A Comprehensive Guide to the File Components of a SIM Card

Patrick Mutabazi

Patrick Mutabazi

SmartCards and Technology Solutions Consulting - Innovation,

Management & Technology| Government Solutions Consultant|
Founder & Executive Director| SmartCards Engineer| Data
Engineer| QA Auditing Facilitator and Auditor

Published Jul 3, 2023

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Abstract:
As we live in the digital age, SIM cards are essential to our daily
activities because they provide easy communication and access to a
variety of mobile services. These tiny chips conceal a sophisticated array
of file components that are important to their operation. This article
explores the function, relevance, and convoluted universe of SIM card
file components. I want to provide a thorough grasp of how these parts
contribute to the efficient operation of mobile devices by exposing the
layers of information held within a SIM card.

Introduction

In our connected world, mobile communication has become an important

aspect of our daily life. We rely on our smartphones and other mobile
devices to stay in touch and engaged, whether we are making phone calls,
messaging, browsing the internet, or using other mobile applications. The
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card, which carries critical information
and allows us to connect to mobile networks all over the world, is a
critical component of this seamless connectivity.

There is a secret world within these little chips, even though the majority
of us are only familiar with the physical component of a SIM card, which
is frequently plugged into a specific slot on our gadgets. The complex file
components that make up SIM cards are the key to our mobile
connectivity. These file components are in charge of handling and
preserving important data, including everything from network-specific
settings to data used for personal identification.

A SIM card's file components must be understood for a number of

reasons. Firstly, it helps us understand the inner workings of this crucial
technology, which is essential to our digital existence.
Secondly, it enables us to investigate the security and privacy features
included into SIM cards, protecting our private data.

Finally, as it enables them to fix problems, extract data, and ensure

optimal operation, specialists in industries like telecommunications,
mobile forensics, and network engineering must understand the file
components of a SIM card.

In this guide, I go through the complex world of SIM card file

components. I will delve into the makeup, significance, and function of
these parts in order to shed light on how they contribute to the seamless
operation of mobile devices. I will reveal the layers of data held on a SIM
card, starting with the Master File (MF), moving on to Dedicated Files
(DF), and ending with Elementary Files (EF).

By the end of this article, you will hopefully have developed an

understanding of the file elements contained within a SIM card. With this
understanding, you will be able to comprehend the complexity of these
little chips that drive our mobile network and enable smooth
communication.

What is a SIM card?

Subscriber Identity Module, or SIM, is the abbreviation for a tiny,
portable memory chip that houses data on a mobile phone user. This data
is used to identify and authenticate the user to the mobile network and
includes the user's phone number, network provider, and other data.

Mobile phones, as well as other cellular-enabled devices like tablets and

laptops, require SIM cards to function. A SIM card enables a device to
connect to the mobile network and utilise its features, including making
calls, sending text messages, and utilising data, when it is placed inside
the device.

Different sizes of SIM cards are available, including normal, micro, nano,
and embedded SIMs (eSIMs). Older phones often use standard SIM cards
because they are the largest. Smaller than conventional SIM cards, micro
SIM cards are more frequently utilised in contemporary phones. The
newest smartphones employ nano SIM cards, which are the smallest SIM
card size. The most recent type of SIM card is an embedded SIM(eSIM).
However, the latest kid on the block is iSIM(Integrated Subscriber
Identity Module).

SIM Card Overview

The Purpose of SIM Cards:

A small, detachable chip called a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card

is used in mobile devices to recognise and verify subscribers on a mobile
network. Users can make calls, send messages, access data services, and
roam on several networks thanks to SIM cards, which act as a connection
between the 'device' and the telecom network.

Physical Characteristics:

Small, rectangular chips known as SIM cards typically have dimensions

of roughly 25 mm by 15 mm. They are made to fit into a SIM card slot on
mobile devices including smartphones, tablets, and feature phones. There
are several sizes of SIM cards, including full-size SIM (1FF), mini-
SIM (2FF), micro-SIM (3FF), and nano-SIM (4FF). The embedded
SIM (eSIM), which is built right into the device's circuitry, is the most
recent development in SIM technology. Well, the Integrated SIM(iSIM)
is now the new kid on the block.

Information Stored on SIM Cards:

SIM cards hold a variety of data types necessary for mobile
connectivity:

i). International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI): This distinctive

identification links the SIM card to a particular subscriber in the mobile
network. The IMSI aids in user identification and authentication for the
network.

ii).
Integrated Circuit Card Identifier (ICCID): Each SIM card has an IC
CID, which is a special number that serves as its primary identity.

iii). Authentication Key: In order to provide secure connection between

the device and the network, SIM cards contain cryptographic keys used
for authentication and encryption.

iv). Phonebook Entries: SIM cards are capable of storing contact

information, including names, phone numbers, and other pertinent
specifics.

v). Short Message Service (SMS) Messages: SMS messages can be

stored on SIM cards, allowing users to send and receive text messages.

vi). Network-Specific Information: Network-specific parameters, such

as Preferred Roaming Lists (PRLs), which limit the roaming networks
available, are stored on SIM cards.
Mobile Network Compatibility:

SIM cards are unique to a specific mobile network provider. In order for
them to function perfectly with their network, the operator provisions and
customises them. Each SIM card has information unique to the operator
on it, like the name of the network and access codes.

SIM Card Activation and Replacement:

A new SIM card must be activated by the network provider after purchase.
The IMSI and ICCID of the SIM card are connected to the subscriber's
account after activation. By purchasing a new SIM card from the network
provider and transferring the subscriber's information to it, a lost or
damaged SIM card can be replaced.

SIM Card Security:

To safeguard user information and provide secure transmission, SIM

cards deploy security mechanisms. Personal Identification Numbers
(PINs), Pin Unlock Keys (PUKs), authentication formulas, and
encryption techniques are some of these security features. PUK and PIN
numbers aid in preventing unauthorised access to the SIM card and the
data it contains.

Understanding the fundamentals of SIM cards lays the groundwork for

understanding the complex file components that enable them to operate.
The structure, function, and relevance of the file components in the
context of SIM card technology will be examined in the sections that
follow.

Fundamental File Components

Master File (MF):

The top-level file component on a SIM card is called the Master File
(MF). In addition to acting as the root directory, it offers the structure for
managing and organising other file components. The MF includes details
about the organisation of the file system on the SIM card, including
where specific files are located and their connections to other files.

The File Control Information (FCI), which includes crucial information

including the file number, file size, and access restrictions, is often used
to identify the MF. It serves as a portal for accessing other file
components kept on the SIM card.

Dedicated File (DF):

Dedicated Files (DF) are specific SIM card directories that contain files
for a given functionality or application. Each DF acts as a container for
related Elementary Files (EF) and is given a special file identifier (FID)
to identify it.
Numerous features, including the phonebook, SMS messages, network
settings, service providers, and more, can be represented by DFs. They
offer a hierarchical file organisation, making it simpler to manage and
access specific data on the SIM card.

Elementary File (EF):

The smallest data storage components of a SIM card are

called Elementary Files (EF). These files give detailed information on a
certain function or data piece. Each EF is housed in a Dedicated File and
given a special file identification (FID).

Examples of EFs include:

i). EF-ICCID: The Integrated Circuit Card Identifier (EF-ICCID) is a

number that is stored on each SIM card and serves as a unique
identification.

ii). EF-IMSI: Contains the International Mobile Subscriber Identity

(IMSI), which uniquely identifies the subscriber within the mobile
network.

iii). EF-ADN: Saves/stores the phonebook entries, including peoples

names and phone numbers.

iv). EF-SMS: Messages from the Short Message Service are stored here,
enabling text message sending and receiving.

v). EF-LOCI: Identifiers for the current location region and the network
are stored here along with the location information.

Working Mechanism of File Components:

A hierarchical file system structure is provided by the file components of
a SIM card. Access to the Dedicated Files (DF) within the Master File
(MF), which serves as the root directory. Each DF in turn comprises a
number of Elementary Files (EF) that each store a particular type of data.

The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) standards are

used by mobile devices to access and modify the file components when
they communicate with a SIM card. The device can read, write, update, or
remove data from the SIM card using these commands.

The file system on the SIM card is set up like a tree, with the MF at the
root and the DFs and EFs acting as the branches and leaves, respectively.
The SIM card replies appropriately by supplying the requested
information or carrying out the requested function after receiving orders
from the device identifying the desired file or data element to access.

The file control information defines the access conditions that apply to
file components. The security and privacy of the data saved on the SIM
card are ensured by these rules, which specify who is permitted to access,
write, or modify the data within a file.

Exploring the precise qualities, functions, and uses of each component

begins with an understanding of the basic file components and how they
operate. The structure, contents, and importance of the Master File (MF),
Dedicated Files (DF), and Elementary Files (EF) within the SIM card
ecosystem will be explored in more detail in the sections that follow.

Understanding the Master File

Structure and Purpose of the Master File:

The most important file on a SIM card is called the Master File (MF). In
addition to acting as the root directory, it offers the framework for
classifying and managing other file components. The MF includes details
on the SIM card's file system, including where specific files are located
and how they relate to one another.

The characteristics of the SIM card and the standards put in place by the
mobile network operator can affect how the MF is structured.

It typically consists of the following elements:

a). File Identifier (FID): The SIM card's MF is uniquely identified by

the FID. In order to access and work with the MF, it serves as a reference.

b). File Control Information (FCI): Important details about the MF,
including its size, access restrictions, and file structure, are contained in
the FCI. It offers the information required for the device to use the file
system and communicate with other file components.
c). DF List: References to Dedicated Files (DF) kept in the MF are listed
in the DF List. It serves as a directory, enabling the device to access
particular DFs and the Elementary Files (EF) that are contained within
them.

The MF's role is to give the file system on the SIM card a hierarchical
structure and management framework. It plays a critical function in
preserving the integrity and structure of the data on the SIM card and
serves as the entry point for accessing other file components.

Key Information Stored in the Master File:

For the SIM card to operate properly and to connect with the mobile
network, vital data must be present in the Master File (MF).

Some key information stored in the MF includes:

1. ICCID (Integrated Circuit Card Identifier): Each SIM card has an

individual identification number (ICCID). It is kept in the MF and acts as
the SIM card's principal means of identification.

2. IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity): Within the mobile

network, the subscriber is identified exclusively by their IMSI. It is kept
in the MF and is used to identify and authenticate users.

3. GSM Algorithm Version: The GSM algorithm version used for

encryption and authentication may be disclosed in the MF. With the help
of this data, network connection is compatible and secure.

4. Network Operator Information: The MF can hold data on the

network operator, including the operator's name, identifying numbers,
and information about the service provider. The device can connect to the
right network and sustain connectivity with the help of this information.
5. File System Structure: The file system on the SIM card's MF is
described in terms of its organisation and structure. It outlines the
locations and connections between Dedicated Files (DF) and Elementary
Files (EF), enabling the device to search for and access particular data on
the SIM card.

In order to establish communication, guarantee secure authentication, and

grant access to various services and activities connected to the SIM card,
the information stored in the MF is essential.

Navigating Dedicated Files

Types of Dedicated Files:

With the help of linked Elementary Files (EF) and Dedicated Files (DF),
which are specialised folders on the SIM card, data is organised in an
organised manner. These DFs serve various purposes and functionalities
within the SIM card ecosystem.

Common types of Dedicated Files:

a). DF-TELECOM: This Dedicated File is devoted to functionalities for

telecommunications. It might include EFs for phonebook entries, SMS
messages, call logs, and other communications services.

b). DF-GSM: This Dedicated File only addresses GSM-related features.

It could save EFs for network settings, preferred roaming lists (PRLs),
and additional GSM-specific options.

c). DF-IMSI: The International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI),

which serves as the subscriber's sole means of identification within the
mobile network, is kept in this Dedicated File's Elementary File (EF-
IMSI).

d). DF-PHONEBOOK: Phonebook entries will be kept in this Dedicated

File. It might include EFs like EF-ADNs, EF-FDNs, and EF-SDNs
(Service Dialling Numbers), among others.

e). DF-SMS: This Dedicated File only contains functionality for the
Short Message Service (SMS). It might contain EFs for SMS messages,
such as EF-SMS and EF-SMSP (SMS Parameters).

f). DF-PROV: The operator settings, service provider details, and access
point names (APNs) for data services are just a few examples of the
network-specific provisioning data that must be stored in this Dedicated
File.

Roles and Functions of Dedicated Files:

Dedicated Files (DF) are essential for managing and organising particular
groups of data on the SIM card. They perform a number of tasks and
offer a structured hierarchy for storing related Elementary Files (EF).

Some roles and functions of Dedicated Files:

i). Data Organisation: DFs offer a logical arrangement of the data on the
SIM card. They group similar EFs together, which makes it simpler to
find and manage particular kinds of information. For instance, the DF-
TELECOM arranges EFs that are connected to communications,
including phonebook entries and SMS messages.

ii). Access Control: In their File Control Information (FCI), DFs can
specify precise access restrictions. To maintain security and privacy,
these restrictions specify who is permitted to access, write, or alter data
within the DF. Access control procedures aid in safeguarding private data
kept in the DFs.

iii). Service Provisioning: Provisioning data is stored in DFs associated

with network-specific parameters, such as DF-PROV. For network
services like voice calls, data services, and roaming, they make sure the
SIM card is set up properly.

iv). Customisation and Personalisation: Mobile network carriers have

more freedom with DFs to personalise and alter SIM cards to suit their
needs. To meet the needs of their network services and functionalities,
they might define specialised DFs and related EFs.

v). Interoperability: The interoperability of various SIM cards and

mobile devices is ensured by DFs adhering to established specifications
and protocols. Due to this standardisation, SIM cards can operate without
a hitch on a variety of networks and devices.

Decoding Elementary Files

Elementary File Types:

The smallest data storage components inside a SIM card are called
Elementary Files (EF). They maintain specific data pertaining to
particular functions or data components.

Common types of Elementary Files:

i). EF-ICCID: Every SIM card is given a different unique number,

known as the Integrated Circuit Card Identifier (ICCID). This identifier is
kept in the EF-ICCID and is used for identification and activation
purposes.
ii). EF-IMSI: Within the mobile network, the user is uniquely identified
by their International Mobile user Identity (IMSI). This essential identity
data is stored in the EF-IMSI.

iii). EF-ADN: Phonebook records, including names of contacts and their

accompanying phone numbers, are kept in the Abbreviated Dialling
Numbers (ADN) file.

iv). EF-SMS: SMS messages, including both incoming and outgoing

messages, are stored in the Short Message Service (SMS) file.

v). EF-LOCI: The location area and network IDs are stored in the
Location Information (LOCI) file. It is employed for network registration
and location updates.

vi). EF-SPN: The name of the service provider connected to the SIM
card is kept in the Service Provider Name (SPN) file.

Crucial Data Stored in Elementary Files:

Important information required for the operation of the SIM card and the
communication between the device and the mobile network is stored in
Elementary Files (EF).

Examples of crucial data stored in Elementary Files:

1. Identification Data: Unique IDs allocated to the SIM card and

subscriber are stored in the EF-ICCID and EF-IMSI, respectively. These
identities are employed for billing, network registration, and
authentication.
2. Phonebook Entries: Contact information, such as names and phone
numbers, is kept in the EF-ADN file. Users may simply access and
manage their contacts thanks to this data.

3. SMS Messages: SMS messages, including text messages, multimedia

messages, and other message kinds, are stored in the EF-SMS file. Users
can send and receive messages thanks to it.

4. Authentication and Encryption Keys: For the purpose of ensuring

secure connection between the device and the network, SIM cards hold
cryptographic keys in specialised EFs. These keys are employed for
integrity checking, encryption, and authentication.

5. Network Parameters: Network-specific data is stored in EFs like EF-

LOCI and EF-SPN. The EF-SPN saves the name of the service provider
connected to the SIM card, while the EF-LOCI stores location data.

6. Personalization Data: The EFs on SIM cards may contain

personalization information including language preferences, menu
designs, and customisation options. Users can customise their SIM card
experience with the use of these EFs.

The mobile network standards' stated instructions and protocols are used
to access and modify the data stored in Elementary Files. These files
include crucial data that makes communication, network access, and
other SIM card functions easier.

Managing Access Control

PIN and PUK Codes:

Access control is a crucial component of SIM card security, and it is

controlled by Personal Unblocking Key (PUK) and Personal
Identification Number (PIN) codes.

Here's an overview of these codes:

i). PIN Code: To authenticate the user and grant access to the SIM card,
a PIN code is a numerical password. A gadget usually asks the user to
enter the PIN code when it is turned on or a SIM card is inserted. In the
event that the SIM card is lost or stolen, the PIN code aids in preventing
unauthorised access. The settings or SIM card management menus on a
device are typically where users may set and modify their PIN codes.

ii). PUK Code: When the PIN number is repeatedly input incorrectly, the
PUK code, a special code linked to the SIM card, is used to unlock or
unblock the SIM card. The SIM card becomes locked and needs the PUK
code to be unlocked if a user repeatedly enters wrong PIN codes. The
mobile network operator often provides the PUK code, however customer
support can also supply it.

The PIN and PUK codes must be kept confidential and must not be given
to unauthorised people. These codes secure the user's private information
and the services connected to the SIM card by acting as a barrier to
unauthorised access to the SIM card.

Authentication and Security Files:

To facilitate secure connectivity with the mobile network, SIM cards

have specialised files for authentication and security procedures.

Examples of authentication and security files:

a). EF-Ki: The secret key required to authenticate the SIM card to the
mobile network is stored in the Authentication Key (Ki) file. In order to
provide secure network access and avoid unauthorised SIM card cloning,
the Ki is a crucial element.

b). EF-Keys: The various encryption and authentication keys needed to

secure communication between the device and the network are stored in
the EF-Keys file. These keys are necessary for creating secure channels
and safeguarding data while it is being transmitted.

c). EF-IMPI: The International Mobile Subscriber Identity Privacy

Indicator (IMPI) file determines whether or not the subscriber's IMSI
should be treated as confidential. This file aids in limiting the IMSI's
accessibility to outside parties..

d). EF-ACC: Specific Elementary Files (EFs) on the SIM card have their
access control settings stored in the Access Control Class (ACC) file. The
ACC file establishes the permissions and access rights for various file
types and aids in restricting access to sensitive data.

e). EF-ACM: For billing purposes, the Accumulated Call Metre (ACM)
file keeps account of call length and consumption. It aids in tracking and
controlling voice call consumption and related costs.
The communication between the device and the mobile network as well
as the overall security and integrity of the SIM card are aided by these
authentication and security files. They guard against fraudulent activities
and unauthorised access attempts and make sure that only approved users
and devices may use the SIM card's functionality.

SIM Toolkit Applications

SIM Toolkit Summary

A technology called SIM Toolkit (STK) enables the SIM card to run
programmes and offer interactive services to the user. It makes it possible
for particular programmes and services to be run directly from the SIM
card without the need for the device's operating system. On the user's
device, there is normally a special menu that can be used to access the
SIM Toolkit programmes.

Mobile network carriers can offer value-added services including mobile

banking, mobile payments, information services, and interactive menus
on a platform made available by the SIM Toolkit. Direct transmission of
personalised content, service updates, and interactive prompts to the
user's SIM card is possible.
The SIM Application Toolkit (SAT) programming language is used to
create the SIM Toolkit apps. Using the capabilities of the SIM card, this
language enables developers to make interactive menus, send SMS
messages, place calls, and carry out a number of other tasks.

The SIM Toolkit's file components

The SIM card contains a number of file components connected to SIM

Toolkit programmes. The information and parameters required to run
SIM Toolkit services are stored in these files.

a). DF-TELECOM: The EFs particular to SIM Toolkit applications may

be found in the DF-TELECOM, which is devoted to telecommunications-
related capabilities. These EFs hold data related to applications, the SIM
Toolkit menu structure, and other pertinent data.

b). EF-STK: The main file linked to SIM Toolkit apps is the EF-STK file.
It keeps the SIM Toolkit Toolkit Menu Structure (TMS), which specifies
the SIM Toolkit menu's hierarchical structure. The TMS outlines the
menu items, their placement, and the actions that go with each one.

c). EF-UST: Details about the SIM Toolkit apps that are available on the
SIM card are contained in the User Service Table (UST) file. It contains
details like the names of the applications, file names, and access
restrictions.

d). EF-PRD: The information pertaining to proactive commands and

instructions that the network sends to the SIM card is stored in the
Proactive SIM Data (PRD) file. These instructions set off particular
events or begin conversations with the user using the SIM Toolkit
applications.
e). EF-IMG: The Image file is made up of images and icons for usage in
SIM Toolkit programmes. Images that are shown on the user's device as
part of the SIM Toolkit menu interface are stored there.

Together, these file parts make it possible for SIM Toolkit apps to run
and offer interactive services to the user. By providing easy access to
various value-added services and personalised content through the SIM
card, the SIM Toolkit applications improve the user experience.

It's vital to remember that the specific file components and their
functionality can change based on the characteristics of the SIM card, the
needs of the mobile network operator, and the installed SIM Toolkit
programmes.

Understanding the File System Architecture

File System Structures:

A SIM card's file system architecture uses predefined structures to

arrange and store different file components.

File system structures found in SIM cards:

1). Master File (MF): The root directory of the SIM card file system is
the Master File. It is the entry point for navigating to additional file
components. The MF contains Dedicated Files (DFs) and Elementary
Files (EFs), and is recognised by the Application Identifier (AID) "3F00."

2). Dedicated Files (DFs): Within the file system, DFs are folders that
compile linked EFs. They give data a hierarchical organisation and serve
particular functions like phonebook, telecommunications, or SIM Toolkit
functionality.
3). Elementary Files (EFs): The smallest data storage units on a SIM
card are called EFs. For example, they may hold information like ICCID,
IMSI, phonebook entries, or SMS messages, which are specific details
connected to certain functions or data items.

The DFs and EFs are organised within the MF, which serves as the root
directory in the file system structures' hierarchical organisation. This
layout enables effective data access and management inside the SIM card.

Standard File Naming Conventions:

To guarantee compatibility and interoperability across many devices and

networks, SIM cards use standard file naming conventions.

Common naming conventions used for SIM card files:

i). Application Identifier (AID): Each DF and EF inside the SIM card is
given a different identification number, or AID. It aids in identifying and
differentiating various file components and is frequently expressed as a
hexadecimal value.

ii). File Identifier (FID): Each DF and EF inside of its parent DF are
given a special identification number called a FID. It aids in identifying
and locating particular files within the file system and is expressed as a
hexadecimal value.

iii). Elementary File Identifiers (EFIDs): Each EF within its parent DF

is given an individual identification number, or EFID. They aid in
locating and accessing specific EFs in the file system.

An industry-standard nomenclature for SIM card files is made up of AIDs,

FIDs, and EFIDs. Through the use of these identifiers, various SIM cards
and gadgets can communicate with one another and handle files
effectively.

Note: You should be aware that the file system architecture and naming
conventions may change slightly based on the characteristics of the SIM
card, including the SIM card type (e.g., SIM, USIM, or ISIM), the SIM
card standard (e.g., GSM, UMTS, or LTE), and the particular
requirements of mobile network operators.

SIM Card Evolution

SIM Card Types and Sizes:

The physical dimensions and form factor of SIM cards have changed over
time.

Here are the different types of SIM cards that have been introduced:

Full-Size SIM Card (1FF):

The first standard SIM card introduced in the early days of mobile
communication was the full-size SIM card, also referred to as the 1st
Form Factor (1FF). It is frequently referred to as "credit card" size and
has the following measurements: 85.60 mm 53.98 mm 0.76 mm.

Mini-SIM (2FF):

A smaller version of the full-size SIM card was launched as the mini-SIM,
sometimes referred to as the 2nd Form Factor (2FF) or standard SIM card.
Its measurements are 25 mm by 15 mm by 0.76 mm, and it immediately
rose to the top spot among SIM card sizes.

Micro-SIM (3FF):

The micro-SIM, also known as the third form factor (3FF), was produced
in response to the demand for smaller devices and components. Its
measurements are 15.00 mm by 12.00 mm by 0.76 mm, and it allowed
mobile devices to get further smaller.

Nano-SIM (4FF):

The nano-SIM, sometimes referred to as the 4th Form Factor (4FF), was
developed to support further tiny devices while maintaining a SIM card's
essential features. Its measurements are 12.30 mm 8.80 mm 0.67 mm,
making it the most popular SIM card size in current smartphones and
gadgets.

eSIM (Embedded SIM):

The embedded SIM (eSIM), a novel SIM technology, has evolved in

recent years. The eSIM does not require a physical card, in contrast to
regular SIM cards, because it is physically incorporated into the hardware
of the device. It makes it more flexible and practical for both device
makers and users by enabling remote provisioning and administration of
SIM profiles.

iSIM Integrated Subscriber Identity Module):

Integrated SIM (iSIM) is a new kind of SIM card that is physically

attached to the device's modem chip or primary processor. The fact that
iSIMs are integrated into the SoC and secured by a TRE makes them
more secure than standard SIM cards and eSIMs. The Integrated
Subscriber Identity Module (iSIM) size is 1mm by 1mm.

Future Trends and Developments:

The evolution of SIM cards is expected to continue with the following

trends and developments:

a). Further Miniaturisation: As smartphones get smaller and more

compact or thinner, there can be a demand for even more compact SIM
card form factors or integrated SIM solutions that take up the least
amount of room inside the device.

b). Increased Functionality: To support new apps and services, SIM

cards are likely to include more sophisticated functionality and storage
capacity. This might involve better processing power, more storage space,
and increased security measures.

c). eSIM Adoption: As eSIM technology offers greater flexibility,

simplicity, and interoperability with a variety of devices, its usage is
anticipated to rise. With the use of eSIM, switching between mobile
networks can be done without physically swapping SIM cards.
d). IoT Connectivity: The Internet of Things (IoT) devices' connectivity
will be largely dependent on SIM cards. To satisfy the unique needs of
IoT deployments, SIM technology designed for IoT applications, such as
Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication, will continue to develop.

e). Virtual SIM: Virtual SIM solutions, which allow users to have
several SIM profiles on a single physical SIM card or eSIM, may become
more common. Users no longer require numerous physical SIM cards to
switch between various mobile networks and plans because to this
technology.

f). iSIM: Integrated SIM (iSIM) is a brand-new kind of SIM card that is
physically attached to the device's modem chip or primary processor.
This makes it more dependable, more affordable, and smaller than
conventional SIM cards or eSIMs. IoT (Internet of Things)-related small
devices can benefit from iSIMs in terms of security, logistics, and
production ease.

g). Enhanced Security: SIM cards will continue to strengthen their

security features as mobile devices handle more sensitive data and
transactions, including better encryption algorithms, improved
authentication procedures, and advanced protection against SIM card
cloning and tampering..

The mobile telecoms ecosystem will become more flexible, more

connected, and better for users as a result of these upcoming trends and
improvements in SIM card technology.

SIM Card Forensics

Extracting Data from SIM Cards:

In SIM card forensics, data is extracted and analysed from SIM cards in
order to compile evidence for forensic purposes.

Common methods used to extract data from SIM cards:

1. SIM Card Readers: Hardware tools called SIM card readers allow for
the direct extraction of data from the SIM card and are connected to a
computer. They normally use specialised software to read the contents of
the SIM card, including the file system and file components.

2. Mobile Forensic Tools: Data can be extracted from SIM cards using
mobile forensic technologies like forensic software or forensic suites. The
device into which the SIM card is put or specialised SIM card readers can
be used by these instruments to connect with the SIM card.

3. Logical Extraction: By using the operating system or SIM card

management software on the device, logical extraction includes only
removing data that is easily accessible. Through this method, data like as
call logs, contacts, SMS messages, and configuration settings can be
retrieved.

4. Physical Extraction: Physical extraction entails getting a complete

image or bit-by-bit replica of the memory on the SIM card. With the help
of this technique, it is possible to retrieve deleted data, free space, and
other concealed data that logical extraction cannot access. Physical
extraction requires specialised equipment and methods.

It is significant to note that different extraction techniques may be

necessary based on the type of SIM card, its features, and the forensic
analysis instruments or software employed.

Investigative Applications of SIM Card Forensics:

In digital investigations, SIM card forensics is important, especially in

situations involving mobile devices.

Some investigative applications of SIM card forensics:

1. Call History Analysis: Call history details such as incoming and

outgoing calls, call durations, timestamps, and phone numbers involved
can be found in great detail in SIM card data. Call history analysis can be
used to identify contacts, develop communication patterns, and follow
people's whereabouts.

2. SMS and MMS Analysis: Examining SMS and MMS messages saved
on a SIM card might reveal details about conversations, contacts,
timestamps, and potentially useful evidence relevant to a case. This can
be extremely important in investigations involving threats, harassment,
fraud, and other illegal activity.

3. Contact Information: Contact information, including names and

phone numbers, is stored on SIM cards. Identifying people connected to a
case, building relationships, and connecting devices or SIM cards to
particular people of interest can all be accomplished with the aid of
contact information analysis.
4. Location Tracking: Locational data, such as the last known position
or the scene of certain acts, may be stored on SIM cards. Investigations
into theft, unaccounted-for persons, or other instances in which location
information is important may make use of this data.

5. Subscriber Information: International Mobile Subscriber Identity

(IMSI) and International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) are two
examples of distinctive identifiers that are stored on SIM cards. These
codes can be used to monitor ownership, link a SIM card to a specific
device, and identify probable suspects.

6. SIM Toolkit Data: The user's activities, including mobile banking

transactions, service consumption, and other interactive services, might
be valuable information in SIM Toolkit apps. Insights regarding a user's
behaviour and potential evidence in investigations of financial or
cybercrime can be gained through analysing SIM Toolkit data.

7. Deleted Data Recovery: SMS messages, phone logs, and other file
components that may have been destroyed unintentionally or accidently
can be recovered using SIM card forensics techniques. Data recovery can
yield important evidence for investigations.

So, law enforcement organisations, digital forensic investigators, and

other experts can benefit from SIM card forensics' ability to collect data,
reconstruct events, and create compelling cases. To ensure that the
evidence is admissible in court, it is crucial to adhere to legal protocols
and requirements when conducting SIM card forensic analyses.

Conclusion
In conclusion therefore, an essential component of a mobile phone's
operating system are the files on a SIM card. They serve as a means of
user identification and authentication, data storage, and communication
security for mobile phones

SIM cards are necessary for mobile communication networks since they
enable many functions and store crucial data. The SIM card's structure is
made up of the Master File, Dedicated Files, and Elementary Files, which
store important information about security, user data, and apps developed
using the SIM Toolkit.

For network connectivity and subscriber identification, the Master File

contains crucial data such the IMSI and ICCID. Dedicated Files have a
specific function, whereas Elementary Files keep a variety of information,
such as contacts, SMS messages, call records, and service configurations.

The Toolkit Menu Structure, User Service Table, and Proactive SIM Data
are file components of the SIM Toolkit apps, which enable interactive
services.

To maintain compatibility and interoperability, SIM cards' file system

architecture adheres to standardised structures. SIM card forensics is
essential for extracting and analysing data from SIM cards for use in
investigations as evidence. Establishing communication patterns and
identifying people is made possible with the help of methods including
logical and physical extraction, call history analysis, and recovery of
deleted data.

Smaller SIM card form factors, higher eSIM use, improved functionality
and security, and expanded use in IoT devices are possible future
developments.
The efficient use of SIM card file components in areas like law
enforcement, digital forensics, and mobile network operations depends on
an understanding of their forensic applications.