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    12 views30 pages

    Lecture 4-2

    Uploaded by

    Leo Khan

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 30
    2 LIMITS AND CONTINUITY OVERVIEW Mathematicians of the seventeenth century were kevnly interested inthe study ‘of motion for objects on or near the earth and the motion of planets andl stars. This stuly involved both the speed of the objet and its direction of motion at any jnstant and they know the direction to the path of motion, The eoncept of n limit is fundamen tal 1o finding the velo ni object and the tangent toa curve. In this chapter we dlevelop the limit, ist intuitively and then formally. We use limits to deseribe the way 8 fiction varies. Some functions vary continuoush; small changes in x produce only smal hanes in f(), Other functions ean have values that jump vary erratically, oF tend to ine frense or decrease without bound The notion of limit gives a precise way to distinguish between these behaviors 2 1 |_Rates of Change and Tangents to Curves | Caleutus is tool to help us understand how functional relationships change, such as the position oF speed of a moving object as a funtion of time, or the changing stone of Faversed hy a point moving along i. dn this section we introduce the ideas of srerage and instantaneous rates oF change, an show that they are closely elated to the slope of curve ta point Pon dhe curve, We give precise developments of these impor fant concepts in the next chapter, but Far now we use an informal approach so you wil se how they lead naturally to the main idea of the chapter, the Zim You will see that Kimits play « major role in ealeuus and the study of change curve being ‘Average and Instantaneous Speed In the late sixteonth contury, Galileo discovered that a solid object dropped from rest (not moving) near the surface ofthe earth and allowed to fl rely wil fall a dstanes propor Troma tthe square of the time it has ben falling. This type of motion i called free fall. 1 teams neti air resistance to slow the objet dovsn and that gravity is the only foree oor the filing body. IF y denotes the distance fallen in feet after ¢ seconds, then Galileo's la is ler, were 16 i the (approximate) constant of proportionality (Ify is measured in meters, he constant is 4.9.) ‘A moving body's average speed during tance covered by the time elapsed, The unit per hour, feet (or meters) per seeand, or what an interval of time is found by dividing the dis- of measure is length per unit time: kilometers ever is appropriate to the problem at hand. > more about the historical Figures mentioned in the text and the development of many 1 topis oF calculus, visit wwwaaw.com/thomas. major ele- 39 Geer aN Sf Rent — oe aS & ok, : | wt Neal ee ae appaoadken.c ie iscapiioadka: sy Saks BO Toxx others ae | ene eine eereae a | en Woy Whelhes of tis J Ditclnad & vat st “ga thes ab ie A Waa On a \" Re tne =I YO re ee Cowh teu G. fe =O° aout 6 wr — Qo “Cone wut oe tis ee: EMMI “ye its paige] Qe fe Sak S \ = Os hep Sein Yass -clscadinuae 4 Mi soeeceees 0) a) Aw = Wad OLMAl. = 4§e2WM42:¢ = ya REUSE: —————— 4. 1) \) iw Aw = Xim Oar) = Vane! \>\ it is RE loam eee Kol = Yoo ee mateo VS discedinan dhywet elie — in Be ina ba Wee ese ee eat pat —____Meao Liz RULE f) 4 a As. Cee ae eer Sew A Coie Lt n Solution (Ui the halt angale formula condi 1 2 xh? Gi/2), ave cate oe in! (4/29 ak i 4 sin . dim, y ME Letde AP? oy (Ut xu (UNO = eta 22 40) quatiow (1) does at apply tt oll fa ‘nota Sy, We prod 1 by snutiply inn ot, We oe w 2 i ths denomination, oral alonomalnntor by 2/4: wy (2/8) + nln 2 Moose oR Gysiese 2 nin Nuww, Biy (1) appllion with sy ay on fue} EXAMPLE 6 Vinal tiny 4 Solutton From the definition af tan snd sew 20, we have lanssee2 Vy int, Lt MSH e048 eon OF Fann 4, Bazi inbectin 2 Exercises 2.4 Finding Limits Graphically. y 1, Whish ofthe fllnsing Stems about the faction y= fu) yenh so oe i eens A ime be hn son) 0 n. flay =k By fim $0) does nt exit Jim fix) = 1 de Tiny flay fo) foyn2 de tim fix) = 2 Him fa) exists fp ft) fiyn fin fs} dacs not exist Bhim fix) = 1 bh tim fis) = fle) = tim sory ~ L him fin) = 0 je tim flay = 2 ‘hs lnm f(4) exists at every ein the open interval (1, 1) Kim. 70x) does not Lim, fl = 0 2. Which ofthe following statements about the function y= fx) raped here are tac, and which ae false? be tim fx) val (1, 3p 1, f(x) does not exist 72 Chapter 2: Limits and Continuity b r<2 3. Let flr a, Find lim,g* f(x) and lim,r- f(s) . Does lim, f(x) exist? Ifso, what Fin imma f(x) and tim, f(), 4. Does lima f(x) exist? Iso, what is it? I'not, why not? is it? Ifnot, why not? Sox x<2 ™ 4. Let sts) = 1% » Exon, , » fa » «Graph se) = { 6. Let g(a) = Vesin(/9)- Does lms" gx) exist? If's0, what i € If not, why noe Does li, g(x) exist? Ls, what sit? Ino, why no Does lmao (x) exist? 1FS0, what i if? IF not, why noe oh oxel apn je {5° 2 Find limo f(x) and lim f(2). Does lima: f(x) exist? Ifo, what is it? If no, why not

    0, xs0 Does lim,-.a* f(x) exist? Ifso, what is it? Ifnot, why not? i. Does lim-- (x) exist? Iso, what isi? Ifnot, why not? €e. Does limp f(x) exist? IF 50, what is it? If not, why not? Graph the function in Exercises 9 and 10, Then answer these questns What are the domain and range of 2 b. Atwhat points iffany, dos imc 2) exis? . Atovhat points does only the left-hand limit exist? 4h Atwhat points does only the righthand limit exist? Vi-¥8, Osx<1 9. fe) = 41, lsx<2 2, x=2 “1Sx<0, o O1 Finding One-Sided Limits Algebratcally Find the limits in Exercises 1118, eo uM. 12. im, ah lim, eset 1 eg 16. tin VOTER HA A an Way rtm im or + 3) tim (v4 3) Vi 2 0 fi a Vare= 0) e- T] Use the graph of the greatest *t function y = ri Section 11.0 help you find the limits in sce 1 on wv. 20. le) ae & ay a tine UD b igte= Le) sin Using tin Find the liits in Exercises 21-42 2. B. 38. imo Hy V0 (kconstant) sin3y a 24 iy Singh ce 26. fin, eset 27 Tih cos 5 y+ xcose 29. im, "Snx cosx 1 = cos 3 fim, Gin 20 sin (1 — cos!) sin 33. lig] = eos 34 fie, sind sind sinSe im 36. fy 38. im Sin 2 tiny Sin ar 1 lim 06058 238 im sind cot 20 i dang” ane sin3ycot5y mde 40. tim = 3. in sin m 25 Contimity — 73 ‘ta tim 25289 4h tim, Bn 7 o%) sint 0 cot 20 A oF cot 30 ‘Theory and Examples 43, Once you know li ‘of the domain of f, do you then know Liman f0 for your answer. 444. Ifyou know that Kim,» f(x exit, ean you find its value by ea ‘culating lim-s 08)? Give reasons for your answer 45. Suppose that f is an odd function of x. Does knowing that Times’ f(0) = 3 tell youanything about Kim, f(x)? Give rear sons for your answer, 46. Suppose that fis an even funetion of x. Does know! Timeey f(x) = Tell you anything about eter li —-2 JC) oF Tin a f(x)? Give reasons for your answer. ae: fs) and fig f(a) at an interior point )? Give reasons ing that Formal Definitions of One-Sided Limits soem eae > Oc findan interval /= (5,5 + 5) 6 > O. sucha Se athen Va — $<. What imi is Being verified and ‘whats its value? 48, Given ¢ > 0. find an interval! lies in J, then V4 < € what sits value? = (4 — 6,4),6 > 0, such thatif ‘What limit is being verified and Use the definitions of right-hand and left-hand Timits€© PEE the orcises 49 and 50. limit statements in 49, im = 50. tis AY fi. Greatest integer function Find (2) limes [x] and your find fen use limit definitions to vei 7 gonclusions in parts (a) and (b) €28 YOu * Give reasons for yOUr ANS WEE r<0 x20. ind a i, fx) a (0 io 0: tem se Ha efi {@) Based on your conclusions it anything about Lim f(3)? Give (0) Tins [th ings. (¢) Based on your say anything about fim-sol | va { ‘52, One-sided lim tions to verify your finds parts (a) and (b), can you SI reasons for Your answer 82 Chapter 2: Limits and Continuity "Bis 28 Continuity from Graphs In Exercises 1-4, say whether the function graphed is com [1.3]. Ifo, where does it fail to be cont a 2 of 12 ot Exercises 5-10 refer to the funetion 1, -1sx<0 2s, O0 continuous at every x? 45, For what values of a and b is 2 0 reo sw-{aon -l lu iS Q adn Jou ae A“: Se ~ — — os PrajvtesduGduG pte oO, - " . Bet ts, oe Socom ain ge no E tedinco You ee ask Nee Cohn - Pa S S o- {ies mu Rood oth Gali We Sc [RaRe" de os - 3a —— os = ae ne : @ | | Se —— Mf = ae yay —Fanis cannes te a — hoa Seed —[ 3 Yeu ate . ts AS Rabin uous te ‘Bl be po WS AN ee ibs we Woe Ws neque” ada Celi oH =lale Ze ZlblL ae E eee SS ee = —,— AV es Mor _\hidh = a os ais A ickone ae i Neayest cen iw Fe oid Shek. vr AE Reem —————— 64 ‘Chapter 2: Limits and Continuity 13. Finding Deltas Algebratcally Each of Exercises 15-30 gives ‘¢ > 0. In each cae, find an op faction f(s) and nu en interval about xo 00 ‘Thon give value ford quality [7a) ~ £] < eos forall x satisfying 0 < [x ~ 20] < 6 he inequality [fe bold. 15. fe) =x +h, aol 16. fix) = r= 2 wy =-2, © = 002 Vit Leh maa 60 Va bei, wad, €201 9. fe) = VO foes I all mfn Ven bet nee, et wa je)=ts, Ee mek € 2 123, w= Va eno 25. fla) = 26. f(x) = 120)s, b= 5s m>0, L=2m % m>o, b (mp2) + 6, m>0, >0 30. fa)=me+h, m>o, Lamth wo) = 005 piers £, x0, 300 ich the i> > Ouch hat y-L0 asim f(z). Then find a nung a a mse a, Asim) <6 7 Une 8 wok en0 | inition 36 gives faction J), apg 36. so) = AP in snermet in Exerc 37-8, 38. fim (3x ~ 7) =2 40. im V4= 3 = a, xe | 1 4. ling 5 = ie 46, lim a 4. fig fo) 22 poe fee con pnt 759 48. lim fla) = 0 if #00) i x20 4-2, ox

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