L6.1 - Review of Applied Hydraulics and Flow Measurement

18/09/2023
SESSION OUTLINE:
1.0 APPLIED HYDRAULICS 2.2 DARCY WEISBACH

1.1 FORCE 2.3 HAZEN WILLIAMS
1.1.1 STEVIN’S LAW 2.4 MANNINGS FORMULA
1.2 HEAD 3.0 FLOW MEASUREMENT
1.2.1 STATIC HEAD 3.1 CONVENTIONAL
1.3 PRESSURE 3.2 FLOW MEASUREMENT DEVICES
1.3.1. WATER PRESSURE 4.0 WELL LEVEL MEASUREMENT
1.4 FORCE AND PRESSURE 4.1 DRAWDOWN
1.5 HEAD AND PRESSURE 4.2 WELL YIELD
WEEK 6 MODULE 2 2.0 FRICTIONAL LOSSES 4.3 SPECIFIC YIELD
2.1 FACTORS AFFECTING HEAD LOSS AND
FRICTION LOSS
AY2324 ESE143-2 – Water Supply Planning and Development Engr. Allena Mae T. Culala AY2324 ESE143 - Water Supply Planning and Development Engr. Allena Mae T. Culala
87 88
1.0 APPLIED HYDRAULICS 1.0 APPLIED HYDRAULICS

1.1 Force
Factors that describe and determine the rate of flow in pipes: The push exerted by water on any confining surface.
• Q=Av Force can be expressed in pounds, tons, grams, or
kilograms.
• Energy Equation
1.2 Pressure
• Pressure The force per unit area. The most common way of
• Frictional Losses (Depends on material) expressing pressure is in pounds per square inch (psi).
• Pipe Diameter 1.3 Head
The vertical distance or height of water above a
• Fluid Properties reference point. Head is usually expressed in feet. In
the case of water, head and pressure are related.
𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑎 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 = 14.7 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑠𝑖
AY2324 ESE143 - Water Supply Planning and Development Engr. Allena Mae T. Culala AY2324 ESE143 - Water Supply Planning and Development Engr. Allena Mae T. Culala
89 90
1.0 APPLIED HYDRAULICS 1.1.1 STEVIN’S LAW
At standard temperature and pressure, 1 ft3 of water contains 7.48 gal. • Stevin’s law deals with water at rest.
With these two relationships, we can determine the weight of 1 gal of • Specifically, it states: “The pressure at any point in a fluid at rest
water. This is accomplished by depends on the distance measured vertically to the free surface and
62.4 𝑙𝑏 the density of the fluid.
1 𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = = 8.34 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑎𝑙
7.48 𝑔𝑎𝑙
𝑝=𝑤 × ℎ
p = pressure in pounds per square foot (lb/ft2 or psf).

w= density in pounds per cubic foot (lb/ft3).
h = vertical distance in feet
AY2324 ESE143-2 – Water Supply Planning and Development Engr. Allena Mae T. Culala AY2324 ESE143-2 – Water Supply Planning and Development Engr. Allena Mae T. Culala
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Sample Problem: 1.2.1 WATER PRESSURE
What is the pressure at a point 18 ft below the surface of a reservoir? Water pressure is a measure of the force that gets the water through our
mains and into your pipes
𝑙𝑏 𝑙𝑏
𝑝 = 62.4 × 18 𝑓𝑡 = 1123 Causes of Low Pressure: Causes of High Pressure:
𝑐𝑢. 𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡 • inadequate pumping facilities • Trapped air in your water pipes, which can
• water mains that are too small temporarily increase water pressure. Run your
1123𝑝𝑠𝑓 𝑙𝑏 • reduced pressure from the water taps for a few minutes to release this air.
𝑝= = 7.8 = 7.8 𝑝𝑠𝑖 main as a result of leakage, • Re-configuring the water supply network when
𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛
114 equipment failures or blocked water is moved round to wherever it is needed,
𝑓𝑡
service pipes sometimes changing the supply route. Normal
supply will be returned very quickly in most
cases.
AY2324 ESE143-2 – Water Supply Planning and Development Engr. Allena Mae T. Culala AY2324 ESE143 - Water Supply Planning and Development Engr. Allena Mae T. Culala
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1.3 HEAD 1.3.1 STATIC HEAD
• The total head includes the vertical distance the liquid must be lifted • Static head is the actual vertical distance the liquid must be lifted:
(static head), the loss to friction (friction head), and the energy
required to maintain the desired velocity (velocity head). 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 = [𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 + 𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛]
The supply tank is located at elevation 118 ft. The discharge point
is at elevation 215 ft. What is the static head in feet?
𝑇𝐷𝐻 = [ 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 + 𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 + 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 ]
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑓𝑡 = 215 𝑓𝑡 − 118 𝑓𝑡 = 97 𝑓𝑡
95 96
1.4 FORCE AND PRESSURE 1.5 HEAD AND PRESSURE
𝑓𝑡
𝐹 62.4 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 = 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑠𝑖 × 2.31 ( ) 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑓𝑡
𝑃= 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = = 0.433 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑓𝑡
𝐴 144 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑡 2.31
𝑝𝑠𝑖
Problem: A tank is mounted at a height of 90 ft. Find the pressure at
the bottom of the tank. The pressure gauge on the discharge line from the influent pump reads
72.3 psi. What is the equivalent head in feet?
𝑝𝑠𝑖
90 𝑓𝑡 × 0.433 = 39 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑓𝑡
𝑓𝑡 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 = 72.31 × 2.31 = 167 𝑓𝑡
𝑝𝑠𝑖
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Sample Problems: 2.0 FRICTIONAL LOSSES

What is the head (m) at 50 psi pressure?
• A measure of the amount of energy your piping system loses
1𝑓𝑡 because your fluids are meeting resistance.
𝐻 = 50 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑥
0.433𝑝𝑠𝑖
• Head Loss due to Pipe Friction
𝑚
𝐻 = 115.47𝑓𝑡 𝑥 0.3048
𝑓𝑡
𝐻 = 35.20 𝑚
99 100
2.1 FACTORS AFFECTING HEAD LOSS AND FRICTION

2.2 DARCY WEISBACH FORMULA
LOSS:
• Viscosity 𝑓𝐿𝑣
ℎ =
• Internal Size of Pipe Diameter 2𝑔𝐷
• Internal Roughness of the Conduit/Pipe
Where:
• Changes in pipe slope or Change in Elevation between ends of pipe
hf = head loss (m)
• Segment / Pipe Length f = friction factor
• Valves, Appurtenances and Fittings L = length of pipe work (m)
D = inner diameter of pipe work (m)
v = velocity of fluid (m/s)
g = acceleration due to gravity (m/s²)
101 102
Material Hazen-Williams Material Hazen-Williams
2.3 HAZEN-WILLIAMS FORMULA ABS - Acrylonite Butadiene Styrene

Coefficient , - c -
130 Ductile Iron Pipe (DIP)
Coefficient , - c -
140
Aluminum 130 - 150 Ductile Iron, cement lined 120
Asbestos Cement 140 Fiber 140
Asphalt Lining 130 - 140 Fiber Glass Pipe - FRP 150
Brass 130 - 140 Galvanized iron 120
𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ 𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 Brick sewer 90 - 100 Glass 130
𝑄 = 0.2875𝐶𝐷 . 𝑆 . 𝑄 = 0.4322𝐶𝐷 . 𝑆 . Cast-Iron - new unlined (CIP)
Cast-Iron 10 years old
130
107 - 113
Lead
Metal Pipes - Very to extremely smooth
130 - 140
130 - 140
Cast-Iron 20 years old 89 - 100 Plastic 130 - 150
Cast-Iron 30 years old 75 - 90 Polyethylene, PE, PEH 140
Cast-Iron 40 years old 64-83 Polyvinyl chloride, PVC, CPVC 150
Cast-Iron, asphalt coated 100 Smooth Pipes 140
Cast-Iron, cement lined 140 Steel new unlined 140 - 150
𝑄 = 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 Cast-Iron, bituminous lined 140 Steel, corrugated
Steel, welded and seamless
60
100
Cast-Iron, sea-coated 120
𝐷 = 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 Cast-Iron, wrought plain 100 Steel, interior riveted, no projecting rivets 110
Cement lining 130 - 140 Steel, projecting girth and horizontal rivets 100
𝑆 = 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 Concrete
Concrete lined, steel forms
100 - 140
140
Steel, vitrified, spiral-riveted 90 - 110
Steel, welded and seamless 100
𝐶 = 𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 Concrete lined, wooden forms 120 Tin 130
Concrete, old 100 - 110 Vitrified Clay 110
Copper 130 - 140 Wrought iron, plain 100
Corrugated Metal 60 Wooden or Masonry Pipe - Smooth 120
AY2324 ESE143 - Water Supply Planning and Development Engr. Allena Mae T. Culala AY2324 Engr. Allena Mae T. Culala
ESE143 - Water Supply Planning and Development
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18/09/2023
2.4 MANNING’S EQUATION
AY2324 ESE 145 – Sewerage and Urban Drainage Engineering Engr. Allena Mae T. Culala AY2324 ESE 145 – Sewerage and Urban Drainage Engineering Engr. Allena Mae T. Culala
105 106
2.4.1 Half Full Pipe 2.4.2. Partially Full Pipe (3/4 Full)
D = Pipe Diameter
r = Pipe radius
y = Depth of Flow
n = roughness coefficient
S = channel slope
ϴ = central angle
AY2324 ESE 145 – Sewerage and Urban Drainage Engineering Engr. Allena Mae T. Culala AY2324 ESE 145 – Sewerage and Urban Drainage Engineering Engr. Allena Mae T. Culala
107 108
2.4.3 Partially Full Pipe (1/4 Full)

ESE143 - Water Supply Planning and Development
D = Pipe Diameter
r = Pipe radius
y = Depth of Flow
n = roughness coefficient
S = channel slope
ϴ = central angle
Week 6 Module 2
AY2324 ESE 145 – Sewerage and Urban Drainage Engineering Engr. Allena Mae T. Culala AY2324 Engr. Allena Mae T. Culala
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3.1 FLOW MEASUREMENT Sample Problem:

• Bernoulli's equation is based on the law of conservation of energy; the
increased kinetic energy of a fluid is offset by a reduction of the "static
energy" associated with pressure. The fluid is assumed incompressible.
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣
Where:
Q = Flow (m3/s, m3/s, ML/D)
A = area of conduit
V = Velocity (In practice, we use maximum of 2m/s in pipe network to avoid scouring)
111 112
3.1 FLOW MEASURING DEVICES 3.1.1 Differential Pressure Flowmeters
3.1.1 Differential Pressure

Advantages: Disadvantages:
• Simple construction • Flow rate being a nonlinear
Flowmeters
• Relatively low cost function of the differential
3.1.2 Magnetic Flowmeters • No moving parts pressure
3.1.3 Ultrasonic Flowmeters • External transmitting instruments • Low flow rate range with
3.1.4 Velocity Flowmeters • Low maintenance normal instrumentation
• Wide application of flowing fluid,
3.1.5 Positive-Displacement suitable for measuring both gas and
Flowmeters liquid flow
• Ease of instrument and range
selection
• Extensive product experience and
performance database
113 114
3.1.1.1 Types of Differential Pressure Flowmeters 3.1.1.1a Orifice

• A thin, concentric, and flat metal plate with an opening in the plate
3.1.1.1a Orifice
installed perpendicular to the flowing stream in a circular conduit or
3.1.1.1b Venturi pipe. A sharp-edged hole is bored in the center of the orifice plate
3.1.1.1c Nozzle • The orifice differential pressure flowmeter is the lowest cost differential
3.1.1.1d Pitot–static tube flowmeter, is easy to install, and has no moving parts; however, it also
has high permanent head loss (ranging from 40 to 90%), higher pumping
costs, and an accuracy of ±2 % for a flow range of 4:1, and it is affected
by wear or damage.
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3.1.1.1b Venturi 3.1.1.1c Nozzle
• A Venturi is a restriction with a relatively long passage with smooth • Flow nozzles (flow tubes) have a smooth entry and sharp exit.
entry and exit. • Nozzles are primarily used in steam service because of their rigidity,
• It features long life expectancy, simplicity of construction, and which makes them dimensionally more stable at high temperatures
relatively high-pressure recovery (i.e., produces less permanent and velocities than orifices.
pressure loss than a similar sized orifice), but it is more expensive. • Note that, for the same line size and flow rate, the differential
• The accuracy of this type flowmeter is ±1% for a flow range of 10:1. pressure at the nozzle is lower (head loss ranges from 10 to 20% of the
differential) than the differential pressure for an orifice; hence, the
total pressure loss is lower than that of an orifice.
117 118
3.1.1.1d Pitot–static tube 3.1.2 Magnetic Flowmeters
• A Pitot tube is a point velocity-measuring • Volumetric flow devices designed to

device with an impact port. measure the flow of electrically
conductive liquids in a closed pipe.
• The pressure at the impact port is also
known as the stagnation pressure or • They measure the flow rate based on
total pressure. the voltage created between two
electrodes (in accordance with
• The pressure difference between the Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
impact pressure and the static pressure induction) as the water passes
measured at the same point is the through an electromagnetic field.
velocity head.
119 120
3.1.2.1 Properties of the Magnetic Flowmeter: 3.1.2 Magnetic Flowmeters
1. minimal head loss (no obstruction with line Advantages: Disadvantages:

size meter) 1. Obstruction less flow 1. The metered liquid must be
2. no effect on flow profile 2. Minimal head loss conductive (but you would
3. suitable for sizes ranging between 0.1 and 3. Wide range of sizes not use this type of meter on
120 in. clean fluids anyway).
4. Bidirectional flow measurement
4. accuracy rating of from 0.5 to 2% of flow 2. They are bulky and expensive
5. Negligible effect of variations in in smaller sizes, and they
rate density, viscosity, pressure, and
5. ability to measure forward or reverse flow. temperature
may require periodic
calibration to correct drifting
6. Suitability for wastewater of the signal.
7. No moving parts
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3.1.3 Ultrasonic Flowmeters 3.1.3a Time-of-Flight Ultrasonic Flowmeters
• Ultrasonic flowmeters use an electronic • Time-of-flight flowmeters make

transducer to send a beam of ultrasonic use of the difference in time
sound waves through the water to another required for a sonic pulse to
transducer on the opposite side of the unit. travel a fixed distance, first in
• The accuracy is ±1% for a flow velocity the direction of flow and then
ranging from 1 to 25 ft/sec, but the meter against the flow.
reading is greatly affected by a change in • This is accomplished by
the fluid composition. positioning opposing transceivers
• Two types of ultrasonic flowmeters: on a diagonal path across a
a. Time-of-Flight Ultrasonic Flowmeters
meter spool.
b. Doppler Ultrasonic Flowmeters
123 124
3.1.3a Time-of-Flight Ultrasonic Flowmeters 3.1.3b Doppler Ultrasonic Flowmeters
Advantages: Disadvantages: • Doppler ultrasonic flowmeters make use of the Doppler frequency shift
• No obstruction or interruption of flow • Sensitive to solids or bubble content caused by sound scattered or reflected from moving particles in the
• Minimal head loss • Interference with sound pulses flow path.
• Clamp on • Sensitive to flow disturbances • Doppler ultrasonic flowmeters feature minimal head loss with an
• Can be portable • Critical alignment of transducers accuracy of 2 to 5% full scale. They can be the integral spool piece
transducer type or externally mountable clamp-ons.
• No moving parts • Requirement for pipe walls to freely
• Linear over wide range pass ultra-sonic pulses (clamp-on
type)
• Wide range of pipe sizes
• Bidirectional flow measurement
125 126
3.1.3b Doppler Ultrasonic Flowmeters 3.1.4 Velocity Flowmeters
Advantages: Disadvantages: • Velocity or turbine flowmeters use a

• No obstruction or interruption of flow • Minimum concentration and size of propeller or turbine to measure the
• Minimal head loss solids or bubbles required for velocity of the flow passing the device.
reliable operation The velocity is then translated into a
• Clamp-on
• Minimum speed required to volumetric amount by the meter
• Can be portable maintain suspension register.
• No moving parts • Limited to sonically conductive pipe • The sensor can be a mechanically
• Linear over wide range (clamp-on type) gear-driven shaft connected to a meter
• Wide range of pipe sizes or an electronic sensor that detects the
passage of each rotor blade generating
• Low installation and operating costs
a pulse.
• Bidirectional flow measurement
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3.1.4 Velocity Flowmeters 3.1.5 Positive-Displacement Flowmeters

Advantages: Disadvantages:
• Accuracy • These meters are very reliable and
• Minimum concentration and size of accurate for low flow rates because they
• Composed of corrosion-resistant solids or bubbles required for measure the exact quantity of water
materials reliable operation
passing through them.
• Long-term stability • Minimum speed required to
• Liquid or gas operation maintain suspension • A positive-displacement flowmeter is a
hydraulic motor with high volumetric
• Wide operating range • Limited to sonically conductive pipe efficiency that absorbs a small amount
• Low pressure drop (clamp-on type) of energy from the flowing stream.
• Wide temperature and pressure limits
• High shock capability
• Wide variety of electronics available
129 130
4.1 Well Drawdown

• Drawdown is the drop in the level of water in a well when water is
MEASUREMENT being pumped.
OF WELL LEVELS • Well drawdown is the difference between the pumping water level
and the static water level
𝑾𝒆𝒍𝒍 𝑫𝒓𝒂𝒘𝒅𝒐𝒘𝒏 𝒎
= 𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑚 − 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 (𝑚)
AY2324 ESE143 - Water Supply Planning and Development

Engr. Allena Mae T. Culala AY2324 ESE143 - Water Supply Planning and Development Engr. Allena Mae T. Culala
131 132
4.2 Well Yield 4.3 Specific Yield
Well yield is the volume of water per unit of time that is produced from • Specific yield is the discharge capacity of the well per foot of
the well pumping. drawdown.
• The specific yield may range from 1 gpm/ft drawdown to more than
100 gpm/ft drawdown for a properly developed well.
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 (𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑊𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 (𝑔𝑝𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑝𝑚)

𝑊𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 =
𝐷𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡 (𝑚𝑖𝑛) 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 (𝑓𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑚)
133 134
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Sample Problem: References:
A well produces 260 gpm. If the drawdown to the well is 22 ft, what is • Water and Wastewater Engineering Design Principles and Practice by
the specific yield in gpm/ft? Mackenzie L. Davis, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE
260 𝑔𝑝𝑚 • Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations by
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = Frank R. Spellman
22 𝑓𝑡
• Water Supply and Sewerage – by T. G. McGhee and E.W. Steel
𝑔𝑝𝑚 • https://www.appmfg.com/
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = 11
𝑓𝑡
135 136

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18/09/2023

1.0 APPLIED HYDRAULICS 2.2 DARCY WEISBACH

1.0 APPLIED HYDRAULICS 1.0 APPLIED HYDRAULICS

𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑎 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 = 14.7 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑠𝑖

1.0 APPLIED HYDRAULICS 1.1.1 STEVIN’S LAW

p = pressure in pounds per square foot (lb/ft2 or psf).

Sample Problem: 1.2.1 WATER PRESSURE

1.3 HEAD 1.3.1 STATIC HEAD

1.4 FORCE AND PRESSURE 1.5 HEAD AND PRESSURE

Sample Problems: 2.0 FRICTIONAL LOSSES

2.1 FACTORS AFFECTING HEAD LOSS AND FRICTION

Material Hazen-Williams Material Hazen-Williams

2.3 HAZEN-WILLIAMS FORMULA ABS - Acrylonite Butadiene Styrene

2.4 MANNING’S EQUATION

2.4.3 Partially Full Pipe (1/4 Full)

3.1 FLOW MEASUREMENT Sample Problem:

3.1 FLOW MEASURING DEVICES 3.1.1 Differential Pressure Flowmeters

3.1.1 Differential Pressure

3.1.1.1 Types of Differential Pressure Flowmeters 3.1.1.1a Oriﬁce

3.1.1.1b Venturi 3.1.1.1c Nozzle

3.1.1.1d Pitot–static tube 3.1.2 Magnetic Flowmeters

• A Pitot tube is a point velocity-measuring • Volumetric ﬂow devices designed to

3.1.2.1 Properties of the Magnetic Flowmeter: 3.1.2 Magnetic Flowmeters

1. minimal head loss (no obstruction with line Advantages: Disadvantages:

3.1.3 Ultrasonic Flowmeters 3.1.3a Time-of-Flight Ultrasonic Flowmeters

• Ultrasonic flowmeters use an electronic • Time-of-flight flowmeters make

3.1.3a Time-of-Flight Ultrasonic Flowmeters 3.1.3b Doppler Ultrasonic Flowmeters

3.1.3b Doppler Ultrasonic Flowmeters 3.1.4 Velocity Flowmeters

Advantages: Disadvantages: • Velocity or turbine ﬂowmeters use a

3.1.4 Velocity Flowmeters 3.1.5 Positive-Displacement Flowmeters

4.1 Well Drawdown

AY2324 ESE143 - Water Supply Planning and Development

4.2 Well Yield 4.3 Specific Yield

𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 (𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑊𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 (𝑔𝑝𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑝𝑚)

Sample Problem: References:

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