EDEN T. BELTRAN, PH.D.

GEE7 LECTURE SERIES

 This discussion aims to aid students of gender and
society understand basic GAD concepts, principles,
theories, and their application.
The contents are based on academic and scholarly
references, law, and the work of many individuals
and groups on the concerns and issues of women
and other sectors in the margins.
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
To enable learners to:
1. Review the concepts of gender stereotype, bias,
and discrimination, gender issues, and economic
marginalization of women;
2. Identify the different manifestations of gender bias in
the work place and at home;
3. Understand the nature of and factors bringing about
women’s economic marginalization;
4. Discuss the legislative measures to minimize
economic marginalization and workplace gender
issues; and
5. Understand the vision and framework of GAD.
MARGINALIZATION
Gender Stereotypes – ideas about
women, men and other genders
formed and normalized through
time and serve as individual’s basis
of interpretation of reality
Gender biases-beliefs and
judgements that people make
resulting to unequal regard of
individuals based on their gender
Gender discrimination – unequal
treatment of individuals based on
their gender results to violations of
their rights
 6

PRMSU Gender and Development Office 1/10/2022

MANIFESTATIONS OF
GENDER BIAS
MARGINALIZATION
MANIFESTATIONS OF
GENDER BIAS
MARGINALIZATION
MANIFESTATIONS OF
GENDER BIAS
MARGINALIZATION
MARGINALIZATION= OPPRESSION

The marginalization process which forces

women out :
➢ into the periphery of economic &
social life
➢ on the periphery of decision-making
process
➢ diminishing the economic value of the
activities in which they engage in and
through which they contribute to the
national development process.
 SOURCES OF WOMEN’S OPPRESSION

➢the systematic mistreatment

of one group of people by
another group of people or
by society as a whole
➢with institutional power
(male dominated
management) as a means of
asserting gender
discrimination
MARGINALIZATION
ECONOMIC MARGINALIZATION
PROCESS
The process which
forces women out
through:
Unequal pay for work
of equal value
Lower labor
participation rates
 ECONOMIC MARGINALIZATION
PROCESS

The process which forces women out through:

➢ Last to be hired, first to be fired
➢ Limited opportunities
➢ Exacting sexual favors
➢ Under or non-valuation/recognition of women’s work
 GENDER STEREOTYPES: WOMEN’S
CAREER ADVANCEMENT LIMITATIONS

WOMEN MEN
Weak Strong
Oppressed Dominate
Followers Leaders
Second class First always
Owned Owners

glass ceiling is a term for the social barrier preventing women

from being promoted to top jobs in management.
GVB
AT WORK
 IMPACT OF VAWC ON WOMEN’S
ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION
➢ Abusers prevent women from getting a job or keeping
a job
➢ Abusers develop woman’s financial dependency:
making her ask for money
➢ Abusers give the battered woman an allowance,
Limiting her economic activity (eg. Putting up an
enterprise, or starting a garden for her family’s food
security)
➢ Abusers take battered women’s money – not letting
her know about or have access to family income
➢ VAWC results to women’s lack of confidence as a
worker affects her level of productivity
Monster.com2019 survey
-involved more than 2,000 professionals across
Singapore, Malaysia and the Philippines

#SheMakesItWork campaign to support mothers in

the workforce, or returning to work after having
children
 LABOR FORCE
PARTICIPATION
RATES
(PSA, 2015)
PSA:
CLOSING THE
GENDER GAP
 GENDERED DIFFERENCES IN JOBS
TAKEN UP BY MEN AND WOMEN
•construction traditionally feminine
industry and jobs such as care, low
in managerial skilled manufacturing,
and lower administrative
positions. positions
Women’s income earning activities are also often coffined to
the informal sector, including domestic work, petty trading
and home-based work.
 FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO
MEN’S HIGHER PARTICIPATION
IN FORMAL LABOR MARKET
1.
COMPARED
differences in time use between men and women,
WITH THAT OF
2. gendered differences in access to productive inputs, WOMEN
3. different levels of education,
4. gender stereotyping in vocational skills training and
5. mismatches with labor market demand, and
6. gendered outcomes of institutional and market failures.
7. Domestic responsibilities act as a barrier to women’s equal
participation in labor force.
 WOMEN’S UNPAID CARE WORK
AND THE ECONOMY
• Women take care of unpaid care work.
• “Despite the economic and social value of such work and its
contribution to well-being, it is not included in labor force.
In some context, home based care programs have emerged where
public health services have been inadequate to meet demand.”
 BARRIERS FACED BY WOMEN
IN THE ECONOMY
• Lower levels of education, social, cultural, and religious constraints
and norms,
• Lack of capital,
• Unequal legal status and
• Less political influence.
• Even where the law and business procedure are gender neutral, in
practice they may result in gender-based outcomes to the detriment
of women.
 WOMEN’S LIMITATIONS IN
ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITIES
• Women’s enterprise have limited growth opportunities
• Women often do not have access to credit.
• Women’s entrepreneurial activities are mostly in the informal sector,
• Women’s contributions to the economy are never factored into national
productivity, as these activities are not included in formal statistics.
 WOMEN’S LIMITATION
TO ACCESS TO RESOURCES
• Access to resources and stable property rights is highly
gendered
• Women and girls in particular suffer from inequitable land
rights and experience restricted access to resources and
inheritance.
• Rights resources may also affect ability to access other
resources or service.
✓ There are milestones in efforts towards legal
and de facto equality
✓ LFPR of women remain lower than that of men

✓ The remains gender-discrimination in the

workplace
✓ There is inequality in terms of hiring, retention
✓ There is still sexual harassment at work
✓ Flexible time policy is not implemented in
some offices
✓ Unpaid care and domestic work done by
women compound women’s multiple burden
and limit their participation in the economy
GENDER-FAIR VISION:
WOMEN’S ECONOMIC
EMPOWERMENT AND
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
 VISION FOR WOMEN’S
ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT
The way to equity:

✓Equal Pay for Work of Equal Value

✓Economic Independence
✓Economic Opportunities
✓Access to resources and stable property rights
 GENDER-FAIR VISION
That society should give to every
marginalized person:

✓Freedom from gender discrimination;

✓Freedom from gender-based violence;
✓Full self-development, empowerment
and dignity;
✓Control over one’s body.
 LEGAL MANDATES FOR ADDRESSING
GENDER BASED VIOLENCE AND
DISCRIMINATION AT WORK

Obligations under the Magna Carta of Women

(MCW, Section 5) :
a. Respect the rights women as human rights;
b. Refrain from discriminating against women;
c. Protect women against discrimination; and
d. Promote and fulfill the rights of women in all
spheres.
 LEGAL MANDATES FOR EDUCATION
TO FOSTER WOMEN’S
EMPOWERMENT THROUGH GAD

CHED CMO No. 1, Series of 2015

Section 13 CHED MO No. 1, S. 2015, “shall ensure that gender stereotypes and
images in educational materials and curricula are adequately revised.
Gender-sensitive language shall be used at all times. Capacity-building on
gender and development (GAD), peace and human rights, education for
teachers, and all those involved in the education sector shall be pursued
towards this end. Partnerships between and among players of the education
sector, including the private sector, churches, and faith groups shall be
encouraged.”
✓ The Philippine government
commits to the goals of the
CEDAW, the Beijing Platform for
Action and the SDG, and the
Magna Carta of Women through
policy mechanisms such as the
GEWE and its partnership with
various public and private entities
towards the goal of economic
empowerment and gender
equality.
 SUMMARY
❑ Gender stereotypes, biases and discrimination lead to women’s
marginalization
❑ LFPR of women remain lower than that of men
❑ The remains gender-discrimination in the workplace
❑ There is inequality in terms of hiring, promotion, and retention.
❑ There is still sexual harassment at work
❑ Gender-based violence have negative effect on women’s
economic participation
❑ Flexible time policy is not implemented in some offices
❑ Unpaid care and domestic work done by women compound
women’s multiple burden and limit their participation in the
economy
 SUMMARY
❑ To attain sustainable economic development, the process and
means must be just and equitable;
❑ Women and girls’ and all the marginalized sectors’ rights have to
be respected, fulfilled and protected;
❑ Women and the marginalized have to be freed from gender
discrimination; and gender-based violence;
❑ Full self-development, empowerment and dignity and control over
their bodies must be accorded to women
Always question the circumstances
that create limitations to your and
other people’s opportunities which
lead to injustice and inequality
AND DO SOMETHING ABOUT IT.
 REFERENCES
• https://psa.gov.ph/system/files/End%20VAW.pdf?width=950
&height=700&iframe=true
• https://investinginwomen.asia/knowledge/invest-gender-
equal-workplace-philippines-data/
• https://twitter.com/inquirerdotnet/status/1126461878442635
264
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxMQ3-YcWRk