/ | rp:tnw li acebook com techmax.cublatins titoitwnll iter covtacranostAcknowledgement. ae. caoowledg the cima and True of Saman Educational oiivaioal apeoach tovands acidem sctvies. 1 snewely tak my husband Dt Akshay Parkt, my son Vi ddaygher Uni for thse supert line de wy eat gatcillysekrowlecge my students foe shir suggestions an wofesioval >, colleagues ard wel wshers for their active and mor Syllabus Module 1 Impurities in water, Hardness of water, Determination cf Hardness of water by EDTA method and problems. So'tening of water by Hot cold Ime soda methoc and problems. Zeolite process and preblems. Ton Exchange process and protlens. + Drinking water 2 Municipal water, Treatments renioval of + BOD, COD (def & sgnificance Modite 2: jon to pclymers, Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Ingredients o* the plastic (Compounding of plastic.) lastic by Compression, Injection, Transfer, 19. Preparation, properties ard uses of Phenolformaldenyse, FMMA, + Btfect of heat on the polymers (Glass transition :emperatures) Polymers in medicine end surgery. Conducting polymers, industrial polymers. Rubbers Natural rubber ila:ex), Drawt Compounding of rubber (vuleani Proferties and uses of Buna-S, Si ks of natural rubber, }, Preparation, ne and Polyurethane rubber. (Refer Caapter 2) ‘Module 3 : Lubricants, ‘& Molybcenum + Important propert of lubsicants, definition and sigrifcance, viscosity, viscosity (aon aula index, flash and fire pcints, cloud ane pour cation, AGg. wa’ Sea an Soponincaton ve avd protien, (Reter chepeer 3)ee “ 7 Marre “oreo? Geren ae snponent System (Wat nent System (°bs each of 15 marks. Tob four questions needto be slved. compulsory and based on entire syllabus wherein sub questions fron medule3 ter part In auestion saper weighiage respective leur hours a: mentioned inthe sylabus. ‘Term work. term work shall be as ‘ollows: + Lasoratery Work (Experiments and Journal) : 10 marks. + Attendance (Practical ané Treory) 05 marks. + Assignments 10 marks. ¢ Tot 25 marks +The final certieation and a tance of TW ensures the satisfactory petlormance of bboratory workand minimum passing in the TW, gga) (aren enageen 14t0 1451 Chapter 1: Water and its Treatment LA Txroduetion 2 13 1.102. Prneple of EDTA Mao. Procelure for EDTA Titi... of Wie ase Hoy ole Lime Soda Pr | d) 222 Peat oc Perm Preces (Pir23 ton Bangs Pees Dement Presa | un“ aon secon, : GA Bee et 0D \ci82 Chena Onytn Demand (COD) | sEapalio?_omevera bate Sewage “erent Broad254 Exewon Making... Symesis, Propatics and Uses of Varo 261 PhenolFom: 1461 Temporary Hanes and Fe Hardness OR Curberate and Non Cabot! 252 Injection Moaking 253. Transfer Moulding...i 6 3410256 Ei Chapter3: Lubricants {> 7 i 3a | BL trode 08 ese — ame gh, 32 avian nd tatriaon. oy 34 as 33. Casfestio of Labatt nee BRA Sod Lubin nnn 332. Seniaclid Lubicants(Gresss) 333 Liquid tents (Os) nnn RaeR a? 3232. Mine OF8 333.3. Bleaded Ol coe 34 Inporant ropeniesof Lbricats, 35 Charceristi ofan deat Labreant 36 Properies(esng) of Labiatng Oil B61 Visosity nd Vissi IM ns A611. Sistcanoe of Vscosy ana Visco Inet 362 3621 363 44 Two Component Systems (-Ag} 45 “ead SIV SysteMennnenn 451. Application to Pasinson's Proc 45 —_Applicutions of Phase Rule. 47 Limitasons/ Demers of Pte Rte eevee 48° Univenity Qu Chapter 5: Important Engineering Materials!) st Iatrtot nn Clasificaton of Cement. Porthnd Cement Sepanification Vale cr Numer... Significance of Sapoeieation Vale Ari Vale enn ncsions ofthe Igri of Cement. Significance of Acid Vile... Pine ee Mansfactucing recesses.5.154 We Proces Marufactaing of Porland Cm Chemical Compeston & Constinson of Prins Cs ‘Conparison of Wet nd Dry Process 18 SpecieationofPortand Come 52 Waiter and its Treatment Syllabus. Water Impurities in water, Hardness of water, Determination of Hardness ef water by EOTA method and problems. Softening of water by Hot cold ime soda rrethod and problems. Zeolite process and problems, Ion Exchange process and problems. Drinking water or Municipal water, Treatments rem microorgan’sms, by adding Bleaching powder, Chlorination (no breakpsint chlor isinfection by Ozove, Electrosialysis BOD, COD (def®& significance), sewage treatments activated sludge process, numerical proslems related to COD.a sea % SERA ees Water ts Treatment lar to multiceTular “Water is God's gift to all living creatures, from > and from plan's to animals on earth. ‘The Baris 71% surface arca is cccupied by water and the -emaning 29% by land. The oceans contain nearly 97% aveilable on esrth’s surface. But ocean directly for drinking, agricultural and industral purpose, ef waer as compared to that ing sale, can not be used Hence, we are totally dependent on rain water and it is necessary to store ‘water availabe from rains. ‘The qualty of waters of vital concern fer hunans, since itis direc:ly linked ‘human health ‘Human body emtsins about 60% water. ‘Water pleys an important role in various life processes in the human body. In cur daily life water is used for drinking, bathirg, cooking and washing purposes. Water is also best solver ‘many industries such as boiler industry for steam. generatioa, textile, paper, phamnacestical industry ete. for various solutions/slurriss; as a cvolan: in used in 0 called as universal ower plants, condensers ete ‘Thus itis evident that, pure water is required by plants, animals to hursar being not only fr self use but also for parposes of different manufieturing industries, Hence the purity of water is of utmost importance, because tke rain water ean rot remain in the same state of ate of purity when it falls on suriace of earth. ‘The water ‘hus contaminated necds tobe treated, ‘The sources af wa:er are broudly dassified as: | Scurces of Water J 1 Rainwater 2 Surface water (River water Sea water ‘Lake water Underground water (one Pure weter stows a pH of 7, that means it is neither acidie nor basic. But when rain weter fells on other surfaces, and gets accumulated in the form of water slorages such as lakes, rivers ete. it comes in contact with several oxides, (iti) sulphates, (iu) carbonates lved gases. impurities : () minerals () bi-carbonates, and (vi) + Asa result it gets contaminated; and all these impurities change the | characteristics of water. * Alkalinity is cue tc carbonates, bi-carhonates or sulphates. + Hardness is cruse¢ dueto ca.cium and magnesium salts. Harcnessis of two | types © Carbonate hardnessNon-carsonate harness ich essential, as the presence Estimation and removal of hardness is very smu ardness crusing salts couse many problems daringthe use of hard water of hi ingsry and rdemetie TOS a Hardana sont water | + which does not preveht fathering with soa”, Soft water is ¢efinel as, ‘water |, hard vater is defined as, ‘water wh 1s this property or tendoney of water is called as | prevests +The contrary to lathering with soap”. Th: “pardness of water” Sour Naranee ty wala Hardness in water 's that characteristic, which prevents the lathering of sap. aniness wes erginilly defined as, “thesoup consuming capacity of @ water sample” ‘Soaps generally consist of sodiun salts oflongchain fatty acids such as olec acid, palmitic add and stearic acd. | + Tho soap consuning capacity of water is reduced due to the presence f sfcalcium, magnesium and cther xeavy metals dissolved in it me tthe ions o” thes» salts react with the sodium salts of long-chain fatt aciis present in the soap, lacher is not preduced but it forms insoluble white seu or cipae eeu wed images sas which ono pss any detergent value, " niente 2.04) HysCOONa + CaCl, ———+ (CrHxCOO),Cal + 2 NaCl Calcium stearate Finsoluble soxp) Sedium stearat ‘Sodiam / Soluble soap) (Cal: Or 2CyHyw COO” + Ce ———+ (Cyr His COO): Cad) (pptor curd) 2CyHs,COONa + MgSO, (Cz His COD). Mg + Naz SOx Magnesivm stearate (agresiun / insoluble soap) 2Cuy Fis COO” - Me (Cir Hss COO), Me L ppt orc .e Fe, Mn‘ and Al also react with soap in the same Other metal io fashion, thas cortributing o hardness. Further adds, such as carbonic acid can also cause free fatty acid to separate from soap so.utior and thus contribtte tohardness. the Fardness of a water sample is usually taken as a Hovever, in pr: mecsure ofits Ce" andi Mg’* content. 1.3 Types of Hardness ‘There are two types of hardness, as: ‘Types of hardness J 1. ‘Temporary or carbonate or alkaline hardness. 2. Permanent or ron-carbonate or non-alcaline hardness.Water itsTreatmeny | Je chants =U) spun 4 Iba in 1.81 Temperary or Carpofrate or Alkaline Hardness ~~ Its defined as tue hardness due to cabonates, hydroxides and bicarbonates of calcium, magresium andother metas. + Temporary hardness is mostly removed by mer? boiling of water, where co i bicarborates are decomposed producing insoluble carbonates or hydroxides, 4 CaCO). Hest cacoyt + HO + Cot a Calcium bisrborat Caldum carborate wl! Gansolublo be | 1 Heat | MgQiCo; = = Mg (OH) + 200,17 si Magnesium biarborate Magaesiums hydroxide Bi Ca(HHCO),' 20 pHyCOONa — Cyr Hes COO): Ca + 2NaHCOs BI Mg(HCO,). Sodium salt a Hy COO)eMg Sodium Bi-carbonates of stearic arid Calcium 1 Bicartonate | Calcium and (Soluble soup) magnesium ‘magnesium (Impurity) salt of suar‘e acid | CaCl /MgCy | o + 2uiesCOONa— (CysHyCOOCaMg + 2 NaCl / Naz $0. Ca$0,/ MgSO, "Tho Ca /Mg eattontes 0° bydroxi Zee Os Me cnt obras nod tig snot nse Hol a cs oslo a he Eation the ve ls COs | escapes out in air. - 1.6.2. Perr Is lea fent of Nen-Sarbonate or Non-alkaline Hardness It is due ‘0 the presence of dissolved :hlorides, sulphates and nitrates of calcium, magnesium, iron and ocher heavy metals. Permanen: hardnessis not destroyed on boiling. latment fer removal of hardness causing salts, Tt requires special chemi such as internal conditioning or external treatment (softening methods). industries are Limre-Soda ‘The softering methods used 02 large scale “ermutit metho and ioa-exchange method. 2. Dissolved Oxrgen 8. Dissolved Carbon-di-oxide 1.74 Dissolved Minerals: 3B Dissolved minerals are of heavy metals. ‘They get atsimilated ‘n water in the form of their soluble salts. Thus contact with minerals influences herdness. ‘ich minesals Hike CaSOy Dixsolutior is followed by hydration process in \Anhydrite) or MgoSi0, (Olivine) react with water as,Wiater its Treatment Hydration CaSO, +210 CaS0, + 2H0 _. Ankyérous ba CYolame increases by = 335) Mgsio, + xth0 Hydration, NgSiO« - #20 | Otwire Serpentine 172 issoued oxyien \2" ‘+ Dissolved cxyger.is also one of water. -the majer factor to influence the hardness in D.O. infwences osidation and hydration of metal oxides / sulphides as, 1 -$0, = ThepHf ofwater dercase ‘PH of water decreases due to dissolution of CO, from atmosphere. Due to | this the dissolution ofather minerals alsoinereas ‘The following reactions ere : | self explanatory that how dissolved CO: | + influences hardness of water, | aFe0. 360, iydratin SFOs 240 Magniite Gygaion Hoematte py,9° — “nenile | (0 Oxidation ‘2FeS; + 70; +2H,0 2FeSO, + 2H;SO, (ii) Hydration * Mercesite | 173 Dissoraaco, |< 1 ® CaCO, 4 CO, + HO —. Ca(HCO:) (Insolable) from rock Soluble @ MgO; + CO; + HO —+ Ng(HCOs (nsolebte) from rock ‘Soluble CO; also influerces conversion of Ca / Na/ K / Fe silicates and ‘aluminium silicates (present in reeks) into soluble carbonates and oe bicarbenates. Some of them zet converted into iree sili KO AlOs 6Si0 + CO) + 2H,O —+ ALO,- 28i0,- 2:0 + K,COs + 4SiD2 ‘These products ie, disiolved salts, fine cay, and frve silica get collec-ed in water, inereasing its herdness. a ae) ‘The extent of hardness is measured in terms concentration of ions }1.8 Measurement of Hardness contributing to hardness, tis usually 2xpressed in terms of equivalent amoun: of CaCOs ‘The equivalents of CaCO, is convenient precisely because the molecclar weight of C2COs is 1€0 (equivalent weight is 50), The other reasoa this compound is being formed which gets predpitated during wate: treatment. 8.1 Calculation of Equivalents of CeCO, ‘The equivalents of CaCO; or a harness causing substance can be calculated by using following formula,Pguetione” Equivalent o°CaCOy [Mass of hardness produit = Chemical equivalent of har po x 50 ‘Mass of hardaess producing substan: = Chemical equivalent f hardness preducing substence equivalents). ive mass in terms of CxC0s, {sto equivalents of calcium earbenates. ‘Tele 181 :Calelum earbonatecquvalens for salts ical equivalent of CaC: rag substancel x(Chemical equival 24) desi producing substance ‘Therefore, themass of Ca (HC) is multipliod by factor 60/81 or 101/162t0 ‘able 1.81 gives the maltiplication factor for converting various substances Dissolved salt Mblecula | Equivalent | Multiplication veights | weight factor 162 81 100/162 136 68 100/136 a 55.5 100/111, 100 50 100/160 164 82 100/164 100/143, ©) Macy, 60 100/129, 95 415 100/95 (@ Mgco, na © Mg (0, 1 * 100/84 100/148, | «For example, 162 parts by mass of C2 (1COp (or 2 equivalents) would react with the same amount of soap as 100 parts by mass cf CaCO (or 2 Dissolved salt Moleculer | Equivalent | Multiplication weights | weight factor (8) Otaer salts! gases acids (a) NaAlO: 82 82 100/164 () Al (SCus 342 87 300/514 (©) FeSO.7H:0 218 139 100/278 @ HEI 36.5 36.5 100/73 (@) CO» 44 22 100/ $4 (Tons (a) HCO; 61 61 100/122 (b) CO5* 60 30 100/60 © oF a aw 300/34 @) He D1 1 100/2 Milligrams perlitee (mg /litre} Gains pec imperial gallon (gp) or Clarke's degree (°C) Fronch degree i°Fr)‘Applied Chemisty -1 MU 412. Wetor& is Trostment ) Parts per million (Ep) i (Ports per million (rp" a \iti) Grains per imperial gallon (gpg) or Clarke's degree (C1) «nm pat yor ll (pp isa uit weight f nate por milion uit ecaidutt vicin © Itis the number o° grains (1 / 7000 Ib) of Ca00s equiva‘ent hardress 1 ppm = 1 m¢/ litre. Its customary to per gallon (10 Ib) of water or it is the parts of CaCO3 equivalent © Indiluts solutions af density = 1, lents o* CaCOs, Hence, all the hardness per 70,00) parts of water. Thus, ‘express hardness in terms of equivel © hpardness causing impurities are first converted in terms of cheir ne ectve weights equivalent to C2C0s and tre sum total of the same pcan 1 CL = Lpart of CaCO, equivelent hardness per 70,000 parts of water is expressed in ppm. ‘Equivalent of CxC2, for a haniness ecusing substance tiv) French degree (Fr) ‘Weight of the substancex 50 = Gomical equivalent weght of the substarce It is the parts of CaCO; equivalent hardness per 10° perts of water. Thus, 2 Thus, parts per million (ppm) is the parts of calcium carbonate 1 'Fr = Lpertof CaCO, equivalent per 10% parts of water. ‘equivalent hardaess per 10° parts of water ie. 1 ppm = 1 part of CzCOs ‘equivalent hardaess in 10¢ parts of waver, Inter-relationshipsbetweea various units of hardness 1 ppm =1 mg/ litre = 0.1 Fr= 0.07 ‘Cl (i) Milligrams per litre (mg / litre) 1 mg /litre = 1 ppm =0.1 °¢ = 0.07 °Ol ¢ It is the number of milligrams of CaCO, equivalent hardness present e en | 1°CL= 143 Fr = 4.3 ppm = 14.3 mg/I a 1° Fr= 10 ppm = 10 mg/1= 0.7 °Cl ‘Thus, hardness of mg /litre= 1 mg cf CaCO; equivalent hardness in 1 litre. Mestre «e100 g=10Wo0 ng ceatiees tm Iypr = teal = 10° mg 1C1=143ppm| pm = DrOT A Ling /litze = 1 mg of CaCO, equi iP my 's equivalent per 10° mg of water. 2 Sate 1r= 10pm | |yyn > OFl°Py © = 1partof CaC0y equivalert per 10° parts of waler. I — Use neintion oe ens ofbarnan | Hence, ng/litrehes the same units as parts per million (opm), | aegis = fpm wut aunay Clive Woo Caniterinn ersteHerdness (ppm) | TyPe <150 Good 15010 350__| Fair 350 onwards | Bad ‘The hardness of water car be determned ly following methods @ BDTAmethod - Used most widely 0" Hener’s method ~ Not used commonly (ii) Soap ttraticn method — Not used commonly F phe: Determinalion cf Hardness by EDTA Method % “we “|| “apraissbireition of Bylene dann tetas | veces HoocHjo—~ small quantity. Hence for commos experimental pursose, in derivative isused., soot DS Feon ayy eH Hooeiye << cH,p00N4 D- Sedum ak Nagar) ‘This compouné dssolves ‘ompoané dssolves in water wth great difficulty and in a very ve-y On the contrary i d-sodiam sat dssolvesin water quickly and completely. ~ Place of EDTA, its di-sodium | SDTA is a hexadentate ligard, It binds the metal ions in water ie. Ca** or Mg? *to give highly stable chelate comple:. (These metal ioas are bonded via oxygen or nitrogen from EDTA mdlecule). ‘Che c-sodium salt of Ethy‘ene tiamine tetm acetic acid (EDTA) forms complexes with Ca and Mg", as well as with many other metal cations, in aquecus solution, ‘Thus, in a hard water sample, the total harlnese can be determined by titrating Ca aad Mg’ present ir. an aliquot of the sample with Na EDTA olution, using NH,Cl. NH.DH buffer solution of pH. 10 and Eriochrome Black'T as the metal incicater. At pE 10, EBT indicator ferm vine red coleured unstable complex with ia hard water. ‘This complex is broker by EDTA solution daring titration, gving stable ‘complex wth is; and releasing EBT indica‘or elution which is blue in colour, Herce the colour change is from wine red to blue (EBT'S cwn eslour).| Hater is Treetment ain | ugtica® + Frome nate (Colts) (ire cela Crane soreioe) > EDTA soutien cor + | eordl (he colores | Oo" nestor oases) {Coouless sable comps) ‘Thus noting the eolour change, the point of equivalence can be trapped and Ihardness of water can bede:ermined by usirg this method. 1103 Procedure for EDTA Tiration ‘The stept involved in the determination of hardness of water are summarised here Step 1 : Preparation of reagents Step 2: itrations ‘Step 1 : Preparation of reagents ‘The varios solutiens required can be made as follows : (@) Standard hard waier One gram of pure, dry CaCDs is dissolved inthe minimum quantity of vere teh alin terre to ry a waterbath. The Sistolved in distilled water and the sdlution is diluted Water Sits Treatmert to 1 L, The hariness of this solutior woulé be 1 mg of CaCOs equivalent per ml 1 mg CaCOs/ ml) (@) EDTAsoluion 8.7 grams of pure EDTA (Di-Sodiam salt) crystals are mixed with 0.1 gram o° MgCl, and dissolved in distilled water and the solution is madeto 1 litre. (Indicator 0.5 gram of EBT isdissdlved in 100 ml of aleohol. @ Buffer solution of p¥ 10 67.5 grams of NH.CI ave added to 570 ml of concentreted ammonia jed to 1 Htre with distilled water. soluticn. The mixture is then: ‘S:ep 2:: Titration d to estimate hardness o° water samgle : ‘The following steps are fl jon of EDTA solution ‘50 ml of stendard hard water is taken in a conicel flask. 10-16 ml of buffer solution of fH 10, 4 ~ 5 drops of EBT indicator are added and the solutior is titrated against EDTA sol colour changes from ‘wine red to deep blue. (Volume of EDTA sclutioa = V; ml) @ Estimction of total, hardness 50 ml of hard water sample is titrated as described above against EDTA solution (volume of EDTA = Vm). (© Bstimetion of permanent hardness 50 ml of hard water sample is boled for about 15 - 20 minutes, filtered, dilated with distilled water to make 5 ml ard titrated as above against EDTA solution. (Volume of EDTA =V; m).Water & its Treatment total ard permenent herdness is calculated, sing thedata of V;, Vs and Voi i yaluer gives temporary hardness of water (method ‘The difference of these two fer caloulation is given on pzge 76) ‘Advartages of EDTA method 1° Highly accurate. 2-—-“Highlyeonvenient, © 3. Highly rapid. 1.11 Disadvantages of Hard Water Erfect of hard wate- Domestic purpose © Wasting 0 ‘Bethng © Cooking =o _—Drinking ©) Industrial pu:pose © Textileindustry 9 Sugarindustry @Dyeingindustry | © Laundry industry 0 Paperindustry 9 Cenerete incustry © Bakeries © Fharmaceritical industry Since hari water, if used, causes problems, it is essential to soften the water, ‘There aro twodiferent methods softening, 1, Internal treatment 2. Extra teimen | ‘Anternal treatment involves conditionin, pp '§ trestment given :0 water daring its | 58 trestel with chemizals/resins/LVIUF | In External treatment, hard water to bring down its aardress, eee 1.12. Softening of Water Principte Wster& ts Treatrent & ee salts fron water is called as softening of water.®) ize boiler Water used for steam generation should be perfectly soft to mi related troubles e.g. scale formaticn ete. Soft water is also used in many industries like paper, rayon, textile, ice, laundries, brewing, dstilleries, pharmaceuticals, sanning ete. Internal treatmen -n to water helps to some extent espedally to give a correction to the protlems associated with use of water containing traces of certain salts. But internal treatment may not be sufficient to overcome the problems due to hard water when concentration cf hardness causing salts is high. Under such cire:mstances softening methods are required to be used, ‘Lime soda process. Zeolite process or perm Ton-exchange or deionization or demineralisation 2rocess |. Reverse esmosis In this method hard water is treated with calculated amounts of slaked lime, [Ca(OFDJ and soda ash [NaC0,] in reaction tanks, so as to convert hardness producing chemicals into insoluble compounds which are thon removed oy settling and filtration, bPinv voquire for softening is eaelated by wsing formula ss [ ronporryCot +8 xenoray Me™ + Permenent (GP + Mgt? + ALS + Fe") on | Ls 4.00) +H (HCl or H.S0) + HCO s~ No | ail in terms of their CaCD,equivalents ©) e Sadé required for softening, 106 24 Mgt e Al" + Fe") = 98 [ Permareni (Ca + Mg" + Al + Fe") ail in terres of their CaCOsequivatents. tye complete the reetions quickly. (i) Reactions with lime ‘Line reacts in following ways, daring softening of water. 1, Toneutralise any free avid present. For example Va HCI+ Ca(OH), Catt; + 2 + Cat; + 2H, v ae HS0, + CoO, —+ caso; + 24,0 ; 2. Toprecpitete iron and skuminivm salts if any, as hydrozid ASO + BCA, —~ 241M! + 3.0280, PSO, + oe : 604 + CMO. —e FORA + C80, 2FeOW:+ HO + 50, —. aFeom,) 4H (BClor HsS0) + AlCl, ~HCO}- NattCOs ] + Normally, about 10 4 excess of chemicals are added in the reaction tanks io 3. To precipitate dissolved CO; as CaCO CO: + Ca(OH, —+ CaCd,t + #0 4, To precipitate calcium bicarbonate as CaCOs CalHCO;), + CalOH), —* 2 CaCO: 1 +2H:0 5, Toprecipitaie magnesium salts as hydroxides. Mg(HCO}, + 2Ca(OH); —+ %CaCO, | + Mg(OH): + 2H:0 ‘MgC + Ca(OH MgOH).! + CaCl, MgSO, + Ca(OH MgOW),l + CaSO, 6 Tocovert bicarbonate ions (like NaHCDs, KHCO;, ete’ into carbonates. 2NaKCO; + Ca(OH), ——* CaCOs! + HO + Na:COs CaCl; & CaSD4 produced areto be treated as permanent rardness. Reactions with soda © Soda renoves all the soluble permanent hardness due to calcium salts CaCh + NazCO; ——* CaCO, + 2Nach CaSO, + NasCO, CaCO + NasSOy ‘There are two types of lime soda processes as, 2 Hotlime soda process.1. Cold lime soda process jed to hard water ct room temperatere, tie temperature, the precipitates are finely divided and de not settle easily, nar can they be easily filtered. therefore necessary to add coagulants like alum such ¢s sodium | ‘They help inthe formation of arse precipitates. NaAlO, + 2H,O—+NaOH + AI(OED, Ls Cold lime soda process provides water contsining, « residual herdaess | Intermittent type Batch process) . there is a set of two tanks which are used for seftening ‘water, Bach tank has inlets for raw water and chemicals, and outlets for softened water and sludge. nical stirrer. ‘The tanks are equipped with me Js and raw water slowly enter the tank and contents of the tank are kept undisturbed for about two ttle down completely. hours, ducing which precipitate: ‘The clear softened water is collected threugh @ flozt pize and sent to the filtering ws tage formed at the bottom of the tank is remcved through sive ind washed with, ‘The continuous supply of soft water is maintained by employing a set of tanks for alternate cycles of reaction and settling, swater and calculated amount of chemicals \dded from the tep into an irner chamber of a consists ofa conical tank ard lover 2°3 # lyst,> Ray vobrand ch catalyst bed. fo Tuesludge slanket tyPe j o Inths ‘ype, the siuage blanket is meade of previously formed} | preiittsrogh wae rated water fered oPwerdy, Tus, all the three processes wiz. mixing, softening and| elerfeaion take place i fitored apwardly, the aed lime remains at the botiom, hence, single unit. Here, as the water is) thereis no wastage of Ime. Sedinnted dudoo [C2C5, MoROHa 2 Cotig 2. Hottime soda process cold ime soda soterer + Wen th denials Tan Be howls are ade at higher temperetre (60°C to 160°C, ‘sknown as Hot ime sode process. a This proces 88's preferred as col | ld one because, at higher temperature | Sting ean ane eI He ore cams ea Construction ———————_ Wate ts Treatment the precipitate and sludge formed settle rapidiy and smaller quantities than + Asa resut, gularts and also chorricals needed are in st coat that of exld process. Dissolve gases are eliminated from water to @ cer softened water recovered has hardness of about 16 to 30 pPm- stain extent. The consists of three parts. «Hot lime seda plant essent ‘raw water, chemicals aad steam are 1. A veastion tank in thoroughly mixed, ‘Acoma! sedimentetion vesel in hich sludge settles down and 4b. Avand filter which ensures complets removal of sludge from the softened water. 4 Chemica (imo + soda eed oo FAT cons candlaver Gavel ayer J et nto ao Fig, 1.122 : Continuons hot lime sods process softened watortan ‘Conc sdirntaton tank Precgtatd [eaco, Mat ‘Sludge oulet Advantages of lime soda process 1, This avery eccnamical proces. 2 ‘This process increases pH value of the treated water, therely corrosion of ripes is reduczd.Water & ts Treat ‘To acertain extent, ror and manganese are also reduced. Gorin quantity of minerels are reduced from water. | §. alkaline nature of water reduces pathogenic bacteria present in water tg considerable extent. Less amount of coagulants are required. 8 1e soda process Tey ‘The hardness of softened vater is about 50-60 ppma by cald lime soda process “which is not good for use in high pressure boilers, and about 15-30 ppm by 1 hho: lime soda process, vhich 's lso quite high for pressure boilers, 2. Careful operation and skilled supervision are required for economical and cflcient softening. 3, Disposal of large quentty of dudge formed during precess is a problem. 1.422 Zeolite or Permutit Process + Cie name zeclite (Greek : Zein-boi ‘The chemical formula ef sodiam zeel lithos-stene) means boiling stone. may be represented as, | Na,O.AlO>x8iC; xyE,O (where x = 2 to 10 and y= 2 to 6). | (ste= tyke oom soins) “cei ted sam canna i reversibly their sodium ions for hard: ; so an ar ale kown sere tea ne cate” expable of exchanging | roducing ions in water.” Zeolites) of two types: ‘Natural zevites Gi) Synthetic zeottes, Water & ts Treatment ‘They are amorphous and non-porous. They are derived from green ‘The netural sands by washing, heating and treating with NaOH. zeolites are mere durable and are as fellows : eg. Natrolite. Formula for natrolite = Na,O ALO; 4Si02 24:0 0,2 810-23 9 a. Thomsonite : (NagO,Ca0) > + Na0. Al:Os4 SiOv2 1:0 e. 20. Al:Os4 SiOv4 HO 4 (Ba0.K,0). Al:Oy6 Si0v5 HO e (Na:0,C20), Al,O,.6 Si0y6H:0 £ Brewsterite : (Ba0.S:0.C:0! Als SiOr5H:0 gs Ptilotte (Ca, K,0,Naz9), AkOs0 SiOv5 HO (i) Synthetic zealites. © They are porous and possess gel siructere. They are prepared by heating together ) China clay, felsh par and :o¢a ash and granulating the resultant mass after cooling. (b) Sdlutions of sodium silicate, oluminium sulphate and sodium alurrinte. (©) Sdusions of sodium silioate and a'uminium sulphate. @ s Brisciple of zeolite permutit process When hard water is passed over a bed of sodium zeolite, Ca** end Mg’ ions resent in it are taxen up by the zeolite, simultaneously releasing eyuwalert Na* ione in exchange fo- them. The water gets free from hardness ceusing eations, and Synthetic zeoltes have higher exchange capacity per unit veight. =| rennin in water, Whon zeolite gts exhousted i sudium selts are released which ater. W ain gated snd can 9 used again fr softening Water Feactions taking place during the soRening Precess ar° * | Calle + ‘Nasle > Cole + 2NGC! caso, + ‘Naxle + CaZe + Na;50. | MgC + ‘Nase > MeZe + 2NoC! | MgSO, + Nase > MgZe + NasSOs Mg(HCOsk + Nasle -» Mpde + 2NoHCOs | Teegcosy + Ned» cam v°3NeHOO, | ‘ron and manganese present in small quantities are also removed as follows FeHCCz + NosZe > Pele + 2NoHCOs ‘MnllHC2sh + NasZe + MnZe + 2NcHCOs ‘Regeneration of zeolite ~ permutit bed + When elit is completely converted in‘o ealeium and magnesium zeolite eases tosoften water, i it | it gets exhausted. It is regenerated by treating with | 10% rire solution, Cate BN ie acl = fe + Cavls Mele = + Natt | —_ NesZe + MgCl Brhausted a (g0ls rine) Zeclite) Regenerated (Washing) edlite) The washing centaining ing centaining CaCl, and MgCl | regenerated zeolte bed thus obtained ig rex. are le¢ to drain and the | ined is reused sain for softening hard water “The process by which the exhausted zeolite is reclaimed / restored by called as regeneration.” Process of softening water by zeolite-permutit method It oporates elternatively as the sofiening run and the regeneration. During softening process tae haré water from top enter at a specified rate and passes ever a bed of sodium zeolite kept ina cylinder. Softened water containing sodium salts is edlected at the bottom of the cylinder and is takea out from time to time. ‘The tations Ca"? and Mg"? are reteined in zeolite bed and soft, water rich in exhausted, the softening run is discontined and During regeneration process, the following three Salting (or brining) ard Rinsing to get regenerated bel for reuse. ar ater niet += Fig. 1.123 : Zeolite SoftnerLimitations of zeclite precess san not be adm'tted to 1, Tarbid water (containing suspended impart seolte bed, etherwise it wil block the pores of zedlite and make zed inactive, Henze, suspendes through. Ifthe water contains colourea fons such as Fe ‘becasse thes ins produce iren zedlite which cannot be easily regenerate, Mineral acids if prosent in weter, éestroy the zeolite bed and therefore th 2 3 ‘Advantages of zeolite process ‘Water of about less than 15 (0 15)ppm hardness is produced, ‘The process automatically adjusts itself for different hariness of incoming sutomatioally adjusts iteelf for different hardness of inc Water obtain is que cleor, Urauires les ski in mainéonance as wellas operation Taeequipments compact, cerapying less space. ‘No dudge formetion Necause the i-purtis are not precipiiated. Disadvantages cf zeolite process L_‘Thetrested water coatains more sodium salts ‘The method only replaces Cx** Wy replaces av ard Mg ions by Na* ions, but leaves all ions (HOO; ané 00?) in ?) im soft weter, Sus ACO, 6100) te ies ve et Su 9 water containing COs nse Bale rmsion wi oO, caustic embrittlement. eo NaHCO; decomposes to gve hyd-elyses to NaOH, causing) Wott &itsTroatne al «4 impuritos must be removed be'ore passing wate they must be rerroved first ‘us be neutralized vith soda before water being entered into zelite plant,» ——— Water ts Treatment In this process, a reversible exchange of ions occur between the stationary ion-exchange phese and the external liquid mobile phase. “Domexchange resins are insoluile, cross-linked, long-chain high molecu'ar micro porous ich are permeable due to 1al groups attached to the chains are involved in sight organic polymer: ture, and the funct st the fon-exchangirg properties.” ‘The purely synthetic organic exchangers are made by (a) Polscondensation and (b) Polzmerisation. ‘The functional groups are then introduced into the cross-linked resin network. It is these fun:tional groups which decide the nature of the resin ‘exchanger i. cationic or anionic. ‘The ion-ecchange resins on the basis of their acidity or bosi: as follows | 7) _(@) Cation exchange resins (RH (RE*) | Resins containing acidic functioral groups (- COOH, -SO3H, ete.) exchange their H* ions with other cations, which come in their contact are known as cation exchange resins. These are represent as RH® o: FR, H ‘These resizs are capable of exchenging rapidly cations like Ca and ‘Mg* by hydrogen ions. Zor exemple : Divinyl benzene copolymer formaldehyde resins, Amberlte TR ~ 120, Zeocar, Dowex-50, D v _Waters Tet lphonated or earoryatdtsrne et re som ofthe commer available cation exchange resi9$ ge reactions wth cations (Ca and Ng) areas lows ‘Their exchans RH, +Ca* —+ RCa + 2H RH, +Mg* —* RMg +30 @) Anion exchenge resins (R(OH)) + Theresii containing basi furctional groups (e.g. ~ NH, = NH, ete. a} Iydroctloride) exchange their arions with sther anions, which e¢ their contact are called as anion exchange resins. ‘Thee ris are apabe of exchanging rapidly asions (Cl, $05) by 0 in. Tey oregano a inslbl tis. Ror ample aminefomaldehyce resins, copolymer of styrene sd vinyl benaeniAmberi 100, Zeit -FF ee. Thi ‘exchange reactions with anions (SO°; ,C9*; ete.) are as follows : a ROD, +180, — FSC, + 2H,0 ROD, + 2H — Roh + ano ROOM, + co, —= RCo + 2H Resirs availablefor ws sblefor water treatment are listed in tabular form as, Types cfionexchange ( Cation-eschangers Funetional groups (b)_ Weakly acidie meg a ‘Types of ion-exchange Funetional groups (@) Anion-exchangers Strongly basic Ry", CH; =P* ete. Weaky sasie wE), Principle of ion exchange process ‘When hard water is first passed through cation exchange bed which removes all cations like Ca”, Mg!*, Na* and releases hydrogen fons a3, RE, + Ca® —+ RCa + 2H RH; + Mg* —* RMg + 27 RE, + 2Na* —* RNa + 25" ‘Taus, sulphates, chelorides and bearbonates are converted into corresponding acids HCY, H,SO, end H,COy, In order words, water ecllected free collected frem all cations, but is acidic. from cation exchang Ater this, che acidic hard water is passed through an anion exchange bed which romoves all the anions lke SOF”, Clete. present in the water, and ‘equivalent amount of OH" ions are released from it to water. 2R'OH- + SO," 32.80;' + 204 RIOH- + Ci —* 3Chk + OH- 2RIOH- + COs? —* 2400; + 20H- Hand OH ions are released fron catior. exchang> end anion excharge bed respectively, which combine to produce water molecule, as, Wo+ OW — HOEEE Water & its Teatney wate: & ts Teeatnent When the resins are echausted, the sapply of water is stopped. The “echausted ea:ion exchenger is regenerated by passing dilute HCI or HeSO+ solution. RCa(orRMg) + 2H. Regeneration = aRH + CaCls (or MgCld RCa (or RMg) + HS, Peseneration ope (Washings) + CaSO, (or MgSO.) Process of ion-exchange/demineralisation ugh cation exchange column and then ‘The hard water is first passed through anion exchange esluma (Fig. 1.12.4. ‘The soft water thus abtained is free from all te cations and anioas. When column gets exhausted, it is set to regeneratior. ; and the process is continued, The water obtained is near to the Fig L124 :Deminerztion of YY” —._Thas,the water coming out from anion exchange bed becomes free of vations (0-2ppm) ‘The water is Giusy freed from dissdved gases by pi | Water & ts Treatment Dissolved oxygen and organic matter present in water sample are closely related with each other. “The PERSE soygen demand (BOD) of water is @ vneasure of amoun of oxygen required for the bialageal oxidation of organic matter under aerobieconcitions, at 20°C and for a period of ive days.” \ Reaction Microorganisms Orgaric matter + Oz CO, + HO ° jon in waste water and BOD it directly related to the extent of ps industrial effluent. © The higher the BOD of a sample the Ligher will be pollution caused by it, Drirking water should have BOD preferably less than 1 ppm. Principle of BOD .e principle involved in the determination of BOD is : ) The determi and ion of dissolved oxygen (by Winsler’s method) initially Following a period of 6 days at 20°C. ‘The sampleis maintained at this temperature for the period of testing. BOD = (D0}-(Oy Where’ (DO); = Dissolved oxygen of diluted water sample immediately after its preparation. Dissolved oxygen of diluted water sample after incubation for 5 days at 20°C, mg/L Fraction of sample = ;———Wolume of sample ____Vaume of amp after 65-85 FeSO, : Ideal pHrange > >85 NaAlO;: Ideal pHrange > 55-80 Filteration This is the last stage of purification process, where setiled| precipitates are removed. By and large sand filters are used where beds of fine and coarse sand and gravels is used for filteration,Wee & te Tratment | .e send, fine gravels « lye i of Ene sand, followed by esarse sand ‘The uppermo: ‘and lastly comrse gravels. | asf-coem ae == Hy s0]-cocm a sero ional frce, leaving its impurities en fine sand layer. js changed with new onc whereas the used one is perolated due to grav! Intermittenty, the top li cleaned, dried and reased. ‘The method is simple, fast, economic ani hence used widely. 1881 Remon! ctMer-arganisn 7 Followed to removal ofall sclid impurities, the disease causing pethogenie ia are removed / destroyed. This is highly impertan: especially for water to be petable. beet "Process of destroring microorganism / bacteria is knowa as dis-infection.” ‘But dis-infeetion may tot destroy all the bacteria, Therefore, when total form of water is desired e.g. during epidenics, the process of dis replaced by “terization” Sterilisation is a process which completely destroys the bacceria ard micro- organisms. used. But sterilisation in this way is feasible for small scale requirements. For ‘muaicipal supply of water to larger population, this method does not help. Water is disinfected by (Addition of bleaching powder. (i) Chlorination. 1.152 By adding Bleacving Powder x Bleaching powder -eacts with water as, + HO + CaOH, + ch Gk + HO + Hol + Hoc Hypochlerus acid Hoc! ~ HEL + (01 Nascent oxygen In these reactions above, the HOCI denetivates the enzymes present in the cells of micro-onganism, ‘Thus the metabolic activity of micro-organism gets affected, thereby making the micro organism inaetive, Finally it dies. Disodvantages of Bleaching powder are, used inexcen, imparts badsmellané taste o treated water. Te products exes clelum therehy making waler more bar. 4.483 Chlorination ‘7S The reaction of chlorine is as, Ch + HO > Hel + Hcc Xater ts Treatment bacteria, a it iss powerful germicie. fed for chlorination is called solution in water ‘a5 ‘chlorinator’. Application of ‘The apparasus us CCacan be as gas a concentrated ion (03 ~ 0.5 rpm Cl jon get mixed thoroughly ‘The raw water end concentrated chlorine passeé through tae chlorinator. The weter and Cl 1 " in the chlorate due to tale plates, and sterilised water is collected using — Conwontted ‘torre sluton Fig. 118.3. Chlorinator ‘Tae dis.infecion is governed by neture of substances used, and sterii by chlorination is governed by temperature of (i) water, of water. rime of contact ( Characteristics of an ideal disinfectant 1 Sheuld not be toxic to humans, 2. Should be economic. 3 Should act at Room Temperature lting all meroong nisms, Water & ts Treatment 4, Should retain the trested water quality during storage and / or transport. ‘The process of infection is not very popular as it cannot prevent ing storage or transportatios. Hence, sterilisation is, contaminetion of water di preferred. Factors affecting efficiency of chlorine ‘Tem>erature of w: jency inereases with rse in temperature. ) Time of contae: \ey goes o2 decreasing. pH of water : At lower pif values (betwoen £-6.5) the efficiency is higher. Advantages of using chlerine as disinfectant The use of chlorine is more effective and eeoromical, It is stable, requires small space for storage and dees not deteriorate on keeping, Gi) Ttcan be used at high as well as low temperatures, Gv) Te does not introduce any impurity in treated water. ‘To sum up, chlorine isthe most ideal disinfectant. Disadvantages of using chlorine as disinfectant © excess of chlorine is added, it praluces bad taste ane disagreeable odbu (As a result of chlerination of phenols, leadirg to the formation of chlorophenols, water acqaires a peculiar oloar). Excess chlorine produces irritation on museus membrane, tis not effective at higher pH values, “The treated water shculd not contain more thar 0.1-02 ppm of ree chlorine.”ater its Treatment Disinfection by other substances ances or methods such a6 te are a'so used for the ozone, potassium fection of water for Jnloramine, cxher subs permanganate, UV ligst smuricipal purposes “reed Fig. L15.3(4): Flow sheet dlagramshwning municpa water treatment 11st soncnby dene BE imethed of disinfecting wastewater is ozonation (alse known as |. Ozone is an unsteble gas that can destroy bacteria and formed when oxygen molecules (02) exile with oxygen stoms to produce ozone (03), Sila eectic charge 30, (ox (czote) Ozcne is generated by an eloctrcal discharge through dry air or pure oxygen ‘and is generated onsite because it decomyoses to elerrental oxygen in a short amount of time, After generation, ozoxe is ‘ed into a downcflow contact. chamber eating the wasteva:er to be disinfected. From tho bottom of the contact 1ambe:, ozone is diffused into fine bubbles that mix wich is that mix with the downward flowin wastewate:. soar re | ‘Appled Chamsty (WU) Water & re Teoatment ‘ozone disinfection process diagram Crone Gestion OH Gase9 Reoyte Fond Gas Peparaion ¥ [Ozone Contact Baan + Oygon Predusion 1+ OnypenStora90 Jiscrr Fig. LIES Ozone disinfection process diagram Factors influencing ozone disinfection : ‘The effectiveness of the czonation precess depends on: + how susmostible the bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms are to the + Extent cf solubility of wzene in waste water. + the amaurt of time the microorganisms in the wastewater are in contact with ozone, and + the concsnration (dose) ofthe ozone. Advantages of ozone disinfection + Ozone is more effective than chlorine in destroying viruses and bacteria. + "The wastewater needs to be in contact with ozone for just a short time (approximately 10 to 39 minutes) + Ozone decemposes rapidly, and therefore, it leaves no harmful residual that \ would neec to be removed from the wastewater after treatment.Weer & ts “toate ‘th of microorganisms after ozonaion, unlike thy ‘There is xo regrowth of i i shlorine disinfection. sterieatior by using bleaching powder and shorine disin ‘zane is generated onsite, ané thus, there are fewer sefety problem astociated with shipping and handling eases the dissowed oxygen (DO) concentration of thy + Opnation im +. The increase in DO can improve tke oxygen conten, discharged westewater of te roering bod of water. Disadvntager oforone disinfection | a. | + Tow cosages may nct effestively inactivate some viruses, spores and cysts. | + Onnatien is nore comples than ther disinfection technologies. very active and corrosive, thus requiring corrosion-resistani suchas stainless sted) al for poorquality (poorly treated) wastewater. + One is extremely irriating and possiby toxig, so of=gases from the) contactor mus: be destrosed to provent worker exposure. | + The cos: of trestment is relatively high, being 20th capital and power wsiaeenen BF Bhetrodialysis (ED) is an electrochemical process in whick ions migrate aera ‘emipsrnecble nembranes as a result of taeir attraction to| : really chergid electrodes, ED is able to remove most charged dissolved| fons, \ Contaminants treated by ED ED is usefil or making water fiee from met nitrates an¢ nitrites, end TDS, als such as beriam, sol Descriptior of process Pretreatment ‘Initially, scale inhibiter is added to prevent scaling and reduce the concentrate LSI below 2.1 in the concentrate stream, Residual chlorire concentration of 0.5 mg/L is maintsined to prevent biological growth, and H2S is removed using « cartridge filter (10-20 jum) o air stripping ED/EDR. Principle Electredialysis is a process that depends on the principle that most dissolved y or negatively changed and they will migrate to electrodes with ‘an opposite charge , Thus ED uses selective membranes which are able to allow the sassage to cite: anions or caticns in an alternating fushion to create concentrate and product streans. ae oe Food water . ot oS Es y ee on EF “soe : ra ecvode Concenintes— selective Mombrene beien seecive Ariens or ,COy— Mombane 55: shows movement of ons in ED‘Wate ts Tleamen, anicn selective nembrane, but 4. blocks their pach ang | ‘the aniens are able ty rast tareugh the jon-mlective membrane, whic ; sot able to pss the caon-setive membrane nsin the beine bream (Figare 116.5) xis cretion throagh the cetion-seletirg, ped by the anion-sclective ‘raps the ani Similarly cations move in the orP' membrane wader a negative charge end are tray | Judes a nembrane steck with anumber cf cel! pairs, membrane Acypiedl ED systen inc each consisting of a cation transfer membran aasior transfer menbram, and ¢ emeentrete flow spac stack. The slectrodes are continually flushed 1c, a demineralized flow spacer, an cor. Compartments for the ‘electrodes are at opposite ends of the toredue foulngorscsling. ‘Waste Dispesal The concentrete waste stream, electrode cleaning flows, be 1 past of a tyzical waste ani retdual fom the pratreatment press w stream Jow end wil requtedisoeal, Common dispasa. methods include: surface water discharge, evaporation ores, ete. Spent merbranes will also require isporat ) Benefits + ED canoperate vith minimal fouling or secling, or chemical addition. +” Low pressurerequireneats + ED facilties crequieter than RG. + Long memorenelifs ecpectancy, + Low chemical usage for pretreatan + Ability to teat teed vater with higher SDI, ‘TCC and silica concentrations, | ammunagieent | * Can operate vith up 100.5 ppm of f | mot ine rec he dwar to oi the biological meter in the feed water, ceeds Membrane technique ( Reverse osmosis) : Various membrane techniques are available, whick selectively separate the solutes or contaminents on the basis of pore size. ‘The types of membrane separation technologies include reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, ete. But reverse osmosis is commonly used. Principle of reverse osmosis (RO) : The reversal of solvent flow, from higher concentration solution to lower concentration solution through a semipermeable membrane, by applying an exterral pressure slightly higher than the osmotic pressure of higher concentration solution, is known as reverse asmosis, , where the solvent flows mn solution, through the semipermeable membrane, until difference in water levels creates a Normal osmosis process is shown in Fig. 1.1 from ‘ow concentration solution to higher concenti sufficient pressure to counteract the original flow. The difference in levels, represents osmotic pressure of the solution. In the reverse osmosis, we apply external pressure on the higher concentration solution slightly higher than its osmotie pressure. ‘The Mow of solvent takes place in reverse direction i.e. from higher concentration solution to lower concentration solution, through the SPM. Thus in RO, we separate water from its contaminants rather than contaninants from water._-+ Bron at total disslved solids f less than (09 Reverse osmosis ee Fig 1156 Sea water ot water polluted by ionie pollutants, is flied in reverse osriosis ell. pressure of 200 ~ 800 pi is applied on it to force the solvent to pass ‘through SPM. (SPM has such yorosity that it allows anly H,O molecules to pass througs and higher died ions /nolecules are probibited from passing) Nembrane consists of a polymeric materia, filn: made of proper porvsity, ‘rom materials ike seryliss, polyamides, aramid etc Advantages of Reverse Osmosis Over Conventional Processes * Compared srith other emventianal water treatment processes, reverse «smoris has proven to be the most efficent mears of removing salts, chemical contaminate ard heavy metals, sich as ead. from drinking water. Yor waters with total disolved stds of 200 or more, everse oamosis is lest expensive than ion eccharge, 1, pee ‘exchange for removal of silica and organics, + Compared with distillation, reverse osmosis use only a fraction ef the total energy and does not have high temperature problems or scaling and + Today reverse osmosis systems have proven to be the most econemical and efficient moans ofimproving the quality of water. + Simple 10 Operate and Maintain + Reverse osmosis systems come assembled, factory tested and in ready-to- operate condition, ‘They are dasigned fer effisiency and are sinple to operate ‘and maintain + Besides regular monitoring and periodic membrane cleaning, membranes, need tobe ckanged every one Lo th-ee years depending ox wa:er quality, size of the system and pretreatment. + Pamps also require routine maintenance. Industrial Applications ‘The process's suitable for a wide range of agplieations, including: P + Drinking Water + Aumidification Tee-Makingg + Car Wash WaterReclamation + Rinss Waters + Biomedical Applicaticns | + Laberatory Applications + Photography + Pharmaceutical Praduction + 7 Kidney Dialysis + Water used inchemeial processes |+ Cosmetics + Aninal Feed Hatcheries + Restaurants GreenhousesProcess Metal Plating Applications Boiler Water ‘Semiconductor prduetion Uunteatitration 1.157 + Ubtrafitration, is acre lew separation process Prizeiple Here liquid stream to be treated (feed) lows tangentially along the membraxe surface, thereby producing wo streams, The stream of that eomes through the menbrane is calld permeate. The typeand mount of spesies let in the permeate will depend on ©) characteristics othe membrane operating conditions Gi) quality of fed, Uitrafltration, is @ seyaration process using membranes with pore sizes in te rangeof'0.1 to 0.00: micron stream is called concestrate which gots progressivdy cconcontrated in these spec.es removed by the membrane. chorefore, the membrane itsdf does not act as a «@ barrier to these In eross-flow separ collector of ions, molecules, or colloids but mere! species. Advantages + Typically, wlirafttiration removes sigh molecularsweight substances, colloidal materials, and organieapd inerganic polymeric molecules. Because only high'molecular weight species are removed, the osmote pressure differential across the membrene surface is negligible. + Low applied pressures are therefore sufficient to achieve high flux rates from an ultrafitration membrane. Disadvantages Low molecula~weight organics and ions suck as sodium, calcium, an magnes de, and sulfate are no} removed Industrial Applications Ult-afiltration is used in industry fo separate suspended solids from solution. ‘The particles that are removed vary in size, and their removal is a function of the pore size. Paint recovery in the automotive industry It is widely used ir. the fracticnation of mille and whey, and in protein ions, including the power, food, pharmaceutical biotechnolegy and semiconductor industries,ato ts Trestnen ‘Lapa Temporary Hardness and Permanent Hardness OR ‘Alkaline andNon Alkallre Hardness OF Carbonate and No1 Carbonate Hardness “Table LIGA Le | [se] tompsraryttariness Permanent Hardness | No. 1. | the type of hardness, which can be|'The type of hardness, wich 1 removed by sinple techniques such as | cannot be removed by simple) t foiling is knows as temporary | techniques is known i Iardness permanent herdness, 2 |i is due to ticarbonates, carbonates | It is dueto otaer salts, hence 2 rence also know, ai carbonate | known as non-cartonate hardness, hariness. is due to dissolved biearbonates of| a", Mg", Fe" ote. ‘Temporary Hardness Permsnen: Hardness ‘Temporary hard water if used in stean production, —_ceposits precipitates of tes of Ca"? and Ihydioxides of Mig? at the bo:tom of the con:ainer (boiler) known as sludges. These dzposits harden to form socles. The reactions taking place are: CalRCO3: (aa) —4-+ Caco, t+ H,O-C0; Mg(HCO2 (ay) 2+ Mig (OF, 5+ 200, 7 Permanent ard water if used ir steam productior, forms scales. Table 1.152 1.162 Zealte Frocess and Lime Soda Process /a-<~ Zeolite Process Lime Soda Process By this precess, ‘water with | By this process, water with 15 £0.50 0 ~ 35 ppm -esidual hardness is | ppm residual hardness is ob:ained. obtained. 4 | Thisistnown as atialinehardness. | This is known as non-alhali hardness ‘Temporary hard water can be softened by Permanent hard water can be softened by treating with soda. 1. Only boiling. cera Breating only with lime, . | The process is expersive, as cest of| The process is relatively cicap as chemicals and that of plant is high | cost of chemicals and that of plant hhence higher capitel investmeat is | islow. needed. Operating sost i low, as 2xhasstec | Operating cow is higher becaus> solution through it. ite bed can be regenerated by| al. the chemicals used i, treatment i.2. passing brine | soda and congulants are c in the process and carnot be regenerated. —— 1 Water & ts Treaimen, {| Lime Soda Process a 1. |e sine of tho softening pleat . depends upon te hardness of the Meter, Hence, piant is compact and coreupies ies space. ‘The sze of scftening plant depends ‘upon quantity of hard water to be softered. Hence, size is not compect, butincreases with quantity of water and thus occupies more space. 5. | This precess cannot be usnd for tot water, acidic watex, turbid water and water with suspended impurities. ‘This srocess does not have ary such restrictions. 6. | The proves is simple and ficiency is high. The process is not involves settling coagul filtration, and hence ¢f low. 17, | Processis disachrartageous because temporery hardaes forms biearbonates of sodium. Process is advantageous, because temporary hardness gets completely removed as pi of CxCO5 and MgO. & The sft water obtained by this process creater problems in boilers because it emtaine b-carbonates which lead to the formation of NsO:E and CO, at hizh tempersture waich cause caustic enbritlemert ‘The soft water obtained does not create problems of caustic ‘emb-ittlement in boilers because the resultart products such as C2005 and Mg(OH}, are removed —— await. s.| by filtration [Bh vptes creme toy 17 Water & ts “reatmeet 4.46.3 lon-Exehange Process and Zeolite Process <25>~ all types of boilers, especially high pressure boilers. ‘Table 1463 Sr. Jon-Exchange Process Zedlite Process No. 1, | This process can preduce softened | This process can produce softened water with residual hardness | water with residual hardness ranging betwoen 0 to 2 ppm. ranging between 0-15 ppm. 2, | The resultant wateris suitable for | The resultant water is not suitable for uso in high pressure boilers Water can be used only in low or meditera pressure boilers. ‘The cation and arion exchange beds used are more expensive. Herce, capital cost is high. Zeolite softener is comparatively cheap, rence capital :ost is lower. The softening plant is not compact, hence orcupies more space. ‘The softening plant is compact. Hence occupies less space. ‘The process effectively removes all the hardness causirg Ts can also remove all suck as Na or K, as chlorides or sulphates completely ‘This process can remove only Ca‘? Mg’, Fe" and Mn‘? ions. Hence, softeaed water con-ains salts like NaCl, NaHCO, Na:SO, ete. ix dissolved form. ‘This process is useful for acidic as wellas alkaline water ‘This process is not useful for highly acidic water as acids affect zeolite bed, because zeolites get dissolvedrr 7 | Water & ts Troan \ 1-68 Zeolite Process f is ‘Soft water cbtained is not suitable So te i dan fr utes, due to ho presence a ath bales a ‘NaHCO, which subsequently forms) paper MOR, ewiting turehy sol Mntdenertinbiae. | rt Temporary Hardness) 4 “A sanple of waier has hardness 304 ppm CaCOs equivclent Find the hardness in terre of degree cleark, degree French and ngllit, Sclution: Given Hardness of water = 904 9pm Hardness interm of °C: © aaT-Ciaskes 1ppm 8M pom = 504% 0.07 “Clarke 7 = 2128 “Clarke Hardness in term of Fr: each ® tpn vy: 304 ppm = 804% 0.1°Rr | = 504 “Fr Hardness in term of mgflic ° Lppm = Lmglit + 804 ppm = 304 mgfit Ans: Hardness of water 304 ppm = 21.28 “Clarke () 2 2304 °Fr Yo = 804 mgflit a aa ae __ Problem£172: Convert the total hardness of water samples ir ppm from Cl 7 nd Fr. (0 242 Clarke) 2.6 Fr Solufion: ® “S007 -Clarke = ppm 2az 242‘Clarke = 242 pom = 34.57 ppm “ ‘© oLeFr = Appm. 36 3¢Fr = 3 ppm = 36 ppm Ans.: Eardness of water 2.42 °Clarke = 14.57 ppm 3.6°Fr = 56 ppm Problem 1.17.3: A water sample coatcin : @ Ca(FiCOs)s (i) Mg (HCO: Git}, CaSO, = 13.6 melt Caleulaie temporary, permanent and iotal harduess (At, wt, Cae 40, Mg = 24, H = 1, C= 12, O= 16, 3 =32) (May 2008, 2 Marks)"Applied Chemistry 1 (MU) sein: (satin: Calculation of C£C0s equivalents GaGOjequivalens’ Conversion in C2CO, equivatents 3 00, eauivalen .—- Giapanteyfes]) Quantity | Maltipiving | ee eget nite in ppm | sat | Quantity | uttiptication] CaCo, | Type of At . 200 20 ppm faccor equivalent hardness Catton | aeamet | gaat oa rm 20 g(HCOss 10 porary WeHCOy: | 282mg nox itt ‘Mg (HCO: 146 102 10 ‘Temperary 250. mm Ftrg 10 2 2 100 Permanent 6050, | 136 mel ze: Mg (NO:): 9.6 iw 20 ‘Thus, Temporary hardness = Mg ‘HCOs)2+ Ca (ECOs)z Ca (HCOs): 8.1 100/162 05 ‘Temporary . = 20-20 MgCle 19 10006 20 Permaaest il Mg SOs 24 100/120 20 Permaaeat Pernanenthardness = CaSO, = 10pm ‘Total hardness = temporary + parmazent = 40410 50 rpm ‘Temporary Hardness = 40 ppm Permanent Hardness = 10 ppm ‘otal Hardness = 50 ppm 1174{ A waver sample contains De cata () ig SO. = 24 ppm. is pai "porary and permanent hardness of water (At wi. C=40 Mg = 24, = 1.0219 NAAR sas = 29.6 pom. Mg Cls= 16 ppm 0=16 $=32) | (Aay 2009, 3 Marks) a L Now, temporary hardaess is due to Ca (HOCs)2 and Mg (H2Os): :. Temporary hardness = 05 +10 = 15 ppm Permanent hardness is due to Mg (NOs) , Mg Cle and Mg £0. "Permanent hardness = 20+20+ 20 = 60 ppm Ans.: Temporary hardness = 15 ppm 7 Permarient hardress = 60 ppm Z Problem 147.5: Calculate temporary and total hardness of @ waier sample containing Mg(HCO;)2 = 7.3 mg/l, Ca(HCOs)2= 16.2 mg/l, MgCly = 9.5 mg/t, CaSO, = 13.6 mg il. Dee. 2069, Dec. 2012, 3 Marks)Water & ts Treaty vA Solution: Solution + 4] “Conversion in CaCOs equivalents | [Constituents] Amcunt | Multiplieation | CaCo | Type of in a sity | Multiplication | cacos | present factor equivalents | Hardness = | equivalent inppmor | Facto Mg Ch 19 Merit 19 x208 20 ppm | Permenent mgt 95 130 05 | Carbonate or Mg GCOn | 73 138x716 ‘Tomporuh C0003 5 Meflt ec Sppm | Temporary 100 10 Cacbonate or 162 209 ca HCO | 29.5 Nefit 300 182 ppm_ | Temperary Ca(OOsh 16.2762 Tempore ig sis 29.5 «769 PP * ; 5,100 10 ‘Non- caS0. 13. Melt 100, 9.56 Permanent MgCl 95 aa 5 18 ppm “| « Carbonate or ag) Permanent a . Temporary Hardness = 5 +182 C80, 138 200 0 Non- 186x536 Carbonate or = 32pm Permanent ant ane enosrar Earioes =] econ: Cece | Permanent Hardness = 20 +9.56 = 05 +16 | = 15 ppm = 29.56 ppm 7a 4. Total Hardness = ‘Temporary hardaess + permanen: hardness 20 ppm = 25.2+2956 = 52.76 ppm Total Herdness = Temporary Hardress + Permanent Hardness. = MuHCD;}2 + CaQHCO2), + MgCl, + CaSO, = 05+10+ 10+10=85 pn : Ans. TeyGorary Hardness = 15 ppm | ‘Total Hardness = 85 pom Problenf.1i6: Ava ae "sample, ‘on analysis has been found to contains : | f= 19 mgitit, CoCO;=5 d Ca (HCO: = 29.5 me, CaSO, = Tag i | Calculate temporary, . ne Permanent and tota! hardness. (May 2011, 6 Marks) a Hardness of 4,500 liters of water was removed completely by ‘zeolite softener. This zeolite required 3¢ liters of 100 gma/lit of | NaCl to regererate. Calculate the hardness of water. (Wee. 2010, 4 Marks) Solutio Using regeneration reaction, Gaze +2 NaCl — Na Ze ~CaCle ie. 2NaCl = CaCl CaCOs2658.5) Wt 818 Teatrag ges = 111 gms= 100 gmof CaCOs Now, Quantity of NaCl in regeneration, = 80x 100 = 3000 gms Nal ‘Thos, (2585) gmsNaCl = 100 gnrs CaCOs 3000100 _ 3000 * 100 : $000gm NaCl = “25535 "LIT = 256.102 gms of CaO; = 2564162 mgs of Ca20s “4500 litres of hard water = 2564102 mgs CaCO, 2564102 «litre ofhard water = 2220? mgs of CaCOs = 55.68 ngs of CaCO;= 56.98 pom + Hardness of water sample = 55998 ppm Problem 117.8: Classify the following impurities ‘nto temporery, permaned ‘and por-hardness cavsing impurities a. ¢ 7 Now + p CelHCOd's MgSO, CaCl, COs, HCL, Mg (HCIs' CaSO: and Na2t, SN How meny grams ef CaCls dissolved per litre gives 150 ppmd hhordness ? ee ec. 2011, § Marks) Salts causing respective Hartiness are ‘Temperoray : Ca (HCC), Mg (HCO), | Permanent : Mg 80,, CaCl, CaS0, Non-hardness causing = COs, HCI, Nact, Water & ts Treatment ‘To calculate gm of CaCl, / litre to give 150 ppm hardness. CaCO; + 2 HCI —> CaCl, + 320 +00; T MW, 100 [1 mole] MLW. 111 [1 molel If 1 gm CaCO, generates 1.11 gm of CaCh. Which when dissolved in 1 litre water gives 1 ppm hardness, Thus t2 get 150 ppm hardness, CaCOs should be taken 160 gm, whergas 166.5 gm CaCiz gives 160 ppm hardness. 1 g. CaCOs/ litre = 1000 mgs /1000 mi. = 1 ppm. Problem X47.9: 15000 titres of ward water was passed through a zzolite / sofiner. The exhousted zeolite required 129 litres of NaCl Z havirg 30g 1 litre of NaCl. Ccleslate the hardness of water. Solution : (Dee. 2011, 5 Merks) > Lot the hardness of the water sample be x mg/l Now 1 litre of NaCl contains 30 g of NaCl = 80000 mg NaCl 2 12C Ktres of NaCl eontains 12¢ x 30000 = 2600000 mg of NaCl 58.5 mg of NaCl = 50 mgs of C 1mg CaCOs = 10 mgof CaCOs equivalent hardness 1000 > 10 10 “1000 ml o” boiled water contains = = 100mg of CaCOs equivalent hardness Permanent hardness i.e. Hrermesex = LOO mg/L Nov, Hremoray = Hout ~Hiwmnst = 330-100 = 230 mg/L. Ans: ‘Total hardness of wster = 330 mg/L, Permanent haréness of water = 100 mg/L. ‘Temporary hardnoss of water. =(390me/ Problem 117.12 50 ml of standard hard water (1.2 g CaCOy ( lit) requires 32 ml of EDTA solution. 100 ral of water sample consumes 14 ml EDTA solution. 100 ml of boiled and filtered water sample cansumes 8.5 ml EDTA solution. Caleulate temporary ‘hardness of this sample from above experimental data.concoiration fSHW = 120 Quuntity of SEW. (12.¢Ca000/1i) = 59ml ty 50 ml SELW = S2e= 7 Quantity of EDTA consumed offiard watersample = 100ml Quantity of EDTAcmnsumed = Meml= Ve = £5ml=Vi ‘Quantiy of EDTA consumed after bailing Hardness = 1 ‘Standardization of EDTA ‘Standard hard water has 1.2 ge. 1.2 x 100¢ = 120 mg, of Ca00s equivale Bperlit. = 120 mgs/Tit. 120 : = FER =0.12 mg/ml CeCO;equivalent 50 ml SHW = 5) 0.12 mg CaCO =6.0 mgs CaCO ‘¢ $2ml EDTA = 5) ml SHW= 6.0 mgsCaCO: fa {nlm ova oe woes ner a ort Calculation of total Hardness 100 mi E.W sample = 14] EDTA = 140.15 mgs cf CaCO, per 100 ml of EW = 2A mgs of Caos Total H perlite = 21 mgsetC9.= 21 ppm — Wate Ns Team _ ‘applee Chemisty - (MU) Water & ts Treatment calculation of permanest hardness “100 mi of boiled water = 8.5 m: of EDTA = 85 x 0.15 mgs of CaCDs in 100 ml = 1.275 mgs of CaCO Hence per litre = 12.75mgs of CaCO: H temporary = H total —H permanent = 2-12.75 = 8.25 ngs of CaCOs «. Total hardness = 21 ppm « Permanent hardness = 12.75ppm a ‘Tempcrary hardness = 8.25 ppm ProblemA A719) A stendard hard war contains 15 g/l calcium carbonate. Jo 20 mi of this water required 25 ml of EDTA solution. 100 mt ¢ } of sample water required 18 ml of EDTA solution. The same sample ofter boiling required 12 ml of EDTA soiution. Calculate temporary hardness of water. (May 2008, 6 Marks) Solution : Given: Concentration of SHW = 15 git = 15000 mg/ 1000 mi = [15 mg/ml Volume of sid herd water = 20-nl Volume of EDTA for SHW = 25 ml=V; Volume of water sample = 100ml Volume o? EDTA for sample = 18ml = V;Vedume of weer smole (after iin) = 10001 ling) = 12m =Vs Volune of EDTA fr sample (ater boli) -aomlSHW = 25 a) EDTA seln.=30 ngs of Cal atmos « gota, Banat anit ‘s12 ngs of C4003 Equivalent Haxdness Now, 100 ml water sanple = 18m! BDTA solutior Wetor& 18 Treatron (CO, Equivalent Hardness = [1§ 19] ngs of CaCO; Equivalent Hardness = 215 mgs of CaCO; Equivalent Harcness Total hardzess = 2150 ppm. Now, 100 nl. water semple (ater bling! = 12 nl. EDTA solution « perlitre = 2130-mgs of CaCC3 Equivalent Hardness, = [12x 12] mgs of CaCO, Equation = M44mgs of CaCO, Ecuation perliter = 1449 ppm. + Permanent Hardness = 1440 ppm. + Temporary Hardnoss Total Hardnest = 2160 9pm. Permanent Hardness = Ans. 720 pom. Temporary Hardness = 1440ppm, 21) ~ 1440 =720 ppm, + 0.5 gm of CaCO, was dissolved in HCi and the solution made upto 500 m! with distilled water. 50 ml of the solution water sample required 15 ml of EDTA and after boiling and filtering required 10 ml of EDTA solution. Calculate temporary hardness of water. Solution : Now, Now, Concentra:ion of 8.H.W. 50 ml SHW required i.e, 48 ml EDTA slution <. Iml EDTA solution 50 ml water sample 2. Hardness of sample ". Hedness per litre of sample ‘Total hardness 50 ml water semple after boiling .. Permanent hardness of sample { required 48 ml of EDTA solution for titratios. 50 ml of hard (Gay 2009, 5 Marks) = 0.5 gm CaCO, /500 ml D.W. = 500 mgs in 500 ml weter = [teh = 48 ml EDTA solution = 50 mgs CaCO «50 mgs Co0Ds equivalent hardnen 0 . = (C2) mgs 6220, easvalont ardnene = 1S mLEDTAsdaten = [155] mes CaC0s equivalent for 50 ml sample 50] 1000 a [15 2 mgsllit, [22220 mgr = 312.50 ppm = 10 mIEDTAsolution 50) = (10% 38) mgs CaC05 equivalent for 80 ml‘Permanent hardness of _ = (10% & "one litre sample a = (Gp) -20mesti. | Permanent bates _ 99835 ppm j 2 ofsample ss Temporary harness = = 91250~208.38 {i L Se nae = 104.17ppm Ans. Total hardness = 312.50 ppm Perminent hardness = 208.3% ppm and Temporary haréness = 104.17 ppm 9) 08 3000 psi. ‘Totel kardness — Permanent hardness Problem 1.17.Hf(a) : 0.5 g of CaCOs was dissolved in dilute HCl end diluted » 500 ml, 50 mi of this soluticn required 45 ml of EDT4 t solttion for titration, 60 ml of herd water sample required 15 mlof EDTA solction for titration. 50 mi of same water sample on boiling, jltering requires 10 ml EDTA solution Caleu‘ate the temporary, permenant and totel hardness » Lml EDTA sohition = Now 5) ml water sample = <: Hardness of water semple = * perlitre = 2 Total Hardness = ‘Now 60 ml sample afte- toiling = + Hardness ofsample = Perlitre = Pornanent Harness = ‘Temporary Hardness = Ans: Total Hardness = 333 ppm “mg ca00 0 15 ml EDTA solution 50 4g * 15) mgs CaCOs eq H, aye we $18) mes 2000300 1 (15% 45> 59 JEs CxCOs eq. H 393.35 ppm 10 ml EDT solution 0 0-8) ance nian “105 2) mgr 08.1 222.22 ppm Total H— Permanent 893.33 - 222.22 = 111.11 Permanent Hardness = 222.22 ppm and Temporary Hardness = 111.11 pen. Solution : (May 2013, 6 Mark:), Coneantration SHW = 0.5 gm CaCOvé00 mal = 50mgs Caco; ie: 45mLEDTA sduion = 50 mgs CeCOs0q, 4 ———— Problem 1.11.15: gm of CaCOg wes dissolved in 1 liter of distilled water, 50ml of th’s solution required 45m of EDTA solution for ti 50mi rd water required 2iml! of EDTA for titration. same sample of water after boiling consumed 15ml of EDTA for ttretion. Caleulate the hardiness of wate. Dee. 2010, 5 Marks) Solution : Given data Concentcation of SHW = Ip/lit Quantity of SHW (Ig/it) = 50 ml Quan:ity of EDTA consumed >y 50 ml SHW = 45 ml Quantity of hard water sample = 50m! Quantity of EDTA consumed = 25 mi‘ing = 15m) aa {Quantity of BDTA consumed aler bic BR Solution : ardnest = x As Gy EDTA Solution =24 = 0.058 dardization of EDTA: * a a ag ig be, 1% 2000 = 1000 mg of CACOs evan “50 ¢ CaCO, diluted to 1000 ml makes 1 narmal CaCOs soution. Standard hardwater hi hardness per lit i.e, 1000 ml 1N CaCO, sclution = 60 g CaO, = 1000 mgs/lit # 1h = 1g /ml CaCO; equivalents hardness & Lm of 3g CaCO, corressond to 0.0026 gm of CxCOs 50 mt SHW = 501mg CaCO; =50 mgs Ca00s Now, 60 ml ofhard water ccrrespond to 72 mlof 3p EDTA. “J 45mlEDTA = 50mISHW =50mgsCeCOs i.e. comrespond to 0,0025 x 7.2 = 0.018 gms of CaCO; = 18 mgsCaCOs | sts « 32 «1 mera 2CO; equa hares | 2 -. 1009 ml of hard water co-respond to Calculation of total hardness: H S0mIELW. sample = 25ml EDZA = (18x 20)mys CaCOsfit | = 28% 1.11 mgs of CaCOs per 50 ml , = 360 ppm ‘= 21.78 mgs of CaCO, Ans: _ pore ‘of water = 360 ppm + Total per lize = 585 mgs cf CaCO, Problem X4747 jandard hard eter cortaining 1.2 § CaCOs per Caleiation of permanent hardness: Y re required 95 ml of EDTA. 50 mt of hard water semple required 30 ml of the sams EDTA, 100 ml of hard water “F Soul oftpiled water = 15 ml of EDTA = 151.11 mgs of Ca005 in 100 ml = 16.65 mgs 0 CaCO; Hecopeite = 21 mg2 C200, (Dee. 2011, 5 Marks) epee * East ~ Hpemannt Solution : = 555-393 Da = 22 mgs of 2200, ee * Total hardness = 655 ppm : Weight of CaCO. =1.2 gm / litre 2 pepe tardten 83 ppm Votume of SEW = 20 ml em = $22 pe Volume of BDTA solution for SHW V,) = 96 ml Volume of DTA (V) = 0 il. for 50 a sample) Volume of DTA (V9 = 25m (for 100 ml samp) sample ofter boiling required 25 ml of the same EDTA. Calculate the various hardnesses. {48 £0 ml semple of water regu ~ EDTA for tit tr required 7.2 ml of N/2i ‘ium Xap iain Aardnes:, TA. Calewlate each type of (Mey 2013, 6 Marks) | © 20 ml, SHW= 35 ml, EDTA ——— ja ‘To calculate all types of nardness.en rr Water & ts Tate = 12 git = 120017g/ 1000 ml and Conceatration of SHW = 12ng/ ml. 20 ml, SHW = 20%1.2mgs hardness = 24.0 mys ‘Thus35 mi, EDTA = 24 mgs equivalent CaCOs equivalent hardness sevnora + 8 mgt HCO enuaeat hardness y rath prt (iB) mp f 00 galt hard « (30.24) gf 200, equivalent hardnee 0 Son poate har perttn « (sn57sd8) Lape senna yr (eB) mye 400 oat hr 4 « (25x24) meso 200, eu tadoen = tee vite «(ong 20 verte = (07345222) a03.4 pp “+ Tonporary Hardness = Total H.— Perm H = a4-ana = 240.0 ppm. cad Tote H. = 4114 ppm, Permanent H. = 1714 9pm, Temporary H. = 2400 >pm, a ee problem 117.17(a}: What is the tolal hardness of sample of water which has the folloving impurities in mg/l. C2 (HCOs)2 = 162 Ca0y = 222 Ng Cle = 95 NNacl = 20 (May 2013, 3 Marks) Solution: impurity | Quantity Multiplication | CaCOs eq. ‘Typeof ofmgl accor ppm, | Hardness i 100 ‘Tempora ca 182 a 100 porary ucoos . 200 Pexmanent cack | 252 0p 2 ace | os i 100 | Permanent Neel | Does not con:tibutes to Hardness. ‘Total Hardness = Temporary H + Permanent 1 = Ca(ECOsh + CaCl: + MgClz = 100 +20 + 100 mg = 220 mgsfit or ppm Ans. : Total Hardress of sample = 320 ppm. 117.3 Problems based on Line Soda Process ‘Hints for solving numerical problems based on lime soda process. 1. Allthe impurities consurzing lime and/or soda, are to be converted in CaCO SiOz, FeOs, NasSO, bt. should be cand soda, equivalents per litre. 2 ‘the injuries suck os [NaGl, K ignored as they do net”coxsum_—_— se should be considered as temporary herdness dug y magnesium and to be teken fir lin) 3, CaC03 or MgCOs e! ticarbmates of calcium andlor celeulations only. 4, The quantity of Mg(HCOsl2 = double, for ealeulations. terms of CeC0s equivalents to be taky sk TENaECOs oe HOO, present in water then their C2COy equivalents py ire should be added in Lime calcelations and subtracted from sol, caleulstions, 6 Cooguants like sodium alumirate, aluminium chloride aluminium sulphsy ‘te if ase, their CaCO, equivalents per litre should be calculated and takey into acount at, For AIC AL(SQ)), : Addin lime and soca both ate = a 1 Jeattco,'r | casico,), + calor,» 20000, 14H,0 |p ae fiat ae areca 3 | Me* Perm. Mg + CelOH, + MeOH, + Cat™ Me from tg cos ms MiCl + COOH): + Mg (OM! + cacy ' Cadi} + Neco, + CaCOs = aNac} } oa M80, + Cur, > MB(OER), L + Caso? seNo| _ Salt Reactions Need Mg(NO,), + Ca(OH), > a(NO.)3 + MeOH: ]] 1 5 Ca(NOs\f + NaxCD,—» CaCOs ~ + 2Na NOs } ~ |rHt0; eg | 2NaHCOs + CatOH, — CaCO, + HO + NaiC0s | +L NsHCO3) ay 5. cat Ca® +NaCOs +CaCO;1 + 2Na* 8 (rerm.Ce | CaCl, + Naj00; > Ca0D,4 + 2NaCl s From CaCl or | 5450, + NasCO,—> CaCOs 1 +NasSOx s se | BatNO.ds + NaxlOy + CaCO, | +2Na NOs | 5 ‘ 50, + car. = Caco, + 10 L 1. | HP cree acids | 2H" + CalOH), + Ca™ + 2410 } +s) like HOI, car + NegCOs + CaCO, L + 2a HSOsete) | oper + Ca(OH). + CaCl} + 24:0 } ‘ H,S0, + 2X01), > CaSO} +20 s } CaSO} + NasCO: -> CaCOs 1+ NasSO« Aluminium and ion salts may be present in water and they contribute to the permanent harcness orthey nay be added as coaguants. eso, FeSO, + Ca(OH) > FAOH), + CaSO; +8) 2Fe(OW), + HzO + 0; > Fe(OH, t CaSO} + NajCO, > Ce005 b+ NasSOyWot 8 2 Tsing — - quentity of lime (85 % pure) and soda (954 Jing 59,000 Litres of water. > Caleulation of CaCO, equivalents for impurities , Salt Qty ‘Multiplication | CaCO; | Requiremert. mgsfit| factor | equivatent | of Line (L) vom | and/or 5 = Soda (S) 5 300 30 s 355x100 SiO, 20 ‘Does not react, - with lime/soda ~ NaHCO, | 28 | neg; | 75 ‘Ad¢ in L | a 2 tore Subtract in S. | ‘MgSO, 48 1 A — 00 | oxi 0 Les CO, 22 100 22,00 5 t | 7 1 2AKOHD; +8CaCg | Salt Qty | Multiplication | CaCO, | Requirement > 7 } ass |) mgslit| factor | equivalent | of Lime (L) 1 eNac 4802005 L x ppm ‘and/or Se Sodas) 804 +4 CHE AHO SN Vas) MaHCOss | 488 | 4, 200 30 Ww s Ca504 + 340500)» BNaSCx +3400 4 146 z = re | 2 25.200 38 Les Taso, 120 —) AIOH, | + NeO#t 1 apo Weter samole was foond to contain jaliowing salts, hich 70 to at as aT Cats = 65.5 ms Si02 = 20 ppm. 135 HCO, = 126mg: CI = 250 mes; > Calculation of quantity oflime, required for softening ef water NaHCO; = 12.6 mas £0, = 48 mes: 9 = 2.2 Pm; MatO: = 48 mes i PP Lime requirements Re = 2ppm; AICL, = 10 ppm; Cremporary Ca? +2 Temprery Ma? + Prmanent (Me? + Re? Vat of Vater i Le 4ADS¢H* (HCl or F350) 1002+ HCOs-NaAtd.] x 100 * Sof puri he «all in terms of their CaCOsequivalerts, } ‘CaC0s equivalents of (MgSC.) 4 = 14] 2 tmtg(tiCoyal + NaHCO, + 002 x Litres of water 100 10 + AIC + Pet 10 purity oflime *S 74 50000 x 100 = Flo + 0% 2) +75 45-75 43.58% ror as KB 1h tay 6 $B va aro hgs of 2 = Bao 60475454 15+ 3.581x ge by = 5.379 kgs of imeCalculation of CaCO, equivelents for impurities soda -equired for softening and its cost » Caleulatior of quantity of soda zea > Sods requirements _ [satvimpurity| @tyin | Multiplication} CaCO; | Requirement of 5 = 28 permanent (Cao Mp? + A10 + Fe" +H CACL or F804) mgstit | factor | equivalent | Lime (L) and/ = 100 ppm or Vol. of Water, 100 | neo] x EE» sop puriy li Soda (S) » 100 all in term ofteir CaCOsequivalents, on SOppm | 30x49" 8 a Ch + MgSO.) Litres of water 1 100 106[ CaCO, equivalents of CxCls + NgSO«), Litres of water we L| 216 300 90 L+s - we “+ANCl - NaHCO; 108 8 BLE og ppm 100 “Sparky of ota KB 80. | 49ppm| 49x10? 5 Les | = Whom +40-+3.58-+ 15-78) x OI co; aappm | 44xt0e 10 L = pg l.881 x f= 6.2207 igs soo’! | az | 2.210 a0 ‘Addin I and ppm «3. | _ subtrgetin S Ans : Lime required = 6.379 kgs y — wa Set Sodarequred = 6.2207 ge f Fe0s ,| 15.4 | Dossnct contribute > Aook ppm ) Problem 117.19: Calctlate the quantties of time and soda (90 % pure eath)| [Note Ca™ and Ma are to be considered trom permarent hardness causing salts. required for softening 25000 litres of hard water containing | following iors/chemicals, | | HCO, = 12.2 zm; ©: = 44 ppm; Ca" = 30 pp; EE = 20m: Me = 21.8 pom; 10s = 154 5pm; SO, = 2.9 ppm Solation: > Calculation of quantity of lime, required for softening of water Quantity of time 7 1 = 7&5 [Temporary Ca'* +2 x Temporary Me? + Permanent (Mg? + Fe? Vol. of Water + AL H* (HCL or HeS0) ) + 002+ HOO's- NoAiO, J POE 100 * Sofpuriyh® alin terms of their CaCO; equivalents. 25000 100 108 *"99 Ke 4. 5 = 799 (90+5+10+101 x