Lesson 7

Topic: Cell: Meiosis

Meiosis
- The genetic information we inherit comes from two cells: a sperm and an egg. These
cells are produced by a form of cell division called meiosis.

Genetics is the scientific study of heredity and variation

Heredity & Variation

Heredity is the transmission of traits from one generation to the next

Variation is the differences in appearance that offspring show from parents and siblings

Genes are the units of heredity, and are made up of segments of DNA

Genes are passed to the next generation through reproductive cells called gametes (sperm and
eggs)

Chromosome
- Each gene has a specific location called a locus on a certain chromosome.
- Most DNA is packaged into chromosomes.
- One set of chromosomes is inherited from each parent.
- 46 chromosomes in an individual, 23 from mother, and 23 from father.
- First 22 is called autosome, while the last pair is sex chromosome.

Prophase I
- The chromosomes condense and become visible in the microscope.
- The nuclear envelope disappears and the spindle becomes organized.

Metaphase I
- Paired homologous chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell, with each
chromosome attached to spindle fibers from opposite poles of the cell

Anaphase I
- Members of each homologous pair separate from each other and move toward opposite
sides of the cell.

Telophase I
- Production of 2 haploid cells
Prophase II
- The unpaired chromosomes consist of two sister chromatids joined by a centromere.

Metaphase II
- The 23 unpaired chromosomes are at the equator of the cell, with spindle fibers from
opposite poles of the cell attached to their centromeres.

Anaphase II
- The centromeres of each chromosome divide for the first time. The 46 chromatids
become chromosomes and move to opposite poles of the cell.

Telophase II
- The chromosomes uncoil, the nuclear envelope re-forms, and the process of meiosis is
complete.

Lesson 8
Topic: Transport Mechanism (Part 1)

Characteristics of a Plasma Membrane

- Phospholipids are abundant in Plasma Membrane
- Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules, containing hydrophobic and hydrophilic
regions

Fluid Mosaic Model

- A membrane is a fluid structure with a “mosaic” of various proteins embedded in it

Components of Cell Membrane

Phospholipid Bilayer
- It imposes a barrier to permeability.

Transmembrane Proteins
- These proteins have a variety of functions, including transport and communication
across the membrane.

Interior protein network

- Membranes are structurally supported by intracellular proteins that reinforce the
membrane’s shape.

Cell-surface markers
- Membrane sections assemble in the endoplasmic reticulum, to the Golgi apparatus and
then are transported to the plasma membrane.