CHAPTER 4: HIGHER ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

1. Linear Second Order Differential Equations

Standard form of 2nd Order Differential Equation is expressed as

d2y/dx2 + P(x) dy/dx + Q(x)y= F(x) ---------- (1)

Above equation is represented as

y’’ + P(x) y’ + Q(x)y= F(x) ---------- (2)

The solution of above equation is a function of x

Homogeneous equations

If F(x) = 0,
y’’ + P(x) y’ + Q(x)y= 0 is called 2nd order homogeneous equation
if F(x)0
y’’ + P(x) y’ + Q(x)y= F(x) is called 2nd order non-homogeneous
differential equation.

Solution of 2nd order Differential Equation with constant

coefficients:

Homogeneous
The homogeneous equation with constant coefficients is
y’’+ a y’+ by = 0 -------(1)
Where a and b are constants

The auxiliary equation of (1) is written as

m2 + a m + b = 0

This is a quadratic equation. It is used to find the roots.

Once, roots are known thus, general solution of equation can
be obtained. The general solution depends on the roots of
equation.

The roots depend on the discriminant a2- 4b, we get

CASE 1: two real roots if a2-4b > 0,

CASE 2: real double roots if a2-4b = 0,
CASE 3: complex conjugate roots if a2-4b <0,
The solution is

Case Roots Set of terms of General Solution

solution
1 Distinct em1x , em2x y=c1 + c2
roots
m1, m2
2 Real double y=(c1 + c2 x) emx
root
m=m1= m2
3 Complex epx cos q x, y= epx (c1cos qx
Conjugate
epx sin q x +c2 sin qx)
m1=p+iq
m2=p-iq

CASE 1: Distinct real roots

Example: Find the solution of
y’’-y’-30y=0
Solution :
Auxiliary equation is
m2-m-30=0
(m+5) (m-6) = 0
Therefore, the roots are –5 and 6
Hence General solution is y= c1e-5x+c2e6x
Ie., y=C1em1+c2em2, m1 and m2 are roots

Example 2
Find the solution of
y’’-4y’+3y=0 : y(0) = 1 and y’(0) = 0
Solution
Auxiliary equation:
m2-4m+3=0
(m-1) (m-3)=0
Therefore the roots are m = 1,3 real distinct roots
General solution is
y= c1ex+c2e3x ----------(1)
Particular solution is
Substituting x=0 y=1
1 = C1+C2 -----------(2)
Differentiating equation (1)
y’= c1ex+3c2e3x -----------(3)
Substituting x=0 y’=0
Therefore 0 = C1+3C2 --------(3)
Solving equation (2) and (3)
C1=3/2 and C2 = -1/2
Substituting C1 and C2 in equation (1)
The Particular solution is
y= 3/2ex-1/2e3x

4.) Solve
y’’-2y’-y=0 : y(0) = 0 and y’(0) = 1
Auxiliary equation:
m2-2m-1=0
m=(2(4+4))/2 = 12

m1=1+2 m2=1-2
Therefore the general solution is
y= c1e (1+2 )x+c2 e (1-2 )x ----------(1)
Particular solution

Solve the above equation for C1and C2 with y(0) = 0 and y’(0) = 1
0 = C1 + C2 -------(2)

y’(x)= c1(1+2 )e (1+2 )x+c2(1-2 ) e (1-2 )x -----------(3)

Therefore 1= C1 (1+2 ) + (1-2 ) C2 ----------- (4)

Solving equation (2) and (4)

C1 = -1/(2-2) C2 =1/(2-2)
Therefore the particular equation is
y= -1/(2-2) e (1+2 )x+1/(2-2) e (1-2 )x

Solve y’’ + a y’ +by= 0

m2+am+b=0
m1 and m2 are roots
CASE 2: Real Double roots (Equal roots)
General Equation y’’+ a y’+y = 0
if the roots are m=m1= m2
The solution is
Y=( C1 + C2 x) emx

Example: Solve the following second order homogeneous

equation
y’’+4y’+4=0

Solve:
The auxiliary equation is
m2+4m+4=0
Therefore (m+2)2=0
Therefore m=-2 (Double roots)
The solution is y=( C1 + C2 x) emx
ie., y=( C1 + C2 x) e-2x
Example: Solve y’’+2y’+1=0
Auxiliary equation is m2+2m+1=0
Therefore (m+1)2=0; m=-1
y=( C1 + C2 x) emx
ie., y=( C1 + C2 x) e-x

Solve
y’’-8y’+16=0
y(0) = 1 and y’(0) = 3

Solution:
Auxiliary equation
m2-8m+16=0

Therefore (m-4)2=0; m=4 (double roots)

y=( C1 + C2 x) e4x --------------(1)
y’=4C1e4x+C2 (4x e4x + e4x) --------(2)
Substituting y(0) =1 in equation (1)
1= C1
Substituting y’(0)=3 in equation (2)
3 = 4 + C2
Therefore C2 = -1
Therefore the particular solution is
Y= (1-x) e4x

CASE 3: Roots are complex conjugates

Example : Solve
y’’+ a y’+by = 0

roots m1=p+iq
m2=p-iq

General solution is Y= epx(c1cos qx+c2 sin qx)

Example: solve
y’’+ 2 y’+2y = 0

Solution:
Auxiliary equation m2+2m+2=0
There m = (-2(4-8))/2 = -1-1
m1=-1+i m2=-1-i
Therefore the general solution is y= e-x(c1cosx+C2 sinx)

Example: Solve
y’’-2y’+10y=0

y(0) = -2 and y’(0)= 1

Solution:
Auxiliary equation
m2-2m+10=0
Therefore m= (2(4-40))/2 = 13i
m1=1+3i m2=1-3i

Therefore the general solution is y= ex(c1cos3x+C2 sin3x)

Differentiating w.r.t x
Y’= C1 (excos3x-3sin3x ex) + C2 (ex sin3x+3cos3x ex) ----------(2)

Substitute y(0) = -2 in equation ---------(1)

-2 = C1
Substitute y’(0) = 1 in equation ----------------(2)
1= C1 + 3 C2
Therefore C2 = 1

Therefore the particular solution is

y= ex(-2cos3x+sin3x)
Example: Solve
y’’-4y’+5y = 0; y(0) = 2 and y’(0) = 3

Solution
Auxiliary equation
m2-4m+5=0

There m = (4(16-20))/2 = 2-1

m1=2+i m2=2-i

Therefore the general solution is y= e2x(C1cosx+C2 sinx) --------(1)

Differentiating w.r.t x
Y’= C1 (2cosx e2x - sinx e 2x) + C2 (e 2x 2 sinx+cosx e2x) ----------(2)

Substitute y(0) = 2 in equation ---------(1)

2 = C1
Substitute y’(0) = 3 in equation ----------------(2)
3= 2C1 + C2
Therefore C2 = -1
Therefore the particular solution is
y= e 2x(2cosx-sinx)

(Up to this point completed)

Examples

Find the solution of y’’+y=0

y(0) = 1 and y’(0) = 4

Solution:
Auxiliary equation
m2+1=0

Therefore m= i
m1=i m2=-i
Therefore the general solution is y= c1cosx+C2 sinx ----------(1)
Derivation
Y’= -C1 sinx + C2 cosx ----------(2)
When x =0 y = 1

Therefore C1 =1 in Eq (1)
When x = 0 y’ = 4 in Eq (2)
C2=4
Therefore the particular solution is
Y= cosx + 4 sinx

Example
Find the solution of
y’’+4y=0
y(0) = 2 and y’(0) = 3

Find the value of x when y=2.43

Solution:
Auxiliary equation
m2+4=0

Therefore m= 2i
m1=2i m2=-2i

Therefore the general solution is y= c1cos2x+C2 sin2x ----------(1)

Differentiation
Y’= -2C1 sin2x + 2C2 cos2x ----------(2)
When x =0 y = 2, substituting in equation (1)
Therefore C1 =2
In Eq (1)
When x = 0 y’ = 3 substituting in equation (2)
C2=3/2
Therefore the particular solution is
Y= 2cos2x + 3/2 sin2x
By trial error when y=2.43
X=250

Example
y’’-2y’-3y=0

Solution:
Auxiliary equation
m2-2m-3=0

Therefore m= (2(4-12))/2 = 12i

m1=1+2i m2=1-2i

Therefore the general solution is y= ex(c1cos2x+C2 sin2x)

----------(1)
Exercise: District Real Roots

Example: Solve
Y’’-y =0
Solution:
The auxiliary equation is m2 -1=0
It can be factored into
(m-1)(m+1)=0
The roots are m1 =1, and m2=-1
The solution is y= c1 eX + c2 e-X

Solve the following

1. y’’-2y’+4y=0 Ans: y=c1e4x+c2ex

2. y’’-5y’+6y=0 Ans: y=c1e2x+c2e 3x

3. 9y’’-9y’+2y=0 Ans: y=c1ex/3+c2e2x/3

4. 2y’’-3y’+y=0 Ans: y=c1ex+c2e x/2

5. y’’+y’-2y=0 Ans: y=c1e-2x+c2e x

6. 4y’’-16y’-3y=0 Ans: y=c1e3x/2+c2e-x/2

7. y’’+y’-2y=0 Ans: y=c1ex+c2e-2x

8. 4y’’-2(b+a)y’+aby=0 Ans: y=c1e ax/2+c2e-bx/2

9. y’’-(b+2a)y’+2aby=0 Ans: y=c1e 2ax+c2e-bx

10. y’’-(cos + sin)y’+sin cos y=0

Ans: y=c1e Sinx+c2eCosx

11. 2y’’-y’-y=0 Ans: y=c1e x+c2e-x/2

12. y’’+y’-6y=0 Ans: y=c1e 2x+c2e-3x

13. y’’-2sin y’- y=0

Ans: y=c1e (sin+ cos)x +c2e(sin-
cos)x
14. y’’+4y’-12=0 Ans: y=5/4e2x-1/4e-6x

15. y’’+y’-2y=0 Ans: y=1/3ex+5/3e-2x

16. y’’-7y’+12=0 Ans: y=-5e4x+6e3x

17. y’’-6y’-16y=0 Ans: y=1/2e2x+1/2e-8x

18. y’’+4y’-5y=0 Ans: y=1/2ex+1/2e-5x

19. 2y’’-5y’+2y=0 Ans: y=3/5e2x+2/5e-x/2

20. 6y’’+y’-2y=0 Ans: y=20/7e-x/2-6/7e2x/3

Roots are equal:

Homogeneous linear equation
Y’’ +ay’ + by =0
The auxiliary equation
m2 + a m + b =0
Example:
Y’’ =0
The roots are m2 =0 , hence m=0, double roots.
The solution is y= (c1 + c2x) emX
y= (c1 + c2x) e0X

The required solution is y= (c1 + c2x)

1. Y’’ -4y’ + 2y =0 Ans: y= (c1 + c2x) e2X

2. Y’’ -2y’ + y =0 Ans: y =(c1 + c2x) eX

3. Y’’ -6y’ + 9 y =0 Ans: y=(c1 + c2x) e3X

4. Y’’ -8y’ + 16 y =0 Ans: y= (c1 + c2x) e4X

5. 4Y’’ -2y’ + y =0 Ans: y=(c1 + c2x) eX/2

6. 9Y’’ + 12y’ + 4y =0 Ans: y=(c1 + c2x)e-2X/3

7. b2 Y’’ + 2aby’ + a2 y =0
Ans: y=(c1 + c2x) e-aX/b

8. Y’’ +2 y’ + 2y =0 Ans: y=(c1 + c2x) e- X

9. Y’’ - 2 sin a y’ + sin2 a . y =0

Ans: y=(c1 + c2x) e sin a x
10. b2 Y’’ - 2aby’ + a2 y =0
Ans: y=(c1 + c2x) eaX/b

11. Y’’ +2ay’ + a2 y =0

Ans: y=(c1 + c2x)e-ax

12. a2 Y’’ -2ay’ + 1 =0

Ans: y=(c1 + c2x) eX/a

13. 4Y’’ -12y’ + 9y =0

Ans: y=(c1 + c2x) e3X/2

14. 16Y’’ -8y’ + y =0

Ans: y=(c1 + c2x) ex/4

15. Y’’ -2a2 y’ + a4 y=0

 Ans: y=(c1 + c2x)

16. Y’’ +2 y’ + y =0; Y(0)= 1 ; Y’(0)=2

Ans: y=(1 + 3x) e-X

17. Y’’ -2(a-1) y’ + (a-1)2 y=0

Ans: y=(c1 + c2x)

18. Y’’ +4 y’ + 4y =0; Y(0)= 2 ; Y’(0)=-5

Ans: y=(2 - 5x) e-2X

19. Y’’ -4 y’ + 4y =0; Y(0)= 2 ; Y’(0)=6

Ans: y=2(1- 2x) e2X

20. Y’’ +4 y’ + 4y =0; Y(0)= 2 ; Y’(0)=-5

Ans: y=(2 - 5x) e-2X

Complex conjugate roots: second order differential equations

Homogeneous linear equation
Y’’ +ay’ + by =0
The auxiliary equation
m2 + a m + b =0
This is a quadratic equation.
CASE 3: complex conjugate roots if a2-4b <0,
m1= p+ iq
m2= p- iq
Solution y = e pX ( c1 cos qx + c2 sin qx)

Example : Solve

Y’’ +2a cos θ y’ + a2 y = 0

Solution:

The auxiliary equation : m2 + 2a cos m + a2 =0

m = (-2a )/2

=(-2a )/2

=-
 So, m1 =-a , m2 =-

are complex conjugates.

Here, p= ,

Therefore, the general solution is

Y= [c1 cos ( a sin +c2 sin ( a sin

1. Y’’ +2y’ + 2y = 0
Ans: y = e -X ( c1 cos x + c2 sin x)

2. Y’’ +3y’ + 5y = 0
Ans: y = e -1.5X (c1 cos 1.65 x + c2 sin 1.65x)

3. Y’’ + 16y = 0
Ans: y = (c1 cos 4 x + c2 sin 4x)
4. Y’’ +10y’ + 29y =0
Ans: y = e -5X (c1 cos 2 x + c2 sin2 x)

5. Y’’ +6y’ + 10y =0

Ans: y = e -3X (c1 cos x + c2 sin x)
6. Y’’ + a 2 y=0
Ans: y = (c1 cos ax + c2 sin ax)

7. Y’’ +2ay’ + (a2 +4) y =0

Ans: y = e -aX (c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x)

8. Y’’ +4y’ + 6y =0
Ans: y = e -2X (c1 cos x + c2 sin x)

9. Y’’ -4y’ + 13y =0

Ans: y=e 2X (c1 cos 3 x + c2 sin 3x)

10. 4Y’’ +8y’ + 7y =0

 Ans: y=e -X (c1 cos x + c2 sin x )

11. Y’’ -2 cos θy’ + cos2 +1 =0

Ans: y= c1 cos x + c2 sin x)

12. Y’’ -2 y’ + sin2 +1 =0

Ans: y= c1 cos (sin x + c2 sin (sin x]

13. Y’’ +4y’ + 5y =0; Y(0)=1 ; Y’(0) = 4

Ans: y=e -2X ( cos 6 x + sin 6x)

14. Y’’ -6y’ + 34y =0; Y(0) = 0 ; Y’(0) = 5

Ans: y=e 3X ( sin 5x)

15. Y’’ -8y’ + 17y =0; Y(0)=1 ; Y’(0) = 2

Ans: y=e 4X ( cos x + sin x)
16. Y’’ -2y’ + 26y =0; Y(0)=1 ; Y’(0) = 0
Ans: y=e X ( cos 5 x - sin 5x)

17. Y’’ -2y’ + 2y =0; Y(0)=1 ; Y’(0) = 2

Ans: y=e X ( cos x + sin x)

18. 3Y’’ -y’ + 2y =0; Y(0)=0 ; Y’(0) = 1

Ans: y=e X/6 ( sin x)

19. Y’’ -2y’ + (a2 + sin2 a) y =0; Y(0)=0 ; Y’(0) = 1

Ans: y= sin (sina)x

20. Y’’ + sin 2 a y =0; Y(0)=1 ; Y’(0) = 1

Ans: y=cos(sin a) x +

21. Y’’ -2y’ + 6y =0; Y(0)=2 ; Y’(0) = 3

 Ans: y=e X ( cos x + sin x)

22. Y’’ + 2 y =0; Y(0)= ; Y’(0) = 1

Ans: y= cos x + sin x

23. Y’’ -2 cos a y’ + (1 + cos2 a) y =0; Y(0)=1 ; Y’(0) = 1

Ans: y=e cos a x [ cos x +(1- cos a) sin x]

24. Y’’ +12 y’ + 37 y =0; Y(0)=2 ; Y’(0) = -8

Ans: y=2e-6X[ cos x +2 sin x]

 Third Order Differential Equations

 Miscellaneous differential equations
2. Nonhomogeneous linear differential equation
To solve nonhomogeneous equation:
y’’ + P(x) y’ + Q(x)y= F(x)
where F(x)0

We need to find
1) The complementary function, yc
2) Particular solution, yp.
Solution by method of undetermined coefficients (to find yp)

Table for trial particular solutions

F(x) yp
1. Constant A

2. 2x + 3 Ax + B

3. 2 x2 + 1 Ax2 + B x + C (Ex 1), (Ex2)

4. sin a x A cos ax + B sin ax (Ex 6)

5. cos ax A cos ax + B sin ax

6. e2x A e2x (Ex 3),

(Ex4)

7. (2 x2 + 1)e2x (Ax2 + B x + C) e2x

8. x e2x (Ax + B) e2x

9. (2x+1) e2x (Ax + B) e2x

10. x2 e2x (Ax2 + B x + C) e2x

11. e2x sin ax e2x A cos ax + e2x B sin ax (Ex5

step2)

12. e2x cos ax e2x A cos ax + e2x B sin ax

13. x cos ax (Ax + B) cos ax + (Cx + D) sin ax

(Ex 7)

14. x2 cos ax (Ax2 + B x + C)cos ax+

(Dx2 + E x + F) sin ax
 15. x ex cos ax (Ax + B) ex cos ax +
(Cx + D) ex sin ax
Example1

Solve
y” + y’ – 2y = 2 x2 + 2x --------------(1)

Solution
Step 1: Solve the associated homogeneous equation (LHS)
y” + y’ – 2y = 0

yc = C1 ex + C2 e –2x

Step 2: Note the form of F(x)=2 x2 + 2x which is a quadratic

polynomial, refer Table for yp with similar form

Yp1 = Ax2 + B x + C
Next, determine the specific coefficients A, B and C where yp
is the solution of Eq. (1).

Hence, differentiating Yp1

Yp1’ = 2 A x + B
Yp1” = 2A

Next, substituting yp and the derivatives into the original

equation:

2A + 2A x + B – 2A x2 – 2Bx – 2 c = 2x2 + 2 x

Equating the co-efficient of like powers of x of both sides:

2A + B – 2 c –2A x2 + 2Ax – 2Bx = 2x2 + 2 x

Therefore A= -1
2A-2B = 2
B= -2
2A + B – 2 C = 0
C= 2
Hence, yp1 = -x2 –2x-2

Step 3 Solve the second yp if any

Step 4 General solution

Y=yc + yp1 +yp2

y= C1 ex + C2 e-2x – x2 – 2x - 2

Verify the solution:

Differentiating the general solution obtained:

y’= C1ex –2C2e-2x –2x -2

y”= C1ex + 4C2 e-2x –2

Substituting the derivatives above in L.H.S of equation(1).

 C1ex +4 C2 e-2x –2 + C1ex –2C2 e-2x – 2x-2 -2C1 ex –2C2 e-2x +2x2 +
4x + 4
= 2x2 + 2 x (same as R. H. S)

Example 2
y” – y = 2 – t2, y (0) = 2 ; y’ (0) = 0

Step 1 (find yc):

m2 – 1 = 0
m=±1
Therefore yc = c1 et + c2 e-t

Step 2 (find yp): t2 (Table, #3)

y p = A t2 + B t + C
y’ = 2 At + B
y” = 2A

Substitute y and the derivatives into original eq y” – y = 2 – t2

Therefore 2A – A t2 – B t – C = 2 – t2
A=1
B=0
2A – C = 2, C = 0
So, yp = t2

Therefore y = yc + yp
y = c1 et + c2 e-t + t2

To determine C1 and C2 solve I.C. y (0) = 2 ; y’ (0) = 0

2 = C 1 + C2
y’ (0) = C1 et - C2 e-t + 2 t = 0
C1 – C 2 = 0
Therefore C1 =C2

C1 = 1 and C2 = 1
y = et + e t + t 2
Example 3 (repeated term)

Solve y’’ + y’ – 2y = 2 e x

Step 1 : solve LHS, get m = 1, -2

So yc = C1 ex + C 2 e –2x

Step 2 : Note that for RHS 2ex , a reasonable yp of form Aex

can be assumed (Table). However, ex is also a term in yc,
the equation cannot be solved using this yp. Therefore
multiply Aex with xn, where n is the smallest positive integer
that eliminates the duplication.

Let yp = A x ex
yp’ = A (x e x + ex )
= A x ex + A ex
yp” = A (x ex + ex) + A ex
= A xex + 2 A ex
Substitute derivatives into equation yields
Axex + 2 A ex + A x e x + A ex – 2Axex = 2 ex

Solving coefficients
ex : Ax + 2A + Ax + A – 2Ax = 2
Therefore
3A = 2 and A = 2/3
Therefore yp = 2/3 x ex

Step 3 : y = yc + yp
Y = C1 ex + C2 e –2x + (2/3) x ex

Solve for constants, y(0) = 1 ; y’ (0) = 0

C1 + C 2 = 1
y’ (0) = C1 ex – 2 C2 e-2x + (2/3) (x e x + ex)
0 = C1 –2C2 + (2/3)
-1 = -C1 ± C2
 -1 = -3 C2 + (2/3)
Therefore –1-(2/3) = -3 C2
Therefore –5/3 = -3C2
C2 = 5/9
C1 = 1-C2 = 1-(5/9) = (4/9)

Therefore y = (4/9) ex + (5/9) e-2x + (2/3) x ex

Example 4(Repeated roots: multiply with x2)

Solve
y” – 4 y’ + 4y = 4 e2x , y (0) = 1; y’ (0) = 2 ------------------(1)

Step 1
Let y’’ – 4 y’ + 4y = 0 {m1=m2=2}
yc = (C1 + C2 x )e2x

Step 2
4 e2x is of similar form with (Table) Ae2x, however, since, e2x
and xe2x are solution of homogenous equation corresponds
to a double root 2, we next try x2.

Let yp = A x2 e2x (Multiply by x2 )

yp’ = A (2xe2x + 2x2 e2x)
yp” = A ( 2 (e2x + 2xe2x) + 2 (2xe2x + 2x2 e2x) )

Substituting in equation 1

2 A e2x + 4Ax e2x + 4 Axe2x + 4 Ax2 e2x – 8 A x e2x – 8 A x2 e2x + 4

Ax2 e2x = 4 e2x

Therefore 2 A e2x = 4 e2x

Therefore A = 4/2 = 2

Yp = 2 x2 e2x
Therefore y= yc + yp
= (C1 + C2 x) e2x + 2 x2e2x

Find the constants using y (0) = 1; y’ (0) = 2

1 = C1
y’ = C1 e2x + C2 x e2x 2x2 e2x
y’ (0) = 2C1e2x + C2 (e2x + 2xe2x) + 2 (2xe2x + 2x2e2x)
3 = 2 C 1 + C2

Therefore C2 = 1
Therefore y = (1+x) e2x + 2x2 e2x 

Example 5
Solve
y’’ + 5 y’+ 6 = ex sin x ----------------------(1)

Step 1
(m+2) (m+3) =0
 yc = C1 e-2x + C2 e-3x

Step 2 (Check table *)

yp = ex (A cos x + B sin x ) {Item 11 in Table}
yp =A ex cos x + B ex sin x
y’p = A (ex cos x – ex sin x ) + B (ex sin x + ex cos x )
y”p = A (ex cos x – ex sin x – ex sin x – ex cos x ) + B ( ex sin x + ex
cos x+ ex cos x – ex sin x )
= - 2 A ex sin x + 2 B ex cos x
Substituting in equation 1
-2A ex sin x + 2 B ex cos x + 5Aex cos x –5Aex sin x + 5 B ex sin x
+ 5Bex cos x + 6Aex cos x + 6B ex sin x = ex sin x
ex sin x: (-2A-5A+5B+6B)=1
ex cos x: (2B+ 5A+5B+6A) = 0

-7A + 11 B = 1
11A + 7 B = 0
-77A + 121 B = 11
77A + 49 B = 0

Therefore B= 11/170 {CHECK!!}

Yp = (1/7)ex cosx

Therefore A = 7/170 {CHECK!!}

yp  = (1/170) ex ( -7 cos x _+ 11 sin x )

Therefore y= yp + yc
= C1 e-2x + C2 e-3x –ex ((7/170) cos x – (11/170) sin x)
Example 6

y” + y = 2x + 2 sinx ---------------------(1)
y(π/2) = 0; y’ (π/2) = 1

Solution
Step 1
Auxiliary equation m2 + 1 = 0
Therefore m = ±i
yc = e0 (C1 cos x + C2 sin x )
yc = C1 cos x + C2 sin x

Step 2
yp1 and yp2 (2 terms in RHS) (Table)
yp1 (2x) = Ax+B (#2)
yp2 (sinx) = C cosx + E sinx (# 4)
Therefore yp = Ax + B + C cosx + E sinx
However, since cos x and sinx both appear in the
complementary function, the above equation is multiplied
with x for C cosx and E sinx.
 Therefore new yp = Ax + B + C x cosx + Ex Sinx
Yp’ = A + C (cos x – x sin x ) + E (x cos x + sin x)
Yp” = -C sin x – C (x cos x + sinx) + E (cos x-x sin x) + E cos x

Substitute in equation 1
- C sin x – C x cos x – C sin x + E cos x – Ex sin x + E cos x +
Ax+B + Cx cos x + Ex sin = 2x+3sinx

(-2C) sin x + 2E cos x + Ax + B = 2x + 3 sin x

Therefore y = yc+yp = Ax + B – 2C sin x + 2 E cos x = 2x + 2 sin x

By comparing the co-efficient of x, sin x and cos x

A = 2, B=0, -2 C=2, 2E =0
Therefore A = 2 , B=0, C= -1, E=0

Therefore yp = 2x – x cos x
Therefore y = C1 cos x +C2 sin x + 2x – x cos x
Applying the initial values
0 =0 +C2 + 2 * (π/2) -----(1)
Therefore C2 = - π
Y’= -C1 sinx +C2 cos x + 2- (Cos x – x sinx )
1 = -C1 + 0 + 2 + (π/2)

Therefore C1 = 1 + π/2 = (π+2) /2

y=(π+2) /2 cos x – π sin x + 2x – x cos x

 Example 7
Solve
Y’’+y = 4 x sin x

Solution (CHECK!):
Step 1
yc = c1 cos x + c2 sin x

Step 2 (Ex7)
(Table)
yp = (Ax + B) x C cos x + (Cx +D) x E sin x (??)
( note : here sin x is in the yc ,hence multiplied by x)
y’p = A (2 x cos x- x2 sin x) + B ( cos x- x sin x) + C( x2 cos x+ 2x
sin x) + E ( x cos x+ sin x)

y’’p =2A( cos x – x sin x) –A( 2 x sin x + x2 cos x) – B sin x – B (x

cos x+ sin x) + c ( 2 x cos x- 2 sin x) + 2 c( x cos x + sin x ) + E
( cos x – x sinx ) + E cos x

Substituting in equation 1 and solving results

 A = -1
B=0
C=0
D=1

yp = -x2 cos x + x sinx

Therefore y = yc + yp
= C1 cosx +C2 sinx - x2 cos x + x Sinx

Determine trial solutions Yp: (use Table)

1. y” – 2y’ – 3y=4x – 5 + 6xe2x

yc= C1 e-x + C2 e3x
yp= Ax + B + (Cxe2x + Ee2x)
 2. y” – 5y’+4y=8ex
yc= C1 ex + C2 e4x
yp= Axex

3. y” – 8y’+25y=5x3e-x - 7e-x
yc= e4x (C1 cos 3x + C2 sin 3x)
yp= (Ax3+Bx2+Cx+E)e-x

4. y” – 6y’+9y=6x2 + 2 - 12e3x
yc= C1 e3x + C2 xe3x
yp=Ax2+Bx+C-Ex2e3x