The diagram shows the orbits of some objects in the Solar System sun Path X is the orbit of a A. Comet B. Galaxy c. Planet D. star Answer ‘The correct answer is € because: + Path X's eeutar + Path Xis around the Sun 1+ Therefore path X must be the orbit ofa planet Path Y is the orbit of a A. Comet B. Galaxy ¢. Planet D. StarAnswer ‘The correct answer is A because: + Path Y is highly eliptical + Path Y is around the Sun ‘= Theretore path Y must De tne orbit of 2 comet ‘The objects are held in orbit by A. Electrostatic force Frictional force Gravitational force D. Magnetic force The correct answer Is € because 4+ The force which holds object in space in orbit is gravitational force Ailst an answer of ‘gravity’ might be accepted in the exam, its notin fact correct. The correct term is ‘gravitational ‘ore’ The object at the centre of our Solar System is A. Acomet The Earth G. The Moon ‘The Sun(a) The sentence gives information about the lite cycle of a star. ‘Add words from the boxin the gaps to make a sentence that is correct. electron ‘supernova iant dwarf momentum Avery dense stars left behind when a large red star blows up in an explosion called 2 @) Answer (@)A correct sentence using the words trom ine box to complete the gaps Is: ‘= Avery dense neutron star's left behind: [1 mark] ‘+ When a large red giant star blows up, [1 mark] = Inan explosion called a supernova; [1 mark] [Total: 3 marks] (2) Which of the following statements is a property used to classify stars? 4) A. Radius B. Distance from the Earth G. The times when it is visible to observers on Earth D. Colour Answer ‘The correct answer Is D because: = Stars are ciassified according to their colour = Warm objects emit infrared and extremely hot objects emit visible ight as well © Therefore, tne colour they emit depends on Now het they are(©) Draw lines between the colour and the temperature to show the correct colour and temperature of the stars. hot red medium temperature blue cold yellow @) Answer (©) Aciagram with lines drawn correctly should look ike this: hot red medium temperature blue cold yellow + Line crawn trom hot to blue; [1 mark] + Line drawn from medium temperature to yellow: [1 mart] + Line drawn from cold to red; [1 mark] (a) Define redshift 2) Answer (a) Reoshitt is cerned as: +The fractional increase in wavelength OR decrease in frequency, [1 mark] + Due to the source and observer moving away / receding from each other, [1 mark] [Total: 2 marks)Light from a distant galaxy appears to have been redshifted (©) Which of the following rows correctly describes the change in the frequency and wavelength of the light when itis observed on Earth? Frequency Wavelength A Decreases Decreases B Increases Decreases c Decreases Increases D Increases Increases Answer ‘The correct answer is © because: + When light undergoes redshift ts wavelength increases + This means the frequency decreases ‘© This Is Decause the speed of ignt is unchanged and y=f x2 a)QuestionIc EASY.) MARKS:4 ‘The diagram shows two people observing the same light source, which is in motion. The light is moving to the right ————___» Direction of motion (©) Complete the boxes on the diagram with words or phrases from the list below. @ higher frequency lower frequency phase difference —_ wavelength blueshift relative motion star_ redshift Answer (©) Acomecily labelled diagram which would score 4 marks is + One mark per correct label Total: 4 marks}Questionla HARD ul) MARKS: 3 Hydrogen is an element of particular interest to astronomers, as it can emit visible light waves, Alot of useful information can be obtained by measuring the wavelength of the emitted light from the hydrogen in distant galaxies and comparing them to a laboratory sample of hydrogen. Some sample data is shown in the table. ‘The detected wavelengths from the galaxies are different from the detected wavelength ‘trom the laboratory sample because of the Doppler effect. Wavelength in nm |Laboratory sample 486.14 (Galaxy X 486.40 (Galaxy Y 484.85 (a) Galaxy X and galaxy Y are both moving relative to Earth. Compare the motions of galaxy X and galaxy Y relative to Earth, (3) Answer (@) Compare the motions of gataxy X and galaxy Y relative to Earth. Determine the change in wavelenath for galaxy X: + arza-a, + Ad, = 486.40 ~ 486 14 = 0.26 1m + Therefore.) galaxy X is moving towards Earth: [1 mark] Determine tne change in wavelengtn tor galaxy Y: + Ady = 494.85 ~ 496.4 + (Therefore,) galaxy Y is moving away from Earth; [1 mark] + (And) galaxy Y is moving faster than galaxy X; [1 mark] 4.29 nm [Total: 3 marks] I AA is negative then the galaxy is moving away from the Earth. This is also known as redshift ITAA is positive then the galaxy is moving towards the Earth This is also known as blueshift(0) Use data from the table to calculate the speed of galaxy Y relative to Earth. Speed of light, c= 3.0 x 108 mis (4) speed of galaxy ¥ = ms Answer (b) Calculate the speed of galaxy Y relative to the Earth: List the known quantities: + Wavelengtn in laboratory, 4, = 486.14 nm ‘= Wavelength from galaxy Y, 2 = 484.85 nm # Speed of light, ¢= 3.0 x 10° mvs Calculate the change in wavelength, Ai + AL = 1 ~ A, = 484.85 - 496.14 © AR=(-)1.29 nm [1 mark] Rearrange the equation and sunstitute values, to calculate y aa Sos veex ZS ptmang 129 + v= 3.0% 108) x GeeFy It mark] + Speed of galaxy ¥ = 786 057 = 7.96 x 105 mis [1 mark] ‘The Hubble Space Telescope is in orbit around the Earth. It detects visible light from. distant objects (@)_ Name the force that keeps the telescope in orbit around the Earth. (1)Answer @ ‘The force that keeps the telescope in orbit around the Earth: + Gravity; 1 mark] [otat + mark] ‘Gravity will be accepted in your exam, although the fully comect answer isthe gravitational force! Question Ib HARD od MARKS: 4 ‘The Hubble Space Telescope moves in a circular orbit. Its distance above the Earth's surface is S60 km. (b) The radius of the Earth is 6400 km and the Hubble Space Telescope completes one orbit in 96 minutes. (Calculate the radius of the orbit of the Hubble Space Telescope. a) Orbital radius = km (il) Calculate the Hubple Space Telescope's orbital speed in m/s. (3) Orbital speed = msAnswer © ( Calculate the radius ofthe orbit of the Hubble Space Telescope: List the known quantities: + Distance above the Earth, d= 560 km + Radius of the Earth, r= 6400 km Calculate tne ragius of ne orb: + Radius of orbit, 2 = radius of the Earth + height above the surface + Therefore, 2 = 6400 + 560 + R= 6960 km; [1 mark) (@ Calculate the orbital speed giving the answer in mis List ine known quantites: + Orbital radius, R = 6960 km + Time to complete one orbit, 15 minutes ‘Convert the non-standard units to St units: + Onbital radius, @ = 6980 km, therefore # = 6960% 1000 j960% 10 m AND + Time period, T= 96 minutes. therefore 7 = 96% 60=5760 seconds [1 mark]From the equation sheet 2 nex orbital ratus = ra peed = od Substitute the values and calculate: 2x 6960% 108 «orbital speed= === CAO = 7592 14 mark] Round to correct significant igures and include the units + Orbital speed = 7 692 [1 mark] Units = mis [1 mark] [otat: 4 marks] Question Id (0) The Chandra Telescope detects X-rays from distant objects. {) State the name of the type of wave that includes X-rays and visible light. (1) (il) Describe two differences between X-rays and visible light. (2) Answer @ () The type of wave that includes X-rays and visible light +The electromagnetic spectrum includes X-rays and visible light: [1 mark] () TWo aiMerences between X-rays and vistole ght: ‘Any two trom: + Xsrays nave: © Higher frequency than visible ight [1 mart 2 Shorter wavelength than visible light; [1 mark] © Hijgner energy. [1 mark] © Greater nenetration range: [1 mark) © Greater effect on ving tissue, (wth the ability to ionise #); [1 mark] [Total: 5 marks]‘You may nave answered pat (l) by saying that visible ight na lower frequency, less energy and so on. ThIS 1S Stil, of couse, corect. ‘As a usel strategy, answer questions lke this one as a Dulle-point lst and stick fo saying eltner x-rays are’ or “visible light I’ but dort swap between tne two. Ifyou do then you risk repealing yourset. For example, stating that + xrays have higher Nequency + visible light has lower frequency 1s a repeat of one point and so only worth one mark, even though there are two statements.