A TECHNICAL REPORT ON STUDENTS INDUSTRIAL WORKING

EXPERIENCE

SCHEME

(SIWES)

HELD AT: DREAMLAB MEDICAL DIAGNOSTICS 11, GOVERNOR ROAD

LADMOG, BUSTOP IKOTUN LAGOS.

SUBMITTED BY

BUSOLA OLIVE ONONUGA

20/57MB/01712

SUBMITTED TO

THE DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY, FACULTY OF PURE AND APPLIED

SCIENCE, KWARA STATE UNIVERSITY, MALETE, KWARA STATE, NIGERIA.

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT

FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (B.Sc.) MICROBIOLOGY

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page No

Title page 1

Certification Page 2

Dedication 3

Acknowledgement 4

Table of Contents 5

Abstract 6

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Brief History of SIWES
1.1 STUDENTS’ INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)
1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF SIWES
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 DESCRIPTION OF ESTABLISHMENT OF ATTACHMENT
2.2 Different sections/ units of the laboratory.
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Hematology Tests
3.1.1 Packed Cell Volume (PCV)
3.1.2 BLOOD GROUPING
3.1.3 Hb GENOTYPE
3.2 Serology UNIT
3.2.1 Hepatitis B (HbsAg), C (HCV) and V.D.R.L.(syphilis)
3.2.2 Serum Pregnancy Test (HCG)
3.2.3 Widal Test (Typhoid)
Widal test agglutination

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3.3 PARASITOLOGY
3.3.1 Immunochromatographic Tests for Malaria Antigens
3.4 CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
3.4.1 URINEANALYSIS
3.4.2 Blood Sugar Test
3.5 CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY
TESTS CONDUCTED IN THE MICROBIOLOGY UNIT ANDTHEIR PROCEDURES
3.5.1 Urine Microscopy
3.5.2 Urine Macroscopy
3.5.3 URINE CULTURE
3.5.4 Step-by-Step Procedure for urine culturing
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Lists of Reagents and Apparatus Used
4.2 Precautionary Motives Taken At the Medical Laboratory
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 SUMMARY
5.2 CONCLUSION
5.3 RECOMMENDATION

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 ABSTRACT

This report is made to give proper outline in full details what I learnt at my industry of my

attachment during my six month Students Industrial Working Experience Scheme at Dream Lab,

Medical Diagnostics 11, Governor Road Ladmog, Busstop, Ikotun, Lagos State. It would be of

larger benefit if the reader of this material has background knowledge of this program, the nature

and its objectives.

I strongly believe that this report will be a source of information to lecturers, Industrial Training

Fund (ITF) and persons who might wish to know about all I have done during my training period

so that they can be able to evaluate the efficiency of the program.

This report might also serve as guide to all students who might be partaking in the program in the

nearest future.

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 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

My training and the experience during the course of my six months industrial training was

undertaken at Dream Lab, Medical Diagnostics 11, Governor Road Ladmog, Busstop, Ikotun,

Lagos. This training helped me in gaining practical aspect of Medical Microbiology.

1.1 Brief History of SIWES

1.1 STUDENTS’ INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) was established through the Industrial

Training Fund (ITF) as a result of the realization by the Federal Government in 1973, of the need

to introduce a new dimension to the quality and standard of university education obtained in the

country in order to achieve the much needed technological advancement because it has been

shown that a correlation exists between a country’s level of economic and technological

advancement and it’s level of investment in manpower development. The scheme exposes

students in industrial-based skills required for a smooth transition from the lecture room to the

outside world. It affords students of tertiary institutions the opportunity of being familiarized and

exposed to the needed experience in handling machineries, equipment and skills which are

usually not available in their educational institutions. Participation in SIWES has become an

essential pre-condition for the award of Diploma and Degree Certificates in specific disciplines,

Food Science and Technology inclusive, in most institutions of higher learning in the country in

accordance with the educational policy of the Nigerian government. The operators and

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coordinators of this scheme are the; ITF, National University Commission (NUC), National

Board for Technical Education (NBTE), employers of labor and the institutions.

The scheme is funded by the Federal Government of Nigeria. The functions of the bodies

mentioned above, among others are as follows.

(1) Ensure adequate funding of the scheme.

(2) Establish SIWES and accredit units in the approved institutions.

(3) Formulate policies and guidelines for participating bodies and institutions as well as

appointing SIWES coordinators and supporting staff.

1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

The aims and objectives of SIWES are as follows:

1. To provide an avenue for students in higher learning institutions to acquire industrial

skills and experience in their respective courses of study.

2. To provide the students with the opportunities to be involved in the practical aspect of

their respective disciplines; thus creating more understanding to the theoretical aspect

taught in their lecture rooms.

3. To keep students abreast of the latest developments and innovations in their disciplines.

4. To expose students to sophisticated machineries they don’t have access to in their

institutions.

5. To prepare students for the likely challenges they will face in the labor market.

6. To enable students make reasonable choices of their fields of specialization.

7. Also, to brings students of different institutions, ethnic backgrounds, mentalities and of

course religion under the same umbrella in which they learn to tolerate one another, work

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together, be of their best behaviors, share ideas and make good friends with each other,

within a very short period of time.

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 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 DESCRIPTION OF ESTABLISHMENT OF ATTACHMENT

Dream Lab, Medical Diagnostics was officially registered by the Lagos State Ministry of Health

as a private hospital in 2013 at its facility located at Governor Road Ladmog, Busstop, Ikotun,

Lagos. The vision of the hospital is to make quality health care, including specialized services,

easily available and affordable to the generality of the citizenry. The services rendered at the

initial phase included outpatient and inpatient facilities, surgery, maternity services, infant

welfare clinic, more services like x-ray, ultrasound scanning and ECG were added. The most

recent addition to its line of products is CT scan service.

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2.1 ORGANOGRAM OF DREAM LAB MEDICAL DIAGNOSTICS

LABORATORY

PHLEBOTOMY PAY POINT

UNIT

HAEMATOLOGY CHEMICAL MICROBIOLOGY HISTOPATHOLOGY

PATHOLOGY

ION SEPARATION CHEMICAL

STAFF LOUNGE SCIENTIST ELECTRODE (ISE) WASH UP & PATHOLOGY RECEPTION/
LOUNGE ROOM SEPARATION UNIT MAIN RESULTS
LABORATORY.

9
2.2 Different sections/ units of the laboratory.

Dream Lab Medical Diagnostics is divided into departments and sections, some of which is

subdivided in to other units. The Laboratory department is divided into the following units:

1. Central collection unit:

2. Clinical chemistry (Biochemistry): This unit commonly called chemical pathology

includes instrumental analysis of blood components, enzymology, toxicology and

endocrinology.

3. Clinical microbiology: This section encompasses three different units. These include.

(a) Bacteriology

(b) Serology

(c) Parasitology

(d) Haematology and Blood group serology (BGS): This unit consists of automated and

manual analysis of blood cells.

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 CHAPTER THREE

3.1 Hematology Tests

Hematology is the branch of medicine that is concerned with the study, diagnosis, treatment and

prevention of diseases related to the blood.

The hematology tests entail the analysis of blood formation and disorders.

The varying hematology tests include;

 Packed Cell Volume (PCV)

 HBsAg

 Hb Genotype

 HIV I and II Screening (RVS/XYZ)

 Type and Cross Matching

 Blood Group

 Genotyping

3.1.1 Packed Cell Volume (PCV)

The packed cell volume is the amount in percentage of the red blood cells in the blood stream.

The PCV level of a patient varies due to certain conditions of health and low and high PCV has

certain effects on a patient.

Apparatus:

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Micro-Hematocrit reader, Hematocrit/heparinised tube, Hematospin, Methylated spirit/isopropyl

alcohol, cotton wool, needle, plasticine (sealant).

Procedure:

To run the PCV test, certain things must be put into consideration.

1. Sterilize the point of puncture (thumb) with previously soaked cotton wool with spirit or

isopropyl alcohol.

2. Prick the sterilized point of puncture with a needle and squeeze thumb to allow blood flow.

3. Use the Heparinised hematocrit tube to collect the blood sample.

4. Seal the end of the tube with the sealant carefully and place in the heamatospin device to spin

for 5 minutes.

5. After spinning, place the spun tube in the heamatocrit reader to read the result.

*Note:

o The site of puncture must be sterilized.

o Do not use any of the apparatus if sterility is not guaranteed.

o The tube obtains the blood sample through a process called capillarity.

How to Read PCV Results

a) Place the spun sample in the heamatocrit tube on the hematocrit reader.

b) There are three layers in the spun tube containing the blood sample (the level of plasticin,

level of the packed red cells, and the level of the serum right above the packed cells).
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c) Let the lower line on the reader be on the plasticin end, the upper slant line on the top level of

the separated serum

d) Let the movable part of the reader to the point where the packed cells get to in the tube and

trace to the graduated numbers on the reader to read the level of the packed cell.

Results:

The results vary due to age factors, health factors and blood genotype differences. For babies and

children, the normal range of PCV should be 45% to 57%.

In men, 30% to 45% while in women 30% to 35 due to menstruation. Some results do fail below

25% due to sickle cell anemia, shortage of blood, illness or internal bleeding which may lead to

dizziness or even death.

Precautions to be taken while carrying out the PCV Test

1. Avoid spillage of the blood sample in the capillary tube by sealing with plasticin and screwing

tight of the heamatospin device very well before use.

2. Avoid error due to parallax while reading the result on the heamatocrit reader because 1%

difference might mean a serious defect in a patients’ normal state of health.

3.1.2 BLOOD GROUPING

This test is carried out to determine the blood group of a person; it is basedon the antigen

antibody principle to produce agglutination.

Aim: To determine the blood of different individuals.

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Material Required: Anti-A-Serum, Anti-B-serum, Anti-D-serum, Bloodsample, clean white

tile, and Applicator stick.

Procedure:

 Place three different drops of blood sample on a clean white tile.Add anti A serum to

1st drop

 Add anti B serum to 2nd drop

 Add anti D serum to 3rd drop

 Three different stirrers are used to stir the different spots after which thetile is rocked for

two minutes.

 The three spots are then observed for agglutination.

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3.1.3 Hb GENOTYPE

A haemoglobin electrophoresis test is a blood test used to measure and identify the different

types of haemoglobin in your bloodstream. Haemoglobin is the protein inside red

blood cells responsible for transporting oxygen throughout your circulatory system to your

tissues and organs.

Procedures

1. The patient is bled and the whole blood is collected and placed on a rocking tile.

2. The blood on the rocking tile is mixed with distilled water to aid the movement of the

haemoglobin.

3. The acetate paper to be used is then removed from the tris buffer and placed in a filter paper to

reduce the moisture content.

4. Using a picker, the blood sample is placed on the edge of the acetatepaper.

5. The acetate paper containing the blood is now placed in the electrophoresis

machine and it is turned on.

6. The haemoglobin is allowed to move and the result is read after 30minutes with the help of a

control sample.

Result Interpretation

1. AS has two bands, one above and one below.

2. AA has one band above

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3. SS has one band below

NOTE“S” has lower molecular weight than “A”, SS moves faster than AA

3.2 Serology UNIT

Serology is a blood test to detect the presence of antibodies against a microorganism. Certain

microorganisms stimulate the body to produce antibodies during an active infection.

How the Test Sample is collected

Blood is taken from a vein, usually from the inside of the elbow or the back of the hand. The site

of puncture is cleaned with germ killing solution like the methylated spirit or isopropyl alcohol

pad. The upper arm of the patient is tied with tourniquet to add pressure thus making the vein

swell with blood in it.

Next, the blood sample is collected from the vein with the use of attached needle and syringe.

The tourniquet is removed before ejecting the needle from the patient’s body. The blood sample

it emptied into an anticoagulant bottle containing EDTA solution of one drop.

List of Serology Tests

o Hepatitis A.

o Hepatitis B.

o Hepatitis C.

o Pregnancy test Blood.

o Pregnancy test Urine.

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o V.D.R.L. (syphilis)

3.2.1 Hepatitis B (HbsAg), C (HCV) and V.D.R.L.(syphilis)

Apparatus

HbsAg kit, HCV kit, VDRL kit miscellaneous pipette, test tube.

Procedure for Hepatitis B (HbsAg), C (HCV) and V.D.R.L. (syphilis)

 With the miscellaneous pipette, extract the serum from the spun blood sample and pipette

into an empty test tube.

 Dip the hepatitis B (HbsAg) kit, V.D.R.L. kit or that of the hepatitis C (HCV) kit into the

test tube containing the serum for 10minutes or if otherwise described in the kit’s

manual.

 After 10 minutes remove the strip to read the result.

*Note:

While dipping the strip into the serum, ensure that the level of the serum does not rise above the

limit band on the strip.

Results

The result of the Hepatitis B and C tests are in positive, negative or invalid. The positive result

shows two spectral lines (the control and test line) while the negative result shows just one line

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which is the control line, but the invalid result might connote that there is a foreign body in the

sample used or maybe there was a defect in the production of the test strip.

A is positive

B is negative

C is invalid

3.2.2 Serum Pregnancy Test (HCG)

Apparatus:

Pregnancy test kit, test tube and miscellaneous pipette.

Procedure

 With the miscellaneous pipette, extract the serum from the spun blood sample and pipette

into an empty test tube.

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  Dip the Pregnancy test kit (HCG) into the test tube containing the serum for 10minutes or

if otherwise described in the kit’s manual.

 After 10 minutes remove the strip to read the result.

*Note:

While dipping the strip into the serum, ensure that the level of the serum does not rise above the

limit band on the strip.

Negative result Positive result

3.2.3 Widal Test (Typhoid)

The Widal test is one that is carried out to check if the patient has typhoid fever which

Salmonella thyphi as its usative agent. The use of certain widal antigens makes the test less

stressful compared to the stool microscopy/culture and sensitivity test.

Apparatus

Omega™ widal antigen, four pairs phased tiles, miscellaneous pipette.

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Widal antigen

Procedure

 Make eight drops of serum on each phase of the tile.

 The solutions in the antigens kit should be dropped on each serum drops (i.e. the S.Typhi

O for the first drop, the S.Paratyphi A-O for the second drop, the S.Paratyphi B-O for the

third drop, the S.Paratyphi C-O for the fourth drop, the S.Typhi H for the fifth drop, the

S.paratyphi A-H for the sixth drop of serum, the S.Paratyphi B-H for the seventh drop,

the S.Paratyphi C-H for the eight drop.

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  The tile containing the samples should then be rocked for 2-3 minutes and watched for

any reaction of agglutination.

Result

The Widal test is done by rocking the separated serum on a tile with the widal kit solution of

Febrile Antigen. The readings on each phase varies from 1:20, 1:40, 1:80, 1:160 to 1:320

depending on the rate and weight of the reaction.

Widal test agglutination

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3.3 PARASITOLOGY

3.3.1 Immunochromatographic Tests for Malaria Antigens

Immunochromatographic tests are based on the capture of the parasite antigens from the

peripheral blood using either monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against the parasite antigen

targets. Currently, immunochromatographic tests can target the histidine-rich protein 2 of P.

falciparum, a pan-malarial Plasmodium aldolase, and the parasite specific lactate dehydrogenase.

Procedure

 The top of the patient’s thumb was swabbed with cotton wool soaked with ethanol to

disinfect the surface of the skin

 It was pricked with a sterile capped lancet and the lancet was discarded immediately

 The blood on the finger-tip was then picked with a tube and placed on the sample origin

 A lysing washing buffer was added on its origin

 Then the buffer migrates up strip making the detention lines visible

Negative result Positive result

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3.4 CLINICAL CHEMISTRY

3.4.1 URINEANALYSIS

The varying tests in the urinalysis group are used as screening and/or diagnostic tools because it

can help detect substances or cellular material in the urine associated with different metabolic

and kidney disorders. It is ordered widely and routinely to detect any abnormalities that require

follow up. Often, substances such as protein or glucose will begin to appear in the urine before

people are aware that they may have a problem. It is used to detect urinary tract infections

(UTI’s) and other disorders of the urinary tract. In those with acute or chronic conditions, such as

kidney diseases, the urinalysis may be ordered at intervals as a rapid method to help monitor

organ function status and response to the treatment.

This test include the urinalysis (urine analysis), macro and mirco. The urinalysis test is done with

the urinalysis strip which is of different brands.

Apparatus

Combi-10™ urinalysis strip, Urine collection bottle

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Procedure

 The urine sample bottle should be handed to the patient for the collection of the urine

sample.

 After collecting the sample, dip the strip into the urine sample making the urine touch all

pads of the strip (the strip is characterized by different little pads on the strip with varying

colors) and leave for one minute.

 After one minute, place the strip beside the results guide on the strip container to read the

result with respect to the changes in colour of the pads on the strips.

 The different colours are assigned with varying values (numbers and pluses +) which

denote the amount of Leucocytes, ketones, Umbriliognes, pH, Specific Gravity(SG),

blood, protein, glucose, and ascorbic acid.

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The Urine Analysis Result

Urinalysis results have many interpretations. Abnormal findings are a warning that something

may be wrong and should be evaluated further. Generally, the greater the concentration of a

typical substance, such as greatly increased , such protein, or red blood cells, the more likely it is

that there is a problem that needs to be addressed. But the results do not tell the doctor exactly

what the cause of the finding is whether it is a temporary or chronic condition.

3.4.2 Blood Sugar Test

These are tests carried out to determine glucose level in the blood. When blood glucose level is

high, a patient is said to have hyperglycaemia (diabetes mellitus), while when the blood sugar is

low, the patient is said to have hypoglycaemia. Fluoride oxalate is used as an anticoagulant

because the glucose inhibits glucose and oxalate prevents clotting by precipitating calcium.

Fasting Blood Sugar

This is a test to determine how much glucose is in a blood sample after an overnight fasting. It is

used to detect diabetes mellitus. A diabetic patient glucose usually exceeds the normal range

which is from 70-100mg/dl. Sugar levels from 100-126mg/dl are considered as pre-diabetes

while levels higher than 126mg/dl are considered diabetic. This test is usually done within 8-9

am.

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Apparatus

Glucometer, fluoride oxalate bottle, lancet, plain and heparinized capillary tube, test strips.

Procedure

Ask patient when was his/her patient last meal. The last meal the night should be within 8-9 pm.

Withdraw blood using the needle and syringe and pour in the fluoride oxalate bottle.

Use the plain capillary tube to pick blood.

Input the test strip in the glucometer and add two drops of blood on the strip.

Read result.

Alternatively, prick patient using the lancet and collect the blood sample in the heparinized

capillary tube.

Input the strip in the glucometer and add drops of blood.

Read result.

Random Blood Sugar

Random blood sugar measures amount of blood glucose regardless of when you last ate. It can

be done at any time of the day as long the patient has eaten. This test assumes a recent meal and

therefore has higher reference values than that of fasting blood sugar. Normal RBS range is

between 80-120mg/dl. This test uses the same procedure of testing as FBS except the patient

would have eaten.

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3.5 CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY

TESTS CONDUCTED IN THE MICROBIOLOGY UNIT ANDTHEIR PROCEDURES

The major test conducted in this unit is MCS (Microscopy/Culture/Sensitivity) which could be;

 Urine MCS

 Stool MCS

 Sputum MCS

 High Viginal Swab MCS

 Wound Swab MCS

 Malaria parasite test

 Widal test

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MICROSCOPY

Wet Mount for Microscopy

APPARATUS; Microscope slide

Microscope Slide Microscope

Procedure:

1. On a clean microscopic slide, place a drop of the material to be examined (e.g

urine). For stool, swabs etc, emulsify part of the sample with a drop of normal saline on a slide

2. Carefully place a cover slip over the preparation. Make sure that there are no air bubbles

trapped under the cover slip

3. Examine immediately under x10 and then x 40. If there is going to delay in examining the

preparation, it is recommended to seal the edges of the cover slip petroleum jelly.

CULTURE

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Innoculation of samples on Culture media

Procedure:

1. Using a sterile wire loop or swab, apply the innoculum to a small area of the plate.

2. Flame to sterilize the loop, spread the innoculum from area one (1) of the plate.

3. Sterilize the loop in the flame, when cool streak out the innoculum over area two (2).

4. Repeat the same procedure over area 3&4NOTE: Do not flame wire loop intermittently with

urine samples.

SENSITIVITY

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (sensitivity test)

1. using a sterile wire loop (burn to red hot and allowed to cool), pick a colony of the isolated

and identified organisms

2. Streak the surface of the nutrient agar in three directions, rotating the plate at approximately

600(ensure even distribution)

3. With the petri dish lid in place, allow 3-5minutes (no longer than 15minutes) for the surface of

the agar to dry4. Using sterile forceps or needle mounted in a holder or multidisc, place the

appropriate antibiotic disc evenly distributed on the streaked plates.

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Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing

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3.5.1 Urine Microscopy

This is a test carried out with the aid of a microscope to view the microbial components of a

urine sample. The microbial components include Pus Cells, Epithelial cells, Calcium Oxalates,

and Blood.

Apparatus

Test tube, Centrifuge, Light microscope, water and slide.

Microscope

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Centrifuge

Procedure

 Collect a patient’s urine sample into a test tube half-filled and place in the centrifuge to

spin for 2minutes.

 After the sample has been spun, pour out the whole urine away through the sewage

channel/sink or any other available refuse bin.

 Smear the little drops of the spun urine on a glass slide and place on the microscope’s

stage.

 Set the objective lens of the microscope to x100 objective lens and adjust the stage till the

image comes into view.

Urine Microscopy Result

The normal results are in the varying order of PUS CELL 0-1 and 1-2, EPITHELIAL CELLS +,

++ and +++. Calcium Oxalates are diamond like glassy microbial that twinkles like a star. The

blood cells in the image connotes that there is blood in the urine of the patient. The epithelial

cells take no definite shape while the pus cells are spherical dots.

3.5.2 Urine Macroscopy

The urine macroscopy is a test and a less expensive test compared to other tests in the urinalysis

group because it entails checking the colour of a urine sample. The colour denotes the

constituents of the urine sample.

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Apparatus

Test tube and urine sample bottle

Procedure

 Collect the patient’s urine sample in the urine sample bottle

 Collect an almost filled up test tube from the whole sample collected.

 Study the color of the urine and give results.

Result

The result is characterized by the names of colours. Colour ranging from Yellow, deep yellow,

colourless (like water), brick red (light). Both the yellow color and the colourless shows that the

patient has little or no ailment but, the deep yellowed urine might indicate that the patient has an

infection. The brick-red color means that there are traces of blood in the urine sample attended

to.

3.5.3 URINE CULTURE

A urine culture is a test to find bacteria in the urine that can cause an infection. Bacteria can enter

through the urethra and cause a urinary tract infection (UTI). A sample of urine is added to a

substance that promotes the growth of bacteria. If no germs grow, the culture is negative.

33
3.5.4 Step-by-Step Procedure for urine culturing

1. Tip over the container to re-mix the urine sample.

2. Remove the cap and dip the end of a sterile 1-µL inoculating loop (white) into the urine and

remove it vertically making sure that there is no urine up the loop.

3. Tip and spread the inoculum over the surface of a standard nutrient agar plate (60 × 15 mm)

prepared according to the instructions of the manufacturing company.

•Make a single streak across the centre. Then, spread the inoculum evenly distributed in a cross-

zigzag arrangement to the primary streak.

4. Re-dip the end of the same 1-µL loop into the urine and remove it vertically making sure that

there is no urine up the loop.

5. Tip and spread the inoculum over the surface of a glucose-topped MacConkey agar plate (60 ×

15 mm). Spread as described above. Prepare the glucose-topped MacConkey agar plates as

following:

•Disinfect the port of a bag of 5% glucose intravenous infusion solution (1000 mL) with 70%

isopropyl-alcohol-impregnated cotton ball or pad and allow to dry.

•Aspirate 2 mL of the 5% glucose solution using a sterile needle and syringe.

•Drop the aspirated solution on the surface of a standard MacConkey agar plate (60 × 15 mm)

prepared according to the instructions of the manufacturing company

•Spread it by tilting the plate in different directions.

34
•Leave the plate on the bench at room temperature for at least 1 h in order to allow the solution

to infuse and the surface to dry.

Re-dip the end of the same 1-µL loop into the urine and remove it vertically making sure that

there is no urine up the loop.

Tip and spread the inoculum over the surface of a standard MacConkey agar plate (60 × 15 mm)

prepared according to the instructions of the manufacturing company. Spread as described above.

Incubate the plates aerobically at 35–37 ◦C for at 18–24 h.

In the following day, count the number of colonies on the surface of each medium. Each colony

growing on the agar plate represents one colony forming unit (cfu)/µL (according to the size of

the loop), which is equal to 10.

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 Lists of Reagents and Apparatus Used

Reagents

 Turk’s Solution: it is a solution used in preparing a blood sample for White Blood

Count

 Carbon Fusin: It is used in the process of staining an AFB sample

 EDTA Solution: it is an anticoagulant for the preservation of blood samples for

biology related tests

35
 Lithium Heparin: it is an anticoagulant for the preservation of blood samples for

chemistry tests

 CPDA Solution: it is an anticoagulant contained in the blood bag

 Fluid Stain ‘A’: it is a staining reagent for prepared malaria parasite blood sample

 Fluid Stain ‘B’ it is a staining reagent for prepared malaria parasite blood sample

 Methylene Blue Solution: it is a reagent also used in staining an AFB sample

 Widal Kit: it is the antigen used in testing for Salmonella shigella which is the causative

agent for typhoid fever

 Anticerals ‘A’ ‘B’ and ‘D’: these are reagents for blood grouping test

 HIV I and II buffer: this is a buffer to speed up the rate of the reaction of the

Retroviral test

 Isopropyl Alcohol: it is a disinfectant for the point of puncture when taking a blood

sample

 Methylated Spirit: it is used to sanitize any infected apparatus

 Immersion Oil

 Normal Saline

36
  Electrophoresis Machine buffer: it is used to carry out urea and creatinine test, total

lipid profile, FLP etc

 Blood Agar: it is used in culture and sensitivity test

 Nutrient Agar: it is also used for culturing and sensitivity tes

 Salmonella-Shigella Agar: is used for culturing and sensitivity test

Apparatus

 Micro-pipette: it is used to pick minute quantity of blood samples.

 Slides: it is used for preparation of blood samples, urine samples etc

 Counting Chamber: it is used in counting white blood cell and sperm cells

 Microscope(binocular): it is used in viewing samples to check out microorganisms

which are not visible to the naked eyes

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 Hawskley™ Heamatospin: it is a device that is used to spin blood samples collected in

a capillary tube.

 Centrifuge: it is used to spin varieties of samples collected in a test-tube

 Electrolytes Analyser: it is used to carry out electrolytes(chemistries) test

 Urea/Creatinine + Cholesterol Evaluating machine(Spectrophotometer)

 Hawskley ™ incubator : for providing temperature need for microorganism growth

 CPDA Blood bag: it is used for the collection of blood samples for transfusion

 Sterile Urine and Stool bottle: it is used in the collection of urine sample and feacal

matter.

 Stick: it is used to collect samples from wounds and vaginal openings.

 Tiles

 Heat Lamp

 2ml, 5ml, 10ml, 25ml syringes

 23g, 14 x 10⁻1g, 10g Needles

 Insulin syringes: it is used to administer Tuberculin for Mantoux test.

 Westergren tubes: it is used to carry out Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate test

 Urinalysis strip

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  HCG(pregnancy) kit

 VDRL(syphilis) kit

 HbSAg Kit

 HCV Kit

 HIV I and II Kit

 Wire loop

 Petri Dishes

 Tourniquet

 Hawskley™ Hematocrit reader: is used in reading Packed Cell Volume result

 Miscellaneous pipette : it is used to take samples of a few microlitres

4.2 Precautionary Motives Taken At the Medical Laboratory

1. Long hair should be tied before proceeding with the days’ job or cover with the specified head

cover.

2. Nose cover should be in constant use.

3. Before the collection of samples from a patient, wash hands with antibacterial hand wash and

wear a pair of gloves.

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4. All samples collected should be attended to with caution to avoid being infected with any

disease and to avoid mix-up of results.

5. All necessary reagents should be prepared before the beginning of the day’s work

6. All bottles used in a day should be washed after the shift.

7. Double gloves should be worn on each hand when collecting or attending to a sample from a

patient that is HIV/AIDS positive.

8. All tables and desks should be disinfected with ethanol/Savlon™.

9. The lab coat should be fully buttoned up to avoid spillage of liquids on inner wears.

10. Inaccurate recordings should be avoided

11. After the day’s job, wash hands and face with antibacterial wash and sanitize hands and

mobile phones with sanitizer if necessary.

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 SUMMARY

The period of attachment which lasted 24 weeks came to an end and the record of the work done

was carefully and neatly recorded in the SIWES report. The knowledge gained will go a long

way in helping the student have a better understanding of the theoretical knowledge taught in

class.

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5.2 CONCLUSION

The Student’s Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) provides an opportunity for

students to know the nature of the practical work in their course of study. The SIWES also helps

students to learn and develop skills to carry out these practical. It promotes student’s initiative in

their area of study.

5.3 RECOMMENDATION

I recommend that students should be giving the maximum support and accessibility

to certain laboratory equipments, with a technical guide on its operation and interpretation of

some certain test e.g. The ability to achieve this during the SIWES period gives the student the

opportunityto explore technical know-how in their field of study.

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