Diff Eq Solution Manual

1
Introduction to Differential Equations

Exercises 1.1 _
1. Second-order;
2. Third-order;
linear. nonlinear because of (dyjdx)4.
3. First-order; 4. First-order; 5. Fourth-order; 6. Second-order; 7. Second-order; 8. Second-order; 9. Third-order; 10. First-order; 11. From y 12. From y
13. From y
nonlinear because of yy'. linear. linear. nonlinear because of sin y. nonlinear because of nonlinear because of linear. nonlinear because of
((fly/
l/rz.
dx2)
2.
J?
=
= e-x/2 we obtain y' = -1e-x/2. Then 2y' + y = _e-x/2 + e-x/2 = 8 we obtain y' = 0, so that y' + 4y = 0 + 4(8) = 32.
= e3x + lOe2x
we obtain dy/dx
O.
= 3e3x + 20e2x. Then
dy _ 2y dx _ 14. From y 6 6
5 5
(3e3x
=
+ 20e2x)
(e3x
+ lOe2X)
= 3x.
= - - _e-20t we obtain dy/dt

dy
24e-20t, so that 5
_
~e-20t)
dt
+ 20y = 24e-2Ot + 20 (~
= 24.
15. From y = 5 tan 5x we obtain y' = 25 sec2 5x. Then
y' = 25 sec2 5x = 25 (1 -+ tan2 5x) = 25 + (5 tan 5x?

16. From y
25 + ~ .
= (y'x + Cl) 2 we obtain y' = 2 ( ..;x + Cl) /2y'x, so that
u
17. From y =
,y'X"+Cl
=
VI
(y'X";Cl)2
= ff ' V;x
- lOe-x. Then 10 e
!sin x - !cos x + lOe-x 2 2

y , +y= (1 1. "2cosx+"2smx-
we obtain y' = 10 e
-x)
!cos x + ~sinx 2 2
1 + (1. "2smx-"2cosx+
-x)
=smx.
Exercises 1.1
18. First write the differential equation in the form 2xy x2y
+ (x2 + 2y) r/
From y
O. Implicitly -l/x2
differentiating
+ y2
ct we obtain 2xy 2x-3
+ (x2 + 2y)
y'
= O.
= -2ylx.
=
19. First write the differential
equation in the form y' y' = 1, so that (y')3 y2

= Cl
we obtain y'
= 2x-3,
so that -2ylx 20. From V = x

21. Implicitly
= y'.
+ 1 we obtain
differentiating
(x +
I
+ xy'
1 + x = y.
=
~Cl)
we
obtain y'
2
ct/2y.
Then
2xy 2 {x, _x2,
CIX c y2 + y(y I)2 = _ + __!_ = _ Y 4y Y if
= y.
22. Writing
xlxl as if x::: 0
x::::
if x < 0
we see that if x::: 0 if x < 0,
Iyl
= x2,
-00
<
<
00,
and
yfyi =
{~x,
if x < 0
Since y I = {2X' -2x,
it is apparent
that y'
2/iY1.
23. From y = xlnx
we obtain y' = 1 + lnx. Then y' -'!_y x P
= 1.
24. Differentiating
aq eat
I (1 + bel eat)
we obtain
2
dP dt
(1 + bCleat) a cleat
aCleat 1 + bCleat .
- aCjeat . abqeat
(1 + beleat)2
=
25. Implicitly differentiating Then
[a (1 + beleat)
1 + bCleat
- abcl eat]
= Pta - bP).
dt
dX
2-x In -I-x
- x).
l
In(2 - x) -In( 1- x)
t we obtain -_.
-1 2-x
dX -1 dX - -.dt I-x dt
1.
= (2 - X)(! y
= =
26. Differentiating y' Substituting
e-x
2 2
r Jo et 2dt + cle-x
2
we obtain
2
e-x eX - 2xe-x
Jo
[X
et dt - 2clxe-x
= 1 - 2xe-x Jo et
2
[X
dt - 2clxe-x
into the differential equation, we have
11 + 2xy =
1- 2xe-
X2
F Jo
e dt - 2qxe-
t2
x2
+ 2xex2
2 -
x2
F Jo
.
e dt
t2
+ 2clxe-
x2
1.
27. First write the differential equation in the form y'

CJ
=-
y2
-xv
Then CI(x = xeY

/
+ y)2
= xeY/x implies
=(
xeY/x )2 and implicit differentiation x+y
gives 2Cj (x
+ y)(l + V')
x_-2-
xy' - Y x
+ eY/ x.
Solving
Exercises 1. 1
for y' we obtain 1-~-~
2x ---1
x+y
x+y
28. Prom y
y"
=
cle3x
+ C2C4x
we obtain y'
= 3ctd3x
4c~e-4x
and y"
= !Jcle3x + 16c2e-4x,
so that
+ y'
- 12y = O.
29. From y
= e3x cos 2x we obtain y' = 3e3x cos 2x - 2e3x sin 2x and y" = 5e3x cos 2x - 12e3x sin 2x, so that y" - 6y' + 13y = O. = e2x+xe2x
=
30. From y 31, From V 32. From y 33. Prom y 34. From y V"
dy we obtain dx
= 3e +2xe3x and dx2 = Be x+4xe2x

-5cI sin 5x and y"
1
X
2x
d2y
so that
d2y dy dx2 -4 dx +4y = O.
cosh x
Cl
+ sinh
x we obtain V'
= sinh x + cosh x and V" = cosh x + sinh x = y.
cos 5x we obtain y'
= - 25cI cos 5x, =(

x.
-1
so that V" so that V"
+ 25y = O. + (yl)2
= o.
= In Ix + cll + C2 we obtain y' = ~~ = - cos x In(secx + tanx) we obtain

y"
+ Cl
y'
and y"
=
+ Cl
)2 '
-1 + sin z In(sec x + tan x) and
= tan x + cosx In(sec x + tanx). Then
+ Y = tan
and y"
35. Prom V 36. From y
= Cl + C2X-1
=x
= x2
COIl
we obtain y'
= -C2X-2
= 2C2X-3, so that x rPV2 + 2 dV

dx x) and y'l
dx
O. x), so
(In x) we obtain y'
=-
sin(In x)
+ cos(ln
= -1 cos(ln x) x
that xZy" - XV' 37. From V 38.
+ 2V =
.!. sin(ln x
O.
39. 40.
+ x21n X we obtain v' = 3x + 2x In x and y" = 5 + 21nx so that xZy" - 3xyl + 4V = o. From y = Cl sin 3x + C2cos 3x + 4ex we obtain y' = 3c 1 cos 3x - 3C2 sin 3x + 4ex, 11' = -9cI sin 3x - 9C2 cos 3x + 4ex, and ylll = - 27 Cl cos 3x + 27 C2 sin 3x + 4e"', so that ylll - y" + 9y' - 9V = O. From V = x2 eX we obtain yl = XZ eX + 2xex, y" = x2 eX + 4xex2ex, and ylll = x2 eX + 6xex + 6e"', so that ylll - 3V" + 3V' - y = O. From y = CIX Inx+ 4x2 we obtain y' = CJ +ci In.'C' + 8x, yll = CIX-1 + 8, and ylll = -CIX-2, so that
3 d3y X
dx3
+ 2x
2 d2y
dx2
dy dx
+V=
12x . y' =
41. From y
=
=
-x2, { z: 2 ,
X<O we obtain x ;::0 x<
{-2X,
2x,
2
x<O so that xy' - 2y x ;::-0 ' x< so that x~0
= O.
4
42. From y
a,
x,
x;::- 0
0 we obtain y ,_- {O, 3
x,
(y')2
{O '
x<o
9x ,
x;::-
0.
Exercises 1. 1
43. From V
Vi
=
ex
+ c2
we obtain V'
2kx so that XV'
+ (V')2
= c so that XV' + (V')2

implies that x2k(1
ex
+ r? =
V'
From y -1/4
kx2 we obtain
=V
+ 4k) =
O. Then k
produces a singular
solution.
44. From y
Vi
('1
+~
we obtain
11 = c so
that xV' =-
+ )1 + (yl)2 =
V. From x2
+ y2
= 1 we obtain
-x/V.
Then for V
#- 0,
XVi
+ VI + (V')2
_x2
V
VV2
1 G
y2 =~
= y. The condition -1 < x < 1
is implied by x2 45. By inspection, V
+ y2 =
1 together with V
#- O.
Note that this is the "solution" obtained by computing family of solutions.
-1 is a singular solution.
the limit as c approaches infinity of the one-parameter 46. The function V
={
.../4=?,
-~,
-2 < x < 0
OS;x<2
is not continuous at x = 0 (the left hand limit is 2

=
and the right hand limit is -2,) and hence Vi does not exist at x 47. From y
=
O.
emo: we obtain y' = memx and y" = m2emx. m2emx - 5memx
Then V" - 5y'
+ 6y
=
0 implies
+ 6emx =
y
(m - 2)(m - 3)emX
O.
Since emx 48. From y
> 0 for all x, m

em:t we obtain y'
2 and m
= 3. Thus
e'1x
and y
e3x
are solutions.
memx
and V"
m2emx.
Then y" + lOy' = (m
+ 25y
O.
0 implies
m2emx
+ lOmemo: + 25emx
e5x
+ 5)2emx =
Since emx > 0 for all 49. Using y' m( m -
X,
= 5. Thus, V =
is a solution. into the differential equation we obtain m- 1 m2
1)xm
= mxm-l
- xm
and y"
= (m'1 -
m(m-l)xm-2
m-
1) Xffi = O. Solving
and substituting
-
0 we obtain m
00 are y
(1 ± ..j5) /2.
and
Thus, two solutions of the differential equation on the interval 0 y = X(l-.,I5)/'1. 50. Using y'
X2y"
<x <
X(I+v'S)/2
= mxm-1 and V" = m(m-1)xm-2

= [m(m - 1)
m(m - 1)
and substituting
into the differential equation we obtain
+ 6xy' + 4y
m
+ 6m + 4}xm,
The right side will be zero provided m satisfies (m
+ 6m + 4 = m'1 + 5m + 4 =
+ 4)(m + 1) = O.
0
Thus, y=x-4
= -4, -1
and V=x-I.
and two solutions of the differential equation on the interval

x2 and Y2 = x3 arc solutions. 2 = 2Cl + 6C2X so that x 4xV~
<x <
00
are
51. It is easily shown that
YI
If Y3
= qYI =
+ C2Y2
CIX2
+ e2x3
then
lfJ = 2CI x + 3C2X2

are solutions.
and
vj
11j 4
+ 6V3
O. Hence
clYl,
C2Y2, and YI
+ Y2
Exercises 1.2
52.
It is easily shown that Yl = x2 and Y2 that xy'

so that
= x3 are solutions.
Cl
If Y = ClYl = 2clx
+ 2q
then y' then y'
= 2cI so = -C2X
+ -2xy'
(y')2
2ClX
=
+ 2c~ i= y
for
fi=
0 and Cl =I- L If y 0 and

C2
C2l/2
(-C2/2)x2
=
+ -2-
(y')l
Txl (y')2
_c2
=I- y for
= -2-
C2
=I-
1. If Y
Yl
+ in
-xl/2
YI
+ 2x + 2 then
are solutions.
y'
= -x + 2 so that xy' + -2-
-xl
+ 2 f- y.
Thus, none of
CIYl,
CZY2, and
+ Yl
53. (a) Y
(b) no real solution
(c) y
1or y = -1
Exercises 1.2
1. The sum of the forces acting on the body is mg - kv where k is a constant Newton's second law we have mg - kv
_
of proportionality, From
and the minus sign indicates that the resistance acts in a direction opposite to the motion.
=m~
dv dt
dv
dt
or ~d t
2
dv
+-
v = g.
2. From Newton's second law we obtain m~ 3. (a) From g (b) Using

a = k/R2
= -kv
d2r dt2 dv
+ mg.
k
we find k
gR2.
crr
dtl
and part (a) we obtain

dv dr gR2
a = r2
rz
gRZ
d2r or dt2
9Rz
O.
(c) Part (b) becomes dr dt -
rz = 0 or v dr - rz
gR2
O.
4. (a) The sum of the forces acting on the satellite is ma - kv, so by Newton's second law, d2r gRZ dr gRZ ema - kv = m dtz' From Problem 3, a = -;:2' Thus, using v = dt' m~ - kv = m dt2 or crr
dt2
+m
k dr
dt
rz .
t
=
gR2
(b) Letting
= T and ddT
v, the equation is part (b) becomes dd
+ !5_ v
m
9, which is the
equation is Problem 1. . dq J2q 5. Since i = dt and L dt2
+ R dt =
dq
. di E(t) we obtain L dt
+ R~ = E(t).
6. By Kirchoff's second law we obtain R~~ 7. The differential equation is dt 9

dh
+ ~q =
y2gh.
E(t). Using AD
= 1r
= -~
0.6Ao . ~.
( 2)2
12
36' Aw = 102
7r
100, and
32 this becomes dh dt
= _ 0.6n/36
100
J64h
= _ 8n..,Jh = _~
6000
750
Fh
Exercises 1.2
8. The differential equation is dt and 9 = 32 this becomes
dh
O.6Ao ---;r,:- y~2gh,
(1 Using Ao = 11" 24
)2
11" 576'
Aw
11"(2)2
411",
dh
dt dh 9. The differential equation is -d and 9
= 32.
0.611"/576 411"
=-
J64h = _ 0.6(8) /h = __ 1 ../h.

4(576) 480 ~ ( 1 )2 11" Y 2gh. We have Ao = 11" =12 144 (5 - h)2 = 25 where x represents the
To find Aw we solve x2
-A
0.6Ao
w
radius of the circular area of the surface of the water whose depth is h. From x = VlOh - h2 we obtain Aw = 1I"(10h - h2). Thus dh dt
= _ 0.6:11"/144
1I"(10h - h2)
v'64ii. = _
1 30h(1O - h)
v'h = _
1 30..;h (10 - h) .
10. The differential equation is A'(t) 11. The differential equation is x'(t) 12. Equating
= kA{t) where k > O. = r - kx(t) where k > O.
Newton's law with the net forces in the x- and y-directions gives m dt2
J2x
= 0 and
d2y . dt 13. From Newton's second law in the x-direction we have
m-2 = -mg, respectively.
m-
~x
dt2
= -kcosB = -k--
1~ v dt
= -icl-.
~ dt
~ dt
In the y-direction we have

m-
J2y = 2
dt
-mg - ksmB
= -mg - k--
1~ v dt
= -mg -Icj-.
14. The differential equation is x' (t) 15. To better understand
k( a - x) ((3 - x) where a and (3 are the given amounts of chemicals
A and B, respectively, and k > 0,

the problem extend the line L down to the x-axis. Then we ~ ~, and ~; ~ tan
see from the figure that ¢ ~ 26, t~¢ tan<p

=
G-
I
~,
x
LI¥
6) ~ cot 6. Now
+2y
tan 29
= 1 _ tan2 £I =
2tanB
y'
so
= 1_
2(dx/dy)
(dxjdy)2
and x
(dX)2 dy
(dX) dy
= x.
Exercises 1.2
16. We have from Archimedes' principle
upward force of water on barrel
= weight
of water displaced
= (62.4) x (volume of water displaced)
= (62.4)7r(s/2)2y
It then follows from Newton's second law that
9
--2
= 2
15.67rs2y.
wcPy
g
32 and w is the weight of the barrel in pounds.
dt
-15.67rS Y or dt2
J2y
15.67rs2g w Y
0, where
17. By combining Newton's second law of motion with his law of gravitation, m cP~ dt
=
we obtain of proportionality.
-kl m~ y
, where M is the mass of the earth and kl is a constant
d2y Dividing by m gives -d 2
= -2' where k
k y
kIM.
The constant k is gR2, where R is the radius of
the earth. This follows from the fact that on the surface of the earth y kl M = g R2, or k = gR2. If t the corresponding 18. Substituting (rna - at) dt
= R so that kl R2 = mg,
=
mM
=0
is the time at which burnout occurs, then y( 0)
+ YB,
=
where VB is
YB is the distance from the earth's surface to the rocket at the time of burnout, velocity at that time. equation we obtain
and y'(O)
into the differential

= ab - 'fnOg
-(rno - at)g
(mo - at) dt
dv
+ b( -a)
or
dv
+ agt.
= ----,====
19. By the Pythagorean 20. (a) We have M;
Theorem the slope of the tangent line is y'
Js
-y
2-
y2'
3°1'
and M F
=
4 3 oR 3 .
Then M;
3
r R3 and
3M
-k Mrm
1'2
-k r Mm/R3
1'2
= -k mM
R3
1'.
(b) From F
= ma =
m dt2 and part (a) we have
d2r
TTl
d21' dt2
= -k
mM R3
or
P1'
dt2
=-
kM R3
l'
= -w
where w2
= k R3'
21. The differential equation is dA __k(M - A). dt 22. The differential equation is
at =
dA
kJ (M - A) - k2A.
Chapter 1 Review Exercises

1. First-order;
ordinary; nonlinear because of y2, ordinary; nonlinear because of sinxy. partial. ordinary; linear.
=
2. Third-order; 3. Second-order;
4. Second-order;
5. From y = x + tanx we obtain y' have y' + 2xy = 2 + x2 + y2,

6. From y = Cl cos(ln x) y" so that x2y" 1. From y = and ylll = 8. From
y
1 + sec2 x, and y" = 2 sec2 x tan x. Using 1 + tan2 x

we obtain y'
sec2 x we
+ C2 sin(lnx)
= -;
=-
1 [C2 cos(ln x
xl - ct sin(ln xl] and

Cl
ICI cos(lnx) + C2 sin(lnx) + C2 cos(1n x)

+3 we obtain y'
y(4) = clex - C2e-x
sin(lnx)]
+ xy' + y = O.
+C2e-x
C2e-x
Gtex
+C3e2x
2c3e2x, y" = CteX
C2e-x
4cse2x,
CteX -
8cae2x
so that ylll - 2y" - y'
+ 2y
= 6.
y(4) -
= sin 2x + cosh 2x we obtain
= 16sin 2x + 16 cosh 2x so that

10. Y = e5x 12. y
=
16y
O.
13. y=e"',y=O 15. y=sinx,y=cosx,y=O
14. Y = 16. y=e'"
VI
derivatives, we then must have
17. For all values of y, y2 - 2y ~ -1. Avoiding left- and right-hand
x2 -
x-I
> - L That is, x < 0 or x > L
18. If [z] < 2 and
Iyl >
2, then (dy/dx)2 dh t
< 0 and the differential equation has no real solutions. This

Ao~
w
is also true for [z]
> 2 and Iyl < 2.

IS
. . .. 19. The differential equation r corresponding
~d
= - -A V 2gh. We have Ao = -. To find Aw we note that the radius
1 4
to Aw satisfies
h=
dh
dt
8 20' Thus 1/4
= 5 and Aw = """"25' Then

~ 25...j2gJi
161rh3/2 .
2h
41rh2
= - 41r h2/25 V 2gh = . dv
20. From Newton s second law we obtain m dt =
Zmg
ilTmg
V3
or
dv
dt
= 16 1 - v'3 J1,
2
1. For
First-Order Differential Equations

Exercises 2.1
f (x, y)
=
_
Thus the differential equation will have a unique solution
y2/3 we have ~~
~y
-1/3.
in any rectangular 2. For f(x, y)
region of the plane where y

=
= vxy we have ~~
4{f;.
f. o.
Thus the differential equation will have a unique solution
in any region where x
> 0 and y > 0 or where x <
and y < O.
f 3. For f(x, y) = ~ we have aa x y region where x i- O. . 4. For f(x, y)

=
= ~. x
=
Thus the differential equation will have a unique solution in any
+y
XZ
aj we have 8y
1. Thus the differential
equation will have a unique solution in
the entire plane. 5. For f(x, ~4 2 we have A.. = -y <.Iy (4-y2) solution in any region where y < -2, -2 < y
y)
af
2xZy
2'
Thus the differential equation will have a unique

y
< 2, or
> 2.
6. For i(x, y)
we have ~ = z : Thus the differential equation will have a unique l+y uy (1+y3) solution in any region where y i- -1.
XZ = --3
af
_3xZyz
7. For [t», y)
81 2x2y we have -a = x +y y (xZ + y2) solution in any region not containing (0,0).
=
-2--Z
yZ
z· Thus the differential equation will have a unique
8. For f(x, y)
y+x of -2x we have -a = ( )2' y-x y y-x solution in any region where y < x or where y
= -~
Thus the differential equation
will have a unique
> z:
9. For f(x, y)
= x3 cosy we have :~ = _xz sin y. Thus the differential equation will have a unique = (x l)ey/(:r-lj
solution in the entire plane. 10. For f(x, y) we have ~:
ey/(:r-l).
Thus the differential equation
will have a
unique solution in any region where .r 11. Two solutions are y 12. Two solutions are y 13. Thc solution is y
i-
1.
0 and y
= x3.
= 0 and y = xZ. (Also, any constant multiple of x2 is a solution.)
= 0, which is unique by Theorem 2.1.
Exercises 2. 1
14. A function satisfying the differential equation and the initial condition is y = 1. Although
f (x, y) = Iy ~
15. For y
=
11 is continuous,
{} / 8y is not continuous at y f
1, so Theorem 2.1 does not apply.
ex we have y' = c, from which we see that y = ex is a solution of
xy
= y for all values of
c. All of these solutions satisfy the initial condition y(O) a solution since it is not differentiable at x
O. The piecewise defined function is not
= O.
16. (a) Since 1 +y2 and its partial derivative with respect to yare continuous everywhere in the plane, the differential equation has a unique solution through every point in the plane. (b) Since ~(ta.n 1 + tan2 x
equation and the initial condition.
dx
x)
sec2 x
and
tan 0 = 0, y = tanx
satisfies the differential
(c) Since - 2 <
< 2 and tan x is undefined for x interval -2 < x < 2.

1r /2
= 1r /2,
= tan x is not a solution on the

=
(d) Since tan x is differentiable and continuous on -1 < x < 1, Y value problem on the interval -1 < x < 1.
For Problems 17-20 we identify f(x,y) for Iyl
=
tan x is a. solution of the initial
Jy2 - 9 and
a//ay =
y2/Jy2
- 9.
We further note that
f (x,
y) is discontinuous
< 3 and that (}f / ay is discontinuous for Iyl < 3. We then apply
Theorem 2.1. 17. The differential equation has a unique solution at (1, 4). 18. The differential equation is not guaranteed 19. The differential equation is not guaranteed 20. The differential equation is not guaranteed to have a unique solution at (5,3). to have a unique solution at (2, -3). to have a unique solution at (-1, 1).
Exercises 2.2
In many of the following problems we will encounter an expression of the form In Ig(y)1 = I(x) solve for g(y) implies g(y) 1. From dy 2. From dy 3. From dy we exponentiate
= ±ece/(x).
_
+ c.
To
both sides of the equation.
This yields Ig{y)1

= qe/{x).
= e/(:1')+c = eCe/(z)
which
Letting q
±ec
we obtain g(y) 1
= sin 5x dx we obtain y = -"5 cos 5x + c. = (x + 1)2 dx we obtain

=
y = ~(x
-+ 1)3 + c.
+ c.
10
1 _e~:n: dx we obtain y = '3e-3:>:
Exercises 2.2
4. From dy
=
= =
1 ""2 dx we obtain y x
=_
-1 + c. x
5.
From dy
x +6 dx x+
2xe-xdx
1 = (1 +
~5_)
x+ 1
dx we obtain y
-2xe-x
x+ 51nlx + 11+ c.
6. From dy
we obtain y
+ 2e-x + c.
7. From - dy = - dx we obtain In Iyl = 41n [z] + cor y
Y
y
Clx4.
8. From ~ dy = -2x dx we obtain
In Iyl = _x2 + c or y
y-2
= CI
e-x2•
1 9. From •.3 dy
IF
= ""2 dx we obtain
X
=-+
X
C.
10. From ~-1

y+
11.
dy
11. From y2 dy
( 1 x1)
x2
=-
dx we obtain In Iy + 11 = In Ixl + cory + 1 = CIX. _.' 1-1 + dx we obtain :3y3 = ----;; In Ixl + c or xy3 = -3 + 3x In Ixl +
+ CIX.
12. From (; + 2Y) dy
= sin x dx we obtain In Iyl + y2
=-
cos x
+ c.
13. From cZlldy = e3xdx we obtain 3e-2y + 2e3x = c.

14. From yeYdy 15'. From ~ 2+y 16. From Y
= (e-x
+ e-3X)
4+x
=
dx we obtain yell - eY
+ e-x + ~e-3X =
C
C. y2
dy
=~
dx we obtain In 12 + y21 = In 14 + x21 + we obtain -1

y
= 2
or 2 +
= ci
(4
x2).
(~+
1) dy
~dx 1 +x
+y =
[r +
tan-1 x +
C.
C.
17. From 2ydy yZ 18. Prom ~-dy y+l 19. From
~x_dx
x+l
we obtain y2 1
x -In
11 +
= 2dx we obtain -2Y -y+lnly+
y + 2+
1)
dy
1 x
1 11 = --x +C 2y + lnlyl 1
4x
12 or -2Y -y+lnly+
3 gX
dy
x21nxdx
we obtain
y2 2+
x = '3 In IxlC.
1 11 = --+CI. x
C.
20. From (2y 21. From
+ 3)2
= (4x
+ 5)2 dx =
we obtain 2y
g;kr.
+3 =
+5 +
1 S dS =
. k dr we obtain S
22. From _1_ dQ = k dt we obtain In IQ - 701 = kt + cor Q - 70 Q-70 23. From p ~ p2dP = or ~p 1-
clekt.
(~+ 1 ~ p)
dP
dt we obtain In !PI-In
=
_:;__---c
II-PI
= Hc so that In 1 ~ P = He
Cl et.
Solving for P we have P
1 clef' +
~~
11
Exercises 2.2
24. From ~ dN = (tet+2 111 25. From -dy cscy -cosy=--x--sm1 2 1) dt we obtain In
INI =
tet+2
et+2
t + c.
or sin y dy = - cos2 X dx = -- (1 + cos 2x) dx we obtain sec x 2 1. 2x+c 2X+CI. or 4cosy=2x+sin 4 sin3x 2 . 2 1 2 26. From 2ydy = --3dx = - tan3x sec 3x dx we obtain y = -- sec 3x + c. cos 3x 6 e2y - y sin2x 2 sin x cos x ( ) . dy = --dx = ---27. From --dx or eY - ye-Y dy = - 2 sm x dx we obtain eY cosx cosx
= ---2 - dx
ell
+ ye-ll + e-Y =
ell (eY
2cosx
+ c.
28. From tany

29. From 30. From
dy = x cos x dx we obtain In sec
s]
x sin x
+ cosx + c.
-I
+ 1)
dy =
-ex
(eX
+ 1)
dx we obtain - (eY
1/2
+ 1)
1+ y
1 = -2 (eX
=
+ 1)- + c.
2)1/2
Y (1 + y2)
1/2 dy =
x (1 + x2)
dx
we obtain
2)1/2
1+ x
+ c.
31. From (
y )2 dy y+l
1/2 + -- ) dx we obtain 1/2 = -1 1 2 dx or ( -- 1 - ( 1) )2 dy = ( --x

y+l V+l 1 -In
l+x
I-x
In Iy + 32. From 2y dy 33. From
11 + -- = y+l
=
11 + xl-
1 -2In 11-
xl + c.
= (2x + 1) dx we obtain y2
(1 __
x2
+ X + c.
dy
y - 2 dy = x-I dx or y+3 x+4 y- 5lnlyy + dy = x + y-I x-3
5_) y-3
= (1 __ 5_) dx we obtain
x+4
or
31 = x
- 51nlx+
41 +c
x+4 -y-3
5 )
=cre
x-
y.
34. From
dx or
(1 + _2_) y-I
.
dy =
(1 + _5_) x-3
31+ c
2
dx we obtain (Y-If X-II (x _ 3)5 - ere .
Y + 21 Iy - 1 I = x ,n 35. From cot y
+ 51n Ix
or
dy
1
(2 cos2 y - 1) - cos2 Y
dy = smx dx or
cos Y - 1
=-
csc2 Y dy
= sinx dx we obtain
= - cos X + c.
36. From secy dy + sin xcosy - cosxsin y = sin x cosy + cos xsin y we find secy dy dx 1 1 . dy = esc 2y dy = cos x dx. Then -In I esc 2y - cot 2yl = sinx + c. 2~y~y 2
2sinycosx
12
Exercises 2.2 =
37. From xdx 38. From

.
R
4+y2
R
1_y2 1
e=
dy we obtain ~x2 2
1
= sin-I y + cor
= sin
(X22
+ Cl)'
dy = ~ 4-x
dx we obtain
eX
J 4 + y2
sin -I ~ 2 1
+ C.
1 39. From ....... = dy
u:
40. To integrate dx /
J -----:;;; = J
dx x+yX dy
1 + e-;J: dx = {)2 + 1 dx we obtain -- Y = tan- eX + c. eX (x + .J:i) make the substitution u2 = x. Then 2u du = dx

-2--
2u du = u +u
and
2 du --1 = 21n u+
lu + 11 c = 21n ()..;x + 1 + c. +
1)
1 Thus, from --y+v'Y
1 x+
.J:i dx
x
we obtain 21n
(..;y +
= 21n ( yX +
1) +
In{l
c or
v'Y+1
41. From (1
=CJ
(JX+l).
dx
=
sin z l+cosx
1 e-fl+l
dy
= --
l+eY
eY
dy we obtain -In(I
q
+ cosx)
+ eY)
+ c or
+ eY)(I + cos x) = CI. is (1 + efl)(l + cos x) = 4.

42. From 1 (2 )2 dy 1+ Y
=
Using y(O)
= 0 we find
= 4. The solution of the initial-value problem
-x
1 + (x~)
-1
2 dx we obtain
1 -tan 2 Using y{l)

=
2y
1 --tan 2
-1
+c
or problem is
0 we find
Cl = 7r/4.
The solution of the initial-value tan-12y
43. From
vh
y2
=
+ tan-l
x2
=~
4'
+1
dy = 4x dx we obtain Vy2 problem is
+ 1 = 2x2 + c. Using y(O) = 1 we find c = ..;2. The
solution of the initial-value 44. From ~dy y

c = 3e-1/2.
Jy
+1=
2
2x2
+ ..;2.
y
= Ctct-t2/2.
(1- t)dt
we obtain Inlyl
t - ~t2
+ cor
Using y(l)
= 3e-(t-I)2/2.
3 we find
The solution of the initial-value problem is y dx
= 3et-t2/2-1/2 =
45. From ~
x~ + 1
= 4dy we obtain tan-1 x
4y
=
+ c.
4y -
Using x(7r/4)
solution of the initial-value problem is tan-I x 46. From _l_dy y2-1

=
3:
1 we find
or x
tan (4y _
3;).
C=
-37r/4.
The
_1_dx x2-1
or ~ 2 y-l
(_1
y+I
1_) dy = ~ (_1 2 x-I
x+l
1_) dx we obtain
Exercises 2.2
In Iy-II-lnly+
11 = Inlx-ll-lnlx+
11 +c or --
y-l
The solution of the initial-value I-x 47. From - dy = -2- dx y x y(-I) = -1 we find Cl
= 2" - - dx we obtain In Iyl = -- - In Ixl = cor xy

x
=
(1 1)
y-l problem is -y+l
x-I = -y+l x+I x-I = -- or y
+c. Usingy(2) = 2 we find c = O.
e-1.
x x The solution of the initial-value problem is xy 11 - 2yl =
x+I
x.
=
cle-i
/.r. Using
+ !.
2
e-l-l/.r.
1 1 dy = dx we obtain --In 48. From -1- 2y 2
x + cor 1 - 2y
cle-2.T. Using y(O) = 5/2 we
-fi"ndci = -4. The solution of the initial-value problem is I - 2y = _4c2z or y = 2e-2.T 49. From ( -y+3
-1/6
1/6 + -- ) y-3
dy
= dx we obtain y - 3 = ce6 .r. -y+3 1 - e6x 3 --6l+ex

.
(a) If y(O) = 0 then y = (b) If y(O) = 3 then y
3.
(e) If y(I/3) = 1 then y

50. From y- 1 Y solution is y = O. (a) If y(O)
(_1_ + -1)
=
3 2 + e6.r-2 .
x
=
2 - e6.r-2
dy
= ~ dx we obtain In Iy - 11 - In Iyl
1. 1 1 + 2x .
In [z]
+ cor
y=
1-
1
CIX
. Another
= 1 then y
(b)
If yeO)
a then
= O.
=
(e) If y(1/2) = 1/2 then y

51. By inspection
a singular solution is y
1.
52. By inspection a singular solution is y = O. 53. The singular solution y 54. Separatmg z
..
=
1 satisfies the initial-value problem.

.
variables we obtam
dy
y-
1)2
1 dx. Then ---1 y-
z + c and y
x+c-l. x+c
Setting
= 0 and
y = 1.01 we obtain c = -100. The solution is y = ---
x -101
x -100
lO(y IS
55. Separating
variables we obtain
(y _ l~y
=
+ 0.01 =
=
dx.
Then lOtan-i
=
1)
=
+c
and
1 x+c Y = 1 + 10 tan
56.
---w-'
Setting x
a an d y
1 we obtain c
O.
Th
I.. e so ution
1 x 1 + 10 tan 10' Setting x
Separating
variables we obtain
dy (y _ 1)2 _ 0.01
= dx. Then 51n lay -_ 111 9

1
10Y
+ c.
14
Exercises 2.3
and y 57. Let u
= I we obtain c = SIn 1 = O. The solution

=
. 1S
SIn
10Y lOy - 9
111 = z.
du 2 1 Then - - 1 = u or --du 2 = dx. Thus dx 1+ u tan-1 u = x + cor u = tan(x + c), and x + y + 1 = tan(x + c) or y = tan(x + c) - x-I. du l-u 1 58. Let u = x + Y so that du/dx = 1 + dy/dx. Then -d - 1 = -or udu = dx. Thus _u2 = x + c x u 2 or u2 = 2x + c}, and (x + y)2 = 2x + CI. x
+ y + 1 so that du/dx = I + dy/x.
59. Let u = x "2u+ 4sin2u 2y

1 1
+Y
so that duld»
1 + dy/dx.
du Then dx - 1
= tan2 u or cos2 udu

= 4X+Cl
dx.
Thus
= x+ C or 2u+sin2u
=
= 4x +Cl, and 2(x +y) + sin2(x+y)
or
+ sin 2( x + y) =x+
2x
+ Cl. = 1 + dy/dx. Then -d - 1 = sinu or

1 - sin u 2 du cos u du x . du 1 + sin u
60. Let u
y so that du/dx
dx. Multiplying
by (1 - sinu)/{1 tan u - secu

=
. - sin u) we have
= dx or ( sec2u - tanusecu ) du = dx. Thus
+ cor tan(x + y) - sec(x + y) = x + c.

so that
du = dy/dx - 2. Then dx 2.JU = x + c and 2VY - 2x + 3 = x + c. du 62. Let u = y - x + 5 so that du/dx = dy/dx - 1. Then dx -e-" = x + c and _ey-x+5 = x + c.
61. Let u = y - 2x
+3
du/dx
+2 =
+ Vu + c"
1 or . r.;du
yU
= dx. Thus
+1
or e=s«
= dx.
Thus
Exercises 2.3'
1. Since f(tx, 2. Since f(tx, tV) tV)
_
=
= (txp + 2(tx)(ty)2
(tx)3(ty)
- (ty)4 tx
= t3/2 =t
2
t3f(x,
V), the function is homogeneous
of degree 3.
= vtx + ty (4tx + 3ty)

= (
f(x, V), the function is homogeneous f(x, V), the function

. • 1S
of degree 3/2. of degree 2. of degree -1.
3. Since f(tx, tV)

4. Since
- (tx)2(ty)2
tx
f (tx
, ty)
(ty)2
+ (tx)4 + (ty)4
(tX)2
oj. t" cos -x+y
J tx
+ Sty
)2
homogeneous
.!_ f (x, y), the function is homogeneous t
5. Since f(tx, 6. Since
tV)
cos -x+y x+y
x2
for any n, the function is not homogeneous. of degree O.
f (tx, ty) = sin _x_
= f (x, y),
the function is homogeneous
Exercises 2.3
7. Since f(tx, tV) Int2
+ Inx2
2(lnt
+ Iny)
= f(x,y),
the function is homogeneous
of degree O.
31ntx ln z 8. Since f(tx, tV) = -::f:. t'l-l - for any n, the function is not homogeneous. 3lnty ny 9. Since f(tx, tV) 10. Since f(tx, tV)
11. Letting y =
(_!_ + _l_) 2 tx ty
=~
f(x, y), the function is homogeneous of degree -2.
= (tx + ty + 1)2 t- t'l(x + y + 1)2 for any n, the function is not homogeneous.
(x - ux)dx
ux we have
+ x(udx + xdu) =
dx +xdu dx - +du= x ln lz] +u xlnlxl+v=cx.
=0
0
12. Letting
= ux we have (x
+ ux) dx + x(udx + xdu) =

(1
0 0 0
+ 2u) dx + z du =
dx x
+ ....!!::!:_ 1 + 2u
In Ixl +
2" In 11+ 2ul =

x
2
(1 + 2;;)
x2
=,Cl
+ 2xy
= Ct.
13. Letting x
vy we have vy(vdy
+ y dv) + (y
- 2vy) dy
=
=
vy dv
+ (v2
- 2v
vdv
+ 1) dy + dy
Y
=0
(v - 1)2 ln ]»
-11-
1 ~v-I
+lnlyl
=C
16
Exercises 2.3
Inl=-lly
1 x/y-l
+lny=c y
(x - y) in 14. Letting x
Ix - yl -
= c(x - y).
= vy
we have y(vdy
+ ydv)
- 2(vy y dv - (v
+ y)
dy
=0
=
+ 2) dy
~_dy=O v+ 2 y
In Iv In
I~21+
+ 21 - In Iyl = c
1n
IYI = c
x+2Y=CJy2. 15. Letting y
= ux
we have (U2X2 + UX2) dx - x2(udx
+ x du) = 0
dx x - du u2
u2 dx - xdu = 0
=
0 c
ln ]»]
+- =
x y
1 u
In [z] + -
=c
=
yin [z] + x
16. Letting y
= ux we
cy.
have
(U2X2 + ux2)
dx
+ x2(udx + xdu) + 2u)

-+ x
dx dx
= =
0 0
(u2
+ x du
du u(u+2)
=0
In
Ixl + "2 In lul- "2 In lu + 21 = c
Exercises 2.3
17. Letting y = ux we have
(ux - x) dx - (ux (u2
+ x)(udx + xdu) =
0 0 0
+ 1) dx + x( u + 1) du =
dx
X
+ u+
u2
+1
1 du
in Ixl + Inx2
~ In (u2 + 1) + tan-1
x (y2) + 1
2
u =C
;;
+ 2tan-1
= Cl
18. Letting Y = 1J,X we have (x
+ 3ux)
dx - (3x (u2
-
+ ux)(udx + xdu)
1) dx
+
+ x(u + 3) du = 0
du
dx
u+ 3 (u-l)(u+l)
=0
In [z]
+ 21n
Iu - 11- In
lu + 11 = C
=Cl
--.,.-
x(u - 1)2 u+l

-
X (~
1/
= Cl (~ =
1)
(y - x)2
ct(y
+ x).
18
Exercises 2.3
19. Letting y
=:;
ux we have -uxdx
+ (x + ..,jUx)(u
(x
dx
+ x du) =
dx
=
0 0
+ xy'u)
du
+ u3/2
(u-
3/2
+ ~)
du + d: = 0
C
-2u-I/2
+ In lui + In [z] =
Inly/xl + ln jz] y(ln
= 2~+
=
IYI -
c)2
4x.
20. Letting y
= ux we have
( ux
+ V x2 + u2x2 )
dx - x( u dx x~dx-x2du= dx x
+ x du) =
0 0
v'l+"i? -
du
_0
In
Ixl -
In
lu + VI + u21 = c
u+
VI + u
2 = ClX
21. Letting x = vy we have

2V2y3(vdy
+ y dv) -
(3v3y3 + y3) dy = 0 2v2y dv - (v3 + 1) dy ~ 0

2v2 --dv--=O 3 v +1 ~ In dy Y
Iv3 + II-In
(v3
Iyl = c
+ 1) 2/3 = elY
Exercises 2.3
(:: + 1 = c2y3
(X3 !2. Letting y
+ y3) 2 =
C2yfi.
= ux
we have
(X4
+ U4X4)
dx - 2x3ux(udx (u2
-
+ xdu) = 0
- 2xudu = 0
-------.,,-2
1)2 dx
dx x
2udu
(u2 -
1) 1
=0
In Ixl + u2 (y2 _ x2) ln lz] :3. Letting Y = ux we have
1
_
=c
=C
+ x2
(y2 _ x2)
(x2 + u2X2)
dx -
ux2(udx + xdu)
dx - uxdu
=0
dx - -udu=O
1 ln ]»] - _u2 2
=c
=
21nlxl- (yJxf
4. Letting y
=
c.
ux we have
33 (U X
+ x3 + u2X3)
dx - u2x3(udx
+ xdu)
= =
(1 + u2)
X
dx - u2x du
dz u2 ----du=O 2
+1
=c
c.
In Ixl- u + tan-l u In [z] x x
!!. + tan-1 J!. =
20
Exercises 2.3
25. Letting x
=
vy we have y(vdy
+ ydv) ~ (vy + 4ye-2V)
dy
=0 =0
ydv - 4e-2v dy
e2V
dv _ 4 dy
y
1 '2e 2v e 2xjy
410 Iy I = c
- BIn
Iyl = Cl.
26. Letting y
= ux we have
e-Udx - uxdu = 0 dx --ue

x In [z] - ue"
tid u=O
+e =
U
x In [z] - (y - x)eY/x
27. Letting y
cx.
= ux we have
(ux
+ x eot u) dx -
x(udx
+ xdu) =
=
0 0
cotudx - xdu
dx - - tanudu = 0 x In
Ixl + In I cos u]
x
=C
xeos 1!_ = c.
28. Letting y
=
ux we have uxlnudx - x(udx
+ xdu) =
=
0 0
(ulnu - u)dx -xdu dx -x du uInu-u
=0
Exercises 2.3
In lxi-In lin u - 11 = c
x lnu - 1 x
= c,
=
Cl
(In ~ - 1)
In y =
C2X
+ In x + 1
29. Letting y
= ux we have
(x2
+ ux2
u2x2)
dx
+ ux2(u
dx
+ xdu) + xudu
= =
0 0
(1 + u) dx
In
Ixl + u -
In lu + 11 = C
--=qe
+1
x
,
'Ix clxeY
- + 1=
x
30. Letting y
= ux we have
(X2
+ ux2 + 3U2X2)
dx - (x2
+ 2ux2)
2 )
(udx
+ xdu) =
(1 + u
dx - x(1
+ 2u) du = 0
=
dx _ 1 + 2u du x 1 +u2
_x_
1
+ u2
C etan-1
x3 =
(y2
+ x2)
qetan-lYlx.
22
Exercises 2.3
(X3 - u3x3) dx
+ u2x3(udx + x du)
dx
=0 0
+ u2xdu =
2
dx -+u x In [z] 3x31n Using y (1) 32. Letting y
du=O c
+ 3u3 =
Ixl + y3 = c,lf.
problem is 3x3In
= 2 we = ux we
find c, = 8. The solution of the initial-value have (x2
Ix I + y3
= 8x3.
+ 2U2X2)
dx - ux2(udx
+ x du)
ux du udu
(1 + u2) dx dx 1
=0
=
x - 1 +u2
In [z] x2 1+u
"2 In (1 + u2) = C
--=c, 2
X4 = Cj
(y2
+ x2).
Using y ( -1) 33. Letting y
1 we find
we have
Cl
= 1/2. The solution of the ini tial- value problem is 2x4 = y2 + x2.
(3ux2 +u2x2) dx - 2X2(udx
2
= ux
+ xdu) = 0
=0 =0
(u + u) dx - 2x du
dx x In Ix I - 21n 2du u(u + 1)
lui + 2ln Iu + 11 = C
x(u u2
+ 1)2
C,
Exercises 2.3
Using y(I)
= -2 we find c, = 1/4. The solution of the initial-value problem is 4x(y + x)2 = y2.
34. Letting x = vy we have vl(vdy
+ y dv)
(v2y2 + vyJv2y
+ y2 )
dy
0 0
y dv -
Vv
dv
2
+ 1dy =
_ dy
y
vv
In
+1
=0
Iv + Jv
+ 1 1-
In
Iyl =
X - + ~2 2" + 1 = CJY
x + Vx2 + y2 = cly2.
Using y(O) = 1 we find 35. Letting y
Cl =
'
1. The solution of the initial-value

(x
problem is x 0
vx2 +
y2 = y2.
ux we have
+ uxeU)
dx - xeU(u dx
+ x du) =
dx - - eUdu = 0
In
Ixl-
elt eY/x
=C =
In Ixl Using y(I)
c.
=
= 0 we
find c = -1. The solution of the initial-value y(vdy
problem is In [z]
eY/x - 1.
+ ydv) + (y cosv
Y dv
- vy) dy
0 0
+ cos v dy =
dy y
secvdv+ In [secv y
=0
+ tan
vi
+ In Iyl = c
tan;)
= Ct.
(sec; +
24
Exercises 2.3
Using y( 0) 37. Letting y 2 we find
Cl
0=
= 2. The solution of the initial-value problem is y (sec; + tan ;)
0=
2.
ux we have (u2x2
+ 3ux2)
dx - (4x2
+ UX2)
(udx
+ xdu)
-u dx - x( 4
+ u) du. = 0
u
ds: 4+u -+--du=O

x In
Ixl + 41n lui + u = c
Using y(l)
38. Letting y
1 we find we have
CI
e. The solution of the initial-value problem is y4
x3el-y/x.
= ua:
(U3X3 + 2ux3)
dx - 2x3(udx
+ xdu) =
2du 1
u3 dx - 2x du. = 0
---=0 x u3
dx
Inlxl + 2" = c u
x=qe-X
2/ 2 II.
Using y(l)
= .j2 we find
Cl
e1/2.
The solution of the initial-value problem is x =
e-x2/y2+l/2.

(x - ux -
u3/2x) dx + (x + jUx) (udx + xdu) = 0

dx
+x
d: + (1 + JU)
In x 3
(1 + ..jU)
du = du
=
0
0
c
2 + u + _u3/2
Exercises 2.3
Using y(I)
= I we find
Cl =
5. The solution of the initial-value
problem is
(Note: Since the solution involves ..fi , x 2'. 0 and we do not need an absolute value s 40. Letting x
=
vy we have y( v dy
+ y dv) + vy (In l1y - In y

y dv
- 1) dy
=0
=0 =0
=
+ 11 In v dy
y
~+dy vlnv
In lin 1v11 + In
IYI
Ylnl~1 cj .
=
Using y(I)
e we find
Cl =
-e. The solution of the initial-value
problem is y In I~
::=
y2 (v dy
+ y dv) + (v2y2 + vy2 + y2)

y dv
dy
= =
0 0
+ (v + 1)2 dy
dv (v+l)2
y
+dy=O
---
v+l
+ lnlul = + In lyl =
c
c.
--y_ x+y Using y(O)

=
I we find
c=
-1. The solution of the initial-value
problem is
(x+y)lnlul=y-(x+y)
or
(x+y)lnlyl=-x.
26
Exercises 2.3
~2. Letting y
= ux we have
(Fx + FuX)2
dx - x(udx
+ xdu)
= =
0 0
(1 +2JU)
dx -x
dx -xdu
du =0 1 + 2y'u In
Ixl =
du 1 + 2JU
=/
l:
2t dt = t - ~ In
11 + 2tj + C
=~ x2
41nll
2J!1 +C
(1+ 2/!)
(Vi + 2.jY)
= c1e2.fii1X
= Cl e2.fii1X.
x3/2
Using y(l)
= 0 we find
CI = 1.
The solution of the initial-value problem is
3. Letting x
= vy
we have (vy
+ Jy2
vy2) dy - y(vdy
+ ydv) =
.,;'l=V dy - y dv = 0
dy_~=O
y
vr=v
=C
In jyj
+ 2v'I"""=V
In
Using y(1/2)
Iyl + 2Jl
- x/y
= c.
problem is
= 1 we find
C=
v'2 . The
Inlyi
solution of the initial-value
+ 2Jl-
x/y
= -/2.
Exercises 2.3
44. Letting y
= ux we have
x(udx
+ xdu)
- (ux
+ xcoshu)
dx
=0 =
=
x du - cosh u dx dx sech u du - x tan-1 (sinh u) -In tan-l Using y (1) = 0 we find c 45. From x (sinh ~) -In
Ixl = c Ixl = c.
problem ~s tan
-1
= O. The
solution of the initial-value
(sinh ~ )
In Iz],
= vy we obtain dx = v dy + y dv and the differential equation becomes

M(vy, y)(v dy
+ Y dv) + N(vy, + ydv) + yn N(v,

1)] dy
y) dy
= O.
Using M(vy,y)
ynM(v,
1) and N(vy,y) ynM(v, [vM(v, l)(vdy

1)
= y2N(v, 1) and simplifying we have

1) dy
1) dv
=
0
0
+ N(v, +
+ yM(v,
dy y 46. From s: Using M(x,y) and N(x,y) the differential equation becomes
=
M(v,l)dv vM(v, 1) + N(v, 1)
=0
.
=
r cos (J and y
r sin (J we obtain dx
=
r
cos Bdr - r sin (JdB and dy
sin Bdr
+ r oos BdfJ.
M(rcosB,
sin (J) = r"M(cosB,sinB)
N(reos(J,rsinB)
= rnN(eos(J,sin(J)
rn M (cos B, sin 0) (cos Bdr - r sin Od8) + rn N (cos 8, sin 8) (sin Bdr
Simplifying we have [M(cosO, sinB) eosB
+ r cos BdfJ) =
O.
+ N(cos
(), sinO) sin(}] dr - [rM(eos B, sinB) sin B - rN(cosB,
sinB) eosBl·dB
=0
dr _ M(cosB, sinB) sinB - rN(cos 19, inB) cos B dB s r M( cos B, sin B) cos B + N( cos B, sin B) sin B
= o.
28
Exercises 2.4
47. Using M{x, y)
yn M (;,
1) and N(x, y) yn M (; ,
yn M (;,
1)
(~ ,
we obtain
1)
dx
+ yn N
+N
1)
dy
or dy dx
= _ M(x/y,
N(x/y,
1) 1)
(=).
y
M(~,1)
(~'1) ~~=0
(1, ~ ) = z" f(l,
u). Using the chain rule for
48. If we let
u = y/x, then by homogeneity f(x, y) = z" f

we obtain
af(x, y) _ n al(l, u) au ax -x au ax
partial derivatives,
+ nx
n-lf()
1, u
_ n al(l, u) ( -x au - x2
Y)
+ nx
1f(
1, U
and 8f(x, Y) 8y Then x
= xn 8f(l, u) au
Bu. ay
xn af(l,
au
u) (~) x
= xn-1 af(I, u) . au
aJ + y af = _yxn-1 af(l, u) + nxn f(l, u) + yxn-1 8f(1, u)

ax 8y au au = nxn f(l, u)
= nxn
(1,;. ) = nf(x,
u).
Exercises 2.4
1. Let M = 2x-l h'(y)
=
_
=0=
My N». From fx
and N = 3y+ 780 that My
= 2x-1 we obtain f = x2 -x+h(y),

=
2. Let M
3. Let M
+ 7, and hey) = ~y2 + 7y. The = 2x + y and N = "":'X - 6y. Then

3y
solution is x2 - x
+ ~y2 + 7y
Nx.
c.
1 and Nx = -1, so the equation is not exact.

=
f
fx
%x2 + 4xy
=
5x
+ 4y
and N h'(y)
=
=
4x - 8y3 so that My -8y3, and hey)

=
From fx
5x
+ h(y),
_2y4.
The solution is
;x2
+ 4y
we obtain
+ 4xy
=
- 2y4
= c.
4. Let M
siny - ysinx
and N
= coax + xeoay - y so that My = cosy - sinx

h'(y)
= siny-ysinx
we obtain - !y2 2
I = xsiny+ycosx+h(y),
-v, and hey)
= Nx. From 1 Zy2. The solution
is x siny
+ ycosx
= c.
Exercises 2.4
5. Let M 6. Let M N",
=
= 2yZx - 3 and N
- 3x 4£1-
2yxZ
+4
so that MIJ = 4xy =
Nx. From I", = 2yZx - 3 we obtain
1= xZyZ
=
+ h(y),
h'(y)
= 4, and
h(y)
= 4y.
The solution is x2y2 - 3x
+ 4y
= c. - I/xz and
l/xz - 3 sin 3x. The equation is not exact.
3ysin3x
- y/x2
and N = 2y - I/x
+ cos3x
so that My = -3sin3x
7. Let M exact. 8. Let M
= x2
yZ and N
XZ
- 2xy
80
that My = -2y so that My and h(y)

=
and N",
= 2x - 2y. The equation is not
= l+lnx+y/x
and N
-1 +lnx
1=
-y
+ y lux + h(y),
=
h'(x) = I
+ In x,
I=
I/x = N",. From
I"
= -1 +lnx
we obtain
=
x In x. The solution is -y
+ y Inx + x lnx
=
c.
9. Let M
y3 - yZsinx
- x and N = 3xyZ
I~ y3 =
_ yZsinx - x we obtain
cos x so that My I xy3 + yZcosx - "2xz + h(y),
+ 2y
= 3yZ - 2ysinx
h'(y)
=
= N~. From 0. The
0, and h(y)
solution is
xl + y2 cos z
2"xz = c.
3y2
10. Let M = x3
I = ~x4
11. Let M 12. Let M
+ y3 and N = 3xy2 so that My = + xy3 + h(y), h'(y) = 0, and h(y) = O. The

=
= =
Nx.
From
Ix =
x3
+ if
we obtain
solution is ~x4 1+ Iny
+ xy3 = C. + ye-"'Y
From and N", = Iny. The = 2x/y we obtain
= ylny - e-:XY and N
l/y
+ xlny
so that
80
that My
equation is not exact.
2x/y
and N
_XZ/y2
My
= _2X/y2
=
= Nx.
cy.
Ix
1= - + h(y),
y
x2
h'(y) = 0, and h(y)

-
= O. The
solution is x2
=
13. Let M = y - 6x2
2xe~ and N +Zex
1= xyobtain 15. Let M
Zx3
2
-Zxex
= Nx. From Ix = y - 6x2 +h(y), h'(y) = 0, and h(y) = O. The solution is xy-2x3= x so that My
1 My
=
2xr Zxe~
we obtain
14. Let M = 3x y
f=
=
x3y
+ eY and N = x3 + xeY - 2y so that + xeY + h(y), h'(y) = -2y, and h(y)

and N = 1- 3/y+x h'(y) so that My y
= 3x2 + eY = Nx. From

_y2. The solution is x3y
+Zr = c. Ix = 3x2y + eY we + xeY - y2 = c.

we obtain
1- 3/x+y
= 1 = Nx· From I", = 1- 3/x+y
I=x
x 16. Let M
- 31nlxl
+ xy + h(y),
X
= 1 - ~, and h(y) = Y - 31n IYI. The solution is
+ y + xy - 3in Ixy) = c.
xy2 sinh
+ y2 cosh x
cosh x = c.
and N = eY
+ 2xy
eY
From Iy 17. Let M
= eY + Zxy cosh x we obtain f =
cosh x so that My = 2xy sinh x + Zy cosh x = Nx. xy2coshx + h(y), h'(y) = 0, and h(y) = O. The
solution is eY
+ xy2
1/
= x27J x3
(1 + 9X2)
and N = ryZ so that My = 3x2y2
Nx. From
h'(y)
Ix =
xZy3 -1/
(1 + 9x2)
we obtain
I=
~x3y3
-~
arctan(3x)
+h(y),
= 0, and
h(y)
= O. The
solution is
y3 - arctan(3x) = c.
30
Exercises 2.4
18. Let M h'(y)
= =
r
-2y
and N
=
=
5y, and hey)
5y-2x so that My 52 .. "2Y . The solution
=
IS
-2 -2xy
= No;. From to;

5 +"2Y
2
-2y
we obtain
1=
-2xy+h(y),
= c.
19. Let M
tan x - sin x sin y and N

sin
Ix =
tan
z sin y we obtain
= cos x cos y so that I = In I + cosx

sec r]
My
=-
sin x cos y = No;. From hl(y)
sin y
+ hey),
=
0, and hey)
O. The
solution is In Isec xl 20. Let M
+ cos x sin y =
c.
=
= =
3x cos 3x
+ sin 3x
- 3 and N
2y
+ 5 so that
- 3x
Mil = 0
Nx. From
Ix = 3x
21. Let M
cos 3x
+ sin3x
- 3 we obtain
The solution is x sin 3x - 3x
+ y2 + 5y = c.
f=
xsin3x
+ hey),
hl(y)
2y
+ 5,
and hey)
y2
+ 5y.
t = x4
22. Let M
+ 4xy and N = 2X2 + 2y - 1 so that My = 4x = Nx. From Ix = 4x3 + 4xy we obtain + + hey), h'(y) = 2y - 1, and hey) = y2 - y. The solution is X4 + 2x2y + y2 - Y = c. 2 2 XU2 = 2ysin z cos x - y + 2y2eXl/ and N = -x + sin x + 4xye so that
4x3 2x2y My
=
2sinxcosx
- 1 + 4xy eXY
+ 4yeXl/ 2 = Nx.
2
From Ix hey)
= 2ysinxeosx
-y
+ 2y2exy2
2
we obtain
t
c.
= ysin2 x - xy + 2eXl/ + hey), h'(y) = 4x3 - I

= =
0, and
= o.
=
The solution is ysin - 15x2 xy
x - xy
=
23. Let M is x4y 24. Let M My
4x3y - 15x2 - y and N

-
x4
+ 2eXU = + 3y2 - X
2
so that My
f x = 4x3y
y we obtain
I = x4y - 5x3 - xy + h(y), hi (y)
Nx. From
3y2, and h(y) = y3. The solution
5x3 -
+ y3 =
-
c.
= l/x +
l/x2
yl (x2
+ y2)
and N
= yeY + xl (x2 + y2) so that

=
= (y2 _ x2) I (X2 + y2)2 = Nx. From Ix
l/x
+ l/x2
- yl (x2
+ y2)
we obtain
I = In Ixl- ~ - arctan (~) + hey), h!(y) = yell, and hey) = yell - eY. The solution is
In Ixl;1 - arctan
(x) y
=
+ yeY
- ell
= c.
25. Let M
= x2
+2xy+y2 ~x3 -Y y
and N
= 2xy+
=
x2 -1 so that My h'(y)
=
= 2(x+ y)
Nx. From Ix
x2 +2xy+y2
we obtain
I=
+ x2y + xy2 + hey),

= c. If y(l)
=- .
-1, and hey)
-y .. The general solution is problem is
~:z:3 + x2y + xy2

_x3 3
1 26. Let M
1 then c
4/3 and the solution of the initial-value
+ x2y + x~ =
eX
+ y and N = 2 + x + yell 80 that My = 1 = Nx. From Ix = eX + y we obtain I = eX + xy + hey), h'(y) = 2 + yeY, and hey) = 2y + yeY - y. The general solution is eX + xy + 2y + yell - eY = c. If yeO) = 1 then c = 3 and the solution of the initial-value problem is eX + xy + 2y + yell - ell = 3.
Exercises 2.4
27. Let M 4xy
= 4y + 2x - 5 and N = 6y + 4x - 1 so that My = 4 = Nx. From Ix = 4y + 2x - 5 we obtain I = 4xy + xZ - 5x + h(y), h'(y) = 6y - 1, and h(y) = 3yZ - y. The general solution is
+ x2
=
5x + 3yZ - Y = c. If y( -1) - 5x
2 then c
8 and the solution of the initial-value problem
is 4xy 28. Let M
+ x2
XZ
+ 3y2
and N
-Y
= =
8.
x/2y4
(3y2 - x2) /y5 so that My
= -2x/y5
Nx. From
2
Ix
x/2y4
we obtain
1=-4
4y then c 29. Let M
+ h(y), h'(y)
3' and h(y) Y
3 x --z . The general solution is -4

2y 4y
2
- -2
2y
c. If y(I)
=1
= -5/4 and the solution of the initial-value problem is x 4

4y
=
--;. =
2y
= -~.
yZ cosx -
3x2y
- 2x and N we obtain
= 2ysin x -
x3
Ix = yZ cosx-3xZy-2x
of the initial-value
I=
yZsinx-x3y-xz+h(y),
+ In y
so that My
2ycos x - 3x2
= Nx. From
The general solution is yZ sin x - x3y - x2
+ y In y
-y
problem is y2 sin x - x3y - x2 + y
h'(y) = Iny, and h(y) = ylny-y. = c. If y( 0) = e then c = 0 and the solution In y - y = O.
30. Let M = yZ + ysinx and N = 2xy - cosx - 1/ (1 + y2) so that My = 2y +sinx
= Nz. From -1 Ix = y2 + .y sin x we obtain I = xy2 - Y cos z + h(y), h'(y) = --2 ' and h(y) = - tan-1 y. The l+y general solution is xyZ - ycosx - tan-1 y = c. If y(O) = 1 then c = -1 - 1f/4 and the solution of
t an -1
. itial th e mm -val ue pro blem IS xY 2 - ycosx em i

31.
Jr = - 1 -"4'
Equating
My My
= 3y2 + 4kxy3 and Nx = 3y2 + 40xy3 we obtain k
= 10.
32. Equating
= - xy cos xy - sin xy + 4ky3 and Nx = - 20y3 - xy cos xy - sin xy we obtain k = - 5.
33. Equating Mil

34. Equating 35. Since My
=
=
4xy
+ e"
and N«
= 4xy
+ ke" we obtain k = 1.
=
18xy2 - sin y and Nx
= 2kxyz - sin y we obtain k
9.
Iy = N(x, y) = xexy + 2xy + l/x we obtain 1= eXY + xyZ + y_ + h(x) so that

x
Iz
= yeXlJ
+ yZ
=
Y2 + h'(x). z
Let M(x, y) (X2
36. Since
Ix
M(x,y)
= yl/Zx-1/Z+x
-1
yr
yeXlJ
l
+ yZ
yz. x
we obtain
= 2yl/2xl/2+~
In Ixz + yl+h(x)
III =
y-l/2xl/2
+ ~ (x2 + y)
=
+ h'(x). Let N(x, y) =
y-I/2 l/2
+ ~ (xZ +
yri.
=
so that
37. Let M 3x2y3
so that Mil = 18xy2 = Nx. From fz = 6xy3 we obtain I = 3X2y3 + h (y), h' (y) = 4y3, and h(y) = y4. The solution of the differential equation is 4y3
= 6xy3 and N
c.
+ 9x2y2
+ y4 =
x
38. Let M
= _y/xz
and N y
= l/y + l/x so that My = -1/x2 = Nx. From Ix

=
-y/xz
we obtain
1= y_ + h(y),
hl(y)
= ~, and h(y)
In y. The solution of the differential equation is y_ -l-In x
Iyl = c.
32
Exercises 2.5
39. Let M ~x2y2 sin z + 2xy2 cos x and N = 2x2ycos x so that My = _2x2ysinx + 4xy cos z = Nz. 2y cos x we obtain I = x2y2 cosx + h(y), hl(y) = 0, and h(y) = O. The solution of the From ly = 2x differential equation is x2y2 cos X = c.
= =
40. Let M
41.
+ y2ex + yeX and N = xex + 2yeX so that My = xex + 2yeX + eX = Nx. From /y = + 2yeX we obtain 1= xyeX + y'1ex + h(x), hl(y) = 0, and h(y) = O. The solution of the differential equation is xyeX + y2ex = c. Let M = 2xy2 + 3x2 and N = 2x2y so that My = 4xy = Nx. From Ix = 2xy2 + 3z2 we obtain I = x2y2 + x3 + h(y), hl(y) = 0, and h(y) = O. The solution of the differential equation is
xyeX xex
x2y2 + x3 = c.
42. Let M My
=
(x2
-4xyl(x x+y
+ 2xy - y2) I + y)3 = Nx. + h(y), + y).

hl(y)
(x2
+ 2xy + y2)
and N
= (y2 + 2xy - x'1) I (y2 + 2xy+

- 2y2) I(x
x2) so that
From
Ix =
(x2
+ 2xy + y2
+ y)2
we obtain equation is
/ = x + -x2
2y'1
= -1, and h(y) = -yo
The solution of the differential
+ y'l
= c(x
43. Identifying M
= -g(x) and N = h(y) we
see that exactness
follows from My = 0
Nz.
Exercises 2.5
1. For y' - 5y
-00
_
= e-5x
so that d:
0 an integrating
factor is e" f 5th
[e-5xyJ
0 and y =
ce5x
for
< x < 00.
2. For y'
-(Xl
+ 2y
= 0 an integrating
00.
factor is e12th = e2x so that factor is e14dx
d~ [e2Xy]
= 0 and y = ce-2x for

=
<x <
3. For yl for
-00
+ 4y = ~ an
< x < 00.
3
integrating
e4x so that
,x
dd [e4xyJ = ~e4x and y 3
!+ ce-4x 3
4. For y' for 0
+ ~y +y =
= 31x an integrating
factor is ef(2/x)d:r;
x2 so that
!
=
[X2y] = 3x and y
= ~ + cx-2 + ce-x
< x < 00.

e3x an integrating factor is ef
d:r;
5. For y'
-00
e" so that
d dx [eXyJ
I e4x and y = 4'e3x
for
< x < 00.
6. For y' - y
= e" an integrating factor is e: f d:r; = e-x so that .!:__ [e-Xy] = 1 and y = xex + ceZ for , dx -00 < x < 00. d 1 7. For 'if +3x2y = x2 an integrating factor is e f 3 x 2dx = e" 3 so that dx [eX 3y J = x 2 eX 3 and y = 3' +ce-": 3
for
-00
< x < 00.
Exercises 2.5
8. For y' Y
+ 2xy
2
x3 an integrating
2 -00
factor is ef
00.
2x d:r
= ex2 so that
[e
x2
y]
= x3 ex2 and
= -x - - + ce-x for
2
11 + - y = 2" x x
12
<x <
9. For y' for 0
an integrating
factor is e (I/:L")dx
= x so that
<x <
d lIe - [xy] = - and y = -In x dx x x
+-
00.
10. For y' - 2y = x2
+ 5 an
integrating
factor is e" f2dx

'
-00
= e-2x so that
:x
[C:kyJ
= x2e-2'"
+ 5e-2x
12 1 11 2x and y = -"2x -"2x - 4 + ce for
< x < 00.
11. For dx
dy x
=
+ .2_x =
2y
-2y an integrating for 0
factor is ef(I/2y)dy
yl/2
so that
_~y2 S
+ cy-l/2
<y <
00.
12. For ~: - x = y an integrating for 13. For

-00
factor is e-
f dll =
e-II so that
d~ [e-Yx]
ye-II and x = -y-l+cell
<y <
00.
y + ~y = Bin x
sinz
an integrating c for 0 x
factor is ef(l/x)dx
= x so that
d~ [XV] = xsinx
and
y = -X
14. For y'
d~
[VI + X2y]
+~
c 1 +e'"
1:
-
cos x x2 y
+=
< x < CX".I.

factor is efl",/(1+x Jldx
2
-x an integrating
=~
for
so that
-00
-x,jI
+ x2
and y
= -~ (1 + x2) + c (1 + x2r1/2
efle"'/{I+e"')]dx
< x < 00.

dd [1 + e"'Y]
x
15. For y'
u = 0 an integrating factor is
-00
= 1+~
so that
0 and
y = -for 1+e:L"
<x <
00.
16. For y'
+ ~y 3
x -1
c
_
0 an integrating
factor is
ef[3x /{x -1)]dx
= x3
1 so that
and y = x3
1 for 1 <
x<
00.
17. For y' + (tan x)y y 18.
= sec x an integrating factor is ef
tan xdx
= sec x so that d: [(sec x) y J = sec2 x and

so that
= sinx + ccosx for -rr/2 < x < rr/2. For 11 + (cot x)y = 2 cos x an integrating factor is ef cot x dx = sin x .!!.._ [(sin x) yJ = 2sinx cosx and y = sin z + CCllC x for 0 < z < rr.
dx
34
Exercises 2.5
19. For y' Y 1
+ ~y
= x2 - 1 an integrating
factor is ef(4/x)dx
x4 so that
d~ [X4y]
x6 - x4 and
= '7x3 - Sx + =-4 for 0 < x < 00.

yl __
20. For
d -d [(x + 1) e- x]y = x ( x + 1) e" s: an d y
x_ (1 + x)
= x an integrating factor is e- flx/(1+x)]dx

=
= (x + I)e- so that
X
2x -x - ~~
21. For y
y' + (1 + ~) Y
1 fi" oe:"
x+l
+ 3 + -ce"
x+I
for -1
< x < 00
= :: an integrating factor is efll+(2/x)]dx

00.
= x2ex so that
:!
[x2eXy]
e2x and
= -2 2" + -2x x
for 0 < x <
22. For y'
(1 + ~) Y = ; e=
x sin2x an integrating
=
factor is ef[l+(ljx)]dx 0
xeX so that
d [xeXy] dx 23. For y'
sin 2x and xeXy
-.!. cos 2x + c for 2
< x < 00.

cot
+ (cot +
x)y = sec2 x esc x an integrating
factor is ef
xd» = sin x so that
[(sin x)
yl = sec2 x
(1 COSX)2
and y = sec 24. For y' so that 25. For dx dy and x
x + ccsex for 0 < x < 1r/2.

y
(1 - cosx)
2 sin x
= tan
x(1 - cos x) an integrating
factor is ef[2s;nx/(1-cosxl]dx
d~ [(1- COSX)2y]
tan x - sinx and y(I- cos x)2
In J sec z] +-cos z +c for 0 < x

= y2e"Y
< rr/2.
(1 + ~)
=~
= -e" 2
x
x = eY an integrating factor is eJ!1+(2/y)]dy' y 1 ell 1 e"il ce-y - -Y + - - + -- for 0 < y < 00. 2 4 y2 y2 an integrating factor is e" J(3jx}dx
so that
26. For y' - ~ y y
x+l
= x-3 so that
dx x- Y
1 = x + 1 and x
= x4 - x3ln
Ix + 11 + =3 for -1
< x < 00.

factor is ei[3+(ljx)]dx = xe3x so that
27.
For y'
y
+(3 +;) Y = e~3x an integrating

+ -x+l
X
e-3x
yl
ce-3x x
for 0 < x
x
< 00.
factor is eil(x+2}/(x+l)]dx -1 < x <
00.
28. For
+ X + 2 Y = 2xe+ l)e y]
- ;x
=
x+I
an integrating
X
(x
+ l)eX
so that
d dx [(x 29. For :
2x and (x
+ l)e y = x2 + c for
4y5 an integrating
factor is e- j(4/"iI)dy
y-4
so that
:y
[y-4x]
4y and
Exercises 2.5 x = 2y6 + c:y4 for 0 < y < 00.

30. For
y' + ~ y
=
= ~ (eX + lnx) an integrating factor is ef(2/x}d3; = x2 so that
d:
=
[x2y]
xex
+x
lnx
and x2y 31. For y'

y
xex ~ eX
+ 21nx
x2
1 ~ 4"x2
+ c for
0<x
<
cix
00.
+y
e"'+e-'"
e-2:i:
an integrating for
~OO
factor is ef
= eX
so
that
dx
d - [eXy]
eX ~ e-x
e"'+e-x
and
e-Z In(€'''
=
+ e-Z) + ce:"
<x<
00.
32. For y' ~ y

y=
sinh x an integrating for

~OO
factor is e-
f d:c = e-'"
80
that
!
yell
[e-Xy
1 = ~ (1 ~ e-2:I;)
and
"2xez
+ :ie-x + ce"
(2Y
< x < 00.

factor is ej[2y+(I/y))dy
=
33. For dx dy and x
+
=-
+ ~) x
y 1
2
= 2 an integrating
so that
d dy [yell x
2] = 2yeY 2
Y
y
+ -ce-II
Y
for 0
< y < 00.

factor is ef{2/v)dy
00.
34. For dx
dy
+ ~X
2
Y
= e" an integrating
= y2 so that
x = eY ~ -ell
+- +y2 y2
for 0
<y <
35. For:
+ r sec () = cos () an
integrating
factor is
ef sec () dO
= sec () + tan () so that

~1r
:() [r(sec () + tan ())] = 1 + sin () and r(sec () + tan ()) = 36. For dP
()~ cos () + c for

dt
/2 < ()< 1r /2 .
:t
dt
+ (2t
- l)P = 4t - 2 an integrating
t2 (4t - 2)e -t
factor is ef(2t-l)
~OO
et2-t
so that
[Pe
t2 t -]
and P
= 2 + cet-t2 for
<t<
00.
37. For
11 + __i__2 y = (
x+
[(x
! !
5 )2 an integrating factor is x+2
ef[4/{x+2))dz
= (x + 2)4 so that
for -2
+ 2)4y] =
5(x
+ 2)2
x
and y
~(x
+ 2)-1 + c(x + 2)-4

factor is ef
{2j (z2 -I)
< x < 00.

x+l
so that ..!!:... [X - 1 dx x+l
38. For y'
+ _22
x -1
=
=
and (x - l)y 39. For y'
= x(x + 1) + c(x + 1) for -1 < x < 1.

10 cosh x an integrating
=
x-I
+1
an integrating
ldz = x-I
y)
=I
+ {coshx)y
factor is
efcoshzdz
= esinhz
so that
[e"inhZy] = lO(coshx)eBinhz and y
10 +ce-sinhx
for -00
< x < 00.
36
Exercises 2.5
40. For ~: for
-00
+ 2x
3ell an integrating
00.
factor is ef
2dy =
e2y so that
d~ [e2Yx]
= 3e3y
=
and x
= eY + ce-2y = 4 + ce-s",
=
<y <
41. For y' for

42.
-00
+ 5y
20 an integrating
00.
factor is
eJ5dx
= eS'" so that
ddx [eS"'Y]
20es", and y
<x <
=
If yeO)
= 2 then c = -2 and y = 4 - 2e-s",.

factor is e " J 2dx
For y' - 2y
x (e3", - e2",) an integrating e3x -
and y
y
xe3x e3x -
!X2e2x + ce2x for

+ 3e2",.
e-2", so that
[e-2xy]
xe'" - x
-00
<x <
00.
If yeO) = 2 then c
3 and
= xe3", _
1 _x2e2x 2
43. For ~:
i
+~i=
~ an integrating for
factor is
If
ej(RIL)dt
eRtlL so that
i
:t [ie
=~
Rt L /]
= ~ eRI/L
Rt L e- / .
and
= ~ + ce-Rt/L
dy y
-00
<t<
00.
i(O)
io then
j(l/y}dy
= io - E/ Rand
+ (io - ~)
2 and
x
44. For dx - ..!:. x
= 2y an integrating factor is eIf y(l)
..!:.
so that
.!!:...
dy
[..!:.x] =
= 2y2 + cy
for 0 45. For y'

y
<V<
00.
= 5 then c = -49/5 and x
2 49 2V - s-y.
= cos2 x an integrating factor is e j tsn",dx = secx so that dx [(sec x) yj = cos z and = sin x cos x + ccosx for -1f/2 < x < 1f/2. If yeO) = -1 then c = -1 and y = sinxcosx - cosx. + (tanx)y
4
d'
46. For dx - 5x Q for

-00
dQ
= 0 an mtegratmg factor
=
. IS
t»",
4d.,
=
=
e '" so that
-7e'" .
= e-kt
5
_5
dx
d [_
e '" Q = 0 and Q = ce"
< x < 00. If Q(O)
-7 then c = -7 and Q
ej(-le)dt
47. For dT _ kT
dt
= -50k an integrating factor is

for
-00
so that
=
5!_ [Te-kt]
dt
50
-50ke-let
and
50
yl
+ cekt
<t< x
00.
If T(O)
= 150 then c = 150 and T

factor is ej(1+2/",)dx
+ 150ekt. _!j_
dx
[x2eXy]
=
48. For
+
=
(1.+ ~) x
e-x
y = ~ e-x
an integrating
= x2e'" so that
2x
and y
49. For
+ 2"e-x
x
y
for 0 < x
<
00.
If y(l)
0 then
-1 and y
1 e-x - 2"e-x.
y'
+ _1_
x+l
x
and y Y
=
= --lnx x+l
+ 1 lnx + ..!:.. y
x
= lnx an integrating factor is ejll/(x+l»)dx = x + 1 so that ..:!_ [(x + 1)vJ = lnx x+l dx x c - -+ -for 0 < x < 00. If y(I) = 10 then c = 21 and x+l x+l
-x
..!:..
+1+x +1.
= x so that
..!!:._ [XV]
dx
=
21
50. For y'
e'" an integrating factor is ef(l/x)dx
e'" and y
= .!.ex + ~
x x
Exercises 2.5
for 0 < x 51. For Vi
<
00.
If y(l)
1 = 2 then e = 2 - e and y = _ex
+ --
2- e
x
=
.
dx
x(x - 2)
V = 0 an integrating factor is efl2/x(x-2)]dx

00.
x - 2 so that z
.
[X--V2 ] =Oapd x
(x - 2)V 52. For y'
= cx for 2 < x <
If y(3)
= 6 then
= 2 and V =
xda:
2x -x-2
(cot x)V = 0 an integrating for -71"" <

y
X
factor is e J cot
= sin x so that
y
dx [( sin x)
vj = 0 and
1 c
y = cesex
< O. If Y(-1r/2)
1 then c = -1 and
=-
csex.
53. For
dx dy
+ !x =
1 an integrating factor is eJ(1/y}dy

1
= y so that
d dv [yx]
y and x
= "2Y + Y
for
o<y
54. For
< 00. If V(5) = 2 then c = 8 and x = "2 V + Y

y
=
.
= etan
x
'II + (sec2 x)
1- 4e-tanx.
sec2 x an integrating factor is eJ (!!e<:~ x)dx and 'Ii
so that
~ [etanxy
y
=
1 = sec2 xetan x
= 1 + ce-
tan
for -71""/2
< x < 11"/2. If y(O) = -3 then c = -4 and
55. For y'
+ 2y = f(x)
an integrating factor is e2:c so that ye

2x
= {-2 e2:c+c1,O:S::X:S::3;
C2,
x> 3.
C2
If y(O)
= 0 then ct = -1/2 and for continuity we must have
= 1106
3;
-1 so that
O:s:: x:s::
x> 3.
56. For y'
+y =
f(x)
an integrating factor is e" so that ye

x
{eX + CJ,
_eX
+ C2,
O:Sx:Sl; x>1.
C2 =
If y(O)
1 then
CI =
0 and for continuity we must have y I, { 2el-x

2
210 so that
o :s:: x :s:: 1;
1,
x>1.
57. For Vi
+ 2xy
f(x)
an integrating factor is eX so that
38
Exercises 2.6
If y(O)
2 then c,
3/2 and for continuity we must have cz
~e
+ ~ so that
~+ ~e-x2, l
y= ,
< X < 1;
0
{ (~e+~)e-x2,
2x ~'1+", {
-'" 1+",2,
x;;::l.
58. For
+--y= 2
1+x
< x < 1;
x> 1 -
an integrating
factor is 1 + x2 so that
o -s: x
x;;::
If yeO)
1.
<
1;
0 then ct = 0 and for continuity we must have
C2
= 1 so that
o -s: x
x;;:: 1.
< 1;
Exercises 2.6
1. From y
J
_
x
3 3 + -w = -.
liz + -y
-y-
3 ,dw and w = y we obtain -d
An integrating
factor is x3 so that
x3w = x3
+ cor
y3
= 1+ ex-3.
= y-I
2. From y' - y
e"'yZ and w
dw we obtain -
e"'w = _!e2:< + cor y-l = -!e'" + ee-'"

2 2 3) From y'
dx
+w =
_e"'.
An i&tegrating factor is e'" so that
+ y = xy4
.
and w
e-3", = xe-3", 4. From y' - (1
1 + _e-3", + e or 3
= y-3 we obtain dw - 3w dx
y-3 =
-3x.
An integrating
factor is e-3x so that
1 + _ + ee3",. -3
i)
=
2
yZ and w
= y-l we obtain ~: + (1 +
y-l = -1
.
i)
= -1. An integrating factor is
xe'" so that xexw = _xex

1 5. From y - -y
J
+ eX + cor
= yc
1
e + -1 + _e-x.
1 --2Y
and w
1
dw we obtain -
dxx
1 + -w
-2'
An integrating
factor is x so that
xw
= lnx
+c or y-l
= -lnx+-.
Exercises 2.6
6. From y ,
+ 31+x (
2)Y =
2x 4 ( Z)Y and w = 31+x
y-
we obtain
- --2w dx 1+x
dw
2x
= 1+xz'
-2x
An
integrating
factor is
1:
x2 so that
1: x2 = 1: XZ + e or y-3 = 1+ e (1+ x2).

C
2 7 . Fr am y I - -y x
= 23 Y
x
4. an d w
=
6 . = y- 3 we a btai dw + -w = - 29 . A n integrating factor is x 6 80 that tam -d x x

5
x6w
_~x5
5
+ cor y-3
_~x-l
+ ex-fl.
If y(I)
!then
2
49 and y-3 = _~x-l

5 5
+ 49 x-6.
5
8. From y'
+ y = y-I/Z
e3x/2
e3x/Zw
=
dx
dw + ~w = ~. An integrating factor is e3~/Z 80 that dx 2 2 3x/Z. If y(O) = 4 then c = 7 and y3/Z = 1 + 7e-3x/2. + c or yS/2 = 1 + ceand w
y3/2 we obtain
9. From dy - yx so that e1l /2w

X-I
2
Y x and w
32
X-I
we obtain
x-I
dw dy
+ yx = -y. 3
+ ee-y2/2.
3 = --x. 2
An integrating If y(1)
factor is ell
/2
= _ye1l2/2 + 2e'lP/2 + e or
2 - y2
0 then c
-1 and
= 2 _ y2 _ e-·i/2.
-2
, 1 x 10. From y - -y = --y 2x 2
and w
y we obtain -d
dw 3 - -w x 2x dw
. . An integrating
=
factor
18
x" 3/2
so that x-3/2w = _3xl/2
+ e or yS = -3x2 + ex3/2. If y{ 1) = 1 then e = 4 and y3

=
-3x2
+ 4x3/2.
factor
11. Identify P(x) = -2, Q(x)
-1, and R(x)
= 1. Then dx +(-l
+4)w
-1. An integrating
1 3x is e3x so that e w = --3e3x 12. Identify P(x)

2
+ ear u
1 = ce -3 X_I
=
13'
Thus, Y = 2
+ u.
= -x. Thus, y An integrating
=
= 1- z, Q{x) = -1, and R(x)

2
dw x. Then dx
=
+ (-1 + 2x)w
.
factor is eX -x so that eX -xw
=-
J ze" -xdx
+ ear u
_ex2-x JxexLxdx+c
1 + u. -1. An
13. Identify P(x) = -4/x2,

integrating
Q(x) = -I/x, 4
and R(x)
= 1. Then
=
factor is x3 so that x3w
= - !x4 + e or u
dw dx [_!x + ex-3] 4
+ (-.!. +~) w = x x
-1.
Thus, y w
=
=~
+ u.
14. Identify P(x) factor is xe-2x 15. Identify P(x) integrating
= 2x2, Q(x)
2
= 2
X
l/x, and R(x) = -2. Then :
+ (~- 4x)
1 e
2. An integrating y
=
so that ze" e2:t, Q(x)
2w = -Ze- 2x 2 + e or u = [ 1
1
2x + Ie dw
dx 1
2:z;2]-1 . Thus,
-
x + u.
+ 2ex,
and R(x) = 1. Then 1
+ (1 + 2ex
y = -ex tan x
2eX)w = -1. An
factor is eX so that eXw
= =e" + c or u =
=
ee-X
. Thus,
+ (-
+ u.
= -1. An
16. Identify P(x)
= secZ x, Q(x)
=-
tan x, and R(x)
1. Then dx
dw
+ 2 tanx)w
40
Exercises 2.6
integrating factor is sec x so that
w sec x Thus, Y
= -In I secx + tan z] + c or u = [- cosx In I secx + tan z] + CC08X]-l
= tan x + u.
=
17. Identify P(x)
6, Q(x)
= 5, R(x)
u
1, and Yl 1
= -2. An integrating factor for ;; + (5 - 4)w = -1

=
is eX so that e:Cw 18. Identify P( x) is 1so that w 19. Let Y =
= -~ + C or
ce-:C - 1
. Thus, y
-2
+ u.
=
=
g, Q( x) = 6, R( x) -x
1, and Yl
= - 3. An integrating factor for ~: + (6 - 6)w = -1
+ e or
=
= _1_. Thus, Y = -3 + u.
-x+e y = 1 - In t. A family of solutions is Y
xy + frY!)
+ frY!)
where f(t)
= ex + 1 - In c. The singular
solution is given by x 20. Let y = xy!
rl and
= 2 -In tor y = 2 + lnx.

A family of solutions is Y
=
where f(t)
= C2.
ex
+ c-2•
2.
The singular solution
is given by x 21. Let y = xy!
=
=
2t-3 and Y = 3c2 or 4y3

where f(t)
27x2.
=
+ fry)
+ frY!)
= _t3. A family of solutions is y or 27y2
cx -
is given by x 22. Let Y = xy!
3t2 and Y
2t3
4x3.
where f(t)
=
=
4t
+ t2.
solution is given by x = -4 - 2t and y 23. Let y

=
A family of solutions is Y 1 _t2 or y = -4'(x + 4)2.
ex
+ 4e + 2.
The singular
xy + f(y!)
= et
where f(t) and y
-et. A family of solutions is Y = ex - eC• The singular solution or Y

=
is given by x 24. Let Y

=
=
y
-et
+ tet
=
x In x-x.
=
xy!
+ frY!)
where f(t)
In t. A family of solutions is y
ex
+ In c.
is given by x
= - ~ and
In t - 1 or y
In ( - ~) - 1. and u is a solution of
2
25. Assume that Yl is a solution of ~~
= P(x) + Q(x)y + R(x)y2
du dx - [Q(x) If y
+ 2YIR(x)]
R(x)u
= Yl + u then
P(x)
+ Q(X)(YI + u) + R(X)(YI + U)2

= [P(x) + Q(X)Yl + R(x)y?]
dYl du =dx+dx=dx' dy
+ [Q(x)u + 2YIR(x)u
+ R(x)u2]
Exercises 2.6
du 26. Assume that dx - (Q + 2Yl R)1.1.
= R1.1. and let w = 1.1.-1so that dx

:
Wi
dw
-1.1.-
2d1.1. dx' Multiply the given
differential equation by -1.1.2 obtaining 27. If y'
+ (Q + 2YIR)w = -R.
dy then -d = x
WWII -
+ y2
- Q(x)y
- P(x)
=0
and y
= -w
WIWI
and w" - Q(x)wl
- P(x)w
O.
28. (a) Assume that F F(y -
= F(t, s) and F(y - ex, c) = O. Then, by the chain rule,
[Ft(Y - ex, c)l (y' - c) = O. Assuming Ft xy, yl) = F(y - cy, c) = O.
f=. 0
we have yl
=c
and
(b) Write the differential equation in the form (y - xyl)3

solutions is (y - ex)3 29. If y
+ (yl)2 + 5
O. By (a) a family of
=
+ c2 + 5 = O.
c and substituting into the differential equation y xc xy'
ex
+f
(c) then y'
+f
(yl) we obtain
the identity ex 30. From x
+ ftc)
=y
= xyl + fry') =
=
+ ftc).
dy dx
= - f'(t)
into y
and y
=
f(t)
- tf'(t)
. we obtain - tf'(t)
= dx/dt
xt
dy/dt
= _ fll(t)
Since x
-tr(t)
= t for r(t)
#- O.
Substituting
xy'
+ f(y')
we find f(t)
+ f(t).
= - f'(t),
this becomes
f(t) - tf'(t)
of y
= -tf'{t)
+ f(t), which is an identity. Thus, the parametric equations form a solution
= xy' + fry').
Exercises 2.7
1. Let
_
+ -u =
2 x
-2-'
u = eZy. Then -
du ~
linear with integrating
Zydy du and the equation becomes dx dx d factor x2. Thus dx [x2u 1 = 2ln x and
= 2e -
21nx x
This equation is
x21.1.=2xlnx-2x+c
or
x2e2Y=2xlnx-2x+c. du dx
d1.1. 1dy . 2. Let 1.1.= In y. Then - = - dx and the equation becomes dx y with integrating factor e". Thus
1.1. =
+ 1.1.
eX. This equation is linear
- [eXu] = e2x and dx 1 _ _ex + ce X or 2
3. Let
1.1. =
yex. Then y = ue-x
and dy
= -ucx
dx
+ e-x
du, and the equation becomes or (1
ue-xdx
+ (I + u)(
-ue-xdx
+ e-Xdu) 42
=0
+ u)
du = 1.1.2dx.
Exercises 2.7
Separating variables and integrating we find
--
-- + In lui = x + c
u
==}
1 y~
+ In Iyl + x = x + c
==}
yIn Iyl = e-x
+ cy,
x 4. Let u = - so that x = uy and dx = u dy y (2
+ y du.
, The equation becomes 0 or 2 + e- du 2 + ue-U

U
+ e-U)(udy
u
+ y dU) + 2(1
- u) dy
+ dy = O.
y
W niti thiIS in form mg In 12eu 5. Let u
2e + 1 d u + dy 2eu + u y y(2eU
= 0 an d i t egra t"mg we fi nd m
+ 1.11+ In IYI = c ==>

so that y
+ u) =
Cl
==> Y (2eX/Y
+ ;)
c ==> 2yez/
+ x = c.
= Y4
= ux4
4ux3
and dy
= 4ux3dx + x4du, The equation becomes

- 4x3u
+ X4du
dy
dx
= 2xseu
or
e-udu
2x dx,
Integrating 6. Let u
we find -e-u = x2
so
+ c or
_e-y/z4
= x2 + c.
= x +Y
du that dx
= 1 + dx'
( dU
The equation becomes

U
=
dx
1) + + 1
u2e3x
or
du
dx
w
+u
u2e3x,
This is a Bernoulli equation and we use the substitution integrating factor is
u-1 to obtain
-w
= e-:»:, An
e-x, IlO
7. Let u e=, so
2 du Y so that dx
= 2yy, The equation becomes dx + u = -x

I
du
- x, An integrating
factor is
d~[eZul = 8. Let u = y
(X2
+ x)
eX ==> eXu
= - (x2ex
xe"
+ eX) + c ==>
y2
= _x2 + x-I
+ ce:",
+ 1 so
du dy that - = -, dx dx du dx
. The equation becomes

2
-=u-l+xu
+1 or
dx
du _ u
= xu2.
Exercises 2.7
This is a Bernoulli equation and we use the substitution integrating factor is
eX,
dw w = u-1 to obtain dx
+w =
-x. An
so
9. Let u du -d x
=
-u x
1
In(tany)
=
du so that dx
= -- - = tally dx
factor is z, so ~
see2 y dy
dy 2 esc 2y -.
dx
The equation becomes x du

dx
= 2x - u or
2. An integrating
dec -[xuJ=2x
dx
u=x+-
==;0}
In(tany)=x+-.
x u
10. Let u
xZy so that
du
dx
x dx
zdy
+ 2xy.
du The equation becomes dx
+L
Separating
variables
and integrating
we have
__!!!!:._ Z
U
+1
= dx ==> tan-1 u = x
+e
tan
-I xZy
=X
+ c. =
2x - 3. Separating
3
11. Let u
X3y3
so that -
du
variables and integrating

du
dx
= 3x 3 y 2 -dy + 3x Z y 3 .
we have
dx
1 du The equation becomes -x -
3 dx
-
6xz -
2. x
==;0}
2x3
9ln [z]
+C
==;0}
x3y2
2x3
9In [z]
+ c.
12. Let u
= eY so that u' = eYy'. The equation becomes xu' - 2u = x2 or u' - ~u = x. An integrating

x
factor is x-z, so
13. Let u
= x + Y so that ul = 1 + y'. The equation becomes ul

we have eU-du= sinxdx
==;0}
= e -"
sin x. Separating
variables and
integrating
e"
-cosx
+c
==> eX+Y
=-
cosx
+ c.
=
O.
14.
= sinysinhxdx The solution is u = c or sin y cosh x = c.

Let u
=
sin y cosh x so that du du
+ cosycoshxdy.
x du
= Y -d
The equation becomes du
15. Lct u
x~
= y2In x so that -d =
xeY or - y dy
= - -d + 2y In x or - -d y xy uu
. van abies we have
y2 dx
dy x
+ 2x In x.
The equation
becomes
--
1~
y dy
eY. Separating yeY
du
==> u
= yeY
eY
+ c ==> 44
y2 In x = yeY - eY
+ c.
Exercises 2.7
16. Let u du. dy du cosy so that dx = sm y -d . The equation becomes x-d -u factor is
=-
An integrating
l/x,
so
-x eXor ---u dx x
dul
= -xex.
~ [.!.u] dx x
17. Let u = y' so that u'
u
2
= _ex
=}
u=
-xex
+ ex
=}
cosy
ze" - ex.
Thus
-
=- y".
The equation becomes u'

=
= -u -
1 which is separable.
=}
du
+1
= -dx
tan-1 u
-x
+ ci
0:=::::}
y' = tan(ct - x)
y = In I COS(CI
z)]
+ C2.
18. Let u =
if
so that u' w
substitution
= u-l
0:=::::}
1 y". The equation becomes u' - -u = u2, which is Bernoulli. x dw 1 we obtain -d + -w = -1. An integrating factor is x, so
Using the
-[xw]=-x
dx 19. Let
W
W=--X+-C
1 2
1
x
=}
1 Cl - x2 -=--u 2x
=}
u=---
2x x2
CI -
y=-lnICl-x21+C2.
Using
u=
y' so that we obtain d [x2wJ dx

.
u' =
dw dx
=
y". x
The equation becomes 2 . . = - -. An integrating x

W = -1 + xC~
=}
u' - .!.u = '!'u3,

x
.
= U -2
2 + -w -2x
which is Bernoulli.
factor
u2
IS
x , so
2
=}
=}
Cl x~X
---;=:::::;;;=; x2
IxI' VCJ -
20. Let u
y' so that u'
= 'I'. The equation becomes x2u' + u2

-;
O. Separating
X
variables we obtain 1
du u2
= ;;
CtX + 1 + ci = --x-
==?
U = - CI
1(
+ 1/c,
= CJ
(1
CtX
+ 1-
y 21. Let u
=?
1 cr In IctX + 11 -
C,
1 -x
+ C2.
= y'
so that u'
= y". The equation becomes u = xu' + (u')3 + 1. This is a Clairaut equation

A family of solutions is u =
CIX
with f(t)·
= 1+
3.
(1 +
-
cn,
= 4C1X2 +
=1
(1 +
cn
x+
C2.
A singular solution is given by x = -3t2 and u = 1 parameter 22. Let u

~ =
+ t3
t (-3t2)
+ 4t3.
Eliminating
the
we obtain u u'
=}
1+4 ( -
X)3/2 24 X)5/2 3' ' y = x - '5 ( - 3' .
'II so that
=
'II', The
=
equation becomes u'
= 1 + u2, Separating variables
we obtain
1+u2
dx
tan-tu
x+
ct
==?
tan(x
+ Cl)
==?
y = -In
I COS(x +
cdl +
C2,
Exercises 2.7
23. Let
u
= yl so that ul
-
= yll.
The equation becomes xd
u. Separating
CtX
variables we obtain
= C2X
du
= - dx
==> In lui = In
Ixl + C
==> u =
==> y
+ £:3.
24. Let u
= y' so that u' = if'. The equation becomes u' + u tan x = O. Separating variables we obtain
= u
.J
du
-(tanx)
dx ==> In lui
II
= In Icos z] + c ==> u
=q
cos x ==> y = cr sin z

3 =
+ C2.
25. Let u = y so that y obtain
= u dy' The equation becomes u dy + 2yu

1 ==> __ +y2=C
u
du
du
O. Separating
I
variables we
du 2+2ydy=O
u
==>
y2 1
+ Cl ==>
y2
+q
==>
26. Let u = y' so that y
du =""2
II
"3y3 + qy = x + D,!.
=
= u du dy'
. 2du The equation becomes y u dy
u. Separating variables we obtain
..
dy 1 ==> u = -- + Cl y y
==> y 1 __ cly-l
Y dy = dx (for
Ct
==> -_Y-dy __ dx
CtY -
==> _!_ If cr
Cl
(1+ _1-1)
ClY -
# 0) ==>
.!..y cr
+ 12 In Iy - 11 = z + D,!.
cl
0, then ydy
1 -dx and another solution is "2y2 = yli.
-x
+ C2.
'U/ =
27. We need to solve [1 + (yl)2r/2 (1+u )

2
Let u = yl so that
if'.
The equation
becomes u = tan 9
3/2
u' or
(2)3/2 1+u
= du ' Separating variables and using the substitution dx
we have (1
+U
du
2)3/2
dx
==>
J(
sec 9 1+ tan2B
)3/2 d9 = x ==>
sec 9 sec39 d9 = x
fcosBdB
y' -;====== ..)1 + (y)2
= x ==> sinB
=
x ==>
~ vI +u-
x
2
x ==> (y')2
= x2 [] + (y/)2 1
==> y=-..)I-x2.
x = __
1-
x2
==> y'=
vl- z-
(forx>O)
46
Exercises 2.8
Exercises 2.8
1. Identify Xo
=
_
= -Yn-dt),
Picard's formula is Yn{x} 12
2 -
0, Yo
1, and !(t, Yn-l(t)) we find
1-
10'" Yn-l(t)
dt
for n = 1, 2, 3, '" , Iterating
Yl(X)=I-x Y2(X)
Y3(X)
1- x
= 1-
+ 2x - i3x
1 1
13
3
+ 2X2
Y4(X)
1 - X + 2X
6X + 24 x
As n --; 00, Yn(x) --; e-31•

2. Identify Xo
=
0, Yo = 1, and Itt, Yn-i (t»)
= t + Yn-i (t),
Picard's formula is dt
Yn(x) = 1+ fo31 (t
for n
=
+ Yn-l (t»
1, 2, 3, ... , Iterating
we find
Yi{X) = 1 + x Y2(X) = 1+ x
As n 00,
+ 2x2 + x2 + 6x3
1
Y3(X)
= 1 + x + x2 + ax3 + 24 x4
1 1 1 1
Y4(X) = 1 + x
+ x2 + ax3 + 12x4 + lZ0xS,
Yn(x) =
-1 - x
+ Ze31.
= 2tYn_l(t).
Picard's formula is
3, Identify Xo = 0, Yo
1, and !(t,Yn-l(t»
Yn(x)
for n = 1, 2, 3, , .. , Iterating we find
= 1 + 210
30
tYn-i(t)
dt
YJ(x) Y2(x) = 1+ x2
As n _
00,
= 1+ x2 + ~x4 + !x6
Z 6
+ 2x4
Y4(X) = 1+ x2
+ 2x4 + BXB + 24x8,
Yn{x) _ e312,
= t - 2tYn-l(t). 2 Picard's formula is
4. Identify xo = 0, YO = 0, and !(t,Yn-l(t»
Yn(x) = !x2 - Z ('" tYn_l(t)dt
Jo
for n
= 1, 2, 3, , .. , Iterating we find
Yl(X) = "2x 1 Y2(x) ="2X
1
2
2
-
4x
Exercises 2.8
1 1 x2 All n ...... Y (x) ......~ - ~e~ . 00 ,n 2 2 5. Identify Xo for n
= 0, Yo = 0, and !(t,Yn~l(t))
Iterating
= -Y;~l(t).
t = 2e =
Picard's formula is Yn(x)

=
= - foX Y;_l(t)dt
Yn(x) ...... O.
= 1, 2,3, ....
we find Yl(X)
= Y2(X) = Y3(X)
Y4(X)
0. As
n ...... 00,
6. Identify xo
= 0, YO = 1, and f(t, Yn-l(t))

Yn(x)
2e
x - I-lox
Y3(X) Y4(X)
Yn-I(t).
Picard's Yn-J(t) dt
formula is
for n
1, 2, 3, .... YI (x)
Iterating we find
=
2e'" - 1 - x
., 1 2e - 1 - z 1
1 -zx - 6x
2
= 1 + x + '2X2 + 6x3 + 24x4.

Picard's formula is we find
As
n ...... oo,
Yn(x) ...... eX.
7. (a) Identify xo Yn(X)
= 0, YO = 0, and !(t,Yn-l(t))
Y;~l (t) dt for
= x,
1 +Y;-l(t). Iterating
= X + foX
Yl(X)
n = 1, 2, 3, .... =
x
Y2(x)
+ "3x3,
Y3(X) = x
separation 2
+ "3x3 + ISXS + 63x7.

=
(b)
From dy
(1 + y2)
dx and y( 0)
= 0 we use
of variables to obtain Y 17
tan x.
1 (c) The Maclaurin series for tan z is x+ Sx3
+ 15XS + 315x7 + ... for [z] < 7r/2.
8. (a) If Yo = k then the iterants are k times the iterants given in Problem 3.
(b) If yo(x)
x then
YI(X)
m(x)
= x + "3X3
= x + "3x3 +
2
15x5
yJ(x)
= x + ~x3 + ~x5 + _X7

3 15
105 16 + _x9. 945
Y4(X)
= x + ~x3 + ~x5 + _x7
2 3
4 15
8 105

1. For f(x,y)
=
(25 - x2 - y2rl we obtain /y(x,y) = 2y (25 - x2 - y2)-2 so there will be a unique solution for any point (xo, YO) in the region x2 + y2 < 25 or x2 + y2 > 25.
2. y=O
48

3. False; since y = 0 is a solution. 4. True; since f(x, y) 5. (a) linear in x
= (y - 1)3 and fy(x, y)
3(y ~ 1)2 are continuous everywhere in the plane.
(b) linear in y, homogeneous, exact

(d) Bernoulli in x
(c) Clairaut (e) separable (g) linear in x (i) Bernoulli (1) exact, linear in (n) separable (p) Ricatti
6. Separating cos xdx=-2--dy y y +1 7. Separating
y
(f) separable, Ricatti

(h) homogeneous (j) homogeneous, exact, Bernoulli
(k) linear in x and y, exact, separable, homogeneous
(m) homogeneous (0) Clairaut
variables we obtain
=:}
1 1. -x+-sm2x=-ln 2 4
1 2
(2 y
+1
+c
==> 2x
+ sin 2x
= 21n (y2
+ 1) + c.
variables we obtain y
lny dy = xe%dx;
==>
1 _y2ln Iyl-
1 _y2
= ze"
- eX
+ c.
If y(l)
1, c
-1/4. The solution is 2y21n
Iyl-
y2
= 4xe:>:: - 4e% -1.
8. Write the differential equation equation, so let x

=
in the form y In ~ dx
=
(x In ~ - y) dy.
or ylnudu
This is a homogeneous
uy. Then dx ylnu(udy+ydu)
udy
+ ydu
(uylnu
and the differential equation becomes - y)dy
= -dy.
Separating
variables we obtain Inudu
= - dy ==> uln lul- u = -In Iyl + C ==> :-: Inl:-:I-:-:

y Y Y
= -lnlyl
+c
==> x(lnx -Iny)
- x = -yin
Iyl
+ cy.
9. The equation is homogeneous, so let y = ux. Then dy = u. dx + x du and the differential equation becomes ux2 (u dx + x du) = (3u2 x2 + x2) dx or ux du = (2u2 + dx. Separating variables we
1)
obtain 2u2
u
+1
du
1 dx ==> -4 In (21.12 x
+ 1) = lnx + C ==>
2u2
+ 1 = CIX4
If y( -1)
= 2 then
Cl
+ 1 = CIX4 ==> 2y2 + x2 = CIX6. x g and the solution of the initial-value problem is 2y2 + x2
==> 22
y2
gx6.

2
. . dy 10. Th e diff erentia 1 equation dx + 6x 2 1y + z dw + --w = --6 9x i : A'n mtegratmg 6 . dx 6x+l x+ d dx [(6x + l}w] -9x
:2
3x -2· B III - 6x + 1Y IS emou. factor IS 6x . 3x3
U'
sing w
y3 we obtain
+1
c
so
==> w --6x+16x+l
+ --
==> (6x
+ 1)y3 =
-3x3
+ C.
(Note: The differential equation is also exact.) 11. Let u
xy so that
~~
+ y~:.
The differential equation becomes e" (~:
x)
+ xe"
= 12yZ
or e" du dy
= 12yz. Separating variables we obtain

e"du
12y2dy
==>
eU = 4y3
+ c ==>
e"'Y = 4y3
+ c.
=
If y(O)
-1 then c
= 5 and
=
the solution of the initial-value problem is e"'Y
4y3
+ 5.
12. Let u = xy so that du
x dy
+ y dx.
The differential equation becomes or ~~+U=XZ+2X.
du-ydx+(u+y-xZ-2x)dx=O An integrating factor is e", so d dx [e"'u] =
(X2 + 2x)
x
Z eX ==> eXu = x eX + c
=
C ==> Y = X + -e
x.
. .. dy 13. W nte t h e equation m t h e & rorrn -d d~ [( x2 If y(O)
+4
t y]
8x + -z--y x +4
2x ( x
+ 4)
==> (x2
+4
ty
2x ~4'
A'n m t egratmg factor IS . .
(2 + 4)4 , so x
= ~ (x2
+ 4 + c ==>
= ~ + c (xZ + 4
rot .
-1 then c = -320 and y = ~ - 320
(X2 + 4) -4.
factor is e-zy, so
dx 14. Write the equation in the form dy - 2x = y. An integrating
.!!_
dy
[e-2yx]
ye-Zy
==> e-2yx = _.!.ye-ZY - ~e-2Y + c ==> x = -~y 2 4 2
.!. + ce'4l.
15. The differential equation is Bernoulli. Using w dw 4 - - -w dx x
=
, 80
y-l we obtain
_xy2 ~:
+ 4y = x"y2 or
-x.3 A'n mtegra tiIng factor
·-4 IS
[x-4
w]
= -~
==> x-4w
= -In
+ c ==>
w = -x41nx
+ ex4
Ify(l}
= 1 then c = 1 and y
(x4 -
x41nxfl.
50

16. Writing the differential equation in the form y with I(t)
xy'
+ (y' + 1)2 we see that it is
a Clairaut
=
equation
+ 1)2. A family of solutions is y = ex + (c + 1)2. If y(O) = 0 then c solution of the initial-value problem is y = -x.
(t
-1 and the Idy dx and
17. Write the equation
III
the form V3
1(
1)dY cos V2 dx
1
+x +x
= 0 and let u
V2 • Then
1du -"2 dx
y3
the differential equation becomes cos u du 18. Let u
-"2 (cos u)
==}
du dx
= 0.
Separating
1
==}
variables we obtain
= 2x dx
sin u
= x2 + c
sin 2" = x2 Y
+ C.
z. An integrating factor
= y' so that
= xex
u'
y". The equation becomes
u' = z - u or u'
+u
==}
is eX, so
~[eXul
dx
==}
eXu = xe" - eX
+ Ct
(t))
==}
V'
x-I
+ cle-x
Picard's
2
~x2 - x - Cte-X
+ C2.
19. Identify Xo
= 0,
Yo = 1, and
I(t,
Yn-l
= t2
+ V;-l (t).
1
3
formula is
Yn(X)
= 1 + aX + Jo
(X
Yn-l
(t) dt
for n
= 1, 2, 3, . . . . Iterating we find
Y2(X) 20. From dy
= I + x + x2 + ax3 + 6x4 + ISxS + 63x7.

=
= (4 - 2y) dx and y(O)
3 we obtain y
=
= 2 + e-2.x. Picard's formula is
Yn(x) for n
=
3 + 4x - 2 (X Yn-t(t)
Jo
dt
1, 2, 3, ... so that
Ydx)
= = =
3 - 2x
3 - 2x
Y2{x)
Y3(x) Y4(X) and Yn(x)
-t
+ 2x2
2
3 - 2x + 2x 3 - 2x
4 aX 4 aX
+ 2x
+ aX = 2 + 1 - 2x + ~
4 [
(2x)2
- ---a! + 4! '
(2x)3
(2x)4]
+ c2.x
as n -
00.
Applications of First-Order Differential Equations

Exercises 3.1 _
family is y' = -::..
y
1. From y = CIX we obtain y' = '!!.. so that the differential equation of the orthogonal x Then ydy = -x dx and y2 + x2 = C2. 2. From 3x 4
+ 4y
= Cl we obtain y' = -~ so that the differential equation of the orthogonal

4x = C2· 2y so that
family is
y' = 3' Then 3y 3. From y = CIX2
y'
= -~.
2y
x Then 2ydy = -x dx and 2y2
we obtain y' =
the differential
equation
of the orthogonal
family is
+ x2 = C2.
family is
4. From y = (x - CJ}2 we obtain y' = 2y'Y so that the differential equation of the orthogonal 1 y' = s:: Then 2.jijdy = -dx and 4V3/2 + 3x = C2· 2yV _ 5. From ci x2 +V2 = 1 we obtain y'= xv
y' = y2 - 1 so that the differential equation of the orthogonal family is
I-y
xy
2'
Then (~-Y)dy=xdxand21nlyl=x2+y2+c2.
y
6. From 2x2 is V
I
+ y2
q we obtain y-= = -1
2x
2x so that the differential equation of the orthogonal

V
2
family
Y = -.
2x
I Then - dy Y
dx and y
CzX.
7. From V
y'
= ct e-:r we obtain y = -y so that the differential equation 1 = -. Then y dy = dx and y2 = 2x + C2. V
of the orthogonal
family is
8. From y
eel x we obtain y' = yIn y so that the differential
y' = __ x_. Then ylnydv

ylny 9. From y2 = y'
= - 2x .
CIX3
x = -xdx
=
equation
of the orthogonal
family is
and 2y21ny -
y2
_2X2
+ C2.
of the orthogonal family is
we obtain Vi
3y so that the differential equation 2x and 3y2
3y
Then 3ydy
= -2xdx
-.
+ 2x2 =
52
Cz.
Exercises 3. 1
10. Fro~ yG
y'
elxb we obtain y'
ax
by so that the differential equation
of the orthogonal
family is
= ~ ;: . Then by dy =
=
~ax dx and byz
+ axz
cz.
11. From y
y' y
= -2' Then y2dy = -xzdx

= ---
XZ
_~x_ we obtain y' 1 + CIX
= y~ so that the differential equation of the orthogonal family is

X
and x3
+ y3 = cz.
. family
12. From y
1 + elx . I yZ - 1 ... we obtain y = -2so that the differential equation of the orthogonal 1 - CIX X Then (1 - yZ) dy
= 4CIX = 2xdx
is y' = ~. l-y 13. From 2x2
and 3y - 3xz - y3
cz.
+ y2
we obtain y'
:1'
y2 _ 2x2 2 so that the differential equation of the orthogonal
family is y' y'
x -y u + xu'. Then 2 - u2 dx -du = u3 x
=2
;XY
xy
This is a homogeneous
differential
equation.
Let y = ux so that
=?
_u-2
-In
lui = In Ixl + C
x2 --2 Y
(InIyl -Inlxl)
lnx +c
14. From x2+y2

IS
.
2 2CIX
we obtain y' = y 2- x
xy
so that the differential equation of the orthogonal family
= x2
2xy _ y2'
TIlls is a homogeneous differential equation . Let x

dy Y
= vy
so that dv
= CI
dx
= v +y
dv dy .
Then
2vdv 1 +v2
=0
=?
In Iyl + In (1
+ v2) = C
= C2
=?
=?
Y (1
+ vZ)
=?
Y(1 + ;:)
x +y
z2x y
2
x2
+ y2 = C2Y.
of the orthogonal
=
15. From y3
+ 3x2y
=
CI
we obtain y'
=-
so that the differential equation Let y

=
family is y' Then
2xy
+ y2
. This is a homogeneous differential equation.
ux so that y'
u+xu'.
1 :uu2
du
=~
=?
-In
11- u21 = In [z] + c

3y2 _ xZ 2xy
=?
(1 - ~~)
= q =?
y2
= CIX.
16. From y2 - x2
CIX3
we obtain y' =
so that the differential equation
of the orthogonal
53
Exercises 3. 1
family is y' = 2xy x'1 - 3y'1 . This is a homogeneous differentia! equation. Let y =
tLX
so that
11 = u + xu'.
u + 3u3
1 - 3u 2
Then ~
X
du = dx
'1 '1 1 + 9u - 12u du = dx
u + 3u3
In
=? ~
3:
3 3
= CIX
(1+ 6~~+ 9~:)

(x2
+ 3y2)
2 ~
2 so
I'u + 3u31- 2In

=>
Y
(1 =
+ 3u2)
Ct
= In Ixl
+c
x'1y + 3y3
(x4 + 6x2y'1 +9y4)

.
=> y
17. From y y'
= =~
(x2
+ 3y2)
= CI
Cl
(x2
+ 3y2)
we obtain y' l+x 1+x2 ~2--. Then xy 2ydy

=
=-
2xy l+x
that the differential equation of the orthogonal family is
-x- dx ==> y2 = In [z] + Zx'1

=
1 + x2
+ C ==>
2y2
2ln
Ixl + x2+ CI.

family is
18. From y 1 y
= -Cl
1 +x
we obtain y'
_y2
so
that the differential equation of the orthogonal
y' = 2". Then y2 dy = dx and y3 = 3x + c.

19. From 4y
+ x2 + 1 + CI e'1y =
family is y'
0 we obtain
11 =
4y
orthogonal
+ -y = - - x. An integrating factor is x4, so

X X
+x
x2
-1
so that the differential equation of the
.!!_ [X4y]
dx 20. From y
=
x3 - x5 ==> x4y = .!.x4 _ .!.x6

46
+C
==> Y
= .!. _
46·
.!.x2
+ cx-4
-x - 1 + Ct eX we obtain y'
= y + x so that the differential equation of the orthogonal

factor IS e Y , so .
fami·1 IS y . dy
dx
= - -- 1
y+x d dy[eYxj
dx or dy
+x =
-yo A·' mtegratmg n
-yeY
==> eYx = -yeY
+ eY + C ==>
-y
+ 1 + ce-Y.
family is
21. From y = -I_1_ we obtain y'

DCtX
=-
y2 so that the differential equation of the orthogonal x
11 =
x . Then y2 dy y2
= x dx
and 2y3
= 3x'l + c.
so
22. From y = In(cl family is
+ tan
x) we obtain y' = e-Y sec2 x
that the differential equation ofthe orthogonal
if
= -ell cos2 x. Then e;-Y dy = - cos2 xdx and 4e-1l = 2x

=
+ sin 2x + C2.
23. From sinh y y' = -~h tan
ct x we obtain y'
= tanh y so that the differential equation of the orthogonal family is

x
. Then tanh y dy = -x dx and 21n I cosh
yl + x'1
= C2·
54
Exercises 3. 1
24. From y
= C!
sin x we obtain y'
y cot x so that the differential equation of the orthogonal
family is
y' = - tan x . Then ydy = - tan xdx and y2 = 21n I cos z] + C2. y y2/3 25. From x1/3 + yl/3 = CI we obtain y' = - x2/3 so that the differential equation family is
of the orthogonal
y' =
x2/3 Y
2/3'
Then
y'l/3
dy = X2/3 dx and
26. From xa + is y'
if' = Cl we
Then
CI
obtain y' ~ -
~=:
I x+y-l eXy
'!i'/3
0/3
+ C2.
family
so that the differential equation of the orthogonal

y2-a
= yn-l . aI
x
-
yl-a dy
= xl-a dx and
yl =
x2-a
+ C2.
of the orthogonal
27. From x
+Y =
elo' we obtain y. Then
so that the differential equation factor is eX, so

~
family is y'
=I- x dx[eZy]
d
11 + y =
xex
~
1 - z. An integrating
=
eZ
2ex -,.xex -'I'-
Y =2 - x
+ ce-z.
.-
If y(O) = 5 then 28. From 3xy2

=
= 3 and
y = 2 - x + 3e-x,
= --2-
2 + 3CIX we obtain y'

= 3x
233
3x y
" so that the differential equation
of the orthogonal
=
family is y' = 3x2y, Then dy 29. From r
ydx
and y
ceJ: . If y(O)
= 10 then c = 10 and y
equation
IDe'" .
2Cl cos 9 we obtain r ~~ = - cot
e so
that the differential
of the orthogonal
family is r dO dr
= tan 9. Then
cot9dB=dr
T
~ ddB= r
Inlsin91=lnlrl+c
r=ctsinB.
30. From r = . femily is I +cosB ---dB sinB 31. Fr om

T2
CI
(1-l-cos B) we obtain
=
T-
dB dr
sin9
I ~cos B so that the differential equation of the orthogonal smB
1+
dr
T
1I .
'Then
COS
11
=-
sinB BdB I-cos

0btai tam
=-
dr
r
Inll-
cosel
= In 11'1 +c
= ct(l-cosB). of the orthogonal
=
l' -
clsin2 B we d9
T dB d1'
tan 29 so that the differential
equation
., family 18
dT
=-
cot 29. Then I - In I cos 281 = In T
dr - tan 29 dB = ~
l'
+C
1'2 = CI
cos 2B.
55
Exercises 3. 1
32. From r
CI
1
-
+ cos (} we
=-
,dJ} obtam r -d .
1 +'8 8 so t h at t h e d'J1" cos ' ifterenti'a! equation sm
f the orthogonal
, ,de family IS l'
dr
sinO l+cosO
=::}
Then
dJ}
_ I + cos (}de = dr sin r
----:0
l'
sinO I-cos
= -r
dr
=::}
-In
11-
cosOI
In r + c
=::}
r = Cl
1 0' I-cos family is
33. From r . =
r-
Cl
sec
e we obtain
r dd(} = cot (}so that the differential equation of the orthogonal
d8
dr
= - tanO. Then - cot (} =
dr
r
=::}
-In
I sin 01
= In
11'1 + C
=::}
Cl
esc 0,
34. From r
T
= q eO
we obtain r dO
de dr
dr
= 1 so that the differential equation of the orthogonal family is dr

r
-1. Then -dO = -
=> -8 = In
11'1 + C => r = cle-o, 13 be

the angle of inclination,
35. See the figures for this problem in the answer section in the text. Let measured from the positive x-axis, between the tangents Depending any event, using the dy dx is
0:.
of the tangent line to a member of the given family, and 'I/J the At the point where the curves intersect, the angle line to a trajectory is dy/dx
01
angle of inclination of the tangent to a trajectory,
Now, the slope of the tangent
tan¢.
71',
on how the angle a is chosen, we will either have

rr +periodicity
13 + a
+ 71' or 13 -
= ¢tan
In
of the tangent function and the fact that f(x, y) 1 =t=tan
13,
= tan1/.' = tan(j3± a) = tan 13 ± tan
13 tan
0:
= f(x, y) ± tan a ,
1 =t=f(x, y) tan a x
36. Since the differential equation of the original family is f(x, y)
= !!., the differential equation of the

so let y
isogonal family is y and

XU
I
y/x ± I 1:t= y/x
y±x x:t= y'
This is homogeneous
uz. Then y'
= u + xu'
±1 ± u I=Fu
=> ±--2 du = -
I :t=u l+u
fix
=> ±tan
-1
1( 2) u - -In 1 + u 2
=::}
In
Ixl + C
2 y2 + )=Cl'
=> ±2tan-I~-ln(1+~~)
=21nlxl+cl
±2tan;-ln(x
37. Since the differential equation of the original family is f(x, y) the
= y_, the differential equation of

x so let y
. Isogonal
.., family
IS
= y/x±-13 / = Y±V3x r.; . rz

l=t=v3y x x=t=v3y
. This is homogeneous
ux. Then
56
Exercises 3. 1
y'
= u + xu'
and
xu'
±v'3 ± v'3u2 1 1= v'3 u
=>
±_l_ 1 T V3u du = v'3 1 + u2

1 1
dx
X
=> ± V3 tan-I u -
'2 In (1 + u2)
= In Ixl + c
38. Since the differential the isogonal family is y'
equation
of the original family is
f (z, y)
¥.,
x
the differential
equation
of
'II =
y/x
+ xu'
1 =fy
/.;3
1/v'3
3x
± x/..J3
x=fy
/v'3'
3
ThIS IS homogeneous
..
so let y = ux. Then
and
xu' =
±1/ V3 ± u2 / v'3 l=fu/v'3
=> ±J3 1=l::: u/ v'3 du = dx l+u2 x => => =>
±J3 ±2J3
tan-1 u - ~ In (1 tan1 ~
+ u2)
ln lc]
+c
-In
(1 + ~~)
(x2
+ y2)
2lnlxl + ci
±2V3
tan-I
~-
In
= Cl.
39. From y2 = cl(2x
+ CI)
we obtain
CI
yl Self-orthogonality 40. From -q+l
= - ~+~
(~r
-x
± /x2 + y2
or y'
and
+1
= - ~- ~
(~r
+ 1.
follows from the fact that the product of these derivatives is -1. 1 we obtain
Cl
x2
+- =
CJ
y2
yy'
---I
x+YY
and (x
+ yy')(xy'
- y) = y'. Replacing y' by --y'
results in exactly the same equation. 41. From x
This shows that the family is self-orthogonal. dy

dx
=
Cl
et cos t and y
=
=
Cl
et sin t we obtain
.
x-y
+y
. Then the differential equation of the cos t and y = 0,2e -t sin t.
orthogonal
y family is dd x
Y- x y+x
This is satisfied by
x = C2e -t
Exercises 3. 1
42. We have 1fl -
12 =
so that
tan'l/Jl
= tan ( 'l/J2+ ~) = - cot 12 =
t~ fjJ2 .
Exercises 3.2
1. Let P
pet) be the population Using P( 5) 3
at time t, and Po the initial population.
obtain P = Poekt. we have
=
~
2Po we find k =
In 3 __ (In 2)t 5
!in 2 and
----"..
----0'
From dP/dt
= kP we
Poe (In 2}t/5.
Setting P( t)
= 31'0
(I 2)t/5 en
5In 3 In2 ~ 7.9 years.
Setting pet)
= 4Po
we have 4
e(ln 2)t/5
In 4
(In 2)t 5
=> t = 10 years.
2. Setting P =10,000 and t
= 3 in Problem 1 we obtain => Po = 10,000e-O.6In2 ~ 6597.5.
10,000 = Poe{1n2)3/5 Then P(1O) = Poe21n2 = 4Po ::::::26,390. 3. Let P 4. Let N
= pet) be the population at time t. From dP/dt = kt and P(O) = Po = 500 we obtain P = 500ekt. Using P(lO) = 575 we find k = in 1.15. Then P(30) = 500e31n 1.15 :::::: 760.,..,._
to
N (t) be the number of bacteria at time t and No the initial num her. From dN / dt = kN we obtain N = Noekt. Using N(3) = 400 and N(10) = 2000 we find 400 = Noe3k or ek = (400/No) 1/3. From N(10) = 2000 we then have
=
2000
= Noe
1 Ok
= No
(400) No
10/3
=> 40010/3 = No
2000
-7/3
=> No
=
2000 ) 40010/3
-3/7 ~
20l.
5. Let N = N(t)
be the amount of lead at time t. From dN/dt
kN and N{O) = 1 we obtain
N=
ekt.
Using N(3.3)
1/2 we find k
bIn
1/2. When 90% of the lead has decayed, 0.1 grams
will remain. Setting N{t) et(1/3.3) In(1/2)
= 0.1 we have
=
0.1
=> _!_ In ~ = In 0.1 ~

3.32
=
3 .31n 0.1 :::::: 96 hours 10 In 1/2 . .

=
6. Let N = N(t) be the amount at time t. From dN/dt Using N(6) = 97 we find k = 7. Setting N(t)
=
t InO.97.
kt and N(O)
100 we obtain N = 100ekt• ~ 88.5 mg.
Then N(24) = 100e(1/6)(lno.97)24 = 100(0.97)4
50 in Problem 6 we obtain 50
100ekt => kt
1 In 2
=> t
In 1/2 (1/6) InO.97 ~ 136.5 hours.
58
Exercises 3.2
B. The solution of dA/at Solving 9. Let I I= (a)
.
kA is A(t) = Aoekt. Then Al = A(tI) = Aoektl, A2 = A(t2) = Aoekt2 and

==}
Al ( ) = ek tl-t2 A2
kt.
k( tl
t2)
= In -At
A2
==}
1
(tl - t2)
= =
In -
Al . A2
.
Ao/2
k
= Aoe
for t, we obtain t = -(ln2)/k.
It follows that t
=
(t2 - h)ln2 /) In(AI A2
= I(t) be the intensity, t the thickness, and 1(0)

=
loek!,
iIn .25, and
10. If dl/dt
kl and 1(3) = .25/0 then
1(15)
.0009810.
10. From dS/dt = rS we obtain S = Soert where S(O) = So. If So = $5000 and r
= 5.75% then S(5) = $666S.45.
(b) If Set) =$10,000 then t (e) S I'::l$6651.82

11. Assume that A and c
12 years. If A(t)
= Aoekt and k = -.00012378.

so that T
.14SAo then t I'::llS,600 years. = 55° and T(5)
12. Assume that d:r/dt = k{T-5)

13. Assume that d:T / dt 14. Assume that d'I'[dt c
= =
5+cekt.
IfT(l)
30° then k = -!ln2 = 50° then-c = 60 = 22° then
= 59.4611 so that T(O) = 64.4611°.

k(T - 10) so that T = 10 + cekt. If T(O)
= 70° and T(1/2)

=
and k = 21n(2/3) so that T(l)
= 36.6T.
If T(t)
15° then t cekt.
3.06 minutes.
=
k{T - 100) so that T so that T(t) = .1, R

= =
= 100 +
If T(O)
20° and T(l)
-80
and k
In(39/40)
90° implies t
= 82.1 seconds.
If T(t) = 98° then

SOOt.
t = 145.7seconds.
15. Assume L di/dt then c = -3/5 16. Assume L di/dt
+ Ri = E(t), L
and limt-ooo itt)
50, and E(t) and itO)
50 so that i =
!+ ce-
If itO) = 0
3/5.
=
+ Ri = E(t), E(t)
;=
Eo sinwt,
= io so that
L2w2
eaR R2 smw t . +
=
=
EoLw t+ -Rt/L L2w2 + R2 cosw ce
'(0)' S· mce l
to we
bt . . EoLw am c = to + L2w2 + R2 . E(t), R and i
17. Assume Rdq/dt
If q(O)
0 then
c = -1/100
+ (l/c)q
+ (l/c)q =
!e-SOt.
200, C
10-4, and E(t) 5
100 so that q
1/100
+ ce-5Ot•
18. Assume Rdqld: q = 1/1000
= E(t), R As t -
1000, C
10-6, and E(t)
200 so that q(.OOS)

=
+ ce-ZOOt
and i(.005)
= .1472 amps.
and i = -200ce-200t.
00
If itO) = .4 then c
= -1/500,
.OO3coulombs,
we have q -1/1000.
19. For 0 ::; t ::;20 the differential equation is 20 di / dt + 2i = 120. An integrating factor is et/IO, so
[et/lOi]
= 6et/10 and i = 60 + cle-t/lO.
If i(O)
0 then
Cl =
-60 and i = 60 - 60e-t/10•
Exercises 3.2
For t > 20 the differential equation is 20di/dt At t
=
+ 2i
C2
0 and i =
C2e-t/IO.
20 we want c2e-2 = 60 - 60e-2 so that
= 60 (e2
t
- 1). Thus
60 - 60e-t/IO i(t) = { 60 (e2 20. Separating dq variables we obtain

=
-1) e~t/lO,
0<t
< 20; > 20.
Eo - q/C
Setting q{O)
kl
+ kzt
dt
I qI -C In Eo - C (EO - qo/C)-c kl
l/k
2
=
'
kz In Ikl
+ k2tl + Cl
(Eo - q/C)-c
~
{kl
+ kzt)1/k2
= C2·
qo we find
C2 =
so
(Eo - q/C)-c (kt + Io.zt)1/k2
(Eo - qo/G)-C . kflk2
~ ~
Eo -
q )-C
= Eo -
qO)-C
+ k2t
kl
) -1/k<}.
Eo - ~
(Eo - ~)
(k :lk2 ) l/Ck2 t k2t

l/Ck7.
=> q = EoG + (qO - BoG) (k :l )

21. From dA/dt 22. From dA/dt 23. From dA/dt dA
= 4 - A/50 we obtain A
200
+ ce-t/f>o.
If A(O)
= 30 then c = -170 and
A = 200 - 170e-t/f>o.
=
=
0 - A/50 we obtain A
ce-t/50.
If A(O)
30 then c = 30 and A If A(O)
30e-t/so.
and
10 - A/IOO we obtain A
= 1000 + ce-t/1OO.
0 then c = -1000
A = 1000 - l000e-t/IOO.
24. From
dt
lOA 10 - 500 _ (10 _ 5)t
2A 10 - 100 _ t we obtain A
= 1000 - lOt + c{loo - t)2. If
A{O) = 0 then c = - 1~' The tank is empty in 100 minutes.

25. From -d c
dA 4A 2A = 3 - 00 ( ) = 3- -we obtain A t 1 + 6- 4 t 50 + t
50+t +c(50+t)-2.
If A{O) = 10 then
= -100,000 and A(30) = 64.38 pounds.
26. From dA/dt
0.18 - 4A/(400 and A(60)

=
- t) we obtain A
.06(400 - t)
+ c(400
- t)4. If A(O) = 12 then
c = -12/4004
14.1 gallons. The percentage
of alcohol after 60 minutes is 4.1%. The
tank is empty after 400 minutes.
60
Exercises 3.2
27. (a) From mdvldt
=
mg-
kv we obtain v
gmlk+ce~ktlm.
Ifv(O)
= vo then c
vo-
gmlk
a.nd
the solution of the initial-value v
problem is
g:
+ (vo
g:)
e~kt/m.
(b) As t ....
00
the limiting velocity is gmlk.
(c) From ds [d: = v and 8(0)

8
gm t _ m (vo _ gm) e~ktlm + So + m (vo _ gm) k k k k «::

= 0 we obtain x = AlB - (AI E)e~Bt so that x .... AlB
=
= 80
we obtain
28. From dXldt
A - Ex and X{O) and E(tl)

-
as t -+
00.
If X(T)
= AI2B
then T = (ln2)IB.
29. From dEldt 30. From V dCldt
= -EIRC ='kA(C8
Eo we obtain E
= =
Eoe(t!~t)IRC.
=
C) and C(O)
Co we obtain C
C8
31. (a) From dPjdt as t
= (kl_- k2)P we obtain P

-+ 00
Poe(k!~k2)t where k2 then P

=
+ {Co - C8)e~kAt/V. Po = prO).

< k2 then P
-+
(b) If kl > k2 then P

-+ 00.
as t
-+ 00.
If kl
Po for every t. If ki
32. Separating
variables we obtain
d: =kcostdt
If P{O) = 33. From r2df)
==> InlPl=ksint+c
CI =
==>
Poehint.
=-
P=cleksint.
Po then
Po and P
we obtain
=
A
,,~,
5 10 t
= (Lim) dt
110
82
8!
1 .,.2dfJ = -2 -Lib dt ma
1L = - -(b - a). 2m
=
34. Write the differential equation in the form dAldt Then an integrating factor is elk! +k2)t, and
+ (kl + k2)A
kiM.
!!_
dt
[e(kt +k2)t A]
= kIM elk! +k2)t ==> elk! +~)t A = ki M e(k! +k2)t + C
~+~
~i=~""""""
11::,. k;z
t
==> A =
Using A(O) If k2
=
kIM kl + k2
= --
+ ce~(kl+k2)t.
( 1- e- (k 1+k 2)1) . As t -00,
0 we find c
= ---
~+~
kiM"
and A
~+~
kIM
-+ --.
~+~
kIM
> 0, the material will never be completely memorized.
61
Exercises 3.3
Exercises 3.3
1. From dC = C(1 - .0005C) and C(O)
_
=
1 we obtain
dt
(..!.. + 1- .0005 ) C .0005C

and C
---+
dC = dt and
---+ 00.
C= I 2. From
1.0005et dN
+ .0005et
=
. Then C(10) = 1834 supermarkets,

=
2000 as t 500a
N(a - bN) and N(O)
. 500 we obtain N
=
500b
+ (a _
5OOb)e-at
. Since
t-->oo
. a lim N = - =50,000 and N(I) = 1000 we have a b

-
.7033, b = .00014, and N = I
+ 9ge-' 7033t·
that
50,000
3. From dP = P (10-1 dt
P --41,000,000 as t 4. From ~~ P=
10-7 p) and P(O) = 5000 we obtain P
.0005
+ .0995e-·
500
1t so
-+ 00.
If P(t) = 500,000 then t = 52.9 months.

we obtain
= Pea - bP)
(1- cp-1)
C~~
~;c)
bin
+ 1/~ -=- c
bc
)) dP = dt and
c + aEe(a-bc)t
( be)t 1+ bEe a-
where E is an arbitrary
constant.
5. (a) From
dP de
= P(a - bin P) we obtain

=
-1 b ln ]c -
PI
II> -lit t + Cl so that P = ea e-ce
(b) If P(O) = Po then c
b=
In Po·
ea/be-ct;-bt
6. From Problem 5 we have P
so that and
dP = bcea/b-bte-ce-bI ~ Setting cPPldt2 7. Let X = X(t)

X(5)
=
r:P P =
~
b2cea/b-bte-ce-w
(ce-bt
1) .
If X(O) = 0 and
---+
0 and using c
= alb
-inPo we obtain t = (lib) In(alb -inPo) and P = ea/b-I.
be the amount of C at time t and

X
dt
dX
k(120 - 2X)(150 - X).
= 10 then
---+ 00,
150 - 150elS0kt 1 _ 2.5e180kt

---+
where k
= .0001259, and X(20) = 29.3 grams. Now X

-+
60
as t
so that the amount of A
0 and the amount of B
30 as t ....... 00. ~50 where 150 t + 1 so that the amount of A -+ 0
8. From dX = k(150 - X)2, X(O) = 0, and X(5) _ dt k = .000095238. Then X(20) = 33.3grams and X and the amount of B
---+
= 10 we obtain X = 150 _
---+
150 as t
-+ 00
0 as
---+ 00.
If X (t)
= 75 then t = 70 minutes.
62
Exercises 3.3
a/3 ~ a/3e(a~f3)kt 1 /3-ae(a~f3)kt . If o =/3 then (a_X)2dX=kdt
dX 1
X=
10. From
and
X=a-
kt+c'
dt
k(a - X) (/3~ X)(,-
X) we obtain
1 . -- 1 ( -;-:::---:-;--.....,. (/3-o)(r-a) a-X so that -1
(a-/3)(r-/3)
-1
. -- 1
/3-X
(a~,)(/3-,)
-1
. --
,-X
1)
dX
k dt
((13 - O'}(,- 0') In [o 11. (a) As y

(b)
--+ 00
XI + (0' _
v
--+
/3)(,-
/3) In I.e -
XI + (a ~ ,)(13 -1')
In 11'- XI
kt
+ c.
we assume that
0+. Then
v5 = 2gR and Vo = ..j2gR.

we find
Using 9 = 32 (tis and R Vo
= 4000(5280) ft
V2(32)(4000)(5280)
:=::l
~ 36765.2 ft/s ~ 25067 mi/hr.
(c) vo
v!z{0.165)(32)(1080)
=-
7760 ft/s:=::l 5291 mi/hr
dy 12. From -2 dx
p = sinh
W
TI
y 1 + (d -d x
)2
.
,p
dy -d ' and y'(O)

X
0 we obtain p+
W
.[l+P2 = I +p2
eW:l:
/TJ
so that
-T a: From yeO) = Itt follows that y = - cosh T z

I
W
TI
+ 1~
T,
-.
W
dy VI 13. From x dx2 = V2 y(l)

=
1+
(dY) dx
'p
= dy and y'{l) dx'
. I (/ = 0 we obtain p = 2" XVl If y(l)

=
]
tI2 -
X-VI
/)
tI2
If
0 and
Vi = VZ
then y
~x2 - ~ in
Ixl ~~.
-
0 and
VI
V2 then
y=-
I [ XV l/t12 + 1
X I-Vl/V2
2 VI/V2
+1
1~
vl/v2
+--
Vi VZ
v~ - v? .
14. From ~
k (T4 - To!)
we obtain
so that dh 15. From ~
TIn T+Tm
Tml
-2tan-
Tm
= 41m_kt+c.
~1
. = -- Vh and h(O) = 20 we obtrun h = v 20 - ~
(~t
50
)2 . If h(t)
0 then t = 5Ov'Wseconds.
Exercises 3.3
0 then r1/2 2 .j2jj dt so that _r'J/2 3
16. If h
liP t + c. If h > 0 then 2J.l

+
table of integrals we find 2~ (2J.lr 11. From ddY = -Y
';2J.l+ 2hr
=
12 r/
dr
dt. From a
+ 2hr2)
=
'/2 - (2~)'J/2 In ( ..jJ.l + hr 10 we obtain 10 j(cscO
.;;:;r)
+ c.
dx where y = lOsinO.
..j100_
y2
and h(O)
- sinO) dO
=-
Then
18. From m ~:
= mg -
kv2 and v(O)
= vo
1/2g
we obtain
[ 1v
..jk/mg
+
v
1/2g 1 + .jk/mgv
dv
dt
so that Divide this equation by e2~t 19. Let x -d (dx)2 y
+..j;;gjk _ Vo + ..j;;gjk e2~

.jmg/k Vo -
v-
..jmg/k
.
to see that v
= -+
and multiply by v =
.jmg/k
y
..jmgjk
Y
as t
-+ 00.
+ 2y-dx
dy
= x and w
x2
so
dw that ~d
y
dx 2x -d and w
dw y~
dy
1 + - (dW)2 ~d 4
' a Clairaut
equation.
The solution is x2
= cy + ~c2,
=
which is a family of parabolas. formula we obtain x Y
20. From x ( : ) 2 + 2y ~: - x
0 and the quadratic
dx -y ± .j x2 -= dy x Then
+ y2
or
./ V x2
+ y2
dx
+ /2
Vx
+ y2
dy = ±dy.
.jx2 + y2
=
±y + c.
dy 21. Using dx -,in y
dy / dx . dt dt we obtain
(-"f +
y
6Y)
dy
(0: - J3x) -x-
dx. Using x;?:0 and y ;?: 0 we have
+ 6y = a In x - /3x + c.
22. From y [1 +
dy
(y)2]
= k we obtain dx dO,
.;f_ y dy. If y = ksin B

2
then
2ksin8cos(}
dx = 2k
G- ~
COS2(}) dO,
and
x = k8 - ~ sin 28
+ c.
64

If x
=
d(l d?fJ 23. (a) From 2 - -d 2 dt
0 when 0
0 then c = O.
=
dt
2g . dO --l sm8dO and dO)2 ( dt
dt t=o
=
= 0,0(0)
(10
we obtain
2 --t (cos 8 -
cosfJo).
(b) Solving
(dfJ)Z dt
rO (T. i80 Y 29
2g = -(cos l
(I -
de.. . cos (0) for -d and separating variables we obtain
';c088 - cos 80
d(l
io
rT/4
dt
or
T =2
f2l r8 Y 9 io
';easO - cos 00
d8

1. From y
_
equation of the orthogonal
(X3 + Cl)
=
= 3 we obtain y' = _x2y2
so
that the differential are y3
family is y'
22' The orthogonal trajectories Y
3 x
C2.
2. From y = 4x+ 1 + cte4z we obtain y family is Y' c2=-64' 1

=
= 4y -16x
so that the differential equation of the orthogonal

=
1
16x - 4y
dx Then - - 16x = -4y and x dy
1 -y 4
+ - + C2el6y.
1 64
If x(O) = 0 then
3. From y - 2 family is
ci (x - 1)2 we obtain y'
Y = 2y-2 ) . (I-x
2(y - 2) so that the differential equation of the orthogonal x-I 2 12 The orthogonal trajectories are (y - 2) = x - -x + cz.
=
4. From dP = kP and P(O) dt 5. From dP dt
= Po we obtain P = Poekt. If peT)

=
2Po then T = -k ln2.

=
= 0.018P and P{O) = 4 billion we obtain P
4e·018t so that P(45)

A
8.99 billion.
6. Let A = A(t) be the volume of C02 at time t. From -d = 1.2 - - and A(O) = 16ft3 we obtain t 4 A = 4.8 + 11.2e-t/4. Since A(lO) = 5.7 tt3, the concentration is 0.017%. As t ....... we have 00 A ....... ft3 or 0.06%. 4.8
dx 7. From dt
dA
= klX{O'. - x) we obtain
(1/0'. + -- ) 1/0'. x a- x
dx
kl dt so that z
aClef'klt
+ CleO.k
t'
1
From
dy . - = k 2XY we 0 btam
dt

8. (a) Let dv dv dv 2 = v - so that m - = -my - kv becomes mv dt dy dt Z mg + kV6 2kyj and v(O) = vo it follows that v = k e" m=
dv dy mg
-my - kv . Using yeO) = 0 If v
k'
0 then the maximum
height is h v2
m mg+kv6 2k In mg
dv . From mv dy
= mg - kv , v(O) = 0, and yeO) = 0 we find that

velocity is
v=
~g
(1- e-Zkyjm).
=
Letting y __. 00 we see that the terminal
Jmg/k.
This is the square root of the result obtained in Problem 27 of Exercises 3.2. etting y (b) S· h we see t h at t hi' ve ocity at Impact .. e
IS Vi
VI + ::'gV6
vo
9. (a) The differential equation is
at =
Separating
dT
kIT - T2 - 8(TI - T)] dT
= k[(1 + B)T - (BTl + T2)].
variables we obtain
(1 + B)T _ (BTl
+ T2) = k dt.
and T(t)
Then
1~ B Inl(1 Since T(O)
+ B)T
- (BTl
+ T2)1 =
kt
+c
= B~~+BT2 + c3ek(1+B)t.
TI we must have C3 =
T(t) (b) Since k < 0, lim ek(l+Blt

t-->oo
1+ = BTl + T2
I+B
Tl - T2 B and so
Tr - T2 ek(l+B)t. I+B 1+ B
0 and lim T(t)

t-->oo
= BTl + T2 .
=
(c) Since Ts = Tz + B(Tl - T), 10. We first solve (1t di 10) dt
t .... c o
. (BTl + T2) lim Ts = T2 + BTl - B B 1+ 4. Separating variables we obtain
BTl +T2 1+ B
+ 0.2i =
40 - 2i
= __:!!_. Then
10 - t -2'ln
1
2°rl
10
140- 2tl
= -In 110- tl + c or
-./40 - 2i
= cI(1O - t).
10 20
Since itO)
= 0 we must have Cl = 2/..,!f6. Solving for i we get itt) = 4t o ~ t < 10. For t :?: 10 the equation for the current becomes 0.2i = 4 or i
itt) =
gtZ,
= 20.
Thus
{4t - ht'l,
20,
0:::; t < 10 t :?: 10
66
Linear Differential Equations of Higher Order

Exercises 4.1 _
Cle:t -
1. From V that
Cl
CteX
+ C2e-:t
C2 =
we find Vi =
C2e-x. Then y(O)
= Cl
+ C:2 =
0, V'(O)
Cl -
C2
1 so
= 1/2 and =
Cl
-1/2. The solution is y

= cte+C2e-1 / ( e2 -
= ~ex - ~e-x.
=1
2. We have y(O)
+C2 = 0, U(O)
so that
Cl
= e] (e2 - 1) and C2 =
-e/ (e2 -1).

-
The solution is y = e 3. From y = so that ct
(e'" - e-x)
1).
-
qe4x
+ C2e-:t
C2
we find y'
4cle4:t
C:2e-x. Then y(O)
Cl
+ C2 =
1, y'(O) = 4cl
C2 = 2
=
-
3/5 and
2/5. The solution is y = ~e4x

we find y' = 2, Y"(1T)
= -C2
+ ~e-x.
= -C2 cos X
C2 = C3
4. From y = Cl
Y(1T) = Cl
5. From y 6.
C2 = 0, U(1T)
+ C2 cos X + C3 sin x = -C3
sin x + C3 cos x and U' = C2 = -1 so that ci = -1,
sin x. Then = -2. The
-1, and
C3
solution is V = -1- coax - 2sinx.
= CtX + C2X In x we find y' = ci + c2(1 + In z). Then y(l) = Cl = 3, y'(I) = Cl + C2 = -1 so that ci = 3 and C2 = -4. The solution is y = 3x - 4x In z. From y = Cl + c2x2 we find y' = 2C:2x. Then y(O) = Cl = 0, y'(O) = 2C:2. 0 = 0 and y'{O) = 1 is not possible. Since a2(x} = x is 0 at x = 0, Theorem 4.1 is not violated.
=
ct =
7. In this case we have yeO) are y =

V x2
0, y'(O) = 2C2 ·0
0 so
Cl
and y
and
C2
is arbitrary.
Two solutions
2x2.
8. In this case we have y(O)
Cl
= 1, y'(I) we find y'

Cl
2C2
= 6 so that
-
CI
1 and
C2 =
3. The solution is
= 1+
3x2•
Theorem 4.1 does not apply because y and y' are evaluated at different points. coax
9. From y = (a) (b) (c) (d)

y
clex
e:t
+ C2e'" sinx
= Cl eX
= cleX(
sinx
+ cosx) + C2eX(cosx + sin z},

ct
We have y(O)
= I, y'(O) = = 1, Y(1T)
+ C2 =
0 so that
= 1 and
C:2 = -1. The solution is
coax -
sin z.
= -Cte1l' C2e /2
7f
We have y{O)
V = eX coax
= Cl
We have y(O) = ct
7f /
We have
= 1, Y(1T/2) = + e- 2ex sin z. yeO) = ci = 0, Y(1T) = -Cte
= -1, which is not possible. = 1 so that Cl = 1 and C2
= e-1I'/2.
The solution is Solutions are
1l"
=
C2.
0 so that ci = 0 and
C2
is arbitrary.
y = C:2ex sin x, for any real numbers
Exercises 4. 1
10. (a) We have y( -1) == (b) We have y(O) cz
= Cl Cl Cl
+ C2 + 3 = 0, y(l)
+ C2'
0
= ci + Cz + 3 = 4, which
3, y(l)
(Cl
is not possible.
·0
+3 =
=
1, which is not possible.
(c) We have y(O) =
·0
+ C2 . 0 + 3 =
CJx2 -
= -3 - cj . Solutions are y
= ci
= Cl + Cz + 3 = 0 so that + 3)x4 + 3.
15 so that
Cl =
Cl
is arbitrary
and
(d) We have y(l) 11. Since a2(x) 12. Since al(x)
+ Cz + 3 = 3, y(2) = 4Cl + 16c2 + 3 =

+ X4 + 3.
-1 and Cz = 1. The
solution is y = _x2
= x - 2 and Xo = 0 the problem has a unique solution for = tan x and Xo

=
-00
< x < 2. < x < 1r/2.
0 the problem has a unique solution for -1r/2
13. From y = ci cos Xr
14.
+ C2 sin..\x we have y( 0) = ct = 0, y( 1[") = ct cos An + Cz sin..\1r = 0, so that Cl = 0 and C2 sin..\1r = O. The problem will have nontrivial solutions when 02 # O. Thus we require that 8in..\1r = or ..\ be a nonzero integer. (If"\ = 0, the family of solutions is y = Cl = 0.) From y = Cl cos Ax + C2 sin..\x we have y(O) = ct = 0, y(5) = ci cos 5..\ + C2 sin 5..\ = 0, so that Cl = 0 and C2 sin 5..\ = O. The problem will have nontrivial solutions when Cz # O. Thus we require that
sin 5..\ = 0 or ..\ = mr/5 for n a nonzero integer. (If"\
15. Since (-4)x

16. Since
+ (3 )x2 + (1) (4x - 3x2) = the functions (1)0 + (O)x + (O)ec = 0 the functions are linearly
+ (1) + (3)(x
cos2
= 0, the family of solutions is y = ct = 0.)

are linearly dependent. dependent. A similar argument shows that
any set of functions containing f(x)
= 0 will be linearly dependent.

z
11. Since (-1/5)5 18. Since (1)OO82x

19. Since (-4)x
(1) sin2
X
= 0 the functions are linearly dependent.

functions are linearly dependent.
=
+ (1)1 + (-2)0082
- 1)
= 0 the
+ (l)(x + 3)
0 the functions are linearly dependent.
20. From the graphs of h{x)
= 2 +x
and Jz(x) = 2
+ [z]
since
'!I
we see that the functions are linearly independent they can not be multiples of each other.
21. The functions '!Lre linearly independent 22. Since (-1/2)e~ 23. W ( x
since W
(1 + x, x, x )
2
l+x =
1
x2
2x
2
= 2 # o.
+ (1/2)e-~ + (1) sinh x = 0 the s=

1 -1/2
functions are linearly dependent.
1/2
,x
2)
_I -
Xl/2
x21
2x
3 = _x3 / 2 10 for 0 < x < 00. 2
68
Exercises 4. 1
25. W(sin x, esc x)
sinx
cos x
esc x - esc xcotx cot~
I = - 2 cot x i' 0 for 0 < x < tt .

oj. 0 for 0
26. W(tanx, cot x)
= t~x
e"
I sec
- esc x
e-x -e-X e-X tfx
1= -2secxcscx
= -30e4x
'"
< x < 1r/2.
27. W
(ex, e-x, e4x)
eX eX
4e4x 16e4x
~.-' ,..,:'
oj. 0 for
-00
< x < 00.
x
28. W (x,xlnx,x2lnx)
xlnx x
!
X
x2lnx
= 1 1 + lnx
+ 2xlnx
= x(2 + lnx)
-# 0
for 0
< x < 00. = O. We
o
29. No, this does not imply that need ct/(x) 30. (a) The
3+2lnx on any interval containing x
It and 12 are linearly dependent + C21(x) = 0 for all values of x in the interval. graphs of II and h are as shown. Obviously,
multiple of the other
neither function is a constant on -00 < x < 00. Hence, independent on (-00,00).
it
and
are linearly
(b) For x ~
0,12
=
= x2 and
X2
so
W(/t,h)
3
W(h, h)
of x.
2x
-2x
x21 = -2x
x2
x21
2x
2x
2x3
2x3 = O. For x < 0,
h = _x2
and
+ 2x3
= O. We conclude that W(1r, h) = 0 for all real values
31. (a) If y = llx then y'
-1/x2 and y"
= 2/x
so that y" - 2y3 = O.
(b) If y
clx then y" - 2y3 = 0 implies that

Y'2 =
t? -
c=
=
0 so that
c=
0, +1, or -1.
32. (a) Clearly YI = 1 and (b) If y
lnx satisfy y"
+ (y')2
x
O.
= YI + Y2 = 1 +lnx then y" + {y')2 = -: + --;.= O. If y = ClYI +

=C2
2
y"
+ (y')2
+ 2" f= 0
x
C2Y'2 = q
+ Cllnx then
for
C2
i 0 or 1. 69
-_..---~-
Exercises 4. 1
33. The functions satisfy the differential equation and are linearly independent W for
-00
since
(e- "',e
S
4X
= te
#-
< z < 00. The general solution is

Y = cle-s",
+ c2e4",.
since
34. The functions satisfy the differential equation and are linearly independent
W(cosh2x,sinh2x) for
-00
=2
<x <
00.
The general solution is y
= Cl cosh2x + C2 sinh2x.
since
35. The functions satisfy the differential equation and are linearly independent W (e'" cos 2x, eX sin 2x) for 00
= 2e2l: f 0
sin 2x. since
< x < 00. The general solution is
= Cl e'" cos 2x + C2ex

=
e'"
W (e",j2, xe"'/2) for
-00
=f

y
cle",j2
+ c2xexj2.
since
37. The functions satisfy the differential equation and are linear Iy independent
W
for 0
(x ,x
=
3 4)
=
3
xfi
#- 0
4 .

Y etX
+C2X
since
W (cos(Jnx), sin(Jnx)}
for 0 < a: <
00.
Ilx
#- 0
x). since
The general solution is Y
Cl
cos(1n x)
+ C2 sin(ln
39. The functions satisfy the differential equation and are linearly independent W
for 0 < x <
00.
(x, x-2,
x-2ln
x)
9x-6
= ClX + C2X-2 + C3x-2lnx.

70
Exercises 4. 1
40. The functions satisfy the differential equation and are linearly independent since
W(l,'I,cosx,sinx) for
-00
=1
<x <
00.
CI
+ CZX + cs cos x + C4sinx.

set of solutions of the homogeneous equation.
41. The functions
Yl
= eZz and
Y'l = eSa: form a fundamental
equation, and Yp 42. The functions Yl equation, and Yp 43. The functions Yl equation, and yp equation, and Yp
=
=
6ex
is a particular
=
solution of the nonhomogeneous sin z form a fundamental form a fundamental form a fundamental
cos z and Y'J. and
set of solutions of the homogeneous set of solutions of the homogeneous equation. set of solutions of the homogeneous equation.
= x sin x+{ cos x) in{ cos x) is a particular solution of the nonhomogeneous equation.
= e'lX =
tn
= xe2x
x2e2:z:
+x
-
- 2 is a particular
X-I
solution of the nonhomogeneous
44. The functions Yl = x-liz

=
and Y'l =
ftx'l
~x is a
particular
solution of the nonhomogeneous
45. (a) From the graphs of Yl
= xS and Yz = Ixls we see

since they O. To show It is easily shown =
that the functions are linearly independent cannot be multiples of each other. that YI that Y2 let (b)
Y2
= x3 solves x'ly" = Ixl3 is a solution

_xs for x < O.
4xy'
let
Y2
+ 6y =
3
x for x .2': 0 and

X
If x :2:: 0 then Y2 = xS and
W(Yl. Y2)
= 13 :z
-3'I
-'IS'll = O.
3x
XSI 2
O. If
< 0 then Y2 = -'Is and
(e) Part (b) does not violate Theorem 4.4 since a2('I) = x2 is zero at x = O. (d) The functions
= xS and Y'l = 'I2 are solutions of 'I2y" independent since W ('IS, x'l) = x4 i' 0 for -00 < x < 00.
Yl
4xy'
+ 6y
O. They are linearly
(e) The function y = 'I3 satisfies yeO) = 0 and y'(O) a2(x)
= o.
(f) Neither is the general solution since we form a general solution on an interval for which
i' 0
for every x in the interval.
46. Assume Yl satisfies y(xol
= 1 and y'(xol = 0 and Y2 satisfies y(xo)

since W(YI,Y2)
=
0 and y'(xo)
=
L By Theorem
4.2 they are linearly independent Yl and Y2 form a fundamental
YI(X)Y~(x)
- 1!t(X)Y2(X)
1 at x = zo. Thus,
set of solutions on I.
Exercises 4. 1
47.
(a) Assume VI and 112 are solutions of a2y"
+ ad + aoy = O. + at
If W(Yb Y2)
= YIYz
- YtY2 then
~:
+ atW = =
a2
(YIyq -
Y{V2)
(YtY~ - V~Y2)
+ aOYIY2 - aoVIY2
YI (a2yg
+ atY2 + %112)
- V2 (a2Yt'
+ alUt + aOYl)
(b) The equation in part (a) is first-order linear. The solution is W is a. constant. (e) Let x = Xo in W = ce (d)
ce" f[al(X)/"2
(xl] dx, where c
f:o IQJ(t)/a2{t)]
dt, obtaining
c = W(xo).
From part (e) we see that if W(xo)
0 then W
0 for every x in I. If W(xo)
0 then
W #- 0 for every x in I since W is an exponential function. 48. We identify a2(x) = 1 - x2 and alex) = -2x. Then from Abel's formula. in Problem 47 we have
W = ce- f[al(X)/02(X)]
49. We identify az(x) 47(c) we have W = W(xo)e -
dz
= ce- fl-2.1:/(1-x2l]
ds:
= ce-1n(1-x2)
= ~2 I-x
= x and al(x) = 1. Then from the alternative form of Abel's formula in Problem
I:o(l/t)dt =
I kl ! k2
k31 e -Intl:o k4
-
(k\k4 _ k2k3)e-lnx+luo
= (ktk4
50. We have a2yr
kzk3)eln(xo!x) = (klk4
=
k2k3)XO x
+ alUt + ao
E1 and a2yQ + alYz

=
+ ao = E2.
Then = E1
a2(Yl
and Yl
+ 112)" + at(YI + 112)' + ao
(a2vr
+ alYt + ao) + (a2Y~ + a1Y2 + ao)
+~
+ Y2
is a response of the system to the input EI
+ E2.
Exercises 4.2
In Problems 1-10 we use reduction of order to find a secoond solution. In Problems 11-30 we use formula
(4) from the text.

1. Define y
=
U(X) . 1so y'

=
u',
y"
u", wJ
and
y"
+ 5yl =
e 5x
U"
+ 5u'
c.
= O. factor e5 f
dx
If w = ul we obtain the first-order equation w' +5w = 0 which has the integrating
e5x.
Now
d~
[e
5x
0 gives
72
Exercises 4.2
Therefore w 2. Define y
=
= u(x)
u'
= ce-5x
y'
and u = cle-5x. A second solution is
tn = e-5x•
. 1 so
=
u',
y"
u",
Wi
and
y" - y' = u" - u'

=
O.
If w Now
= u'
we obtain the first-order equation
-w
0 which has the integrating
factor e" J dx
e-:I'.
Therefore w 3. Define y y' Therefore

Y2 = xe2x.
=
=u =
'
cex and u so y"
ce". A second solution is Y2
eX.
u(x)e2x 2ue2x
+ u' e'l:l:,
0 and u so
e2:1'u" + 4e2xu' Taking
+ 4e2xu,
and
C2
y" - 4y'
+ 4y
= 4e2xu" = O.
u"
= CJX
+ C2.
c,
1 and
= 0 we see that a second solution is
4. Defing y
u(x)xe-X
y'
and
(1 - x)e-Xu
+ xe-xu',
=
yll
xe-xu"
+ 2(1or
x)e-Xu'
- (2 - x)e-Xu,
yll
+ 2y' + y
e-X(xu"
+ 2u') = 0
u"
+ .: ul
X
O.
If w
u' we obtain the first-order equation
e2 J dx/:I' = x2. Now
2 w' + - w = 0 which x
has the integra.ting factor
Therefore w
'
c/x2
and
u = CI/X.
A second solution is Y2
=-
xe-:I'
= e-x.
5. Define y = u(x) cos4x so y' and y" e-SJtan4xdx

=
-4usin
4x
+ u' cos 4x,
y"
u" cos4x - 8u' sin 4x - 16ucos4x
+ 16y
(cos 4x)u" - 8(sin4x)u'
= 0 or u" - 8(tan4x)u'
=
O.
If w = u' we obtain the first-order equation w' - 8( tan 4x)w = cos24x. Now d dx [(cos24x)w]
0 which has the integra.ting factor
= 0 gives
(cos2 4x)w
c.
Therefore w = u' = C sec2 4x and u = ci tan 4x. A second solution is Y2 = tan 4x cos 4x 6. Define y
=
= sin 4x.
u(x) sin3x so y' = 3u cos 3x
+ u' sin 3x,
y"
= u" sin 3x + 6u' cos3x - !}usin 3x,
Exercises 4.2
10. Define y
=
u(x)e:C/3
so
11 = ~e:c/3u + e:c/3u' 3
and 6yll If w
e(S/6) =
'
=
+ yl
-Y
= e:c/3(6u" + 5u') = 0 or U" + ~Ul

Wi
o.
factor
J ds:
u'
we obtain the first-order equation

= e5:c/6.
+ ~w =
gives
0 which has the integrating

eSz/6w = c.
Now dx
~ [efut/6w] = 0
Therefore w
= ul
ce-Sz/6
and u
cle-5:c/6.
A second solution is Y2 = e-S:c/6e:c/3
= e-:C/2.
11. Identifying P(x)
= -71x we have
Y2 =
x-4
e- f
-(7/x)dx
xS
dx
X4
1 ;dx
x4In(x(.
A second solution is Y2 12. Identifying
x4ln 1x I·
P(x) = 2/x we have

Y2 = x
2
e: f(2/:C)dx
X4
dx
x- dx
-"5x-3.
= x-3•
13. Identifying P(x) = llx we have

Y2 =
lnx
rs:
(lnx)2 x1/2lnx
dx
..
A second solution is 14. Identifying P(x)

=
Y2
= 1.
lux
dx x(lnx)2
= ln z -lrix
(1 ) =-1.
0 we have Y2
=
e- f = x1/2lnx x{lnx)2
Odx
(1 ) = _x'/2. -lnx
A second solution is Y2 = xl/2.

15. Identifying P{x)
= 2(1 + x)1 (1 - 2x - x2) we have
Y2=(x+l)
e-
f2(1+:c)dx/(1-2:c-:c2)
(x+l)2
2
dx=(x+l)
j
+ 1)2
2
e1n(1-2:c-:c2)
(x+l)2 ] - 1 dx
dx
= (x = (x
+ 1) j
l-2X-X (x + 1)2 2_ - x] x+l
dx
(x
+ 1)
-
j[
x.
(x
+ 1) [__
-2 - x2
Exercises 4.2
A second solution is 112 16. Identifying P(x)
=
X2
+ x + 2.
x2) we have
=
-2x/
e-
(1 -
Y"l = j
J -2xdx/(1-x2)dx
je-1n(1-x2)dx
x)l·
=j
_1_ 1- x2
dx = .!.In
2
11 + x I. x 1-
A second solution is 112 = In 1(1 + x)/(I17. Identifying P(x)

=
-1/x we have
Y2
= xsin(lnx)
e-
J.-dx/x
x2sin2(lnx) [- cot (In x)]
dx
xsin(lnx)
x
x2 sin2(ln x) dx
= [x sin(lnx)]
A second solution is 112 18. Identifying P(x)
= =
= -x cos(Inx).
x cos (In x). we have
-3/x
112 = x 2 cos(ln x)
f Je x -cos 2(1 nx ) dx
-3dx/x
4
x 2 cos(Inx)
x2(1 ) dx cos nx
3
= x2 cos(1n x) tan(1n x) = x2 sin(lnx).

A second solution is Y2 = x"l sin(lnx).
4x/(1
Y2
=
+ 2x)
we have e- f
4xdxJ(1+2x)
e-2x e-2x
J J (1 + J
e-4x
2x )e2xdx
=
dx
= e-2x
e-2x+1n(I+2x)
e-4x
- ~e2x]
dx x.
e-2x [~e2X
+ xe2x
A second solution is 112 = x.

20. Identifying P(x) = x/(l 112=x
+ x)
we have
e-x+ln(l+x) 2
e"
f xdx/(1+x)
x
2
dx=x
dx v-.«
(1 + x)e-X 2 dx=x x
J (e-
-2
X:l
+-
=x
Ix (_;;e-
J e-;-
X )
dx
+x
f e-
-;- dx
_e-x.
A second solution is Y2 = e-x• 21. Identifying P(x) = -1/x we have Y2

=
J e- f
-dx/x
x2
dx = x
Jx
dx
= x In [z].
76
Exercises 4.2
A second solution is Y2 = z ln]z]. 22. Identifying P(x)
0 we have
Y2 = x-4 A second solution is Y2 23. Identifying P(x)

= =
rt:
x-8 dx=x 1nx
3
dx
= x-4
(1 ) = gXS. 1
gX 9
x5. we have
-j
-5
-5/x
3 Y2=x lnx
d:J:/x
l€x6(lnx)2
I I
X6(~X)2dx=x3Inx
-lnx
I)
3 =_x .
A second solution is Y2 = x3• 24. Identifying P(x}
I/x we have
Y2 = cos (In x)
e- jd:J:!x 2() cos lux
dx
= cos(lnx)
cos
l/x 2(1)
nx
dx
= cos(Inx)tan(lux)
= sin(lnx).
A second solution is Y2 = sin(lux).
-4/x
we have
(X2
+ xS)
I (l+x)2
dx
(x2
+ xS)
( __l+x = _x2. 1_)
A second solution is Y2 = x2•

26. Identifying
P(x)
-7/x
we have
Y2 = xto / e-
J -1dx/x
x20
dx = xtO /
i!_ dx
x20
xlO (_"!"x-l2)
12
= _..!..x-2.
12
A second solution is Y2 = .x-2. 27. Identifying P(x) Y2 = eSx = e3x
= -(9x + 6)/(3x + 1) we have

e- j
-(9,,+6)d:J:!(3,,+l)
eSo:
I I (3x +
=
dx
= e3x
ej[3+3/(ax+l)]d:J:
e6x
dx
= e3x
e3x+In(3x+l)
e&r
dx
e6x
l)e
3
%
dx
eSx 1(3X
+ l)e-s%dx = eSx (-xe-ax
- ~e-3%) 3
-x - ~. 3
A second solution is Y2 = 3x
28. Identifying
+ 2.
we have dx
P(x)
-(x
+ 1)/x
Y2
= eX
e- j
-(x+l)d:J:/x e2x
e"
e"'+Jnx
dx = eX xe-x dx = e"'( -xe-x
e-X) = -x -
1.
Exercises 4.2
A second solution is 112== x
=
+ l.
we have e-
-3tanx Y2
=/
=
f -3tanxd:r:dx = /
z tan z
e3lnseexdx
=/
sec3
dx
"2
1
sec
+ "2ln I
see
+
z],
tan
z].
30. Identifying P(x}
-(2
= sec x tan x + In I sec x + tan + x}jx we have

J -(2+x}dx/xdx
= / e2lnx+xdx
1/2 = / e:
=/
x2ez dx
(x2 - 2x
+ 2) eX.
A second solution is Y2 = (x2 - 2x 31. Identifying P(x)

=
+ 2) eX.
e-JOdx 1 dx = e-2z_e4z 1 _e2z.
0 we have Y2 = e-2x /
e-4x
A second solution is Y2 general solution is
= e2z. We see by observation that a particular solution is Yp
-1/2.
The
32. Identifying
P(x)
=
= 1 we have Y2
=/
e-
f dxdx =
e-z.
We see by observation
that a particular
solution is Yp
x. The general solution is

Y
= Cl + c2e-x + x.
-3 we have V2
= eX /
-f
-3d:<
e2z
dx = eX / eX dx
eZx.
To find a particular 9Ae3z - 3 (3Ae3x)
solution we try Yp = Ae3x. Then Vi = 3Ae3x, V" = 9Ae3x, and + 2Ae3x = 5e3x. Thus A == 5/2 and YP = ~e3z. The general solution is
V
clex
+ czezx + ~e3x
2
34. Identifying P(x) = -4 we have
78
Exercises 4.3 = ax + b. Then t/p = a, y'; = 0, and 0 - 4a + 3(ax+b) = 3ax - 4a+3b = z. Then 3a = 1 and -4a+ 3b = 0 so a = 1/3 and b = 4/9. A particular solution is Yp = lx + ~ and the general solution is
A second solution is e3z. To find a particular solution we try Yp Y If Y2
= qe
Z
+ C2e3z + aX + g'
35.
Yl
- jPtk
Yl
dx then
and
so that
/I Yz + PY2I
+ QY2
(1/ + PYI + QYI )Je YI

I
-j
Pib:
2
Yl
dx
O.
Exercises 4.3
1. From 4m2 2. From 2m2 3. From m2 4. From m2 5. From m2 6. From
-
_
m
+m
-
0 we obtain m
= 0 and
=
-1/4
so that y = Cl
CI
+ C2Cz/4,
5m = 0 we obtain m 36 8
= 0 and m = 5/2 so that Y =

6 and m
= 0 we obtain m
m
= -6 so that
+ C2e5z/Z, Y = cle6z + cze-6z,

=
= 0 we obtain m
obtain
2..;2 and m = -2..;2 so that Y

and m =
clezv'2z
+ eze-zv'2z.
+ ez sinx/V3.
+ 9 = 0 we obtain
+ 1 = 0 we
=
3m2
= 3i and m = i/V3
m = -3i so that y = CI cos 3x
+ Cz sin 3x,
cos x/V3
-i/V3
so that
= CI
7. From m2 - m - 6 8. From rnz - 3m 9. From 10. From 11. From
0 we obtain m = 3 and m= -2 so that Y = cle3x
+ cze-22:,
+ 2 = 0 we obtain rn = 1 and m = 2 so that y = clez + ezezz, m2 + 8m + 16 = 0 we obtain m = -4 and m = -4 so that Y = cle-4z + ezxe-4z. m2 - 10m + 25 = 0 we obtain m = 5 and m = 5 so that y = cle5z + c2xe5z, m2 + 3m - 5 = 0 we obtain m = -3/2± /29/2 so that Y = cle( -3+v'29)z/2 +cze( + 4m
- 1 = 0 we obtain m
= =
-3-..,!29)z/2,
12. From m2
-2 ± Y5 so that Y
cle( -2+VS)x
13. From 12m2 - 5m - 2 14. From 8m2
0 we obtain m = -1/4
=
and m = 2/3 so that

=
+ C2e( -z-VS)z. Y = cle-z/4 + eze'lz/3,
+ 2m -
1 = 0 we obtain m
1/4 and m
-1/2 so that y = clez/4
+ C2e-x/2,
Exercises 4.3
15. From m2 - 4m 16. From 2m2
-
+ 5 = 0 we obtain m = 2 ± i so that y = e2x(cI 3m + 4 = 0 we obtain m = 3/4 ± V23i/4 so that

y
cosx
+ c2sinx).
3x 4 e/
(Cl
cos 53 x/4
+ C2 sin 53x/4) .
17. From 3m2
+ 2m + 1 =
0 we obtain m y
=
= -1/3
± V2i/3 so that
~----.
e-x/3 (cr cos..j2

m
=
x/3 + C2 sin..j2 x/3) . + C2 sinx/2).
18. From 2m2
+ 2m + 1 = 0 we obtain
y
-1/2 ± i/2 so that cos x/2
e-x/2(cI
19. From m3
4m2
5m
= 0 we obtain m = 0, m = 5, and m = -1 so that
20. From 4m3
+ 4m2 + m = 0 we obtain
Y 1 = 0 we obtain m
y
= 0, m = -1/2, and m
Cl
-1/2 so that
+ C2e-x/2 + C3xe-x/2.
= -1/2 ± V3i/2 so that
21. From m3
1 and m
clex
+ e-x/2 (C2 cos v'3 x/2 + C3 sin v'3 x/2).
22. From m3
+ 5m2 = 0 we obtain m = 0, m = 0, and m = -5 so that

y
= Cl + C2X + C3e-5x.
m
23. From m3
5m2
+ 3m + 9 = 0 we obtain
= -1, m
3, and m
3 so that
24. From m3
+ 3m2
+ m2
m2
4m - 12 = 0 we obtain m y
-2, m
2, and m
-3 so that
Cte-2x +C2e2x
=
+C3e-3x.
25. From m3
= 0 we obtain
= 0 we obtain
y
m ~ 1 and m
-1 ± i so that
26. From m3
171
= 2 and m = -1/2 ± V7i/2 so that
cIe2x
+ e-x/2 (C2 cos.,fi x/2 + C3 sin.,fi x/2) .

=
27. From m3
+ 3m2 + 3m + 1 =
0 we obtain m
-1, m
-1, and m
= -1 so that
80
Exercises 4.3
28. From m3 - 6m2
+ 12m -
8 = 0 we obtain m = 2, m = 2, and m y = cte2:t
2 so that
+ C2xez,; + c3x e
(C3 cos
=
2 2x
29. From m4
+ m3 + m2 =
0 we obtain m
y = Cl
= 0, m =
1, m
0, and m = -1/2 ±
v'3 i/2
.
so that
+ C2X + e-x/2
m
=
J3 x/2 + C4sin J3x/2)

=
30. From m4
2m2
+ 1 = 0 we obtain
1, m
-1, and m
= -1 so that
31. From 16m4
+ 24m2 + 9 = 0 we
y
obtain m
= ±V3i/2
and m
= ±V3i/2
= ±.j2i
so that
=
-
Cl
cos
=
J3 x/2 + C2sin v'3x/2 + C3X COB J3X/2 + C4X sin -J3 x/2.
= 3, m
=
32. From m4 - 7m2
18
0 we obtain m y = cle3x
-3, and m
so that
33. From mS
16m =
+ C2e-3x + C3cos V2 x + C4sin V2x.

that
we obtain m
y
c}
= 0, m = 2, m = -2, and m = ±2i so + c2e2:t + C3e-Zo: + C4cos 2x + Cssin 2x. + C3X2 + eX(C,t
cos 4x
34. From mS - 2m4
+ 17m3
0 we obtain m
= 0, m = 0, m = 0, and m = 1 ± 4i so that
Y = Cl + C2X 35. From mS m

=
+ 5m4
2m3 -10m2
+m +5=
+ cs sin 4x).
-1, m
we obtain m
-1, m = 1, and m = 1, and
-5 so that
36. From 2m5
7m4
+ 12m3 + 8m2 =
0 we obtain m = 0, m
0, m
-1/2,
and m
2 ± 2i so that
Y = Cl + C2X + C3e-x/2 37. From m2

then
+ ez,;(c4
cos 2x
+ Cssin 2x).
If y(O)
+ 16 = 0 we obtain Cl = 2, C2 = -1/2, and
m
y
= ±4i so that y = Cl cos 4x + C2sin4x. = 2cos4x - !sin4x.

1 and m
2 and y'(0)
-2
=
38. From m2 -1 then Cl + C2 and y'(0) 40.

=
=. Cl -
= 0 we obtain m
C2 = 1, so Cl 0,
= 1, C2 = 0, and
=
-
= -1 so that
=
cte'"
+ C2e-x.
=
If y{O)
1 and y'{O)
y = eX. -5 so that y
C2
39. From m2 + 6m + 5 = 0 we obtain m 3 then Cl +

C2 = -C}
-1 and m
SC2 = 3, so Cl = 3/4,
cle-x + C2e-5x. If y(O) = 0 x - ie-Sx. -3/4, and y =
ie-
From m2 - 8m+ 17
=0
we obtain m
yl(O)
-1 then c}
4, 4CJ + C2 =
= 4±i so that y = eU(clcoSx+c2sinx). Ify{O) 4X(4 cos x - 17sinx). -1, so Cl = 4, C2 = -17, and y = e
4 and
EJtercises 4.3
41. From 2m2-2m+l and y(O)
= =
0 we obtain m
0 then CI = -l,!q
= 1/2±i/2 so that y = e",/2(cl cosx/2+C2sinx/2). + !C2 = 0, so cr = -1, C2 = 1, and y = e"'/2 (sin~x-
Hy(O) = -1
cos~x).
42. From m2 - 2m + 1
0 we obtain m
1 and m
1 so that y y
=
y'(0)
10 then
C} =
5, ct + C2 = 10 so
43.
44. 45.
= 0 we obtain = e-",/2 (CI cos v7 x/2 + C2sin v7x/2). If y(O) = 0 and y'(O) = 0 then ci = 0 and C2 = 0 so that y = O. From 4m2-4m-3 = 0 we obtain m = -1/2 and m = 3/2 so that y = cle-",/2+c2e3x'/2. Ify(O) = 1 and y'{O) = 5 then Cl +C2 = 1, -!CI + ~C2 = 5, so Cl = -7/4, C2 = 11/4, and y = -Ie-"'/2+.!je3.r/2. From m2 - 3m + 2 = 0 we obtain m = 1 and m = 2 so that y = cle'" + C2e2",. If y(l) = 0 and
From m2+m+2
cr = 5, C2 = 5, and m = -1/2±v7i/2 so that y
= cte'" + C2xe"'. If y(O) = 5 and 5e'" + 5xe"'.
y(l) = 1 then cle+c2e2
= 0, C)e+ 2c2e2 = 0 so ci = _e-l,
C2 =
C2, and y = -e",-l

If
+e2:t:-2. =2
46. From m2 + 1 = 0 we obtain m = 1 V3 then 2'CI + TC2 If yeO)
±i so that
y = CI COS X + C2sinx.
Y(1r/3)
0 and y'(1r/3)
V3 1 = 0, -TCI + 2'C2= 2, so
=
Cl =
=
-V3,
C2 = 1, and y
=
= -V3
con +sinx.
47. From m3+12m2+36m

=
= 0 we obtain m = 0, m
1, and y"(O)
-6, and m
-6 so that y
= CI+C2e-6x+CJxe-6x.
0, y'(O)
-7 then
-6C2
CI + C2 = 0, so Cl = 5/36, C2 = -5/36,
m3 + 2m2 -
+ C3 = 1,
36c2 - 12c3 = -7,
C3 = 1/6, and y
= ~ - ~e-6x
+ txe-6:r:.
48. From
Sm - 6 = 0 we obtain m = -1, m = 2, and m = -3 so that

y
= Cle-x
+ C2e2:< + C3e-3:<.
= 0, CI + + gC3 = 1,
If y(O)
0, y'(O)
= 0, and y"{O) = 1 then

Cl + C2+ C3 = 0, -Cl +
2C2 - 3C3 4C2
so ct = -1/6,
C2 = 1/15, c:J
1/10, and Y
=
--e-'" 6
=
111
+ _e2'" + _e-3x
15 10 -1
49. From mS
8 = 0 we obtain m = 2 and m
y = Cl
± v'3 i so
that
2x
+ e -x
(C2 cos
v'3 X + C3sin v'3 x) .

-1, 4Cl 2C2 -
If y(O)
0 and y'(O)
-1, and y"(O)
0 then
=
Cl + C2 = 0,
so CI = -1/6,
2CI - C2+ J3C3 -1/2y'3, and
2v'3c3 = 0,
C2 = 1/6,
C3 =
82
Exercises 4.3
50. From m4 then
Cl
= 0 we obtain y =
Cz
Cl
+ CZX + C3X2 + C4x3.

= 5, and y
If y{O) 5
= 2, yl(O)
3, y"(0)
4, and y"'(O)
= 2,
= 3, 2cs = 4,
6C4
= 2 + 3x + 2X2 + fiXS.
=
51. From m4 y
= Cl + c2e~ + csxe-l' + C..jx2ex.

Cl
3ms
+ 3m2
= 0 we obtain m
If y(O)
0, m
0, y'(O)
Cz
= 0, y"(0)
= 1, m = 1, and m = 1 so that = 1, and y'1/(0) = 1 then

=
+ C2 = 0,
C3
C2
C4
+ C3 = 0,
+ 2cs + 2C4
1,
G2
+ 3CS + 6C..j = 1,
so
Cl
2,
C2
~2,
= 2,
= -1/2, and
Y
= 2 - 2e~ + 2xe~ - "2xZex.

=
52. From m4-1
0 we obtain m
1, m
-1, and m
=
=
Cl
±i so that y
c]e"'+cZe-x+c3
COS
X+C4 sin x.
If y(O) = 0, y'(O)
Cl
= 0, VI/(O)
0, and y'1/(0)
Cl Cz
1 then 0,
+ C2 + C3 =
0,
+ C4 =
1x
+ Cz
1.
C3
= 0,
CI -
C2 - C..j = 1,
so
Cl
= 1/4,
C2 =
-1/4, Cs = 0, C4= -1/2, and
y="4e sa.
From m2 - 10m y(l) then
=
-"4e
1 -x
-2"SIllX.
+ 25 = 0
1,
cle5
we obtain m
5 and m
CI =
0 then
Cl = =
cze5
= 0, so
= 5 so that V = c]e5x + C2xe5x. If y(O) = 1 and 1, C2 = -1, and V = e5x - xe5x. =

Cl
54. From m2
Cl =
+4
0 we obtain m
= Cz sin 2x.
±2i so that y
cos 2x
+ C2 sin 2x. If y(O) =
0 8J1d y(lt)
=0
0 and y
55. From
56.
+ 1 = 0 we obtain m = ±i so that y = CICOSX+ C2sinx. If V'(O) = 0 and y'(rr/2) = 2 then GI = -2, G2 = 0 and y = -2cosx. From m2-1 = 0 we obtain m = 1 and m = -1 so that y = GIex +C2e-x or y = cscoshx+C4sinhx. If y(O) = 1 and y'{I) = 0 then Cl = 1, Cl sinh 1 + C2 cosh 1 = 0, so Cl = 1, Cz = - sinh 1/ cosh 1 and
m2 _ v-cos h
_ sinh 1 . h _ cosh x cosh 1- sinh x sinh 1 h l sin xhI cos cos
cosh(x - 1) cosh 1 = O.
57. Since (m-4)(m+5)2 58. Since
= m3+6m2-15m-lOO
6m
the differential equation is ylll +6y" -15y'-l00y !J-m 2
(m + ~) (m
2-
+ 10)
= m3 -
+ 7m + 5 the differential equation is
ylll - '!'!'yll 2 59. From the solution YI dividing the polynomial
+ 7y' + 5y
=1
0. equation. Now,
eX
we conclude that mt 9m2
is a root of the auxiliary
m3 -
+ 25m -
17 by m - 1 gives
m2 -
8m
+ 17.
Therefore m
= 4 ± i are
Exercises 4.3
the remaining is y
=
roots of the auxiliary equation, and the general solution of the differential equation cle:t"
+ eU(c"
cos x
+ C3 sin x). = =
-4
60. From the solution YI

auxiliary equation.
e-4:t cos x we conclude that mi (-4 -
+i
and m2
-4 - i are roots of the
Hence another solution must be Y2
e-4:tsinx.
Now dividing the polynomial
m3+6m2+m-
34 by [m- (-4+i)J[my
ill = m2 +8m+
17 gives rn- 2. Therefore rn3 = 2
is the third root of the auxiliary equation, and the general solution of the differential equation is
= cIe-4:t cos x + C2e-4o:sin x + c3e20:.
61. Since (rn - 6)(m + 3) 62. From m" 63. Since
m2 - 3m - 18, a differential equation is y" - 3y' - 18y = O.

= O.
+ 16 = 0
a differential equation is y" + l6y
m2(m m4
- 7) =
m3 -
7m2,
a differential equation is y'" - 7y"
=
=
O.
O.
64. Since (m - 3)(m 65. From
+ 3) =
2-
m2 - 9, a differential equation is y" - 9y
+ 1 = (m
v'2m + 1)
(m
+ v'2m + 1) we obtain and
m=I/V2±i/V2
so that
m=-l/V2±i/V2
Exercises 4.4
1. From m"
_
-1 and m2 Y
+ 3m + 2 = 0 we
find rnt
= -2. Then Yc = qe-O: + C2e-2o: and we assume

=
Yp = A. Substituting
into the differential equation we obtain 2A
6. Then A = 3, Yp = 3 and
cle-:t"
+ C2e-2:t" + 3.
Cl
2. From 4m2
YP =
+9 =
0 we find rnt
= -~
Y
i and m2
= ~ i. Then Yc =
.35
cos ~x
+ C2sin ~x
A. Substituting

=
15. Then A =
i, YP = i and
and we assume
ci cos
"2x + C2sin "2x + "3 •

rn'J
=
3. From
m2 -
10m + 25
= 0 we find
ml
5. Then Yc
cte5x
+ C2xe5x
and we assume
Yp = Ax Then A
+ B.
Substituting
= ~, B
=A,
= 30 and -lOA + 25B = 3.
YP
= ~x + ~ , and
Y = cle
5x
C2xe5:t"
~x
t·~
84
Exercises 4.4
4. From
Up
m2
+m
-6
0 we find
_lId
m1
-3 and
m2
= 2. Then Yc =
C1e-3x
+ C2e2x
and we assume
= Ax + B. Substituting
1 = -IS" '
into the differential equation we obtain -6A = 2 and A - 6B = O. Then 1 1 18 .
AlB -"3 ' =
YP - "3x - 18' an Y
= Cle -3.1:
+ c2e + '3x =
2x
5. From Yp
=
1m2 + m + 1 = 0 we
Ax2
and
1.4+-B + C = O. Then
-
t_.!!~± C.
find ml
=
m2
O. Then Yc
~, Yp =
=
-
cle-2x
+ C2xe-2x
=
and we assume 1, 2A
Substituting A
into the differential equation we obtain A 1, B
+B
-2,
= -4, C =
4x 7
+ ~, and
Y 6. From m2 obtain 8m
qe-2x
+ C2xe-2x + x2 m2
4x
+ "2'
+ 20 =
and we assume YP =
1x2 + Ex
0 we find
ml =
+ C + (Dx + E)t('.
2A - 8B
2 + 4i and
2 - 4i. Then Yc
e2x(cl cos4x
+ C2sin4x)
Substituting =0
into the differential equation we
+ 20G
-6D+ 13E = a -16A+ 20B =
a
100.
13D = -26
Then A = 5, B
4, C
n, D = -2,
cos 4x
ml
20A
E=
-H ' YP = 5x2 + 4x + fA + (-2x

11 + 10
m2
H) eX
101'.
and
Y 7. From m2 2A Yp
= e2x(q
+ C2 sin4x) + 5x2 + 4x +
e)eh.
=
(-2X _ 13 12)
= CI
+3
a =
-
we find 0, 12A
= y'3 i and
12B
= -y'3 i, Then Yc
cos v'3x
=
+ C2 sin y'3x
we obtain 4, C = -~,
and we assume Yp
= (Ax2 + Bx +
Substituting
into the differential -48. Then A
equation
+ 6B +
= ( -4x2
12G
+ 4x
t) e
0, and 12A
= -4, B
3x
and
C1
Y 8. From 4m2 8A -19B

- 4m -
cos
Va x + C2 sin Vax + ( -4x2 + 4x = ~ and

m2 = -~.
- ~) e3x.
0 we find
ml
Then Yc = C1e3x/2 4~5
+ C2e-x/2
and we assume
Yp = Acos2x
=
+ Bsin2x.
O. Then A
Substituting
into the differential equation we obtain -19 - 8B = 1 and Yp

-
= -;(?s, B = -~,
y
=
=
-
-& cos2x
sin2x, and
qe3x / 2
+ C2e-x/2
19 8 cos2x - sin 2x 425 425'
Exercises 4.4
9. From y
m2 -
0 we find
ml
1 and
m2
= O. Then Yc
we obtain -A
= =
CteX + C2 and we assume Yp -3. Then A = 3, Yp

=
Ax.
Substituting
equation
3x and
10.
+ C2 + 3x. From + 2m = 0 we find ml = -2 Yp = Ax2 + Ex + Cxe-2",. Substituting

cle'"
m2
and
m2
= o. Then Yc = cle-2x + C2 and we assume

we obtain 2A and
4A = 2, and -2C';"
-1. Then A = Y
!, B = 2, C = ~, Yp =
1
= m2 =
into the differential equation

~X2
+ 2B
= 5,
+ 2x + ~xe-2"',
Cle-2",
+ C2 + 2-x2 + 2x + _xe-2x . 2
11. From m2 - m Yp = A A
=
+l=
0 we find
ml
j.
Then Yc
= clexj2 + c2xexj2 and we assume
+ Bx2exj2.
=
12, B
1,
Substituting into the differential equation we obtain Yp = 12 + 2e"'/2, and
ix
lA = 3 and
2B
1. Then
Y= 12. From and

m2 -
cle",/2
+ c2xex/2 + 12 + 2x2e"'/2.
m2
16
0 we find
ml
= 4 and
= -4.
Then Yc
cle4",
+ C2e-4:<
and we assume
YP = Axe4x.
Substituting
into the differential equation we obtain SA y

=
= 2. Then A =
i,
Yp =
lxeu
cte4'"
+ cze-4", + ~xe4'"
4
q cos 2x
13. From m2 Yp
=
+4 =
0 we find m 1
= 2i and mz = - 2i. Then Yc =

Substituting into the differential and
+ C2sin 2x
we obtain
and we assume 4B
Ax cos 2x
+ Bx
-4A
= 3. Then A =
-i, B = 0, Yp = -ixcos2x,
Y=
Cl
sin 2x.
equation
= 0 and
cos 2x
m2
+ C2 sin 2x
- %x cos 2x.
14. From Yp
+ 4 = 0 we
find
ml
= 2i and
-2i. Then Yc
ct cos2x
+ C2 sin2x
and we assume
(Ax3 +Bx2 +Cx) cos2x+ (Dx3
+ Ex2
+Fx) sin 2x. Substituting 2B +4F 6A+8E
we obtain
=0 =0
12D= 0 -4C+2E -BB+6D -12A

=-3
= =
0 1.
86
Exercises 4.4
Then A and
=-
b. , B
= 0, 0 = ~ , D
C}
0, E
=~,
0, Yp =
(-
i2: + ~x)
X 3
cos 2x
+ fi- x2
sin 2x,
Y=
15. From m2 + 1 Yp
=
cos 2x
+ C2 sin 2x + ( -112x3 + ~~x)
cos2x + 1~x2 sin 2x.
= 0 we find ml = i and m2 = =i, Then Yc = CI cos x + C2sin X .and we assume (Ax2 + Bx) cos x_+ (Ox2 + Dx) sinx. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain. 40 = 0, 2A+2D = 0, -4A = 2, and -2B+2~0. Then A-= B = 0,0 = 0, D 1 2 COB X + 2"XSIIlX, l' d Yp = -2X an
Y
= Cl
cos X
=
+ C2SIllX
5 and m2
2"x
=
COS X
+ '2XSIllX.
1.
--=
-!,
=!,
16. From m2 Yp
5m
0 we find m1
O. Then Yc
cle5x
=
+ C2
and we assume
Ax4
Bx3
Ox2
+ Dx,
Substituting
12A-15B Yp = -lox4
= -4, 6B-100 = -1, and 20-5D = 6. Then A =
+ ~x3 + ~X2
Y
-to-, B
2
we obtain -20A = 2,
#,0
=!%-,
D=
-m,
- ffix, and
= Cle + C2 -
5.x
1 lOX
+ 75x + 250x -
14
53
697 625x.
17. From m2 - 2m +5 we assume Yp 4B

=
= 0 we find m1 = 1 2i and m2 = 1- 2i. Then Yc = eX(cl COS2X+C2 sin 2x) and + = Axe" cos 2x + Bxe" sin 2x. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain 1 and -4A = O. Then A = 0, B =!, Yp = !xe'" sin 2x, and
y 18. From m2
-
eZ(q cos 2x + C2sin2x) + -xez sin2x. 4
2m
+2
=
= 0 we find ml = 1 + i and m2 = 1 - i. Then Yc
e"'(ct cos x
+ C2sin x)
and we assume yp
Ae2x
cos x +
Be2",
sin x. Substituting
=
A+2B
1 and -2A+B
= -3, Then A = ~,B

y = e"'(q cos
-l, YP = ~e2xcosx-le2::J;sinx
2Z
into the differential equati;;-n ~~bta.in and
x+
C2 sinx)
ie
cos
x-
~e2x sinx.
19. From
YP YP
=
m2 + 2m
+1=
0 we find m1 = m2
-1. Then Yc
=
=
ClC'"
+ C2xe-z
and we assume =
A cos x 2B = 0, -2A
=-
+ B sin x + 0 cos 2x + D sin 2x. = 1, -30 + 4D = 3, and -40 1 9 12· 2' cos x - '25" cos 2 x + is sm 2 x, an d
Y
Substituting
- 3D = O. Then A
-!, B = 0,0
-Is, D = i,
we obtain
cle-
+ C2xe-x
ml
2" cosx - 25 COB 2x + 25 sin 2x.
12
20. From m2 assume YP
+ 2m
=
- 24
= 0 we find
+ Cx)e4x•
-6 and m2
4.
Then Yc =
cle-6x + c2e4z and we
A + (Ex2
Substituting
into the differential equation we obtain -24A = 16,
87
Exercises 4.4
28+1OC:::: and
Y = ere
-Sz
-2, and 20E:::: -1. Then A =
-j,
-
-do,
C=
2
-1&, YP = _i_(~X2
e
4"
~x)
e~,
+ Gze4"
2 '3 m3
(1 20
+ 100x
19)
for,
21. From rn3 YP and

=
6m2
Ax
+B
0 we find mt = m2 = 0 and
cos x
6B - C =
-1, and
+ C sin x. Substituting B+6G = O. Then A =

Y
= 6. Then Yc = ct + G2X + G3e6:!: and we assume

we obtain
-i,
-12A
= 3, sin z,
B=
1
-l=;,
6
C=
Yp = -!x2
- /, COBX+"
= CI + qx + C3e6"
- 4"x2 - 37 COBX + 37 sin z.
22. From
rn3 - 2m2 - 4rn
+ 8 = 0 we find m 1 = m2 = 2 and
(Ax3
ma
= -2. Then Yc
= Cl e'h
+ c2xe'h + cse-'h
=
and we assume Yp and 6A
+
Y
Bx2)e2:l:.
Substituting
-t~ , Yp

Ox3 - -&x2) e2:l:, and
+ 8B = O.
Then A
= ~,
B=
= cle2x + c2xe2:1: + cae-2:I: + (~xa - 136x2) e2:!:.
23. From mS - 3m2 we assume Yp
+ 3m - 1 = we = Ax + B + Cx3ex.
Y
find ml
=
= m2 = m3
1. Then Yc
Yp
qeX
+ C2xe:!: + csx2e"
~x3e:!:, and
and
Substituting
into the differential equation we obtain -A
= 1,
3A - B = 0, and 6G = -4. Then A
-1, B = -3, G
= -j,
= -x - 3 -
= cte'" + c2xex + cax2e.:r:

=
- x - 3 - 3xaex.
=
24. From
m3
-m2-4m+4
=
= 0 we find ml = 1, mz
2, and ma
-2. Then Yc
= cle:!:
and we assume YP = A
+ Bze"
+c2e2:1:
+cae-2:I:
+Cxe2x.
-3B
-1, and 4C
1. Then A
Y = Gle:!:
£,
=
Substituting
into the differential equation we obtain 4A =
B=
j, C =
!,Yp = £ + lxe.:r: + txe2.:r:,

5 1 1
5,
and
+ G2e2x + G3e-2x + 4" + 3xe" + 4"xe2.:r:.

rn3
25.
From
CaX
+ 2m2 + 1 = 0
=
we find
mt
= i and
m2
= m4 = -i. Then Yc =
ci COSX
+ c2sinx +
2x - 3, and
cos x + C4X sin x and we assume Yp 1, B

=
A:z;2 + Ex + C. Substituting
we obtain A
-2, and 4A
X
+C
1. Then A = 1, B cos x
-2, C
-
-3, Yp = x2
2x - 3.
Y = Cl cos
+ C2 sin x + CJX
0,
rna =
+ C4X
sin x .+ x2
26. From m4
m2
0 we find
=
ml
= rn2 =
1, and
m4 =
-1. Then Yc
Cl
+ C2X + cse'" + C4e-'"

=
and we assume Yp obtain -6A
Ax3
+ Bx2 + (Cx2 + Dx)e-x.
Substituting
into the differential equation we 0, G

=
5 = -2'
= 4, -2B = 0, lOG - 2D = 0, and -4G = 2. Then A = -j, B 2 (1 5) Yp = -~x a -"2"x 2 + "2"x e -x ,an d
Y
-j,
CI
+ C2X + c3e x + C4e-x
-x
2 (1 322
3
-x
5)-x + -x e
88
Exercises 4.4
27. We write Ssin2x Yc equation
+ 1 = 0 we find ml = i and m2 = -i. Then = CIcos X + C2 sin x and we assume Yp = A + B cos 2x + C sin 2x. Substituting into the differential
= 4 - 4cos2x.
we obtain
From m2 -4,
A = 4, -3B
and -3C From m2
O. Then A
4, B
t,
C
=
0, and
Yp = 4+ ~ cos2x. 28. We write sinxcos2x Yc = Cl cos B=

X
+ C2sin x
!sin 3x we
!sinx.
+ 1 = 0 we
=
find mt
i and m2
-i. Then
=
and we assume Yp = A cos 3x obtain -SA

1
-ft,
C=
i, D = 0, and
+ B sin 3x + Cx
0, -8B
!, 2D = 0, and
cos x
+ Dx
sin x. Substituting
-2C =
-j.
Then A
0,
yp = -1 6 sin3x
+ !xcosx.
29. We have Yc
30.
= ci cos 2x + C2sin 2x and we assume Yp = A. Substituting into the differential equation -!. Thus Y = Cl cos 2x + C2sin 2x - !. From the initial conditions we obtain CI = 0 and C2 = V2, so y = v'2 sin2x - !. We have Yc = ci e-2.:e + c2ex/2 and we assum~ Yp = Ax2 + Bx + C. Substituting into the differential equation we find A = -7, B = -19, and C = -37. Thus Y = cle-2x + C2ex/2 - 7x2 - 19x - 37. From the initial conditions we obtain Cl = - ~ and C2 = 1~6 , so
we find A = Y
1 186 -"5e -2x + 5 ex/2
- 7x - 19x - 37. Substituting 3x2 into the differential equation From the initial conditions
31. We have Yc
cIe-xf5
+C2
and we assume Yp = Ax2~Bx.
we find A = -3 and B = 30. Thus y

obtain CI = 200 and
C2
Cle-x/5
+ C2 -
+ 30x.
we
= -200,
so
y 32. We have Yc
= 200-x/5
% and B
200 - 3x2
+ 30x.
Substituting
2x
= Cte-2x + C2xe-2x and we assume Yp = (Ax3 + Bx2)e-2x.
differential equation we find A
= ~.
Thus y = cle-2x
From the initial conditions we obtain CI = 2 and C2 = 9, so

y
+ c2xe-
+ (%X3 + ~x2)
into the e-2x.
= 2e-2x + 9xe-2x +
(~x3 + ~x2)
e-2x.
into the differential we
33. We have Yc obtain Cl
e-2x(cl
cos z
+ C2sin x)
and we assume Yp cos x
= Ae-4x. Substituting
equation w~ find A
=.~
Thus y =
e-2x(ct
+ C2 sin x) +
7e-4x. From the initial conditions
-10 and C2 = 9, so
y
=
e-2X( -lOcosx
=
+ 9sin x + 7e-4x).
Axex
34.
We have Yc
= clex + C2e-x and we assume Yp
equation we find A = Y
t and
B=
-1. Thus
1
+ Bxe:".
Substituting
= clez + c2e-z + 4xez
4xe-x = Ciez + C2e-z +"2 sinhx.
Exercises 4.4
From the initial conditions we obtain q
=
7 and C2 = -5,
-
SO
Y = 7eCE 35. We have Xc
5e-:r
+ ~ sinhx.
into the
= ci cos wt + cz sin wt and we assume x p = At cos wt + Bt sin wt. Substituting = -Fo/Zw and B = 0. Thus x = Cl coswt+C2 sinwt-(Fo/2w)t From the initial conditions we obtain Cl = 0 and C2 = Fo/2w2 , so
x = (Fo/2w2)sinwt - (Fo/2w)tcoswt.
coswt.
36. We have
Xc
Cl cos wt

X
+ C2sin wt and we = Fo/(w2 -
assume xp = A cos jl "(2) and B = O. Thus
+ B sin "(t.
Substituting
into the
= Cl coswt + ez sinwt + (2
-
Fo 2) cos "(t. w - "(
From the initial conditions we obtain Cl = Fo/(w2
"(2) and C2 = 0, so
x
37. We have Yc = CIcos Substituting
X
Po (2 2) coswt w-"(
+ (2 w-,,(
=
Fo
2) COS"(t.
Ax cos x + Bx sin x + C cos 2x + D sin 2x. into the differential equation we find A = 0, B = C = 0, and D = j. Thus
and we assume Yp
+ C2sin x
Y
! '
. 1. 1. = Cl COS X + C2smx + "2xsmx + 3" sin 2x.

Cl =
From the initial conditions we obtain Y= 38. We have Yc = cje

-CE
-! and
11"
C2 = 1
-1'
so 1.
-6 cos x -"4
=
sm z
+ "2xsinx + 3" sm2x.
+ eze3x
and we assume Yp = A
-l ' B = - 6~ , and
+ C2€ 3x -
+B
C
cos 2x
+ C sin 2x.
Thus
Substituting
into the
= - 6~ .
Y = cte
-x
1 3
-cos2x
7 65
- - sm2x.
so
4. 65
From the initial conditions we obtain Cl = -d"o and C2 = Y 39. We have Yc

=
£-'
1 -x 20 e
3 3x 52 e
-"3 -
7 2 4. 2 65 cos x - 65 sin x.
=
= Cl + cze'" + caxex and we assume Yp
Ax
differential equation we find A = 2, B = -12, and C
!. Thus
+ Bxzex + Ce
5CE
Substituting
into the
90
Exercises 4.4
From the initial conditions we obtain ci y 40. We have Yc = cle-2", Substituting
11, C2 = -11, and C3 = 9, so
11 - 11e'" + 9xex
+ 2x - 12x2e'" + 2"e5",.
=
+ e"'{c2 cos v'3x + c3 sin v'3 x)

cte-2x
into the differential equation we find A Y

=
!, B = -i,
and we assume Yp and C
Ax
+ B + Gxe-2:l:.
= ~.
Thus
+ e"'(C2cos V3x + C3sin V3x) + ~x - ~ + ~xe-2x.

='" v3x
From the initial conditions we obtain Cl Y 41. We have Yc and y(l)

= =
H, C2 = - ~ , and
17 r: + -v3sin 72
=
C3 =
Hv'3,
so
2x
23 --e -2x 12
x --cos + e (5924
"') v3x
1 52 + -x - - + -xe4 8 3
Substituting
Cl COSX
=
+ C2sin x
1, B
and we assume yp
A2
+ Bz + C.

-
equation wt find A
= 0, and C = -1. Thus y = Cl cos X + C2sin x + x2

Ci-1=5
1. From
y(O)
0 we obtain
(cos l)ct Solving this system we find q is

y
+ sin(1)c2 = O.
1. The solution of the boundary-value
= 6 and C2 = -6 cot
problem
= 6cosx - 6(cot 1) sinx + x2

=
1.
42. We have Yc we obtain
= eX(Cl COSX + C2sinx) and we assume Yp
Ax + B. Substituting

= 11"
equation we find A
1 and B = O. Thus y
e"'(CI COSX+C2sinx)
ci
+x. From y(O) = 0 and Y{1I")
=0
Solving this system we find problem is
C} =
0 and
cz
is any real number.
The solution of the boundary-value
43. We have Yc
Cl cos 2x
+ C2sin 2x
and we assume Yp
into the differential equation we find A
= 0 and B
= A cos x + B sin x on [0, 1r/2]. Substituting = ~. Thus y = Cl cos 2x + ~ sin 2x + ~ sin x on

= 1 and y'(O) = 2 we obtain
[0,1r/2]. On (1r/2,00) we have y
C3
cos 2x + C4sin 2x. From y(O)
Exercises 4.4
Solving this system we find Now continuity of y at x
Cl = 1 and Cz = ~. Thus Y = cos 2x + ~sin 2x + 1sin x on [C = 7r/2 implies
cos 7r or - 1
+ 6" 13m 7r + 3 13m "2 = C3 cos 7r + C4 13m 7r

Continuity of y' at x
=
5.
1.
7r
+ != - C3. Hence
C3 = ~.
1r/2 implies sin 1r + 2C4 cos 1r
-2 sin 1r + or
3 cos 1r + 3 cos "2 = -2C3 + ~sin2x + lsinx,
1r
-i = -2C
4.
Then C4
=~
and the solution of the boundary-value problem is cos2x { 0 S; x S; 1r/2 x .
y~)=
~ cos 2x
+ ~sin 2x,
> 1r /2
Exercises 4.5
1. (D
+ 5)y =
9sinx
2. (4D
+ 8)y = x + 3
+ 7D + D)
- 6)y = 1 - sin x
=
3. (3Dz - 5D
5. (D3 - 4Dz
+ l)y = e" + 5D) =

4x
4. (D3 - 2Dz
6. (D4 - 2Dz
e-3x (D
+ e2x
7. 9Dz - 4
(3D - 2)(3D
+ 2) + 2)
8. DZ - 5 = (D-
v'S)
+ VS)
- 2)
9. D2 - 4D - 12 = (D - 6)(D
10. 2D2 - 3D - 2 = (2D

12. D3 14. D3
+ 1)(D
11. D3
+ 10D2 + Z5D
D(D
+ 5)2
+ 4D =
D(D2
=
+ 4)
D(D
13. D3+2D2-13D+1O 15. D4 17. D4y
= (D-l)(D-2)(D+5)
+ 4D2 + 3D
+ l)(D + 3) + 4)2
+ 8D =
D(D
-
+ 2)(D2
2x)
=
- 2D D3(30x2
=
+ 4)
-
16. D4 - 8D2 2)
+ 16 = (D
- 2)2(D
= D4(10x3
=
= D2(60x) = D(60) = 0
18. (2D - l)y 19. (D - 2)(D 20. (D

2
(2D - 1)4ex/2
=
8Dex/2
- 4eX/2 = 4ex/2 - 4ex/2
=0
=
+ 5)4e2:li
(D - 2)(8e2x
+ 20e2x)
(D - 2)28eZX
56e2x - 56e2x
+ 64)(2
cos8x - 5 sin 8x)
D( -16 sin 8x - 40 cos 8x)
+ 64(2 cos8x
- 5sin8x)
= -128 cos 8x + 320 sin 8x + 128 cos 8x - 320 sin8x = 0

21. D4 because of x3 22. D5 because of
X4
92
Exercises 4.6
23. D(D - 2) because of 1 and e2x 25. D2
+ 4 because
of cos2x
26. D(D2
+ 1) because of 1 and sinx
27. D3(D2 28. 29.
+ 16) because of x2 and sin4x D2(D2 + I)(D2 + 25) because of x, sinx, (D + I)(D - 1)3 because of e- and x2ex
X
and cos5x
30. D(D - I)(D - 2) because of 1, 31. D (D2 - 2D

32. (D2 33. 1, X, x2, 34. D2
eX, and e2x
+ 5)
X4
because of 1 and eX cos 2x 4D
+ 2D + 2)(D2 Xl,
+ 5)
because of eX sin z and
e2x
cos x
+ 4D =
D(D
+ 4);
1, e-4x
35. e6x, e-3x/2
36. D2 - 9D - 36
37. cos
(D - 12)(D
+ 3);
e12x, e-3x
V5 x,
sin
V5 x
e3x
38. D2 - 6D
+ 10 = D2 - 2(3)D + (32 + 12);

2
cos z ,
e3x
sin z
39. D3 - lOD
+ 25D =
D(D - 5)2;
1, e
Sx,
xe
sx
Exercises 4.6
1. Applying D to the differential equation we obtain
D(D2 - 9)y
Then y and yp
=
O.
= ne3x + C2e-3x + C3
._.",_...
Yc
A. Substituting
Yp into the differential equation yields -9A
54 or A
-6.
The general
solution is
2. Applying D to the differential equation we obtain D(2D2 -7D
+ 5)y
O.
Exercises 4.6
Then
and Yp
A. Substituting
Yp into the differential equation yields 5A = -29 or A
-29/5.
The
general solution is
D(Dz
Then
+ D)y = DZ(D + l)y =

Y
= Cl
O.
+ cze-x .._,__, + C3X

u«
and YP = Ax. Substituting
Yp into the differential equation yields A = 3. The general solution is y
= ct + C2e-3x + 3x.
=
D(D3
Then
+ 2D2 + D)y = D2(D + 1)2y
O.
y<
and Yp
Ax. Substituting
YP into the differential equation yields A Y = Cl
10. The general solution is
+ c2e-x + C3xe-x + lOx.

=
5. Applying D2 to the differential equation we obtain
D2(D2
Then
+ 4D + 4)y
D2(D
+ 2)2y
O.
Yo
and YP = Ax
+ B.
Substituting
YP into the differential equation yields 4Ax
+ (4A + 4B)
= 2x
+ 6.
Equating coefficients gives 4A
4A +4B = 6.
Then A
1/2, B
= 1, and the general solution is
94
Exercises 4.1
6. Applying D2 to the differential equation we obtain
Then
Y = cr and Yp
= Ax'1 + Bx.
Substituting
Yp into the differential equation yields 6Ax 6A=4 2A+3B
----Yc
+ c2e-3", + C3x'1 + C4X + (2A + 3B) = 4x-
Equating
coefficients gives
= -5.
2 19 gX.
Then A = 2/3. B
-19/9,
and the general solution is Y = Cl
+ C2e
-3:<
+"3x
T, Applying D3 to the differential equation we obtain
Then
Yc
and Up 12Ax'1
Ax4
+ (24A
+ Ex3 + Cx'1. Substituting Yp into the + 6E)x + (68 + 2C) = 8x'1. Equating
differential equation yields coefficients gives
12A = 8 24A +6B 6B+2C Then A

= =
o.
3
= 2/3, B = -8/3, C = 8, and the general solution is

Y
cl
2 8 + C2X + C3e _'" +"3X 4 -"3X
+ 8x 2 .
8. Applying D4 to the differential equation we obtain.
Then Y
CJ e'" + C2xe'" --.....-- + C3x3 + C4x'1 + C5X + Cfl Yc
Exercises 4.6
and Ax3
Yp
Ax3
+ (B
+ Bx2 + Cx + D. Substituting 6A)x2 + (6A - 4B + C)x + (2B
Yp
into the differential equation yields
- 2C
+ D) = x3 + 4x.
A
Equating coefficients gives
=1
= =
B -6A 6A - 4B +C 2B-2C+D Then A

=
= o.
1, B
6, C
= 22, D = 32 , and the general solution is

Y = cjeX
+ czxex + x3 + 6xz + 22x + 32.
9. Applying D - 4 to the differential equation we obtain (D - 4)(Dz - D - 12)y Then y and Yp

4x
(D - 4)z(D
+ 3)y
= o.
cle
+ C2e-3x + C3xe4x
y<
Axe4X.
Substituting
=
Yp into the differential equation

1
yields 7Ae4x
IOU.
Equating
coefficients gives A
1/7. The general solution is

Ycje4x
+ D,le-3x + _xe4x 7
+ 2D + 2)y
10. Applying D - 6 to the differential equation we obtain (D - 6)(D2 Then

Yc
o.
and
Yp
Ae6x•
Substituting
=
Yp
into the differential equation 1
yields 50Ae6x
5e63:. Equating
coefficients gives A
1/10. The general solution is Y

= e-X(cl
cosx
+ C2 sin x) + lOe6x. + 1)(D
11. Applying D{D - 1) to the differential equation we obtain D(D Then - I)(D2
-
2D - 3)y = D(D
- I)(D
- 3)y
O.
96
Exercises 4.6
and
1)p
= Aex + B. Substituting
YP into the differential equation yields
-4Aex
3B
W - 9.
Equating coefficients gives A
= -1
and B
= 3.
The general solution is
12. Applying D2(D
+ 2) to
the differential equation we obtain
D2(D
Then
+ 2)(D2 + 6D + S)y
D2(D
+ 2)2(D + 4}y
O.
u«
and Yp =
2Ae-2:r:
Axe-2x
+ Ex + C.
Substituting
Yp into the differential equation yields
+ BBx + (6B +
BC) = 3e-2x
+ 2x.

2A= 3
8B
= =
2 O.
6B +8C
Then A
= 3/2, B
1/4, C = -3/16 Y
, and the general solution is 2
= cle-2x + C2e-4x + ~xe-2x
+ 4" Ix
3 16'
13. Applying D2
+ 1 to
the differential equation we obtain (D2
+ 1}(D2 + 25}y
O.
Then
Y
Cl
cos5x
+ C2 sin 5x + C3 cos x + C4 sinx

Ye
and YP 24Bsinx
Acon
6sinx.
Bsinx.
Substituting
Yp into the differential equation yields 24Acosx
Equating coefficients gives A y
= 0 and
1/4. The general solution is
q cos 5x
. 1. + C2 sm 5x + 4" sin z.
14. Applying D(D2
+ I)
to the differential equation we obtain D(D2
+ 1)(D2 + 4)y
O.
Then y = C, cos2x
+ C2 sin 2x + Cs cosx + C4 sin z + Cs

Ye
Exercises 4.6
and YP
=
Acosz
3A cos x + 3B sin x + 4C = 4 cos x + 3 sin x - 8. Equating coefficients gives A B = 1, and C = -2, The general solution is Y=
ci
+ Bsinz + C.
Substituting
YP into the differential equation yields

=
4/3,
cos2x
+ czsin
2x
+ ~ cosx + sin z
{D - 4)2{D
- 2.
15. Applying {D - 4)2 to the differential equation we obtain {D - 4)2{D2 Then
+ 6D + 9)y =
+ 3)Zy
= O.
and Yp = Axe4x 49Axe4x
+ Be4x, Substituting + {14A + 49B)e4x = -xe4x.
Yp into the differential equation yields Equating coefficients gives 49A =-1 14A+49B = O.
Then A = -1/49,
B = 2/343, and the general solution is

Y
=
c e-3x + C2xe-3x - _!._xe4x + __2_e4z.

1 ~
M3
16. Applying D2(D
- 1)2 to the differential equation we obtain D2{D - 1)2(D2
+ 3D
cle 2x
- 10)y
D2{D
- 1)2(D - 2)(D
+ S)y = o.
Then y and YP
=
'-v-'
+ eze-sx + c3xex + C4ex + Csx + C6

Yo
Axe'"
-6Axe;i:
+ (5A
+ Be" + ex + D.
- 6B}e;i: - lOCx
Substituting
+ (3C
- lOD)
ze"
+ x.
-6A= 1 5A - 68 = 0 -10C 3C -lOD Then A

= = =
1 O. and the general solution is 5 -e 36

x -x
-1/6,
-5/36, y
C = -1/10,
2T
= -3/100,
1 6
a:
= Cle
+ C2€-50:
- -xe
1 10
-.
3 100
98
Exerc;ses 4.6
17. Applying D(D _1)3 to the differential equation we obtain
D(D - 1)3(D2
Then Y = clex and 6Ax2
yp = Ax3ex
2x
l}y =
D(D - 1)4(D
+ l)y = o.
+ c2e-x .__..._.. + C3x3ex + C4x2ex + c5xex + C6

u«
r + (6A
+ Bx e + Cxe" + D. + 4B)xeX + (2B + 2C)eX
Substituting
-
= x2ex
+ 5.
1
6A= 6A+4B 2B+2C
=0
=0
-D=5. Then A
= 1/6, B
-1/4, C Y
1/4, D
-5, and the general solution is 1 644

- _x2ex
= clex
+ C2e-x + _x3ex
+ -xex
- 5.
18. Applying (D
+ 1)3 to
(D
Then Y and Yp
+ 1)3(D2 + 2D + l)y = (D + 1)5y
= O.
= cle-x
+ C2xe-x ._____. + C3x4e-x + C4x3e-x + C5x2e-x

Yc
Ax4e-x
Bx3e-x
+ Cx2e-x.
= x2e-x.
Substituting
Up into the differential
equation yields
=
12Ax2e-x
+ GBxe-x + 2Ce-x
Equating coefficients gives A 1 + C2xe-x + _x4e-x 2
= 1/12, B
0, and C = O.
The general solution is Y 19. Applying D2 - 2D
cle-x
+ 2 to
(D2
Then Y and yp
= = eX(q
2D
+ 2)(D2
2D
+ 5)y
= O.
cos 2x
+ C2 sin2x) + eX(c3 cosx + C4sinx)

Up into the differential equation
=
Yc
Aex cos x
+ Be"
=
sin x. Substituting
eX sinx.
yields we obtain 1/3. The general
3Aex cosx
+ 3Bex
sin z
Equating coefficients gives A
0 and B
Exercises 4.6
solution is y 20. Applying D2 - 2D
=
e"'(ct cos 2x
+ C2 sin 2x) + ~e'" sin x:
+ 10 to
(D2 - 2D Then
+ 10) ( D2 + D +
= (D2 - 2D + 10) ( D +
~r
y=
O.
Yo
and Yp
Ae"'cos3x
27A/4)e'" cos3x -
+ Be"'sin3x. (9A + 27B/4}e'"
Substituting sin 3x
Yp into the differential
equation
yields {9B -
+e" cos 3x
+ e'" sin 3x.
27 -"4A+
9B =-1
-9A - 27 B = 1.
4 Then A
-4/225, B
=
y
-28/225, and the general solution is
Cl e -",/2
+ C2xe
-",/2 -
...i...ex cos 3x - ~ eX sin 3x. 225 225

= (D2
21. Applying D2
+ 25 to
+ 25)(D2 + 25)
+ 25)2
= O.
Then
y
Cl
cos 5x
+ C2 sin 5x + C3X cos 5x + qx cos 5x

Yp into the differential equation yields lOB cos 5x =
and YP
Ax cos 5x
+ Bx
sin 5x. Substituting
lOAsin5x = 20sin5x.
Equating coefficients gives A Y = ci cos 5x
-2 and B = O. The general solution is - 2x cos 5x.
+ C2 sin 5x
22. Applying D2
+ 1 to
+ 1)(D2 + 1) = (D2 + 1)2 = O. + C2 sinx + C3ICOS I + qICOSI

Yo
Then y and Yp 2A sin x
Cl COSI
= Ax cos x + Bx sin x. Substituting
Yp into the differential 1 + "2ICOSX 2' xsm
equation
yields 2B cos x -
4 cos x - sin x. Equating coefficients gives A Y
= 1/2 and B = 2. The general solution is

-
Cl COBX
. + C2Bm
x.
100
Exercises 4.6
23. Applying (D2
+ 1)2
to the differential equation we obtain
(D2
Then Y
=
+ 1)2(D2 + D + 1) = o.
. + ctlX sin x
.j3 e -en [ cos 2 x q

Ye
. .j3 . + C2 sm 2 x ] + C3 cos x + C4 sm a: + C5X
cos X
and Yp
A cos x + B sin x + C x COB x + Dx sin x. Substituting Yp into the differential equation yields
(B
+ C + 2D)cosx + Dxcosx + (-A
- 2C + D)sinx 0
- Cxsinx
xsinx.
B+C+2D= D=O
-A-2C+D=0
-c = 1.
Then A
2, B = 1, C = -1, and D = 0, and the general solution is y=e _/[2 a:

CtCOSTX+C2S111Tx
.j3
.V3]
+2cosx+smx-xcosx.
24. Writing cos2 x
!(1 + cos2x)
and applying D(D2 D(D2
+ 4)
=
to the differential equation we obtain
+ 4)(D:i + 4)
D(D2
+ 4)2
O.
Then Y= and Yp = Ax cos 2x

Ci
cos 2x
+ C2 sin 2x + C3X cos 2x + C4X sin 2x + C5

SUbstituting Yp into the differential equation yields Equating coefficients gives A = 0, B = 1/8,
, 1, 1
-4A sin 2x
+ 4B COS 2x + 4C = ! ! 2x, + cos

Y
+ Bx
sin 2x
+ C.
and C = 1/8. The general solution is
Cl
cos2x
+ C2 sm2x + SX8m2x + S'

D5(D
25. Applying D3 to the differential equation we obtain D3(D3 Then

Ye
+ 8D2)
+ 8)
= 0,

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1

Introduction to Differential Equations

linear. nonlinear because of (dyjdx)4.

= 3e3x + 20e2x. Then

= - - _e-20t we obtain dy/dt

15. From y = 5 tan 5x we obtain y' = 25 sec2 5x. Then

y' = 25 sec2 5x = 25 (1 -+ tan2 5x) = 25 + (5 tan 5x?

= (y'x + Cl) 2 we obtain y' = 2 ( ..;x + Cl) /2y'x, so that

!sin x - !cos x + lOe-x 2 2

ct we obtain 2xy 2x-3

19. First write the differential

equation in the form y' y' = 1, so that (y')3 y2

so that -2ylx 20. From V = x

2xy 2 {x, _x2,

CIX c y2 + y(y I)2 = _ + __!_ = _ Y 4y Y if

we see that if x::: 0 if x < 0,

Since y I = {2X' -2x,

23. From y = xlnx

we obtain y' = 1 + lnx. Then y' -'!_y x P

26. Differentiating y' Substituting

into the differential equation, we have

27. First write the differential equation in the form y'

Then CI(x = xeY

xeY/x )2 and implicit differentiation x+y

= 3e +2xe3x and dx2 = Be x+4xe2x

d2y dy dx2 -4 dx +4y = O.

= sinh x + cosh x and V" = cosh x + sinh x = y.

cos 5x we obtain y'

= - 25cI cos 5x, =(

so that V" so that V"

= In Ix + cll + C2 we obtain y' = ~~ = - cos x In(secx + tanx) we obtain

-1 + sin z In(sec x + tan x) and

= tan x + cosx In(sec x + tanx). Then

35. Prom V 36. From y

= 2C2X-3, so that x rPV2 + 2 dV

(In x) we obtain y'

that xZy" - XV' 37. From V 38.

X<O we obtain x ;::0 x<

x<O so that xy' - 2y x ;::-0 ' x< so that x~0

0 we obtain y ,_- {O, 3

2kx so that XV'

= c so that XV' + (V')2

= y. The condition -1 < x < 1

is implied by x2 45. By inspection, V

the limit as c approaches infinity of the one-parameter 46. The function V

is not continuous at x = 0 (the left hand limit is 2

emo: we obtain y' = memx and y" = m2emx. m2emx - 5memx

Then V" - 5y'

Since emx 48. From y

> 0 for all x, m

Then y" + lOy' = (m

Since emx > 0 for all 49. Using y' m( m -

is a solution. into the differential equation we obtain m- 1 m2

= mxm-1 and V" = m(m-1)xm-2

into the differential equation we obtain

The right side will be zero provided m satisfies (m

and two solutions of the differential equation on the interval

51. It is easily shown that

lfJ = 2CI x + 3C2X2

It is easily shown that Yl = x2 and Y2 that xy'

then y' then y'

0 and Cl =I- L If y 0 and

= -x + 2 so that xy' + -2-

(b) no real solution