not all cases.
PDNS：PDNS 的诊断是通过观察典型的临床体征、肉眼病变和组织病理学来进行的。 PCV2 抗原在某些情况下（但并非在所有情况
下）是可证明的。
Reproductive failure: In cases where reproductive failure is observed as abortions, stillbirths, and mummification, PCV2 can be
demonstrated by IHC in fetal hearts as well as other tissues, in a routine diagnostic investigation.
生殖失败：在观察到生殖失败（如流产、死产和木乃伊化）的情况下，在常规诊断调查中，可以通过 IHC 在胎儿心脏和其他组织中证明
PCV2。

Control 控制
There is no specific treatment for pigs with PCVAD. However, anti-inflammatory agents and/or antimicrobials are sometimes used with
some success in groups of pigs experiencing disease. All in/all out pig flow, thorough cleaning and disinfection between batches of pigs

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and early segregation and euthanasia of affected pigs are measures that may help control the disease. Antibiotics in feed or water may
suppress secondary infections. Better definition of risk factors and intervention strategies for those factors may aid in control.
Anecdotally, control of other infections (PRRSV, parvovirus, others) or altering timing of administration of vaccines has been of benefit
in reducing the severity of PCVAD. Studies in Denmark have shown that that PCVAD can be eradicated from an affected farm by total
depopulation. The ubiquitous nature of PCV2 makes it unlikely that commercial farms can be maintained free of the virus by this
technique but relief from clinical effects of PCVAD can likely be achieved. Until the epidemiology, transmission, and virulence factors
relating to PCV2 and PCVAD are further understood, use of total depopulation as a control strategy is not often recommended.
对于患有 PCVAD 的猪没有特殊的治疗方法。然而，有时在患有疾病的猪群中使用抗炎剂和/或抗菌剂会取得一些成功。全进/全出猪群流
动、批次间的彻底清洁和消毒以及对受影响的猪进行早期隔离和安乐死是可能有助于控制疾病的措施。饲料或水中的抗生素可以抑制继
发感染。更好地定义风险因素和这些因素的干预策略可能有助于控制。有趣的是，控制其他感染（PRRSV、细小病毒等）或改变疫苗接
种时间有助于降低 PCVAD 的严重程度。丹麦的研究表明，可以通过彻底减少受影响农场的人口来根除 PCVAD。 PCV2 无处不在，使得
商业农场不太可能通过这种技术保持没有病毒，但可以减轻 PCVAD 的临床影响。在进一步了解与 PCV2 和 PCVAD 相关的流行病学、
传播和毒力因素之前，通常不建议使用总体减少作为控制策略。
Porcine circovirus Type 2 has been identified in the semen of acutely affected boars. However, transmission of the virus (or PCVAD)
via this route has not been documented in a field setting.
已在受严重感染的公猪的精液中发现了 2 型猪圆环病毒。然而，病毒（或 PCVAD）通过此途径传播的情况尚未在现场记录下来。
Porcine circovirus Type 2 vaccines became commercially available in the US in summer of 2006. Field experiences have demonstrated
that the vaccines are effective in reducing the severity and incidence rate of PCVAD on many farms. The timing of vaccination and
population to be immunized (breeding herds, replacement stock, growing pigs) varies between farms depending on the characteristics
of the affected populations and the physical operation of the farm.
猪圆环病毒2型疫苗于2006年夏季在美国上市。现场经验表明，该疫苗可有效降低许多猪场PCVAD的严重程度和发病率。疫苗接种的时
间和要免疫的群体（种猪群、后备牲畜、生长猪）因农场而异，具体取决于受影响群体的特征和农场的实际运营情况。

https://vetmed.iastate.edu/vdpam/FSVD/swine/index-diseases/circovirus 4/4