Science in China Series E: Technological Sciences

© 2008 SCIENCE IN CHINA PRESS

Springer

Investigation on mechanical exhaust of cabin

fire in large-space building
SHI CongLing1†, ZHONG MaoHua1 & HUO Ran2
1
China Academy of Safety Sciences and Technology, Beijing 100029, China;
2
State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026,
China

A calculation model for mechanical exhaust rate in large-space building in the case
of cabin fire is proposed through theoretical analysis. Full-scale hot smoke tests
are then performed to study the cabin fire spreading to large-space building at dif-
ferent air change rates (ACH). The result indicates that under the standard pre-
scribed ACH, the effective air heights in the large spaces are respectively 6, 4 and
2 m in the case of cabin fires of 0.34, 0.67 and 1 MW. Numerical experiment has
been conducted using self-developing two-zone model. The smoke control effi-
ciency is compared by varying the large space’s air change rate in the case of cabin
fires ranging from 0.25 to 4 MW. The calculation results show that the air change
rates are respectively 3, 6, 10 and 10 ACH when the smoke layer is kept above 5 m,
indicating that the centralized exhaust rates far exceed the standard prescribed
value. To address this problem, a set of subsidiary distributed mechanical exhaust
installing in the cabin with high fire loads is proposed. The simulation shows that
both from the safety and economy point of view, the adoption of subsidiary dis-
tributed cabin exhaust design may effectively reduce the demand of designed air
change rate for large-space building.

large-space, cabin, mechanical exhaust, spill plume, transfer lag time

1 Introduction
For the design of the mechanical exhaust of large-space buildings, the Chinese national standard
“Code for Fire Protection Design of Tall Buildings”[1] has prescribed: In case the volume of a
large space is less than 17000 m3, the smoke exhaust rate shall be calculated on the air change
rate of 6 ACH; in case the volume is more than 17000 m3, the smoke exhaust rate shall be based
on 4 ACH, and the minimum smoke exhaust rate shall not be less than 102000 m3/h. It is usually
considered that the bigger the volume is, the higher the smoke accumulation capacity of large

Received May 17, 2006; accepted May 15, 2007

doi: 10.1007/s11431-008-0006-z
†
Corresponding author (email: shicl@chinasafety.ac.cn)
Supported partially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 50674079 and 50579100)

www.scichina.com www.springerlink.com Sci China Ser E-Tech Sci | Jan. 2008 | vol. 51 | no. 1 | 65-76
space will be, and the lower smoke exhaust rate is demanded. However, the design based on fixed
exhaust rate does not take into account the fire loads distribution and fire type. Thus, its rational-
ity remains to be proven by experiments. Fires commonly occurring in a large-space building
include the free fire and the enclosure fire such as the inside cabin fire. A great deal of
experimental studies[2 6] have been done on mechanical exhaust under free-burning fire in large
―

space buildings. However, there has been few full-scale experimental studies on cabin fire inside
the large space[7] and the resultant smoke descending, especially on smoke exhaust efficiency of
operating fans in large spaces in the case of such cabin fire, which need to be studied through
full-scale experiments.
Usually the way to control smoke for the
cabin fire inside the large space is that the
cabin usually has no smoke exhaust system,
the smoke is allowed to enter the large space
building and extracted by a centralized smoke
exhaust system installed in the large space so
as to reduce the filling speed of the smoke
layer, and strive for more available evacuation
time. However, in some cabins with higher fire
loads, a large amount of heat and mass spill
out with the smoke, rising to entrain much air
into the plume. The centralized smoke control
in this way usually cannot effectively prevent
the spreading of smoke in the large space. An
improved way would be the addition of an
Figure 1 Smoke management of cabin.
auxiliary distributed extraction system in cabins
with high fire loads to exhaust the smoke locally so as to reduce the heat spill out (see Figure 1).
In this paper, a theoretical analysis is first conducted to analyze those factors related to me-
chanical exhaust in large space when catching a cabin fire, based on which a calculation model
on the air change rate per hour (ACH) in large spaces is proposed. Then, by varying the fire
power, and the ACH of the large-space centralized mechanical exhaust designed according to the
code, four groups of full-scale cabin burning tests are carried out to study the smoke spread and
control efficiency. Self-developing zone model is also used to predict and compare the smoke
control at different fire powers and different ACH. Meanwhile, we investigate whether better
smoke control efficiency can be achieved when the cabin distributed extraction system is added
while fixing the large-space centralized ACH value as specified by the relevant code.

2 Proposed model on mechanical exhaust rate in large space in case of

cabin fire
In the design of the mechanical exhaust system in the large space, the value of ACH should be
relevant to many factors, such as the fire type, the fire power, etc. For a free fire type occurring in
the large space, the burning will form an axisymmetrical plume structure[8]. According to the
balancing relationship between the smoke production and smoke extraction, the correlation be-

66 SHI CongLing et al. Sci China Ser E-Tech Sci | Jan. 2008 | vol. 51 | no. 1 | 65-76
tween the stable smoke layer height Z and air change rate ACH is expressed as
3/ 5
Z ⎡ ( ACH 3600 ) × γ H T0 ⎤
4/3
=⎢ × ⎥ , (1)
H ⎢⎣ 0.063Q c1/ 3 Tg ⎥⎦

where Q c is convective heat release rate of the fire source, Tg and T0 are respectively the tem-
perature of smoke layer and ambient temperature in the large space, H is the height of the large
space, and γ = A / H 2 is the shape factor of the large space.
If the same fire source is placed in the cabin located inside the large space, the entrainment
characteristics of the cabin spill plume will be quite different from the one of the axisymmetrical
plumes under free fire. The cabin spill plume structure appears in sectional transformation from
near-field two-dimensional linear plume to far-field axisymmetrical plume, and the critical trans-
formation height of the double sections Z l , a may be expressed as[9,10]:
Z l , a = H v + 6.8 (W − H s ) , (2)
where Hv and W are respectively the height and width of the cabin opening, and Hs is the thick-
ness of spill plume at the opening. Therefore, for the cabin fire burning in contrast to the free fire
in the large space, when the smoke layer in the large space is above the critical transformation
height Z l , a , the correlation between the stable smoke layer height Z and the air change rate ACH
is as follows:
3/ 5
⎡ ⎤
Z − Z 0, a ( ACH 3600 ) × γ H 4 / 3 T0 ⎥
=⎢ × . (3)
⎢ Tg ⎥
( )
1/ 3
H 
⎢⎣ 0.063 Qc − hs As ΔTs ⎥⎦
While the smoke layer is below the critical transformation height Z l , a , the correlation between
the height Z and the air change rate ACH is as expressed as
Z − Z 0,l ( ACH 3600 ) × γ H 2 T0
(4)
= × ,
( )
1/ 3
H 0.15 Q c − hs As ΔTs Tg

where Z 0,a and Z 0,l are respectively the virtual origin height of axisymmetrical plume regime
and two-dimensional linear plume regime of the cabin spill plume, to be obtained by the relevant
formula[9,10]. hs , As , ΔTs are respectively the total convection heat transfer coefficient at the
boundary, the surface area and the temperature rise of the smoke layer inside the cabin. In con-
trast to the free burning fire in the large space, if the fire source of the same power is placed in the
cabin, since a portion of heat hs As ΔTs of the smoke layer inside the cabin is lost through its
boundary, the outflow energy through the cabin opening is decreased. Meanwhile, the entrain-
ment rate of spill plume is much less than that of the axisymmetrical plume generated by free fire
source. Therefore, under the same ACH and the same fire power conditions, the stable control
height of the smoke layer in the large space in the cabin fire case is higher than in free fire. If an
additional extraction system is further designed in the cabin, and high-temperature smoke gases
are extracted locally so as to reduce the outflow energy at the opening, and the stable control
height of the smoke layer will also be further heightened. Then eqs. (3) and (4) will become

SHI CongLing et al. Sci China Ser E-Tech Sci | Jan. 2008 | vol. 51 | no. 1 | 65-76 67
 3/ 5
⎧ ⎫
Z − Z 0, a ⎪ ( ACH 3600 ) × γ H 4 / 3 T0 ⎪
(5)
=⎨ × ⎬ Z > Zl ,a ,
( )
1/ 3
H ⎪ 0.063 ⎡Q c − hs As + m e c p ΔTs ⎤ Tg ⎪
⎩ ⎣ ⎦ ⎭
Z − Z 0,l ( ACH 3600 ) × γ H 2 T0
(6)
= × Z > Zl ,a .
( )
1/ 3
H 0.15 ⎡⎣Q c − hs As + m e c p ΔTs ⎤⎦ Tg

It can be seen that the design of air change rate of the mechanical exhaust in large spaces has a
lot to do with many factors, including fire type, fire power, height of large space, shape factor,
cabin size, wall material property, etc. Especially, there is a big difference between the cabin fire
and free fire. Therefore, given the existence of the aforementioned factors, the design based on
fixed ACH value as specified in the code is inappropriate.

3 Full-scale cabin fire burning tests with centralized mechanical ex-

haust in large space
3.1 Experiment setup
To study the smoke control efficiency by mechanical exhaust in large space in the cabin fire case,
a total of four groups of full-scale centralized exhaust experiments were carried out in the
Large-space Experimental Hall. The experimental hall was built jointedly by the University of
Science and Technology of China and the Hong Kong Polytechnic University for the research of
comprehensive fire prevention and control technology for large-space buildings. The outline di-
mensions of the experimental hall are 30.6 m (L) × 18.6 m (W) × 30.6 m (H), and the inside void
space are 22.4 m (L) × 11.9 m (W) ×27.0 m (H). The experimental hall has a total of 6 stories
interconnected to form a whole rectangular void. See Figure 2 for the inside view. For the pur-
pose of experimental research of mechanical exhaust, eight exhaust outlets of 1.2 m × 1.2 m are
setup on the roof of the hall, four of which are installed with high-temperature resistant exhaust
fans. Three of these fans are of fixed exhaust rate with the type of HTF-11, the impeller diameter
of 1.1 m and the exhaust rate of 50128 m3/h. The other fan has the same dimensions, but is con-
trolled by a frequency-variable speed regulator to adjust air volume rate, with a maximum ex-
haust rate of about 60000 m3/h. With three fixed-rate plus one frequency-variable regulating fans,
an approximate range of the exhaust rate is achieved by continuous linear adjustment between 0
and 214000 m3/h.
The fire source was placed in a cabin model as illustrated in Figure 3. The model measures 4 m
(L) ×2 m (W) × 2.7 m (H) with a 2 m wide door. The walling material is 3 mm thick steel sheet.
The maximum height of the door is 2 m. The height is fixed at 1.4 m in these experiments. In ad-
dition, 0.2 m high vents were also maintained at the bottom surrounding the cabin model, and
three more openings each 0.8 m×0.4 m were also set up on the walls of both sides to allow for
better ventilation. The cabin model, which was located at the ground of the experimental hall and
installed with wheels, could easily move its position as the experiment demanded.
The temperature of the smoke inside the large space is measured by thermocouple sets T1 and
T2 and thermal resistance set T3 (27 pieces with a vertical interval of 1 m) installed in the hall.
T1 and T2 were of Φ1 mm K-type thermocouple. The cold ends of the 27 thermocouples in each
set were collected on the ground level for cold-protection. The thermocouples were precisely

68 SHI CongLing et al. Sci China Ser E-Tech Sci | Jan. 2008 | vol. 51 | no. 1 | 65-76
calibrated with an error not exceeding 0.5℃. The smoke layer height inside the hall can be
judged by temperature gradient method and by observing the indicator lights. The temperature of
the smoke layer inside the cabin was measured by two thermocouples T4, and the height of the
smoke layer in the cabin was also observed through video cameras. For the experimental setup
schematics, please refer to Figure 4.

Figure 2 Large-space experimental hall. Figure 3 Cabin model.

Figure 4 Full-scale experimental setup.

The experiments adopted the hot smoke testing method from Australian Standard (AS 4391―
1999, Smoke management systems―Hot smoke test)[11], and the designed fire source system is
shown in Figure 5. Industrial pure methylated spirit (Class 95) was used as the fuel. Since me-
thylated spirit is both clean and inexpensive, the flame temperature was stabilized at 850℃―
900℃, and the heat loss due to radiation was less than 10%. The oil tray size was 841 mm×595
mm and the water bath tray size was 990 mm × 700 mm. According to AS 4391―1999, the
burning of an individual oil pan of this size may generated a rate of heat release of 0.34 MW.
Considering that the volume of the cabin model was rather small, the smoke distribution system
was eliminated and the smoke generator tray was directly placed on the center of the fuel trays.
There were 1, 2, 3 and 6 oil tray(s) respectively in the four experiments. Based on the Australian

SHI CongLing et al. Sci China Ser E-Tech Sci | Jan. 2008 | vol. 51 | no. 1 | 65-76 69
hot smoke test method, the steady heat release rate at the stable burning stage is given in Table 1.
The fire source was placed at the center of the cabin model. The opening was kept at 2.0 m (W) ×
2.0 m (H). Mechanical exhaust rate in the large space hall in Tests 1―3 adopted 3 ACH. Since
the fire power in Test 4 was doubled, the mechanical exhaust rate also increased to 6 ACH.

Figure 5 Hot smoke test system according to AS 4391.

Table 1 Experimental conditions

Ambient temperature Number of fuel Fuel mass per tray Steady heat release Burning depression
Test No. ACH
(℃) tray (kg/tray) rate (MW) time (s)
Test 1 6 1 6.1 0.34 550 3
Test 2 6 2 5.8 0.67 520 3
Test 3 4.5 3 6.1 1.0 560 3
Test 4 5 6 4.0 2.0 370 6

3.2 Typical experimental phenomena

Experiment pictures depicting typical smoke movement are given in Figure 6. The burning of the
methanol fire basically generated no smoke particles, while the ash generated by the diesel oil
tray was entrained into the methanol fire plume, playing a tracing role. In the stable burning
stage, the thickness of the spill plume at the cabin opening fluctuated slightly, but basically re-
mained at a steady value (Figure 6(b)), while the spill plume thickness was added with the heat
release rate increasing. It was observed by the experiment that the spill plume out of the cabin
opening appeared in a two-dimensional linear plume shape in the near field, while it changed into
axisymmetrical plume shape in the far field. This was different from the axisymmetrical plume
directly generated by free fire source in large space. Therefore, the entrainment rate of the spill
plume in the cabin fire case is much less than that of free fire of the same power.
The temperature rise of the smoke layer in the cabin and in the large space measured during
the four experiments is shown as Figures 7 and 8 respectively. The temperature of the smoke
layer inside the cabin basically remained steady during stable burning of fuel pool in the water
bath. The bigger the fire power, the higher the steady smoke layer temperature and the more the

70 SHI CongLing et al. Sci China Ser E-Tech Sci | Jan. 2008 | vol. 51 | no. 1 | 65-76
heat overflow into the large space; thus, the temperature of the smoke layer in the large space
would also increase accordingly. Temperature rises in the large spaces in the four experiments are
respectively 5, 10, 13 and 19℃. Therefore, the smoke layer in the large space is almost cold
smoke, which can easily cause smoke dispersion as a result of exhaustion by the fans installed in
the ceiling of the large space.

Figure 6 Smoke spread process observed in the experiment. (a) Burning of fire source; (b) spill plume at cabin door; (c) spill
plume in near field; (d) spill plume in far field.

Figure 7 Temperature rise in cabin for different fire power. Figure 8 Temperature rise in large space for different fire
power and ACH.

3.3 Discussion
Figure 9 gives a comparison of the experimental results of smoke layer height with different

SHI CongLing et al. Sci China Ser E-Tech Sci | Jan. 2008 | vol. 51 | no. 1 | 65-76 71
cabin fire powers and different ACH of the large-space exhaustion, when no smoke exhaust sys-
tem installed in the cabin, but with the centralized mechanical exhaust system provided in the
large space hall. It can be seen that, when the mechanical exhaust system is operated, the smoke
descending process can be divided into several stages, namely the fast descending stage, the
stable stage and the depletion stage. Since the large space hall is very high, after the cabin fire
occurs, the spill plume would first rise to the ceiling entraining a large amount of air, which
would then quickly descend in the large space. In spite of the mechanical exhaust, the time of the
initial descending stage is rather short. In the four experiments, it took about 200 s for the smoke
to descend to nearly 5 m at the bottom level. Commonly, the smaller the cabin fire power, the
more slowly the smoke layer tends to descend. But since the fire powers in the experiments were
all comparatively high, the descending speed of the smoke layer was difficult to control. When
operating the centralized exhaust system, a clear height could be kept in the large space hall, but
it was still very low. Under an exhaust rate of 3 ACH, when the rates of heat release are 0.34,
0.67 and 1 MW, the clear heights are respectively about 6, 4 and 2 m. Under these circumstances,
people may escape safely in such large spaces as large-scale exhibition center, conference hall,
etc. where people mostly stay at the bottom level. However, in large-space buildings such as large
atrium buildings, where people might be distributed on every level, the smoke may rapidly spread
to other floors in a short time to shroud the people in the smoke, causing mental and physical
damages to them.

Figure 9 Smoke control height in large space for different cabin fire powers and ACH under centralized mechanical exhaust.

Experiments showed that the air change rate 3 ― 4 ACH currently adopted for many
large-space buildings with volume exceeding 17000 m3 in accordance with “Code for Fire Pro-
tection Design of Tall Buildings” is insufficient somewhere, especially in the case of atrium
buildings in which people are vertically distributed, the designed air change rate of mechanical
exhaust shall be increased. However, sometimes, limited by the fund and ceiling structure, it is
also not appropriate just by increasing the ACH value for mechanical exhaust illimitably. In Test
4, the air change rate was increased to 6 ACH. However, since the fire power was also doubled in
contrast to that of Test 3, the smoke control efficiency was not as good, and the clear height was
just 2 m approximately. With the rapid social development and ever quickening urbanization pace,
more and more large-space buildings will be built, some of which may exceed 100000 m3 in

72 SHI CongLing et al. Sci China Ser E-Tech Sci | Jan. 2008 | vol. 51 | no. 1 | 65-76
volume, e.g., the atrium-type office building K2 in Hong Kong. The increase in ACH value for
mechanical exhaust is bound to cause more difficulties in the ceiling structure design and add the
construction cost. Therefore, a better scheme is to subsidize it with a distributed cabin exhaust
system to provide smoke management for more dangerous cabins with potentials of higher fire
power.

4 Numerical experiment
To further study the mechanical exhaust efficiency in large space in the case of cabin fire,
self-developing zone model on smoke spread from cabin to large-space was used for numerical
experiment[10]. This model was developed specially for simulation of cabin fire in large spaces,
which has the following characteristics:
(1) A self-developing MEDP spill plume model was used to predict the spill plume entraining
characteristics[9,10], considering that the cabin spill plume in large space transforms from two-
dimensional linear plume to axisymmetrical plume, as is different from zone software CFAST[12],
in which McCaffrey’s plume model[13] was used for prediction.
(2) Since the smoke transfer lag time in large space is rather long, a self-developing transfer
lag time model TLT[10] which was applicable to real fire HRR curves was involved in the zone
model. But smoke transfer lag time was not considered in CFAST.
(3) In the cabin, the mass entrainment rate of the plume was predicted by Heskestad’s model[14],
which was more suitable for higher fire power and relative actual fuel package.
(4) Heat loss process through the smoke boundaries (ceiling, side walls and bottom surface of
the smoke layer) was solved numerically by dividing the wall thickness into may thin parallel
elements.
The fire scenarios assumed that the cabin was 8 m (L) × 6 m (W) × 4 m (H) with an opening of
3 m (W) × 2 m (H), and the wall material was made up of 0.1m thick concrete. The large space
was assumed the same as that of the large-space experimental hall used in the tests. This type of
cabin and large space is very common in Mainland China and Hong Kong region. The heat re-
lease rate was assumed to be 250 kW, 1, 2 and 4 MW respectively, which are assumed to grow as
ultra-fast type. Air change rates for mechanical exhaust in large space were assumed at 0 (natural
filling), 3, 6, 10 and 15 ACH for the abundant design. The prediction results are shown in Figure
10 and Table 2.
Table 2 Prediction results of different cabin fire powers and ACH
Heat release rate
Natural filing 3 ACH 6 ACH 10 ACH 15 ACH
(kW)
250 450 N N N N
Time to descend to 5 m 1000 300 380 N N N
(s) 2000 260 305 430 N N
4000 240 270 310 N N
250 0 4.8 8.8 14.0 19.4
Steady interface height 1000 0 3.1 5.5 8.7 12.7
(m) 2000 0 2.5 4.3 6.8 10.0
4000 0 1.9 3.3 5.3 7.8
250 24.5 23.8 23.0 224 21.8
Average steady smoke 1000 36.3 34.2 31.6 29.1 27.1
layer temperature (℃) 2000 49.5 46.5 41.9 37.4 33.7
4000 70.0 66.5 59.1 51.7 45.2

SHI CongLing et al. Sci China Ser E-Tech Sci | Jan. 2008 | vol. 51 | no. 1 | 65-76 73
 It can be seen that when operating the centralized exhaust system in the large-space, both the
temperature rise and filling speed of the smoke layer in large space will slow down, and the tem-
perature of the smoke layer is lower than in the case of natural filling and the smoke layer is also
controlled at a higher position. With respect to four different fire powers, the air change rates for
controlling the clear height above 5 m at the bottom floor of the hall are respectively 3, 6, 10 and
10 ACH, which indicates that the air change rate of 6 ACH is insufficient for higher fire powers.
Then, what would be the result if distributed cabin extraction system is additionally adopted
for more dangerous cabins with higher fire power? To address this issue, the self-developing zone
model is used for further numerical simulation of the subsidiary distributed mechanical exhaust in
the cabin. Figure 11 shows the prediction result in large space when the fire power is 4 MW, with
the large-space air change rate still set at 6 ACH but subsidiary cabin mechanical exhaust added.
The air change rate for the cabin is normally 20―40 ACH in the design. It is obviously that at 20
ACH, the smoke will be controlled above 5 m; at 30 ACH, the smoke layer is very well con-
trolled, while the rate of the cabin mechanical exhaust is only 5760 m3/h. If the same exhaust rate
is added to the large space, its air change rate is only increased by 0.8 ACH.

5 Design of distributed subsidiary mechanical exhaust in cabin

The experiments and simulations show that, the installation of subsidiary distributed mechanical
exhaust in a cabin may efficiently cut down the demand of ACH value in the large space under
the existing prescription of the code, so as to reduce difficulty in ceiling structure design. Ac-
cording to the performance-based design, the volume rate of subsidiary exhaust system in cabin
can be calculated by eqs. (5) and (6). Take the hall and cabin in the simulation as the example and
keep air change rate of the large space at 6 ACH according to the code. For the heat release rates
of cabin fire 4 and 6 MW, if keeping the clear height above 5 m, usually the safety height, the
volume rate of the subsidiary exhaust system can be calculated to be 2112 and 3840 m3/h respec-
tively by the formulas.

6 Summary
(1) This paper analyzed the theory related to mechanical exhaust in a large space building,
based on which a calculation model is proposed for mechanical exhaust rate in a large space in
the case of cabin fire.
(2) A full-scale hot smoke test is then employed to study the cabin fire spreading to large-space
building at different air change rates (ACH). The experiments showed that when operating the
centralized exhaust system in a large space, the smoke layer in the large space could be controlled
at a certain height, but its stable clear height was still very low. Under an exhaust rate of 3 ACH,
when the heat release rates of cabin fire are 0.34, 0.67 and 1 MW, the effective clear heights are
respectively about 6, 4 and 2 m. Therefore, the air change rate 3―4 ACH currently adopted for
many large-space buildings with a volume exceeding 17000 m3 in accordance with “Code for
Fire Protection Design of Tall Buildings” is insufficient somewhere.
(3) Self-developing zone model is used to predict the smoke control results in a large space
under different ACH in the case of cabin fire ranging from 0.25 to 4 MW. The calculation shows
that the air change rates are respectively 3, 6, 10 and 10 ACH when the smoke layer is controlled
above 5 m level on the floor of evacuation, further indicating that the centralized exhaust demand

74 SHI CongLing et al. Sci China Ser E-Tech Sci | Jan. 2008 | vol. 51 | no. 1 | 65-76
Figure 10 Smoke control efficiency in large space for different cabin fire powers and ACH under centralized mechanical ex-
haust. ——, Natural filling; −−−−−, 3 ACH; -------, 6 ACH; -·-·-·-·-, 10 ACH; -··-··-··-, 15 ACH.

Figure 11 Smoke control efficiency under distributed subsidiary mechanical exhaust in cabin. ———— , No exhaust system;
−−−−−, 20 ACH; -------, 26 ACH; -·-·-·-·-, 28 ACH; -··-··-··-, 30 ACH.

far outstrips the standard design exhaust level.

(4) To address this problem, a subsidiary distributed mechanical exhaust installing in the cabin

SHI CongLing et al. Sci China Ser E-Tech Sci | Jan. 2008 | vol. 51 | no. 1 | 65-76 75
with high fire loads is proposed. The simulation shows that both from the safety and economy
point of view, the adoption of subsidiary distributed cabin exhaust design may effectively reduce
the demand of designed air change rate for large-space buildings.

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