Mode No-@3) -Ac cCIRCUITS- + Into ductor - AC aycults - When the curred dlovoing thr ugh the civeuit Yarses in magnide as well at dbrechon pesocbcally | iS catled olkesnabing ctunenw. Thus albernabng voltage and cuvrent perodiially pastes Mnrough a definite cycte, consishng of too had cycles- dung one cunew or voltage varie i one divechon and In other Vasia in opposite drechon. The chee E IN WWeh alternabny current blows dre called ay AG CIYCUIES The graploca) repraent ator of, ob ree Curew and albernabng Cumend is a showy. ——— \ @ Direct current © Alhernabng cursent: Advantages of AC- 1) The voltage can ve vaised or lowered wing transhymers 2) High voltage ac pransmissi0d is powible and economicad Hr! use ok hanstormess 3B) AC motes are vequive less mointenanie: *Y AC Supply can be eoUily Converted te de supply.Alitrnabing Vol 4 Sue A voltage thad changes its polawhes at vegulay inrerval ok hme js called albernabng vol cotudey ah arktymahay Wl Feige is applied, «n altemabng cuvrect £10 thy a circuits J Cy) - > I As shown voltage source haa posibye ferro at abper side and neg abve terminal ot lower sidey / hen posite current foros 1p one cbrechon Cparibve te negabve). Arey come brye Inter vod vollogt AO UITe prlanhea chan then current flows in vevewde obrectons a generates the sine voave as chown. vi rge weave (OE curred aver Ocwt)- There ave coveral woave form 5 of od terpabng vl rage and Luvrents sucls ay Manguias vsaveferrm or reckangule wave fro. A sinusoidal obernatng quanbty if ome whose IMsrartaneous value Vane awordbing & the sine Nnuson % Dme The Sinudidal alternabnng Vo lFage cay be exprarred : W= Vin Sin vot:* GENERATION OF ALTERNATING VOLTAGE” An ahermnabng voltage can be generated loy wrabng a coiling stoB onary mMagnebe fad ov by a VotayRg magnebe field witwn the hasan errp teil’ To bots caver according + favaclays avo of elechomay neh IndAUCHON the magnetsc Meld cut ine cond Uckss or co! and erog, 1s induced Mo the coi]. the magnitde of induced ern, depends wpon the number of ANS of the coil, Hhe Chengt oh, magnese Beld and spead at wlth cil os magnebe field suite. consides a vectangutas coil of N Nrens ok area A wm? dnd yohating in anddockwise recon wlth angwlay velocity of w radansec in uniter magnebe fild- Let bm be the maxirnum flux cubbng tHe coil when axis 1S at Xx ve flu HiAk wilh it ppaxirour 1P am When col iS at axis v¥! Flux TINK 1S MINI MUM Cerr) + the coil rorotes trspugh an angle © = wt oF ady ae Wgtaunk b> AL Hus Tnstawt, the $lux linking with the coil is, d= bm cos Wt. According + faraday's laws of elechamagnebc INudh --N Ad oe=zoN 2-Cbro cog at) = -N §ro a cos wot =-N bm (SNE): Ww = Ne b$rmy-wW cin Wt hoe Crm Ndr = Max value ab induced em}: when . (r=0 | sinwi=ole=o " wt | ip aia a1 | e-em : oo Ac Term) nology - \nstanjaneous Value iy)- The voue of an alterpa? quawsty ata pashidar instant of hime is Enver ~ iNGanlaneows value- Wavefrem- A voavefsrn is a graph of insrandaneou value of any quatre potted against dre. Cycle - ONe complete cer Of posiisve and negahve Values of an odternoding quantiy is termed as cycle Frequency ~ niurnber of cycles per second o% an al fernat? quantsty is nran ai Frequency. Tine Period c1)~ Tine taken tan alternabng quantity 4s complete one cycle 15 pme pesod. pee HeAcoplitude- The maximurn posiive or negative valu of an alternabg quantity Ts catled aa ammplinde snspavsranest Tae Owe) fh : Time period T sec. me The phase ofan alternabng quandty is the | diye that hay elapsed sinte the quand by ha last pue Hod evn pod df reference: ; one cucle Phase DiffereNle This texm fs Used ts compare me phase oj wo alfernabng quantifies . Thee don quanh art sald & be In phase when Mey each THY makin and revo value akisame Hme. A [eadbRg ahr nabng quanisty is one hon reache TAS maximus ay 2ery value easlits compared # He omer quantity: A lagging aternabng quambty is one whup aHedds VS MaxXiMUM or zeyp Value lates than others | quash NO vp Vaz Veo Sip wt | , Nas Vin sin (t+) (quaudspe 8 least 8 , Eyal ehae . / * (prus Sgn wed toe leadiin, } angie 4) @hile minus sign wed for tagging)Standard form o Alternahing Quanbly- TN ac gene rads, if the coil is yotated wit constaud angwas velocity vo rad /fec the angle Nrned by coil 5S given aa Angle Nrned, ©= wt rad In one revolution of coil the angle Nrn 18 2% racban and voltage wave connplete one cycle. The Me taken 4s cormplete one cycle isthe Hrne penod T of the altermabyg voltage. SO ANgWlas velocity o> Angwlas Nened on Time talcen T =2nh (it f-2) The Gandard doero a sinusoidal alternahhg vn rage B given Hwy | w= Vm S80 = Vm Sn wt, | = Vm sin ongt \°- Ven S10 ay Simillasly Standard fern Hh current & f= 1m Sinos Imswt = Tm Sin antt Mm 24 =JIm sin stEX. AN aternak ng current 7s gived by i=14) singlet, BNA Othe max™value @ frequency @ the bye period and @ the instantaneow varuer when b=3 mec Of: The Srandard from of Afernabny vuret is 3= Tm S10 wt compari ng given eq wlth standard eq? ® Max: value tres EVGA ® -w Bl Frequency f= S- at = soHta (weanty © Time peded, tT: 1-1. = o-02 sec ® oven £* 140-4 sty sgt then 4: gic = 3x1d > sec ae % . 3 ~ JE NGG sin By xaxiera leaped sin | aig xaxr8 dx OY = NY436A C& AD alferMmabnys curred of frequency GeH2 hoes axe? Value of \2A-@ WHke down Me ef oF the Instardaneous VaIue@™ find the value oy curred atler 4; osee and ® fd me hme talcen te reach 9-64 fr the fre bre: Pe < yS= 1m SIN WE = ja sin 20M xXe0t = yr S09 B7>b *) Paue a Cyrent ates es sec J= jon a77b =10 Sin a7>( 4,2) “212 On holpy = oy a . = 12sin (isHz ele) = 12 SI GO R12 x0°R460 tv Hence J= lo-39 4| ® Time tacen 4s veach q-6A fir fast bre is gen by f= lm sinarre . 4°G= jo SIM B77E SIM 377t = 0-8 | SiN (377Ex [R= 0-8 37>b % 182 . 59-45 -3 . nw L=EBR-YExIO Sec te Ao ‘ | ater nods ny Witage is given bY v= losin quae. | Peleprolne the dhe taleen tram ito fine the vol tho yea a Value TEN fox Hrat Esecond tme- Figure chows Me given AhrNohbng voi «Leb the Voltage become +6v dur Hoe Sst hive alter t see then as - “Focatd . w= Vr sinwt, V=\osingHat. so GFjosn quae SIN Got + O-6 Vn above eg, angte'r vaddans convert it & dagrey- in Very”. o- | SINC a4otx SP) < 0-6 QHot x |B = sidione = 36-87 lee 0-6R Xie? sec The freF 4 Witage 3 f= 922 =i soe & byrne pewod ah ware ® Ve 15> O-Gon Oo see “Ane falcen h reach ev fos second hrne = 0-6R x10 Me penar FO bRKIOHE KOE? -O-734 wWlec-$ VALUES OF ALTERNATING VOLTAGE & CURRENT- AN alternadng voltage oF current varies from Nstant to Nstant.The mMaghinde of an alhernating viitage and Uurnent iS expresced by three ways- Peols values 2D Aver Vvolue SD RMS Value os effechve value: Peak Value - LATS Hhe maximum volue attended by He atkernabng quantty The peak or maximum. VALUE of allernahing vuitage ov current 7S reprerented by Ym 7 tm Average Value - The anith metic average of a1! the value ok an alternating quantty over one cycle is called average value: e = Aveta underv the curve Bare the waver can be cla fed ins poo type - Y syrrmetsycad wavefssm a> Asyrometscal wavefsym,. syporn ehscad waveferm - Tn a given voavefstm if positive had cycle 1 exactly equal & Neqabve halt, cycle is called as Syromet oe wavehorm» In this waveRern (sINWOIdal cure, voltage) the ave’ value ove¥ one cycle is zero. O fs becawe posihve hal wycle is exactly equal fe negabve balh cycle 5o-thad Net area fs 2erd- However: average Vole of pasitive oF Megotve hak cycle is ODL zerd- je average you Is Simply avernge Value ob half lycles AMene Voly| \_asymehicad Wavefsernn- tp a given Wavehrn, —-pasibie half cycle is dt equal ® negabve bath —eycle then if i [chown at aaymehical ww avet om. In Hs average volue & Fukcen overs Fuh cycle - for syrmmetscal wavefiem ommets) cad woavefse Aiceovap bab tele ave Value = "dF Baye length of half cycle _ Area of Ful) cycle average VOU e # Base length of, Full cycle Ave Value of sinusoidead ac - consider syrmmebscod sinusohdal vsave fs a shown: | | for Asyrometical Wavefor- | The equason xs sinwoidal acis - ar owe? je Tm Sines tmsin wt \ <— | cycle —> The avetate value is given a Average value = Avea of half cycle x Bove |ength of half cycle lovae fi9o _ 1? _ wg 22> 4 proenadt - im x a tae (-cosey, =p (-cosx-C- coso}] wT= Pe rer-end = 271m aT avg = Ze = 0-637 1m simlasly for sinusoidal al ternasing voi tage ee ee oe Vavg = 2D 0-637 Vm Root Means Cquave (Rms) ow Efjectve Value - The rms value is the coiteson fe measure the elgectsveness of an alternabhg turret wwoltage): The ebtechveness oe TNS value oh alter current is equa ts that dbyrect curserd Hong thn! yenistance fos given bye produces same arnouw heod at produced by the ac when glowing Hrd He Same vesistante fos same fme- for syrrnebica wavefirm - Aven of halflfucycle ob squared Hane Base length of, hepa cycle: for asymmebica) waweform- : te RMS Values {nse of Fl cycle of aquared wave Boye length of half cycle: nabng Rys value =vms Value of Si SINUWoidal ac- consider a cymmebycod cin Wold al wavefyim ai showh. The sinuscidas alfenal? voltage iS given a ve Vane: Ven Sn wh OS B<2N Vrens= a [oe dYesitade S100 ao to prs beth side Lveisintede | iL 1 | Vig sin2a do 6 vo hey = fom odo Visms= ” fl Wn f (1ce0826) do Ko. z Veo o- SiN i} 2n 2 re bs Vm n- $1025 _ 9 » S109] an 2 > " n 2 Vo x = Yo aR 2 Verps< YR >= YD ~9-707Vm < Vems= a Also for rms Anusoidal ac. Im Tarte IE manera | rs urement i HenceTheve exists a definite velasonship among the Peak value, ave value & TMs Value fss alfernabyy quanhty. The roabonsh-p can be expraied in way- Form factor » Peak factor Form facrew - The rags of TrMs value fe the average value of an alkernabng quanhty is enon aa form fader Form f > ame Valu & average VOLUE + the form factor of 4 Fernabha quawd ly voaveforny is given a 0-637 Maxim um Value = 1s) The oro fauss for sinusordal alternabny Current oe wirage iS Vs)- Peak factor {Crest factor [Amplitude fackor- ne wns Value forms facrer= 0-707 xMaximum Vue The eso of maxiraurn Value fo tl op an alternabng quanhty i Knowh % peak fac h feak’ fankor = Teadmum Vers’ . sMS Value ss Peale farter fer Linusodda) curred or vo [tage 19 Max: value fey OS ee es . 0-707 Max Vole 414Ex Find the pollo wing parameters of the witage V= 20051 31Gb id frequenty form factor WY crest factor r The given voitage is Ve 200 SIN BI4t Compare with us Vmsin Wt where Vm= 200 , O=wb=3Iet w= 314 2AK= BG fe B14. ao "Se frequency )= SOD ) form factor ~ 2V 27200 verage Gee, =e = SASS: lanes Average wal ay ae e VM. 200 _ yey ay rms value ie TAG \ ~ NMS Nome . Le ——-= fosm Factor = Average Value 12739 iW) crest factor |peak factsy max Value _~ 202 -\.uyy crest Fos” Tor yaiue 1aheY bx The wavefsrr of a voltage hay form fausy of 8 and Peal fFacsr of S-Tk the Max™value of vol is 4.S0V- Calarate average value & ws value ob the vo) Fages- Nems = 3000V Vag = 2668-7V&X Find the average value and vrs value of voaveforn Ga” OWE) so? Gven wavefism 15 AYmMMebsc vwavedarm becauue pase hal, is not equal & Negahve half: Therefre we have ts consider ul cycle o Given Waveferm. For given waveform, we can comfe in PESIbvE HAR B= 20416 O oo % - $279 44309) anes 4g 7 00 loo= fe ay u Nims = joy EX! Calculate the average value and srs value of, the wavefyrm au Shown - gers ev 4 x se? OCHDED a » © se! The given woavepym is « gmmehs Cay. we can consice hark cycle only. ~The GWEN wavefos ro voltage equation is weVo 396 oceen Rue rage Values Aven oh alg egele Base vf hatt cycle:/ da : jive ® 7 os fvco ae b frotineas eg mS RY ETN FW = VO a Jsade : oly (-cos 03. ‘nm (- cos w-(-cosod] - VO (ay = 2NM oy Het ) Frns value i Coe Jfull_ cycle squared wave Base length of hal lel) cycle: J ‘Sv@do _ Jk Ninnieto Ww io ae Ved , 1 cos2@\ do = (se Jsivodo = [> 0S . nv nH Vems= 0-707 VmEx And He average value and rns Value of the wave fer ay Moon. sol. The given coaveferm is asyrormetssc 60 we have qe consider fw) cycle: the voltage waveform can be exprened ov v= 0 OXOK Ay = Vm sine Wig o< 6 eg NLOK 2K Y QMETE se ValA Ss _ Area of fall cule ie bieoaye value= Base of ful cycle: an un _ fv@do do Si vena ™ Hig Ww nx an = Li forwaer Surender Soro ae] 2m if ny nx * aebe sn Od oe) a © ym t sing-do 2h He wn . da [-e95° lay 26 = Nie {140-7075 = 0°272Vm Navg= 0-272VMTi) rms value _ Tern ate» BESO ha ep sree Base length of, half ]64) cycle - 7 toa ‘ee Uy N |-Cos2@ a 3k “AEE — = [vas 2 sin2e| on 2 4a My 2 ~ (e[ 5 Ser a nah] onl 2 oh 8 4 Qn r 5 oe | = nf 0:227Vi = 0-476Vm Vrms; 0-4 76Vm | EX Find the average and rms value al waver a Shown. ® Vv No Ts scan sv) - The given usaveform 735 SYromehdse, $0 considers half cycle. The wavefsrrn can be exprested wa - w= Vm O0<@ 47/2 oh M2eL@LT1) Eros valde - = srs Value £¥yrn)= [Fea > A : a \ F Ivete “ n 2 4\5.\ 713, a oa | \o}ea4 (%3 > fi = HD = Ve = O-707V mH INV irons: 0-707 VinEx. Find average value & ers Value of wavetarm as shown. | eet. sel Sinusoidal wavefsrm expression is giver A- . . . ; | Wb o 3em at angle s “AS and 30°40 eb posibve X-aRi5: complee the parallelogram & draro rawtaud F ( Gsde CMD) .ALSO measure anse rpade with %- axis $ (©-19°) Foam phaos bagram Reswitautd, T= 6-4 0 _ ott phase angle. 62-13% Ele A eotce trite Tareas ‘S = x " ™ " “liege: 7 alia. anys "405A T= 4:08 SIDCWL-19D | y iL il_ © Phaser algebra - Sheps dv be Kilowed in phasow alzetrra method a3 Allows: © Woe al) gren quawdhey in standard cinwoldel Ferns le Y=Vey aN CULT 6), Ss py STH (WES). The RHs of, ep rm US be poshve and «in Aoebon OY: (1b pot then converted de 19 Yuncbon UNA MyNometme fy rowae - COSK= Cin (X+40') TSIDAS STH@ +1 gD ‘ © convest standard sinusoidal forms 4 poles SO» © convert polas form ~ rectangrtas fxm . Add ib and resnet oat)! be in rectangular BM» ® convert rent of rectangutes form b polar form. © comvest ren from polav form into Standard sinusoidal fyern» K- f= ~ $6869 SiH (Loptecd € ig 10 CoS (I>to) CPS @ standard sinwoidal fsrm « Sy= S6S-69 sin (wWLt 200) A J2* 10 Sin (WOttloo) A © convest standard inwodrdal form tv polar form. N= (ooda00) A Jas G.07 4100) A © converting polar fern fs sectangntar tye Tre (375-325 136-€8) de> comply Avo + iit > tort (-h2 9 +3646 & 200 CWitsared 2 suitetet T-=Tith Heme rawtand curred To 377-1 Aj 129.95) A @ Tali ng polax form & retard T= (398-84 <- LOIDA © Equation of resuttard current 5 S= ©6404 sin Cvot-16)") > The insranianeous voiued of two alfernabny Valtoge ave represented vespecthvely by vie Gosine and 22 40.610 C43): Dewve the oxprestion fos the IncrartanedUs vous oh ® the Suny £ 1 The & fference oy, Hee vol rages. praw neat phasor dagram with each and every value ok 4 ualrtsbe mariced- sol» The given voltages ave 4o sin (0+) WF GOSING & Mae The srns Vaud) of do vo Wages ave Ao. 2929V v= i 42-43V § Var TE hig polars Foss 4 dhe voltag™ Wiz 243 <0) ¥ and Faz (2828 660)V converbing He poler form © vectangriae fA Fiz @2434j0) ¥ and Juz Vath tf 2 4a)¥Cased - UM of dro volrages . let Sum of qwd voltages ave je renitand Va VaA= VitVa = (42-93-40) 4 Uanieerjou.us) = (Se. $745 24-49) v convesbry Int polay form. VA =(61'-644 23-41) WI Maxi murs value of the rectangrtar wl tage - Neos 6b 44 xa = &7-17V NA = &7-17 5M cvot+as-4i) | phasor Di agrars - Vat Weve whee W= Aras Wm 2 wre x Im) Vmip~ R Z= RR phase piference| phase angle £4). since waitage & cunew are in phase with each othes, » He phase wHerence] phase angte is 2evD Power factor- U is.cosine ab the angie berween the valiage and curent phoror et ae AT | Powe® Power factor cary | Pe cosh: cos(gc)= 0 (PF=0) | S EG“ULABON for wi tage £ cursend | Vine VV = 3 %200 = 249-2 | Ime Vi T=VA KOB7= 9A | We 2AL= 2AXTO= 314.16 rad /sec | WAV SID WE = 282-84 210 BIg Et j= 1m sn(erv £) =I 9 (314 16b- Ry EX AD AC civcUdt comcLit of pure resktance of 10 obmmS § is eopnected arses 130N, S12 Supply. Caciate © cureert D powes consumed © power factss @ wore downy eq of voltage < cured eo? @ven Bata - ———— _ Re 10w N= 220N S= SvH2 Dunes 5... 230. aan lo » Power consumed) P-NI= 230x22=saq0W P= £290W ) ) Powers factir- cUrsent< val are to phar =o PR= Cos@=coc(pd= t Pre)ID witage € cunent equatson Nim= VBxV = ¥2% 230 = 325-57V Im= Va T= V¥2x28= 32-53 A WO= Q2NK=2ANKGS= Be16 Tad |hec W= Vien SM OL= 328-57 S19 DUEL (= Ire nwt = 32-53 Snagit tx: The voltage & current How element are VEIOOSID (B4¢+US*) Vits 1+ 10 SD (3)t4+319 A » \dewst Me vit elermends d Hd value of elermends@ obtain an expression fos power sl @yen Data = (oo sin (aut 4UsD S* JONIN (GIUt 435°) = LOSID (31 E43\5E 360) =10 10 (I4EU > Lemp capo a}, elero end - From voltage < curred ef? jt is cleas tha cunent \ lags voltage ¥ oy So HeOle, ciecult elementis in duchst- ny Value of element Mie Ma VO = 1882 poe tT Im lo xeewd = 3)GL= 10 Le !0/ajys 3hg ron L=3)-mH £10 (2%3 U4) =-SO0 Nn GaRt SPO.) 62et ») Expression for power: “ON sin awe = ~ yoox)o 2# Ac Sevjes civcuts A civcudt in which samme curred glows thy! all elements (R,L£C) 15 called as seme ac civew!t. We Cah Use seres combinatody of bedbow- DRL semed cixcud ts DP R-C Seas circuits 3) RLC SeMes cryecnits RL semes Cirtuits- consider a resistor of Rr and INdUUs oR LH connected 1D semes arrss an allerNahing voltage v R L. ‘ KH ve VE J e Ss oeVmsinwwt Le? Vand 1 be the sms values ah applied voltage and tune. The pokewhod Afferenie acenss veriipye=Ve= FR pofewhald dfexenie acrrss Incluctes= Vis XU The witage VR isin phaye with cunen T whocd the voltage Vi leads the (ume I by 90° Xf x cose B pthijes aragrare © vatinge panyte-Tenpedance(e)- from civcwt dagram we get voltage ef Ve Va+Vi = RI+}XUT = CRATE Vo. ‘ = = RASXL ow Ze Z at Ze Vy RX = Vee - ies prada) 1082) The quantvty Tis called cormplex impedanie of Reb civewt- trp pecan ce THangle - =. R cunresst - Pom poe phasor dagram, Hos, hak, curred Z lags behind the voirage V bt an angle $. WB rhe appired wala? Vv is qivee bf Vin'S s\nut then current equabson 15 fe UMSIPCOE-F) hove Ime VO “tered itis leas wavefwM-.. wos i (Wt) alPower cP): The purpose ak pussing curred time! any cycWt is de fransfes the power frorm one place 4s other: The powers acNall» consumed hoa crc is called achve or Wve power ( Rowy). the Cirtnlohny power 13 called veacHve Ppowed (L&Loniy.. 1M we ok R witage Bin phate with 1 whble in inductance curverd 73 ge pud of phase with voltage: Thus current To phate with veltege prdure act ve powes ale cuvrent go’ ovd of phoue vith voitage producer reachve powe’s- ACBVe powes P= Voltagex curred in phate with alt Reathve Powerk A> volhage x cynets owt of phase with volt Taking W ot reference pharos , He crit Pharr Hag ran 15 as Shovoh Ltosd, Vv XQ Tsing 1 The cect Cuvrxerdican be serolved Int two component: % 1eosd in phare with wiiage 21 SIN}, 98 ow af phaye with voltage Thus achive Powes PeVicosh WorkA Reachve Power Qe VEILING VAR or KUAR. and Apperawt Powes C= VL Waor kun:_ —— .-- SS ae ee ee As We MWK PLY curred Phagur dragveim by. V, We ger power angle a shown. Viwspe P Sy UY vising= @ oy Form power Mangte CAchire Powers + (Rea chive Powes)=(Apaant Pore) Powers facts - PR=cosd. R-C Semes Circus - consider a resistys R v2 and caparitsrc} CF are connected in seviad areuss an ac Shpply. R ol vp ere 5 oe Vmsinwe Let Vand F be the rms volue ok witage & CUYrent: Pofewbol &H-aosss yes = Vas RT Pokenot aH acevss capasitse= Nes Xe The voltage Va is in phase with current T wheres Vol fage Ve lags behind He curvreit T by go% Vs VervePhaser Diagram - same current glows Hrd Rec, the current Lis Falcen aa a reference phasor. wv Va-IR VertR cosg=E >1 é Nic= Ve Vecix lae yer> cXe ‘ yang! S phasor dagram © wihage tangle Far me civcwk vagram,weget wo Vr ed) oy WR HY, wis clear Hat current t leads the appliect voltage ly 4. Chcgo), * Impedance (2) - 2 The drewit impedance is given w “A 2 c ZEN RHE XE A cosge & . Ue 199) The irmpedanie can be expressed 1 recrangwars 5 polay form as- _ I Z= (RAKOD Ze (24-6) 2 Curved CL) / For phasr bagram,it | ‘ t leads Phe voltage V by an angle 4. tf He applies wiiag Ts give by u= Ve Sin WL, then the current eg) v)!) be. J= 1m Sin (wes b) 5 cleas Hnot the cunee where tens vo AXON ered) ( om waveforms: & = $08 (XL) = 408! (ee) @(wt)_”,.d:Cu“~—e—KaKwKwK—<<<—_- °° °°” °° £.- <<... OO Ponsre x ( P) TN given clrewit, Faking V os reference, He pharor dagrarm 3 a chon. The civcwk can be vegolved into r 80 LCOMPoN ewks - ising. a) Lcosh is in e with wi Vv pas % tage Teosh Oi sing 4° od | ph , ‘ Phoge with i tage. Ib we Mnisply each | Und ph Power tangle. \ Besos ” N, we set sev ; . ceva) Q=Nisio Trym Powers tangle om Pe vice} cea) CApparerd Power =(Achve powers + (Reach Pr ade? Power factws~ PF = cosh: £ ve Povey) * RAL C Sewes Circurkt - consider a resister RR, laducor LH and capaci lst CE connected 1D semay acenss an atlernabhs voltage © aa sovon. - . ar 5 : | BVM SIV NE Let V and t be the sms values of applied voltage and wren PolkuNal bit across the ree=Ve=RI Potenrbal diff acsvss the indudcwr= Vi= Xt Porenbod dH aorss Me capacitors Ves Xot 1 in =)The wirage Ye is im phate with the wuned 7, the voltage Vi leads the curred Eby go and the voltage Vc lags behind he current T by go’: Ve VReVi te The RL-€ Series clyrudt can be effect vely induc capacihve oy vesishve depending upon He valugs of Xe aNd XL, . Caseci) XL >xe. Ib the XL>%e . The capacifee effect ger nenlvaba and ariwwit behaves like RL cheewt+ Phatos Diagram - Talcing cuyrernd asa eeferenie phasov, the phasor Wagram is ou Shown. yet Vive = FUXL-XO Vp-IR © Voltage ‘poangle © phagos wagrarmn phase Angle cb) Fron phasors dagsar the currerd 1 1ags behind applied vortage Vv by o* C$ the none of I 15 induchve: % ere: phase angle, betas “ax etyp “beets sda que| Power factor (pf) UB cosine of angle bei TVL, The inducthve eftect gets pewhobred and the cled behaves |e Re Cire b- phaser Diagram - Taking cured as reference phator, the phasor bagram i a1 shoven weak *. ¥ E Net Ne-VL = ToRcXL) NeD> 1x%c-X Ve © Phoyor Diagram Wis deay thed the cured 1 Jeads the appliecl voltage ¥ by > CL gor). 3 the Nadvee oh creet 15 copearhye phaye angte cd. - a LO%c-XL) RW b= tap 47 778 rR a 1 6 Xe- KL tan = i © witage tanglePower faces (PH) a is cosine of angle bet? ver Pea cosbe SP = 2h = 35 E (leading) Vv |ropedance (>). fianaies each phasow by curved I in witage The g J }) q iy pedanie 2 VED ay 2 ee S. oh RE E-KLY DL € IMpeddnie cay be . exprened : Polae frem ay 19 veetangnlar < Zz UR-Vxe- xO a Se (e<-o) a ¢etad (%S2) Wavefor ro cased ~~ : cage) Xco>Ke ¥ ‘ a ae Sty cunetd Equabon - ; B oive eV sin WY 1k the c igeoaoees vol 38 given by then cuvserd equahon wil be i= ImSin (wt #6) — sigh when ku%te +510 when x%e>Xe Power P)- Avtrage powes P= Yicos$=)?R Reachve powed QEVISINb= 3% Appaverd Powey s- V1 = 1°27 Ex: A coll having resistance of 72 and an inductance | o& 31°8 MH is connected to 230V, svHe Supply, calilate © cecewt cure @ phaye angle @ Power factos ® power concumed. Lf Cpvtp Dota R= 7D ~3 L = 31-8mH=3)3x10H Ve ago0Vv 4> THA Ve 230v, f= S0H2 -3 Induchve veactan.ce XL= 2NGL = 2431 WXSDAB) B XIE = jon Ven pedance a} coil 2wil= Reco Vier Vo =F hie \, D BY ohms (avo Crvcwst currend go Mo = 230 C7rt}iond > So 2=UevaA<8) nr| By ohms law ; J- Ye (230409 2 (a2) <6 56°) "From polax fer of Iropedence phase angle 4+ sx D> Power factor pp: cosp= cos ss*= S74 (lagging) > Powes consumed p= Vicorg = 230%) BUX C05 S = (say <-S)A = 2487.26” "cA impedance ») Power facdor n) Achve PoWwew | ex: Fox the cd Shouoh, determine the 9 dicot cunent S Reachve power w) Apparerd power: eo? @ven deta Ve 200V, {= SoH2 R= 202, Le O1H AL= 2ALL= 2xBVY YX SvKO\ = Zh-U22 c= poulf= sonio f => Xe Aye = Sa an tox roxio’ = €3:662 Net veactan(e X= X%e-*L= 63-66-2142 = 32200 AS ¥C>XL, Cisco is Capacive » Tong applied Witage at reference V= (20040)V aie (arg) =} 32-20) 2 Z > (37 gy L- FBG) 2. | . . Prep polay form Ff Impedance z= anqunr By obrn’ lave : 5 Vv (200 <0) dscuit tuyrend T= S> Zz (3% gL <-Spg) = G27458-19) A > Power factor PF= cosh = COS (-s8+19) = 0-$27 Jeadin CAs clet is capacihve Cxc>¥L) PF leadbng] ) Reve Power bee bas nn = 200 $27 (oseyg-19) = sss-4ew © Reachve Pones @- yising = 200K 827X619 (~5R.) 9°) i = ~B845-69 var, vi) Apparent Powes sree . = 200x NU = Josep VA; tx: For Hoe clycwit shown in figure, determine ny wl ) cdycwt current 7) Volrage dyvp Vy and ) witsge dp Va. : SEE sove 0-05 20m o-1H i No aoe <— vy qe Tt LoOoV, SHH2 oP Redraw the csc and assume some UNENOLOY quanbhel-Merion Ui @ = 20dV, $= Hr Tade\ Ng app lred Voltage as reference. Ve (200 *Li= amblo= 243 1Uxt ols 3M So XLS XLi*XL2 = ) 7) 431-42 = A713 ‘ Soe oy xcs = er c= SOK F => XE DALC DAZ IY SA PoAIVE ine ener toe We Xe- VE = 16-32 AS XC >XL Ub is Capadibie. Pra Impedance of clecwe Ze (30-j16-93)2 Z= (3254-28 Qs)N BY ohrns lave = ey ay, LAO <6. A(T 3 C2830)A civtwt cunent T= St — @ae ) (34-28 4-28-85) Fram cid dragram Impedance, Zia (Riser & (lo 4) S7II S Q R262 AST aD yrnpedance. = CRaaexexOI% = C20~ 5 (63-667 3)-42y)2 =o J32-24) 2 = O7-9y -5819) 2By ohms law Miz TS = (S84 6 2B BS) (181626 OF. £2 = (0B-74 S86 3D Vae F222 (S84 2B gs) (37-GHCSBID) = (221-7 6 -29-34)V » ‘ oY Sev, soHe iS applied tr an impedance ET Closs4)2 2. AN Impedance 22 is added inveny IE 21, He LUreWt becomes hark ob the onginal. and leads ib o 14°2° Detexmioe a2. CaseG) When an emi of svv, svit2 is applied dean impedame ZH = Ciastpadn. consider T, A 7s Carved flows the cach: Toul Ng appired Valtage oJ yederen ce: Vel 40) Vv chant Cuyend 1 is rie M 2 (6D (Ke) SY CR EHRAND Couey 59-24) = (2: 0466-3924) A. casei) when an impedance 221% added in senu with 21, He currerd become hath of aginal Klead bp (42°: Led la be the civcWt Current (arene & eee \ oN, 22 Ay Yesov, F=TOH2 AS Leis halk oh te lead by 14.2%. Tr =(bo2RZ2-4s-o4) ANow sta cecil impedance cap be caur-ted s- V. _t50Ko) Ty ():023 4-45-04) = G@e-3e c4s-0u) 2 From ariust dagram Ze D+2e n> 2-Si = (48-88 445-04) - (Irs 4J 21) = (34 S44) 345g) -Llaes 4y 20) = (22-044) p3-sg) 2 = @s:89< 31-66) 2 Ex: Find ¥ and L io the circwt as Shown. 1 20V— 20 ww ” . : acy [¢ohs——_— of Assuming crewt cured « vatous viiage % peda n (es: cyrewlt curreud Us ye 20-24 Impedance a} coll, 2coil= Ee * ne we have 4/ ay? = lord wae P= Cory ---Toya impedanie sh crovdt 2= Y= 36 -1g0 Varntynt = Voor xet 718 crotyyext 19? ~-- OD fram ef'© «© VrooeR ZYXL= RUN So ambl = 8-202 os 2NpEoXL= 82k L=6: 0219 H- \ V=6R,L= 00219 H) BA cuvrert of SA ELowws Hee! a non-Induchve verltane iD genes with the chocking coil supplied ad 2SdV, Svelsec, 1, He vol tage across the reslgance i5 12gvVand aces Hse coil 1S 200V, CcobcWake- D Impedance, reactance and restance of coil 7) Power absorbed by the coil ™ Power facty of the coil: ALSO draw phases dagram. sof: As per the statemend given ih example, the) Resistance, R= VR. BS sosn rs 200 ~40nr Impedance e col) Zeoiy= Yeo! = x s = 239-502 Pied jnpedance of civcwt z= = 285 >» we h OME Beale Af Pex 2 D a Vee = EYL (aye CHEE ---- O Z= NV (R4rye4 x0 ze 2 CRey ad Also + CY = (2S4yy Ke -@ frm ef © <@ Ve SSA ye 39:62” ) Power absorbed by the coi! Pool By 2 UsPxsS= \37-5W Ww (PPV coe See. SS co j coil Zeolt He = OFT Aging Phases Diagram- Faking I as reference eg of the dycwit /V=VatVeoi) so Ve Spey te _wbee Yr=Wsv Nye I¥= 27-SV Le ies VOW Scale \em= 25V ‘ lheex when a resistance and coil {mH Semey are connected to 4 240V Supply, current of BA blows \agaiing 37 bend the SMpply voltage, whle the voltage AOS the coll 1S iziv. Ad the veristunte of VESISPOB, YES HaN Ce & yveactance of He coil. As pey Zven condbon Cleo t bag rar is a c O1- S=3A Y=24o0v KS Current of 28 blows lagging a7*bebind +c SHPPIY voltage cecult B induchve « phave angles37” \ropedance oh coll 2ee})= eee 2) SO ne Wy 3 Thad immpedanie of cl 2= = 72 = g00 AS PP oh ckt can bE expressed a4- Y CF ar= Rt cosh: RAY Zz RtY= coShHYz = COS37XBO= 63-892 we hae 5 NV CRA Xe & = ‘i ze (CREO) +KL 2 >. Ze (8D = (63°83) +e xL~ Heisewe have gioi\z VP Zeal? PEK Us7v= PR CAR) $o "ego-s)4 KS Rtwe 63-89 R+30°S) = 63°89 R=333Qnr €X: A Coil of O-6PF js Im Sees with a loots, capacitor dnd is connected te @ SDH? Supply -The potential dftrrenc aces He coil TS equal te the potenbod difference AVS the capadtes- Bnd inductance and resictance of coi) oP. The given condssons ave shown In Agure: soil... 220) <& c= ooKle § 80 _ ies ae Kem saee DNKSDAIAY = agar potenby dbf acnu capa PotenPal dH atwoss coil= Voojl= Ve \Zcoil = Xe Zeo= XC Zeoi) = 318342 Now (PP) coils O76 oe HG 2coi! T= OK coil = OS ¥3N63 H 19 0FS2 Thy rooll= NOK? BRB goatee Lz 2S HOR2nbkl= a5-Ue DRX SOXL> 2S-UE L=0-08\H- (ce (g-eqgur, L= 0-08) H | rca & In RL-C Series circuit, the witage across resister, — inducts and capacitor ave J0V, I'sviand \ov yeapechvely . — Whot isa supply voltage } sol Cpven data R is 4 va ane \ . ww IH} VRpelov VR — Veo VLELeV t Vez lov | | | | tnettod: : | Memead't Pom phaor dagrany . . | Taking civcult cured of reference e tue CP fora drewit T=Varvre Tew From phasor drag ram: YR Teket) MS vite weve? = Yossie = VWooras «Vrs = ev Wetev] Method -8 By phasor algebya - vR= Uovo) Vu= Us KL ¥ Novo from rectangwar form of Impedanie R=20N, Xc-XL= 20% BA LL = WL = 2000x0-DI= 20VL SO Xc= BON a a - ts Xe" Ge Goode c= Genel = C66us