Test Bank For Psychology 10th Edition

Test Bank for Psychology, 10th Edition
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1. While playing a video game, you guide your character through a make-believe world, avoiding some objects and
picking up others, while responding to various events. This extremely rapid process of description, elaboration, decision,
planning, and action illustrates ____.
a. an artificial concept
b. mental chronometry
c. a mental model
d. the circle of thought
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Basic Functions of Thought
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
2. The processes of describing, elaborating, deciding, planning, and guiding action make up the ____.
a. rules of logic
b. circle of thought
c. mental model
d. representativeness heuristic
ANSWER: b
3. Which statement is most accurate?

a. The human brain is constructed much like a computer.
b. We solve problems in the same way computers do.
c. The brain and computer are both information-processing systems.
d. Computers must always use heuristics to solve problems.
ANSWER: c
4. Todd decides to create a matching game to study his psychology concepts. He pulls a card that asks “What is best defined as
the manipulation of mental representations?” Todd thinks for a minute before he remembers that the answer is “____.”
a. language
b. logic
c. thinking
d. perception
ANSWER: c
5. Software programs receive information, represent that information with symbols, and then manipulate those representations.
Such software constitutes a(n) ____.
a. proposition
b. information-processing system
c. natural concept
d. expected value
ANSWER: b
6. Dr. Coussert is conducting an experiment in which participants are to indicate when a green light appears on a computer
screen by pressing a button. In one group of subjects, the light always appears in the center of the screen, while in the second
group the light appears at random locations. Dr. Coussert is probably interested in how ____ affect(s) reaction time.
a. speed-accuracy tradeoff
b. complexity
c. stimulus-response compatibility
d. compatible relationships
ANSWER: b
7. Laverne works on an assembly line, spotting defective bottles. Recently, her performance has been poor and her boss warns
her that if she misses one more defective bottle, she will be fired. Laverne's reaction time will ____ because of the changed
____.
a. increase; expectancy
b. increase; speed-accuracy tradeoff
c. decrease; complexity
d. decrease; stimulus-response compatibility
ANSWER: b
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply
8. Carla participates in an experiment in which she has to read a list of words that are the names of colors. Some of the words
are printed in the same colored ink as the word; others are not. For instance, sometimes the word blueis printed in blue ink, and
sometimes the word blueis printed in red, green, or black ink. The researcher records the amount of time it takes for her to read
each word. Carla's reaction time is likely to ____ when the word and the ink are the same color and ____ when they are
different colors.
a. increase; increase
b. decrease; decrease
c. decrease; increase
d. increase; decrease
ANSWER: c
9. Gloria learned to drive in the United States. Last week, she moved to London where the driver's seat is on the right side
of the car and people drive on the left side of the road. When Gloria first drives in London, you would expect that she will
have the slowest reaction time while ____.
a. honking
b. braking
c. looking at the mirror
d. accelerating
ANSWER: c
10. Corisna is an introductory psychology student who participates in a reaction time experiment. In this experiment, she is
asked to press her foot on a pedal when she hears the sound of a horn. Her reaction time will be most affected by ____.
a. P300s
b. expert systems
c. the complexity of the decision
d. experimenter bias
ANSWER: c
11. Terrance is training for the track meet next week. His coach reminds him to be mentally focused for the event and to not
anticipate the starting gun too much, as a false start would disqualify Terrance. This example demonstrates that reaction time is
susceptible to____.
a. stimulus-response incompatibility
b. speed-accuracy trade-off
c. complex decision-making
d. expectancy
ANSWER: b
12. While on spring break in Florida, Kelly sees a claw machine game. Determined to win the Sponge Bob doll, she inserts her
money. When she moves the joystick, Kelly discovers that pushing left causes the claw to move right and vice versa. Even after
several attempts to win, it takes Kelly longer than normal to move the claw into position. In this example, Kelly’s slower
reaction time is mostly due to ____.
a. speed-accuracy tradeoff
b. stimulus-response compatibility
c. expectancy
d. complexity-response tradeoff
ANSWER: b
13. Jamie is alert when he sees Max prepare to serve the volleyball over the net. Jamie knows that Max is a skilled server who
can drop the ball where he wants, regardless of the speed and loft he puts behind the ball. Knowing this, we can expect Jamie's
reaction time to position himself for a return will be slower, mostly due to what factor?
a. expectancy
b. stimulus-response compatibility
c. complexity
d. confirmation bias
ANSWER: c
14. Stan and Oliver, famous psychologists, are interested in determining how fast people can respond to a signal flashed
on a computer screen. At the start of each trial, the computer displays a Get Ready sign, then the screen goes blank. After
a short delay, the signal is flashed on the computer screen and the subject presses a key as quickly as possible. In
condition one, the duration of the short delay is always the same length of time. In condition two, the short delay changes
randomly from trial to trial. According to research in high-speed decision making, the subjects in condition one are ____
than those in condition two because of ____.
a. slower; complexity
b. slower; stimulus-response compatibility
c. faster; expectancy
d. faster; speed-accuracy tradeoff
ANSWER: c
15. Pina is working a puzzle while a PET scan is performed. The PET scan indicates high activity in Pina's frontal lobe. Which
conclusion can we draw from the PET scan results?
a. Pina has worked this puzzle many times before.
b. Pina is bored by the task of building the puzzle.
c. Pina has never worked this puzzle before and she finds the task difficult.
d. Pina is an expert puzzle builder and is finding this puzzle easy to complete.
ANSWER: c
16. Dr. Zheng is looking at the PET scans of four different people. She has been asked to identify the individual who was
learning something new and difficult when the PET scan was performed. She should look for the PET that indicates ____.
a. high activity in the frontal lobe
b. high activity in the hippocampus
c. low activity in the occipital lobe
d. low activity in the medulla
ANSWER: a
17. Ruth is asked to solve a complex word puzzle twenty times in a row while an fMRI scan is being performed. We can
anticipate that as Ruth becomes familiar with the puzzle, activity in her ____ will increase.
a. frontal lobe
b. hippocampus
c. reticular formation
d. hypothalamus
ANSWER: b
18. Neuroimaging reveals how the brain functions during certain activities. As a child is exposed to a new puzzle toy, we can
expect an increase in ____ involvement. After the puzzle becomes familiar to the child, involvement in the ____ will become
highly active.
a. hypothalamus; parietal lobe
b. hippocampus; parietal lobe
c. frontal lobe; hypothalamus
d. frontal lobe; hippocampus
ANSWER: d
19. Miss Libby asks her class to draw a picture of a dog. They draw pictures of retrievers, shepherds, mutts, terriers, spaniels,
and lots of others. Her students obviously have different ____ of a dog.
a. formal concepts
b. prototypes
c. premises
d. propositions
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Mental Representations: The Ingredients of Thought
20. An alien from another galaxy has landed on Earth and is overwhelmed by the sensory input it must process. Eventually, the
alien simplifies its thinking by categorizing sets of experiences and objects according to their common features. In other words,
the alien learns to form ____.
a. heuristics
b. schemas
c. concepts
d. scripts
ANSWER: c
21. Ana reads in the track-and-field rulebook that an official track on which she can set a world record must have specific
qualities. It must be 400 meters long, in an oval shape, and have a surface that is between 0.5 in. and 1.0 in. thick. The track
described in the rulebook is an example of a ____ concept.
a. fuzzy
b. natural
c. formal
d. prototype
ANSWER: c
22. Tristan cannot think of a set of defining features for the concept of “game”. Some games have playing pieces (e.g., checkers
or chess), but other games do not (e.g., dodgeball or freeze-tag). Some games have a winner (e.g., baseball or football), while
others do not (e.g., role-playing games). Thus, we can think of a game is a ____ concept.
a. prototypical
b. semantic
c. natural
d. formal
ANSWER: c
23. Vanessa walked into a party and said, "I just purchased a vehicle." Most people in the room formed a mental image of a
midsize car. Apparently, a midsize car can be considered a ____ for the ____ concept called vehicle.
a. prototype; natural
b. prototype; formal
c. mental model; natural
d. mental model; formal
ANSWER: a
24. Cinderella is excited about meeting a potential husband at the ball. Her ideal suitor would have some of the following
attributes: tall, dark, handsome, rich, and good taste in glass slippers. At the ball, she hooks up with Prince Charming, who
has all of these features. Cinderella's set of characteristic features for her potential husband is called a ____ concept, and
Prince Charming is a ____.
a. formal; prototype
b. formal; schema
c. natural; schema
d. natural; prototype
ANSWER: d
25. The Whitney family lose the first round on a popular game show because none of their answers ("clavichord," "tuba,"
"ukulele") to the question "Name a popular musical instrument" has been mentioned by the population surveyed. Based on
cognitive principles, how would you help them improve for the next round?
a. Teach them to use prototypes.
b. Encourage them to use schematic knowledge.
c. Teach them algorithms.
d. Practice the affirmation rule.
ANSWER: a
26. Murat asks his older brother for advice about his first date. His brother tells him that he should first call the woman to ask
her out. Then, on the day of their date, he should pick her up and give her a rose. Then he should drive her to a nice restaurant
and pay for dinner. Finally, when he takes her home, he should wait until she gets inside before leaving. Murat's brother has
provided a ____ of a first date.
a. script
b. formal concept
c. mental model
d. natural concept
ANSWER: a
27. Homer and Marge go to the Hummer dealership to buy a new H2. When they walk in, none of the salespersons approach
them because Homer and Marge's appearance doesn't match that of people they thinkcan afford to buy an H2. The salespeople
are relying on their ____ of "Hummer buyer."
a. cognitive map
b. formal concept
c. schema
d. script
ANSWER: c
28. Lashonna has gone to Benny's for breakfast many times. She knows that when you walk in, you should wait to be seated,
and that once you are seated, the server will bring you menus and later come back to take your order. Lashonna has a(n) ____
that helps her know what she should do when she goes to eat at Benny's.
a. schema
b. mental model
c. script
d. image
ANSWER: c
29. Shari is taking a computer-based test designed to measure her knowledge of a word processor. To understand the sequence
of commands that allows her to create a macro (e.g., clicking on "Tools", naming the macro), Shari must use a ____.
a. mental model
b. narrative
c. proposition
d. cognitive map
ANSWER: a
30. Which of the following is a proposition?

a. dogs and cats
b. with cheese
c. Karla is cute
d. ice cream
ANSWER: c
31. In high school, Mireille learns that "Mr. Baker is mean." She also knows that "Mr. Baker gives too much homework" and
"Mr. Baker makes fun of students." These basic parts of knowledge are all related to Mireille's concept of her teacher and are
known as ____.
a. scripts
b. heuristics
c. propositions
d. syllogisms
ANSWER: c
32. Your friend says, “Tell me everything you know about Australia.” You respond, “Beaches. Kangaroos. Shrimp on the
barbie. Crocodile Dundee. Ayers Rock. Aborigines. Sydney Opera House. Weird football.” This knowledge is part of your ____
for Australia.
a. schema
b. script
c. mental model
d. proposition
ANSWER: a
33. To understand the sequence of commands necessary to edit, save, and retrieve a computer file, people may use a ____ that
consists of propositions such as "Pressing the F10 key stores the file in a place on the disk," "Each file must have its own
name," and so on.
a. cognitive map
b. mental model
c. schema
d. representation
ANSWER: b
34. Kriss enters a haunted house for the first time, and it is so dark that she can't see a thing. Kriss will probably have trouble
navigating because she lacks a ____ of the haunted house.
a. cognitive map
b. concept
c. schema
d. mental model
ANSWER: a
35. In his mind, Perry is able to picture every detail of his favorite painting. This type of analogous representation is known as
a(n) ____.
a. mental set
b. concept
c. script
d. image
ANSWER: d
36. Mario is out past his curfew. When he gets home, the house is dark and his parents are asleep. To avoid waking them, he
walks to his room in the dark. He doesn't bump into any objects because he has a ____ of the house.
a. script
b. schema
c. concept
d. cognitive map
ANSWER: d
37. Maria is trying to compute the velocity of a falling rock, using the appropriate formula. Maria is using ____ to solve this
problem.
a. informal reasoning
b. syllogisms
c. formal reasoning
d. decomposition
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Thinking Strategies
38. Darnetta took apart her alarm clock in an attempt to repair it, and now she has to put it back together. She forgot how the
pieces were connected, so she tries fitting each piece with every other piece until she finds one that fits. Darnetta's approach to
problem solving demonstrates ____.
a. an algorithm
b. a heuristic
c. functional fixedness
d. lack of intelligence
ANSWER: a
39. During an interview, SherlockHolmes confesses that his detective skills were based largely on principles of deduction,
algorithms, and logic. In other words, Holmes relies primarily on ____ to solve his cases.
a. artificial intelligence
b. mental models
c. heuristics
d. formal reasoning
ANSWER: d
40. While taking the SAT exam, Ceth must determine the age order of four siblings based on the clues given in the question.
Ceth decides to ask himself a series of if-then statements to determine in what order the siblings were born. Ceth is using ____
to solve this problem.
a. a logarithm
b. logic
c. a heuristic
d. elaborate association
ANSWER: b
41. If you want to use logic to reason through a solution to a social dilemma, you would likely use ____.
a. cognitive maps
b. mental sets
c. a series of if-then statements
d. a set of heuristics
ANSWER: c
42. All Psych 100 instructors are world-renowned teachers. Brian is a Psych 100 instructor. Therefore, Brian is a world-
renowned teacher. In this example, ____.
a. the premises are correct, but the logical reasoning is incorrect
b. the premises are incorrect, but the logical reasoning is correct
c. the premises and the logical reasoning are correct
d. e premises and the logical reasoning are incorrect
ANSWER: b
43. First impressions of people are difficult to change due to ____.

a. mental models
b. algorithms
c. the anchoring heuristic
d. availability heuristic
ANSWER: c
44. You are a juror in a murder trial. You must decide how believable a witness's testimony is. To do so, you must use ____
reasoning.
a. propositional
b. syllogistic
c. formal
d. informal
ANSWER: d
45. For a class project, Mindi has to deliver a presentation on heuristics and algorithms. She decides to create a demonstration
to illustrate how people often use heuristics instead of algorithms. People do this because heuristics ____.
a. avoid mental sets
b. guarantee solutions
c. avoid functional fixedness
d. save time
ANSWER: d
46. Jaycilyn thinks that she can get a three-bedroom apartment near campus for $250/month. Marty tells her that he saw
one advertised for $600/month. Jaycilyn changes her original estimate, and now thinks that she can get an apartment for
$300/month. Jaycilyn's revised estimate is affected by the ____ heuristic.
a. algorithm
b. availability
c. anchoring
d. representativeness
ANSWER: c
47. Tony is an investigator who is called to the scene of a restaurant break-in. Tony must examine the clues at the scene,
interview eye witnesses, and assess the motive of the forcible entry. During his investigation, Tony will rely on his ____
to piece together all this information.
a. cognitive maps
b. informal reasoning
c. algorithms
d. functional fixedness
ANSWER: b
48. Many people believe that there are more deaths in the United States each year due to tornadoes than deaths due to
asthma, even though asthma kills more people. This mistaken belief is due in part to the reports of tornadoes being more
vivid. This is an example of how our judgments are affected by ____.
a. the availability heuristic
b. the representativeness heuristic
c. the confirmation bias
d. loss aversion
ANSWER: a
49. You hear that one of the Velazquez children is an outstanding Little League player and immediately conclude it's their one
son, rather than any of their four daughters. You reach your quite possibly erroneous conclusion as the result of the ____.
a. confirmation bias
b. anchoring heuristic
c. representativeness heuristic
d. multi-attribute hypothesis
ANSWER: c
50. Patrick is at Murphy's Pub when he sees a short man wearing a green suit, top hat, and buckled shoes. Also, the man is
carrying a pot of shiny gold. Based on what Patrick knows about leprechauns and how they act, he assumes this fellow
must be a leprechaun, too. Patrick has used a(n) ____ heuristic to make his inference.
a. schematic
b. anchoring
c. availability
d. representativeness
ANSWER: d
51. Belinda wants to record a record album, but doesn't know how to begin. Her friend, Carlyle, says, "Why don't you start by
deciding with whom you'd like to work and then make a list of other tasks, so you can check them off as you complete them?"
Carlyle is suggesting ____.
a. working backward
b. means-end analysis
c. incubation
d. use of multiple hypotheses
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Problem Solving
52. During a recent camping trip, an argument arises about how to prevent bears from getting into the food supplies. Reggie
says, "This is just like the time we were having a barbecue at a local park and this mutt-of-a-dog kept trying to steal our steaks.
This is what we did. . . ." Reggie's solution was found through the use of ____.
a. incubation
b. means-end analysis.
c. an analogy.
d. a Venn diagram.
ANSWER: c
53. Adam and Mike are playing chess. Adam sees that he can win by getting his queen to a particular space. Before he can
accomplish that goal, he must get Mike to move the piece that is occupying that space. He sees that he can force Mike to move
the piece if he makes a particular move now, which he does. Adam is ____ to solve this problem.
a. working backward
b. using heuristics
c. using incubation
d. making analogies
ANSWER: a
54. After sitting at the computer for hours typing a research paper, Kerry cannot figure out how to write the summary. She
decides to take a long walk and finish the paper later. When she returns, she easily writes her summary page. Kerry's use of
____ helps her produce a much better paper.
a. decomposition
b. incubation
c. reformulation
d. chunking
ANSWER: b
55. Cher is trying to plan her Dad's fiftieth birthday party and is feeling overwhelmed by all the tasks and decisions
involved. She decides to start with her final goal of having a surprise party and then considers the location, thinks next
about how many people to invite, and finally creates the invitations and orders the right amount of food. Cher has solved
her problem by ____.
a. using an analogy
b. working backward
c. overcoming her mental set
d. ignoring negative evidence
ANSWER: b
56. Shaggy and Scooby cannot figure out who the masked intruder are from the clues that they find, so they decide to put the
clues down and go to the kitchen for a snack. After a couple of hours, Shaggy sees the clues again and realize who the masked
intruder is. Shaggy solved this problem through ____.
a. analogy
b. incubation
c. working backwards
d. decomposition
ANSWER: b
57. Luis is on the jury for a highly publicized murder case. After hearing the prosecution's evidence, he has decided that the
defendant is guilty. The defense provides several witnesses that place the defendant at a party during the time of the murder.
However, Luis ignores this evidence and continues to believe that the defendant is guilty. Which obstacle to problem solving is
operating?
b. mental set
c. multiple hypotheses
d. illogical reasoning
ANSWER: a
58. Ali is trying to patch the nail holes on his wall, but he doesn't have spackle to cover up the holes. His friend, Omer, rushes
to the bathroom and gets the toothpaste. Ali looks at him very surprised and does not understand what he is doing. Ali's failure
to think that Omer is going to use toothpaste to cover up the holes on the wall is an example of ____.
a. functional fixedness
b. confirmation bias
c. a natural concept
d. availability bias
ANSWER: a
59. Derek is mowing the lawn when a wheel falls off the lawnmower. Derek cannot find a screwdriver, so he uses the edge of a
dime to screw the wheel back on. Derek has overcome which obstacle to problem solving?
a. means-end analysis
b. functional fixedness
c. confirmation bias
d. multiple hypotheses
ANSWER: b
60. When evaluating psychological research, it is important to scrutinize whether the collected data support or refute the
original hypothesis. Which error is an experimenter most likely to make?
a. ignoring conflicting data and seeing only that which supports the hypothesis
b. being overly sensitive to conflicting data and refuting the hypothesis too quickly
c. being a sloppy researcher and missing supportive data
d. ignoring supportive data and seeing only that which refutes the hypothesis
ANSWER: a
61. Leslie visits her garden to discover that her tomatoes and beans have been eaten by an animal. Certain it’s a deer, she
constructs a fence around the garden. A week later, the vegetables have been eaten again, so she installs an even taller fence.
Leslie has not considered that an animal may be burrowing into her garden, likely because ____.
a. she has ascribed too much utility to her initial solution
b. an availability heuristic has blocked her from considering another hypothesis
c. she did not apply logic before problem-solving
d. her original proposition was based on a false premise
ANSWER: b
62. James spends months developing a theory of decision making. But in an experimental test, only half of the participants
respond as his theory predicted. James concludes that the rest of the subjects did not understand the directions and proclaims
that the experiment is evidence in favor of his theory. This is an example of the ____.
a. confirmation bias.
b. conversion effect.
c. "eureka" phenomenon.
d. gambler's fallacy
ANSWER: a
63. Connie believes that she has severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) because she has been coughing and sneezing for the
past few days. However, Connie fails to realize that if she truly had SARS, she would be exhibiting several other symptoms as
well. Connie seems to be ____.
a. exhibiting functional fixedness
b. ignoring negative evidence
c. considering multiple hypotheses
d. using the anchoring heuristic
ANSWER: b
64. Ashley learns that if her car does not start on the first try, pressing the gas pedal before trying to start it again will get the
car to work. The next time Ashley's car does not start, she tries pressing the gas pedal, but this does not work. She concludes
that her car needs repairs and does not notice that she is simply out of gas. Ashley is experiencing ____.
a. functional fixedness
b. incubation
c. the representativeness heuristic
d. a mental set
ANSWER: d
65. Hannah knows her patient has muscle pain and suspects a strained muscle. She then asks the patient only about symptoms
associated with a strained muscle and not about symptoms associated with other conditions involving muscle pain. Hannah is
exhibiting ____.
a. analogous thinking
b. functional fixedness
c. confirmation bias
d. the anchoring heuristic
ANSWER: c
66. Witnesses to the sniper attacks in Maryland and Virginia describe seeing a white work van in the vicinity of the
incidents. These descriptions lead police, investigators, and citizens to try to solve the problem (i.e., find the killers) based
on this information. Because the snipers actually drove a dark sedan, they are able to continue their terrible deeds longer.
The people trying to solve the crime are operating under ____.
a. a mental set
b. analogical thinking
c. functional fixedness
d. neural networks
ANSWER: a
67. To solve theproblem of low employee morale at Initech, Mr. Lumberg hires consultants who are experts in human
resources. We can expect the consultants to more clearly visualize the problem and make connections between behaviors and
outcomes because experts are more likely to use ____ as they process information
a. syllogisms
b. deep structures
c. chunking
d. multi-attribute decision-making
ANSWER: c
68. Yassir is a researcher in the field of artificial intelligence. When building computers that are able to form natural concepts
and think more like humans, Yassir is likely to use the ____ approach.
a. multiple intelligence
b. neural network
c. formal reasoning
d. triarchic
ANSWER: b
69. Dr. Bond would like to create facial recognition software for use in banks, airports, and other security-sensitive work
environments. This software will be based on a neural network model, which has shown promise, but may still fall short of
human perception. Such limitations may include ____.
a. the inability to fully utilize analogical mapping
b. difficulty in maximizing expected value
c. relying too heavily on decision-making heuristics
d. slow learning of how to classify visual patterns
ANSWER: d
70. Jerry is deciding which of two women to ask out on a date. He lists the positive and negative attributes of each woman: how
attractive she is and whether she has good table manners. Kramer tells Jerry that he should also rate how much he values each of
these attributes before making his decision. This rating of the subjective value of attributes is called ____.
a. utility
b. expected value
c. a schema
d. a mental set
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Decision Making
71. When asked why she decided to attend the University of Illinois over all the other Big Ten schools, Dornita said that the
school's proximity to home was a major reason. The importance Dornita places on proximity is called ____.
a. weighted value
b. expectancy
c. objective value
d. utility
ANSWER: d
72. Dora is trying to decide whether to buy the regular laundry detergent or one that is environmentally safe. When evaluating
these options, Dora hopes to make the best choice in order to maximize the ____of her decision.
a. utility
b. loss aversion
c. expected value
d. means-end analysis
ANSWER: c
73. Gordon perceives a $10 discount on a $40 sweater to be more positive than a $10 discount on a $300 TV. Gordon's
varying perceptions of $10 in each situation reflects ____.
a. a biased perception of utility
b. confirmation bias
c. self-serving bias
d. the gambler's fallacy
ANSWER: a
74. Which situation is likely to displease the typical undergraduate more? (Assume all four situations apply to the person and
that the person would have to pay for each with his or her own money.)
a. A $10 increase in tuition (i.e., from $1,500 to $1,510)
b. A new $10 fee for "ID activation" each semester (a previously free service)
c. A $10 increase in the cost of a required $60 textbook (i.e., $60 to $70)
d. A $10 increase in the price of a plane ticket to the student's hometown (i.e., from $500 to $510 for a ticket from
Chicago to L.A.)
ANSWER: b
75. Lola loves to gamble at the casino boats. She tells you that even though the odds of winning big are low, she is certain that
she can win back at least the same amount of money she pays into the slot machines. By determining the odds of winning on the
machines, you use a simple equation to show Lola that her ____ is actually negative, and therefore, she should not play the
machines if she wants to come out ahead.
a. proposition
b. loss aversion
c. expected value
d. utility
ANSWER: c
76. Ron lost $20 playing the slots in Atlantic City. However, he found $20 on the subway. Even though Ron comes out
even in terms of cash, he still feels pretty badly about losing money in the slot machines. In fact, he actually feels neutral
about finding the $20 on the subway. Ron's feelings can be explained best by ____.
a. the gambler's fallacy
b. expected value
c. utility
d. loss aversion
ANSWER: d
77. Yasuo has played a slot machine at a riverboat casino nine straight times and lost on each play. He believes that he
will win on the tenth play because "he is due." Yasuo is exhibiting ____.
b. gambler's fallacy
c. the availability heuristic
d. functional fixedness
ANSWER: b
78. Benji receives a $50 bonus this month because he had the highest sales at work. He likes the bonus, but in Benji's view
it doesn’t compensate for his $50 speeding ticket. Benji's feelings are best described by ____.
a. utility disparity
b. expected value
c. loss disparity
d. loss aversion
ANSWER: d
79. After watching the winner of American Idol tell her story of going from a simple girl to a famous singer, Sun was convinced
that she too could be on the show and become famous. Sun’s reaction demonstrates how people tend to ____.
exaggerate the expected value of a future outcome
a. overestimate the probability of unlikely events
b. believe that future events in a random process will be affected by past events
c.
d. ignore negative evidence when making a decision
ANSWER: a
80. One day, a tree on the Lakewood Golf Course was hit by lightning. The following weekend, Galen continues his golf
game near that tree during a thunderstorm because he is certain that lightning will not strike there twice. Galen's decision
is based on ____.
a. gambler's fallacy
b. probability heuristic
c. loss aversion
d. multi-attribute decision making
ANSWER: a
81. When a group is making a decision, the option that is typically chosen is the one that is ____.
a. the best possible outcome for each member in the group
b. strongly supported by half of the group members and strongly opposed by the other half
c. presented first during the discussion
d. not strongly opposed by any of the group members
ANSWER: d
82. At a meeting of your swimming club, a vote will be taken as to whether you are all going to swim across a body of water.
Last year, the club swam across Crystal Lake, a small lake. The majority votes to do the swim. If group polarization occurs, you
would expect the group to decide to swim across ____.
a. the local creek
b. the local public pool
c. Crystal Lake
d. the Mississippi River
ANSWER: d
83. Kaley is an advocate of her choir's decision to reprimand Padraic, one of the members. Even she is a little surprised,
however, with the final decision to kick Padraic out. It seems extreme to her. The phenomenon that produced this decision is the
process of ____.
a. group polarization
b. groupthink
c. group socialization
d. group orientation
ANSWER: a
84. The two basic elements of a language are ____ and ____.
a. deep structure; surface structure
b. phonemes; morphemes
c. symbols; grammar
d. syntax; semantics
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Language
85. Tolkien is creating a new language called Elvish for a race of characters in his upcoming book. After a long writing session,
he smiles and says, “There. I finally have the rules for combining symbols in Elvish.” In other words, Tolkien has created the
____ of the language.
a. grammar
b. semantics
c. phonemes
d. surface structure
ANSWER: a
86. Marta is lecturing on the first day of her Introduction to Linguistics course. She starts by explaining that if you
have words and a set of rules for using those words, you have everything you need for ____.
a. semantics
b. syntax
c. a learning acquisition device
d. a language
ANSWER: d
87. The meaning of the word “pot” can be altered simply by changing the vowel to an “a”, forming the word “pat”.
In this example, “a” is a(n) ____.
a. phoneme
b. morpheme
c. open vowel
d. pivot vowel
ANSWER: a
88. The word tools has ____ phonemes and ____ morpheme(s).
a. four; two
b. four; one
c. five; two
d. five; one
ANSWER: a
89. -ing is to ____ as -this to ____.

a. phoneme; syntax
b. morpheme; phoneme
c. phoneme; morpheme
d. semantics; morpheme
ANSWER: b
90. The /a/ sound in the word cake is a ____.

a. phoneme
b. syntactic convention
c. semantic symbol
d. morpheme
ANSWER: a
91. The word unhappy contains ____.
a. two phonemes
b. two morphemes
c. five phonemes
d. seven morphemes
ANSWER: b
92. Which of the following is a morpheme in the sentence "Catch you later, dudes!"?
a. ch
b. la
c. ud
d. s
ANSWER: d
93. After being trampled by platform shoes at an Iggy concert, Buffy awakes in the hospital and says to a nurse,
"Watches playfully wrote pumpkins in the sky." This doesn't make sense because Buffy's speech violates the rules of
____.
a. syntax
b. phonemes
c. morphemes
d. semantics
ANSWER: d
94. After incurring brain damage, some patients develop language problems. Such patients often cannot tell that the
sentence "Tom hit Sally" expresses the same idea as the sentence "Sally was hit by Tom." Apparently, these patients
lack an understanding of some of the rules about how words combine with each other in sentences. This shows that
these patients have ____.
a. no grammar
b. impaired syntax
c. impaired phoneme comprehension
d. an impaired language acquisition device
ANSWER: b
95. The sentence "The musician knowed a great tune to play" violates the rules of ____.
a. semantics
b. syntax
c. morphemes
d. deep structure
ANSWER: b
96. The sentence "The water drank the man" has ____ syntax and ____ semantics.
a. proper; proper
b. improper; improper
c. proper; improper
d. improper; proper
ANSWER: c
97. One day at the elementary school playground, Chuckie, the fifth-grade class clown, was making all the kids laugh by repeatedly
saying, "Loud leaves linger on Lulu." Mr. Lavender, Chuckie's teacher, overheard Chuckie's nonsense sentence and pointed out that
the sentence violated ____.
a. syntax rules
b. syntax and semantics rules
c. semantics rules
d. phonetic punctuation
ANSWER: c
98. The rules of semantics are most like ____, and the rules of syntax are most like ____.
a. surface structure; deep structure
b. deep structure; surface structure
c. phonemes; morphemes
d. morphemes; phonemes
ANSWER: b
99. Serdar really gets annoyed with Umit when Umit says "you pig out" to him because he does not know that
"pigging out" means "eating a lot." Rather, Serdar thinks that Umit is cursing at him. This miscommunication
between Serdar and Umit is a result of the ____.
a. deep structure not being communicated well
b. surface structure not being communicated well
c. incorrect use of morphemes
d. incorrect use of syntax
ANSWER: a
100. Dwight is writing a letter to his friend Jim. He wants his writing to sound impressive, so he uses the thesaurus
function on his computer to change some of the words. He changes the sentence "My character on the soap opera
was killed" to "My moral fiber on the soap opera was defeated." Dwight has changed ____ of the sentence.
a. only the surface structure
b. only the deep structure
c. both the surface structure and the deep structure
d. neither the surface structure nor the deep structure
ANSWER: c
101. In English, the sentences "Every cloud has a silver lining" and "There's a bright side to everything" have similar
meanings. This is because of their ____.
a. surface structure
b. deep structure
c. context
d. syntax
ANSWER: b
102. The gaps we hear between spoken words typically do not really exist. Still, we perceive breaks between words
because of ____.
a. nonverbal cues
b. semantics
c. the surface structure
d. top-down processing
ANSWER: d
103. The statement "I had a great time!" can be interpreted a number of different ways depending on ____.
a. linguistic determinism
b. spectrographic analysis
c. the context
d. the semantics
ANSWER: c
104. If you had a condition in which you could not detect a person's tone or nonverbal cues, it would be difficult to
assess the context of language. For example, if someone said, "Gee, you're so smart!" in a sarcastic tone, you may
misperceive their verbal slight as a compliment. This occurs because you would be relying on ____ processing of
language.
a. top-down
b. formal
c. bottom-up
d. informal
ANSWER: c
105. Two-year-old Allie is learning to talk. Her sentences are very short and to the point. For example, she says "Me
do" when she wants to do something herself. Allie is ____.
a. engaging in infant vocalizations
b. at the one-word stage
c. using telegraphic sentences
d. beyond the critical period
ANSWER: c
106. Nuria's parents are so happy that she can say "doggie" and "cookie." Lani, who is younger, makes many sounds
that are repetitive, like "lalalala" and "papapa." Nuria's language development is in the ____ stage and Lani's is in
the ____ stage.
a. semantic; presemantic
b. operational; baby talk
c. expressive; prelanguage
d. one-word; infant vocalization
ANSWER: d
107. Marla is one year old. She probably ____.

a. knows general names rather than simple object categories
b. is at the infant vocalization stage
c. uses language without gestures
d. understands more words than she can say
ANSWER: d
108. Janaki is an infant whose vocalizations tend to consist of sounds such as “bababa” or “dadada.” Janaki is ____.
a. using telegraphic speech
b. lacking universal grammar
c. producing babblings
d. overextending her words
ANSWER: c
109. Janaki is a very young child and is still learning to talk. When she speaks now, her verbalizations tend to consist
of two words, such as "give doll" or "doggie run." These vocalizations would be characterized as ____.
a. telegraphic speech
b. infant vocalizations
c. semantic differentiation
d. complex sentences
ANSWER: a
110. Gabriel is just beginning to speak in words. He says "Daddy!" and "Car." Gabriel is most likely ____ old.
a. twelve to fifteen months
b. eighteen to twenty-four months
c. two to three years
d. three to five years
ANSWER: a
111. Sunyi says, "Arya is going." What is the earliest approximate age that Sunyi should be able to use this
sentence?Question
a. eighteen to twenty-four months
b. twelve months
c. three years
d. five years
ANSWER: c
112. Children who are not exposed to language until late in life are often unable to use complex features of language. This
suggests that learning language involves ____.
a. conditioning
b. a language acquisition device
c. a critical period
d. semantic networks
ANSWER: c
113. Sumon is in the first stages of learning to speak. Both personal experience and genetic predisposition will
interact to help him identify the basic dimensions of language. This idea supports the existence of ____.
a. universal grammar
b. deep structures
c. natural concepts
d. telegraphic speech
ANSWER: a
114. A psycholinguist who does not believe human language is innate will have the most trouble with theories of
language development that ____.
a. stress the importance of motherese
b. are based on the existence of universal grammar
c. support the importance of conditioning
d. postulate language can be acquired by some primates
ANSWER: b
115. Theresa began studying Japanese when she was in the eighth grade. After many years of study, however, she
still speaks Japanese with an accent and lacks perfect fluency. This is probably because ____.
a. she had already passed the critical period of language development when she began studying Japanese
b. she is not genetically "prewired" for Japanese
c. she learned and spoke a number of different dialects
d. she continued to speak English while she was studying Japanese, which blocked acquisition
ANSWER: a
116. Genie is unable to learn language in her teens after being isolated without language until that time. Genie's
difficulty is evidence for a ____.
a. critical period in language acquisition
b. language acquisition device
c. social convention
d. speech spectrograph
ANSWER: a
117. Wilhelm is being raised in a bilingual environment, learning to speak both German and French before the end of
the critical period. Assuming Wilhelm has equally mastered both languages, what would you most likely discover
when Wilhelm is in junior high?
a. He is having difficulty switching from German to French and from French to German.
b. He is superior to his classmates in cognitive flexibility and creativity.
c. He is inferior to his classmates in cognitive flexibility and creativity.
d. He has more trouble learning arithmetic than his classmates.
ANSWER: b
118. Enrique's father is English and his mother is Spanish. He often says things like, “Donde esta bathroom?” (Where is the
bathroom?) and “The park is a la izquierda.” (The park is to the left.) Enrique may be ____.
a. balanced bilingual
b. cognitively complex
c. using formal reasoning
d. an above-average user of mental models
ANSWER: a
119. From the time he was born, Rory was raised in a home in which both English and Greek were spoken. The most likely
result is that Rory has ___.
a. demonstrated superior cognitive flexibility
b. problems with concept formation
c. learned neither language well
d. acquired unique speech-generating properties
ANSWER: a
120. Geraldine is a researcher who is teaching her monkey, Gidget, to use a touch board to communicate with humans. Gidget
can touch symbols on the board that symbolize things like "banana," "cup," "play," and "sleep." According to your text, which
statement is true?
a. Gidget will generate sentences longer than three words.
b. The working memory limitations of monkeys are known.
c. Gidget can master between 130 and 500 symbols.
d. Gidget's language use is less primitive than children's.
ANSWER: c
121. Which statement is NOT true regarding language acquisition?

a. Humans must acquire language during a critical period to acquire complex features of their language.
b. Balanced bilinguals show greater cognitive flexibility than those who speak one language.
c. Nonhuman primates can use language as well as children.
d. Children learn syntax through both modeling and biological preparedness.
ANSWER: c
122. In the 1960s and 1970s, many attempts were made to teach chimps sign language. Which statement would Chomsky most
likely agree with concerning nonhuman acquisition of language?
a. Nonhumans cannot have language because only humans have a built-in universal grammar.
b. Nonhumans can develop language if exposed to motherese.
c. Nonhumans can learn language through imitation.
d. Nonhumans cannot develop language once they are past the critical period.
ANSWER: a
KEYWORDS: Analysis
123. Based on research with nonhuman primates, many researchers believed that there really was not much that is unique
about humans' language skills. One challenge to this line of thinking is that ____.
a. nonhuman primates were able to combine gestures into more and more complex and elaborate messages
b. children use languages spontaneously and creatively, while nonhuman primates lack this tendency
c. nonhuman primates never learned to combine words in systematic order
d. nonhuman primates could generate complex messages once they had learned the basic symbols
ANSWER: b
124. Which of the following is not a reasonable criticism of research attempting to demonstrate language learning with
nonhuman primates?
a. The animals' vocabularies are much less extensive than normal two- to three-year-old human children.
b. The animals' sentences are much less complicated than those of human children.
c. Judgments of what the animals are "saying" may be contaminated by experimenter bias.
d. The animals don't have a language acquisition device, so they can't really be learning language.
ANSWER: d
125. Which statement is true about the relationship between language and perception?
a. Language differences directly influence differences in perceptions across cultures.
b. Differences in languages and perceptions may be influenced by a culture's need for certain objects.
c. Perceptual differences directly influence differences in language across cultures.
d. The differences in languages across cultures are minor, and therefore the differences in perceptions are trivial.
ANSWER: b
126. In an experiment to measure reaction time, subjects must push either a blue button in response to a green light or a green
button in response to a blue light. Discuss five factors that could influence their reaction time.
ANSWER: Intensity of the stimulus affects reaction time. More intense stimuli produce shorter reaction times than
do weaker stimuli. If the blue or green light is bright, reaction time will be shorter than if the light is very
dim.
Complexity of the decision affects reaction time. The larger the number of possible reactions that might
be carried out in response to a stimulus, the longer the reaction time. Since there is only one possible
response to the stimulus, the reaction time will be relatively short.
Stimulus-response compatibility affects reaction time. Pushing a blue button in response to a blue light
and a green button in response to a green light would be a more compatible arrangement and would
reduce reaction time.
Expectancy affects reaction time. Reaction time should be relatively short because subjects expect the
light to appear and are ready for the stimulus presentation.
There is a speed-accuracy tradeoff in any reaction-time task. Trying for 100 percent accurate responses
leads to slower reaction times. Trying to react too quickly will reduce accuracy.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Analyze
127. Explain the reasons that human decisions can be flawed and biased, thus leading to unsatisfactory outcomes.
ANSWER: Psychologists have discovered a number of aspects of human decision making that produce less than
optimal outcomes. First, humans often feel worse about negative utilities than they feel good about
positive utilities of the same magnitude. This is known as loss aversion. Second, the utility of gains and
losses often depends on the reference point from which the judgment is made. This reference point is
often arbitrary and influenced by irrelevant factors, leading to judgments that are inappropriate. Another
problem is that people often overestimate low probabilities and underestimate high ones. In addition,
people often mistakenly believe that outcomes of random processes should even out over relatively short
runs of trials; this is known as the gambler's fallacy. Finally, research indicates that people may often be
inappropriately confident in their decisions. This often takes the form of overconfidence in the accuracy
of one's predictions.

128. Discuss the two main theories of how children acquire language. Which theory do you believe? Why?
ANSWER: One theory proposes that children learn language through conditioning and imitation. Children may learn
syntax because of the way their parents reinforce them. Modeling or imitation of the parents' speech is
also important. However, neither conditioning nor imitation seems entirely adequate to explain how
children learn language. The evidence against behavioral theories comes from children's tendency to
overgeneralize rules of syntax. Children must still analyze for themselves the underlying patterns in the
language examples they hear.
The other theory, whose main proponent is linguist Noam Chomsky, suggests that human beings possess an
built-in universal grammar that processes speech and allows children to understand the regularities and
fundamental relationships among words. There is some evidence, though not a great deal, to support this
theory. For example, there is some similarity in the syntax of all languages. Children born deaf and never
exposed to language make up general systems that have several properties of natural spoken language.
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3. Which statement is most accurate?

30. Which of the following is a proposition?

43. First impressions of people are difficult to change due to ____.

89. -ing is to as -th- is to .

90. The /a/ sound in the word cake is a ____.

107. Marla is one year old. She probably ____.

121. Which statement is NOT true regarding language acquisition?

REFERENCES: Decision Making

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