Test Bank For Microbiology The Human Experience Preliminary Edition

Test Bank for Microbiology: The Human Experience Preliminary Edition
Test Bank for Microbiology: The Human Experience

Preliminary Edition
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Chapter 12: Viruses
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. One positive use of viruses is their function as

a. infectious particles. c. cloning vectors.
b. pandemic initiators. d. marine predators.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 12.1
OBJ: 12.1a Describe diverse forms of the virion, or virus particle.
MSC: Remembering
2. Which of the following facts supports the argument that viruses are living?
a. Viruses lack metabolism for energy and biosynthesis.
b. Viruses are capable of being crystallized.
c. Some living pathogenic bacteria contain degenerate genomes and rely significantly on a
host.
d. Viruses cannot replicate without a host.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 12.1
MSC: Understanding
3. Which of the following is NOT a possible effect of viral replication in the host cell?
a. death of the cell c. debilitation of the cell
b. differentiation of the cell d. alteration of the genome of the cell
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 12.1
MSC: Understanding
4. ________ is an example of a virus that causes major economic losses in the agriculture industry.
a. Tobacco mosaic virus c. HIV
b. Measles virus d. Influenza
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 12.1
MSC: Remembering
5. West Nile virus is capable of infecting many different organisms (humans, birds, raccoons, and so
on). Based on this information, which of the following statements correctly describes West Nile
virus?
a. West Nile virus has a narrow host range.
b. West Nile virus has a broad host range.
c. West Nile virus has a narrow tissue tropism.
d. West Nile virus is capable of fecal-oral transmission.
MSC: Applying
6. Which of the following could possibly be an ancestor of the large asymmetrical DNA Vaccinia
virus?
a. a degenerate single-celled organism c. influenza
b. a bacteriophage d. a cow
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 12.1
OBJ: 12.1b Explain the function of the viral envelope and accessory proteins.
MSC: Applying
7. Which of the following is NOT caused by an aberrant protein?

a. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease c. hepatitis
b. scrapie d. kuru
OBJ: 12.2c Describe the nature of viroids and prions. MSC: Applying
8. Which of the following is NOT a level of viral evolution?

a. within an organelle c. within a viral species population
b. within a host community d. within an individual organism
OBJ: 12.2b Explain why different viruses infect different hosts.
MSC: Understanding
9. Which of the following characteristics of the rabies virus is most important for its classification?
a. complex capsid morphology
b. single-stranded, negative sense RNA genome
c. presence of an envelope
d. narrow host range
MSC: Applying
10. Examine the figure shown. Which viral classification group would be most NEGATIVELY
affected by antiviral reverse transcriptase inhibitors?
a. Group III c. Group V

b. Group IV d. Group VI
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 12.2
OBJ: 12.2a Describe the different classes of viral genomes, and give an example of each.
MSC: Applying
11. Examine the figure shown. Which viral classification group must package a viral RNA-dependent
RNA polymerase?
a. Group V c. Group III

b. Group IV d. Group II
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 12.2
MSC: Applying
12. ________ ensures the presence and expression of host surface proteins capable of being bound to
by viruses.
a. Transduction c. Lysogeny
b. Natural selection d. Lysis
OBJ: 12.3a Explain how viral genomes enter cells. MSC: Understanding
13. Why is gelatin needed to culture animal viruses in tissue culture?

a. Animal viruses use gelatin as an energy source.
b. Cells in tissue culture require gelatin to grow.
c. Gelatin slows the dispersal of viruses from infected cells, allowing for plaques to form.
d. Gelatin is used to stain viral plaques.
OBJ: 12.3a Explain how viral genomes enter cells. MSC: Understanding
14. ________ bacteriophage infection results in immediate death of the host cell.
a. Lysogenic c. Latent
b. Lytic d. Chronic
OBJ: 12.3b Describe the lytic and lysogenic cycles of bacteriophage infection.
MSC: Understanding
15. If 100% of the DNA contents of a transducing bacteriophage were DNA from the host
chromosome, what would happen when the bacteriophage infected a new bacterial cell?
a. More bacteriophage would be synthesized, resulting in death of the new bacterial cell.
b. No more bacteriophage would be synthesized, as there is no bacteriophage genome
available to direct synthesis.
c. The new bacterial cell would die.
d. The bacteriophage would be converted from a lysogenic phage to a lytic bacteriophage.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 12.3
MSC: Analyzing
16. Examine the figure shown. What is indicated by the lines?
a. plaques c. latent virus

b. bacterial cells d. animal virus
OBJ: 12.3c Explain how viruses are cultured using host cells. MSC: Understanding
17. How is HPV able to keep its genome so small?

a. overlapping reading frames
b. oncogenic transformation
c. antigenic shift
d. HPV does not have a small genome.
OBJ: 12.4a Describe the genome of papillomavirus. MSC: Remembering
18. Replication of HPV is activated when

a. the DNA is uncoated. c. integrating into the host genome.
b. infecting basal cells. d. keratinocytes differentiate.
OBJ: 12.4b Explain the infectious cycle of papillomavirus, and explain how papillomavirus
causes cancer. MSC: Understanding
19. What type of HPV causes cancer?

a. all types of HPV c. some types of latent HPV
b. no types of HPV d. all types of actively replicating HPV
20. Why must the genome of HPV enter the nucleus for replication?
a. HPV uses its own polymerase that cannot function in the cytoplasm.
b. The pH of the nucleus allows for replication of HPV RNA.
c. The DNA genome of HPV can only be replicated in the nucleus where host DNA
polymerase is found.
d. The genome of HPV is not replicated in the nucleus.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 12.4
causes cancer. MSC: Analyzing
21. Where are HPV virions assembled?

a. in the nucleus c. in the ribosome
b. in the cytoplasm d. outside the cell
22. Why would a virus have evolved to cause cancer in a host cell?
a. to kill the host cell
b. to produce more cells for the virus to infect
c. to allow for increased mutagenesis of the virus
d. Viruses are not capable of causing cancer in a host cell.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 12.4
causes cancer. MSC: Analyzing
23. What type of HPV can be eliminated from the body by the host immune system?
a. oncogenic HPV c. all HPV
b. nononcogenic HPV d. no HPV
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 12.4
causes cancer. MSC: Remembering
24. Segmented influenza RNA genomes are capable of

a. reverse transcription. c. reassortment.
b. cell fusion. d. proviral transposition.
OBJ: 12.5a Describe the structure of the influenza virion. MSC: Remembering
25. Which of the following statements regarding the influenza virus is FALSE?
a. The genome of influenza is very tiny to allow the generation of as many virions as
possible.
b. The influenza genome maximizes gene reassortment.
c. The genome of influenza is well designed for evasion of the immune system.
d. The influenza genome allows for large quantities of virions to be created for continued
infection.
OBJ: 12.5b Explain how the form of the influenza genome enables rapid evolution of novel
strains that cause pandemics. MSC: Understanding
26. Which of the following stages of the influenza infection cycle is inhibited by Tamiflu?
a. the coating of the capsid envelope
b. the assembly of the capsid
c. the cleaving of the host receptor and release of the virus by budding
d. the packaging of viral genome segments and exit from the nucleus
OBJ: 12.5c Describe the replication cycle of influenza virus. MSC: Applying
27. Why must influenza have highly efficient host-to-host transmission?

a. because of its rapid infection c. because of genetic reassortment
b. because of its slow infection d. because of latent infection
OBJ: 12.5c Describe the replication cycle of influenza virus. MSC: Applying
28. What happens to the host cell after budding of new influenza virions?
a. It becomes cancerous. c. Nothing happens.
b. It becomes transformed. d. It is destroyed.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 12.5
OBJ: 12.5c Describe the replication cycle of influenza virus. MSC: Remembering
29. Which of the following characteristics do HPV and HIV have in common?
a. They are both retroviruses. c. They are both DNA viruses.
b. They both have overlapping genes. d. The have the same tissue tropism.
OBJ: 12.6a Describe the structure of the HIV virion. MSC: Applying
30. What is the cure for infection with HIV?

a. vaccine c. antiviral drugs
b. radiation d. There is no cure for HIV.
OBJ: 12.6b Explain the replicative cycle and epidemiology of HIV.
MSC: Understanding
31. Why are so few HIV virions released in the blood actually infectious?
a. Reverse transcriptase has a high error rate.
b. HIV is not a very infectious virus.
c. The immune system inhibits these virions from causing infections.
d. Very few cells in the immune system express the receptor HIV requires for binding.
MSC: Understanding
32. A small subset of the human population does not express the CD4 and CCR5 receptors. To what
virus are these individuals naturally immune?
a. HIV c. influenza
b. HPV d. hepatitis
MSC: Applying
33. Which of the following features of HIV is a big reason as to why thus far it cannot be cured?
a. It is a retrovirus. c. It contains integrase.
b. It contains a viral envelope. d. It contains a protease.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 12.6
MSC: Analyzing
34. Which of the following viruses is capable of causing a syncytium?

a. hepatitis c. HPV
b. influenza d. HIV
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 12.6
MSC: Understanding
35. CASE HISTORY

Sean was a 19-year-old college sophomore, a member of a fraternity at a large Midwestern
university. Sean visited the campus health center, where he told the nurse practitioner that the
shaft of his penis had a raised spot. The spot caused no discomfort yet, but Sean knew it was
abnormal. The practitioner told Sean that he probably had human papillomavirus (HPV), a cause
of genital warts. Although some HPV strains cause warts on external skin, genital HPV is
transmitted only by sexual intercourse. The practitioner conducted a physical exam and discovered
additional raised spots on Sean’s anus. Sean told the practitioner that he had recently had
vaginal sex with women, and had also experimented sexually with other men. The
practitioner told Sean that the warts would probably go away on their own if he maintained good
sleep and health habits, keeping his immune system strong, but some HPV strains can persist for
years without symptoms. The warts could be removed by freezing or chemical treatment, but the
virus would persist. Meanwhile, the presence of HPV suggested that Sean was likely to contract
related strains causing cancer of the penis or anus. The practitioner recommended use of
condoms, although HPV may infect areas that condoms do not protect. She also suggested that
Sean recommend the Gardasil HPV vaccine for his younger brother and sister before they become
sexually active.
Which of the following is true of papillomavirus infection?

a. Genital HPV can be contracted via contact with warts on another person’s skin, for
example a wart on the fingers.
b. Condoms provide full protection against genital HPV.
c. Freezing or otherwise removing genital warts eliminates the infection.
d. The HPV vaccine can prevent infection with cancer-causing HPV strains.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Case History 12.1
causes cancer. MSC: Remembering
COMPLETION
1. ________ proteins are expressed during viral infection of a host cell and are packaged between the
envelope and the capsid during envelope formation.
ANS: Tegument
DIF: Easy REF: 12.1

OBJ: 12.1b Explain the function of the viral envelope and accessory proteins.
MSC: Understanding
2. ________ is an example of a virus with a large double-stranded DNA viral genome.
ANS: Herpes
DIF: Easy REF: 12.2

MSC: Remembering
3. An infectious particle with an RNA genome and no capsid is known as a ________.
ANS: viroid
DIF: Easy REF: 12.2 OBJ: 12.2c Describe the nature of viroids and prions.
MSC: Remembering
4. A phage genome integrated into the DNA of the bacterial host cell is known as a ________.
ANS: prophage
DIF: Easy REF: 12.3

MSC: Remembering
5. Human papillomavirus contains a ________ genome.
ANS: double-stranded DNA
DIF: Easy REF: 12.4 OBJ: 12.4a Describe the genome of papillomavirus.
MSC: Remembering
6. Influenza contains a ________ genome.
ANS: single-stranded RNA
DIF: Easy REF: 12.5

OBJ: 12.5a Describe the structure of the influenza virion. MSC: Remembering
7. A retrovirus that causes infections progressing slowly over many years is a ________.
ANS: lentivirus
DIF: Easy REF: 12.6

MSC: Remembering
8. Lentiviruses like HIV can be used positively for ________.
ANS: gene therapy
DIF: Easy REF: 12.6

OBJ: 12.6c Describe the positive roles of retroviruses in human health.
MSC: Understanding
SHORT ANSWER
1. A herpes virus contains an icosahedral capsid that allows for radial symmetry. Explain why this
type of capsid formation is beneficial for the virus.
ANS:
A capsid that contains radial symmetry can be composed of many repeating protein units. These
repeating protein units can come from a small number of genes instead of a large number of genes
that would be required for unsymmetrical capsids. Having a small number of genes gives the virus
an advantage when replicating its genome, as it can make more viral particles than a virus that has
a larger number of genes.
DIF: Difficult REF: 12.1

MSC: Analyzing
2. Explain how antigenic drift requires individuals to get a flu vaccine yearly.
ANS:
Antigenic drift occurs when a virus mutates so much that its surface proteins have sufficiently
changed to the point where they are no longer recognized by host antibodies. Receiving a flu
vaccine one year can provide you with the antibodies to recognize one type of flu, but when that
virus mutates for the following year, the antibodies taken in the previous year will no longer be
helpful against the mutated virus. Therefore, you need to receive another flu vaccine the following
year to be protected against that virus.

MSC: Analyzing
3. Why have the majority of viruses evolved to bind to a host surface receptor that serves an essential
function in the host cell?
ANS:
Host surface receptors that are essential for the host will always be expressed and present on the
host—which means a virus that binds to this receptor will always have a way of gaining entry into
the cell to replicate.
DIF: Difficult REF: 12.3 OBJ: 12.3a Explain how viral genomes enter cells.
MSC: Analyzing
4. You are attempting to propagate bacteriophage of Bacillus cereus using a liquid batch culture. A
growing culture of B. cereus is inoculated with your bacteriophage. Immediately after inoculation,
you take a sample but are unable to detect any bacteriophage. What is happening?
ANS:
This is the eclipse period where all bacteriophage are replicating inside bacterial cells and are
therefore not detectable in the growth media.
DIF: Moderate REF: 12.3

OBJ: 12.3c Explain how viruses are cultured using host cells. MSC: Applying
5. Imagine that a new form of gene therapy that can eliminate expression of heparan sulfate
proteoglycans has been invented. Explain how this therapy would have both a positive result and a
negative result.
ANS:
Eliminating the heparan sulfate proteoglycan expression will prevent infection by HPV, as that is
the receptor to which it binds. However, it will also inhibit the ability of the skin to heal wounds,
as that is the normal function of these proteins.

causes cancer. MSC: Evaluating
6. Differentiate between antigenic drift and antigenic shift. Explain how one can lead to a global
pandemic.
ANS:
Antigenic drift occurs when envelope proteins of one type of influenza mutate so that the strain is
now capable of evading the immune system when it was not before. Antigenic shift occurs when
two or more influenza viruses infect the same cell and undergo genetic reassortment, forming a
completely new influenza virus. Antigenic shift is more likely to result in a very new and
potentially very virulent form of influenza that could lead to a global pandemic.

strains that cause pandemics. MSC: Analyzing
7. Examine the figure shown. If a chemical that inhibits the fusion of endosomes and lysosomes were
added to influenza grown in cell culture, what effect would this have?
ANS:
Replication of the influenza virus would be inhibited, as fusion of the endosome and the lysosome
are important for the disassembly of the infectious virion.

OBJ: 12.5c Describe the replication cycle of influenza virus. MSC: Analyzing
8. Explain why the HIV virion structure contains a tRNA from the host.
ANS:
The tRNA from a previously infected host cell complexes with the RNA genome to serve as a
primer so that reverse transcriptase can convert the RNA to DNA.
DIF: Difficult REF: 12.6 OBJ: 12.6a Describe the structure of the HIV virion.
MSC: Analyzing
9. CASE HISTORY
Eighteen-year-old Aisha was a first-year student at a small private college in New England. In the
fall of 2009, the campus implemented management procedures for the expected H1N1 influenza
pandemic. Students with flu symptoms were told to “self-isolate” and to report their status on a
college webform. By the end of October, there were 50 students reporting per week.
One night, Aisha felt hot, flushed, and unsteady on her feet. Her thermometer showed a
temperature of 39C (102F). She started coughing, and she felt extremely tired. She managed to
find the webform on her computer, although her arm was shaking and made false starts. Finally,
she typed her information and confirmed her status report. A college security officer arrived at her
room wearing a face mask. The officer gave Aisha a face mask and told her to collect her essential
personal items and books; Aisha did the best she could in her fevered state. The officer drove her
to a separate residence reserved for suspected H1N1 cases. There Aisha lay in the bed and tried to
sleep. In the morning a nurse’s aide brought a tray of food and medication including oral
oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and inhaled zanamivir (relenza). The tray was left on the floor in the
hallway, outside Aisha’s isolation room. Aisha had to drag herself out of bed to open the door and
get the tray. She was required to stay in the isolation room until two days after her temperature
returned to normal. She and most other infected students made a full recovery, although one
student was hospitalized with life-threatening complications.
The college security officer who interacted with Aisha when she contracted H1N1 influenza had
received a flu shot earlier in the season, before this strain was included in the vaccine. He had also
previously been infected with influenza as a child. Why did this officer exercise such precaution
(e.g., wearing a face mask) in interacting with Aisha? How is the influenza virus able to infect a
person with previous immunity?
ANS:
Influenza is capable of producing novel antigens unrecognizable to the immune systems of people
previously vaccinated or infected. The two primary mechanisms for this are antigenic drift and the
more significant change produced by reassortment or antigenic shift.
DIF: Moderate REF: Case History 12.2

strains that cause pandemics. MSC: Applying
10. CASE HISTORY

At 24 years of age, Ralph had just been promoted at the car dealership where he worked in sales.
He was ready to propose to his girlfriend, a bank clerk. It was several years since Ralph had
engaged in risky behaviors, but he and his girlfriend both decided to get tested for STDs. That is
how Ralph learned that he was HIV positive. The diagnosis came as a surprise, since Ralph had no
symptoms of disease. His T-cell count, however, had dipped to 500 cells/mm3 (normal level is
about 1,200 cells/mm3). Now he faced the dilemma of how to avoid infecting his future wife and
how to conceive healthy children.
The doctor informed Ralph of his treatment options. The current recommendation of the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is to commence antiretroviral therapy as soon
as an individual tests positive for the virus. A single daily pill was prescribed, containing tenofovir
and emtricitabine (reverse transcriptase inhibitors, together marketed as Truvada). The advantage
of early treatment with Truvada is the early halt in decline of T cells and the decrease in
transmission risk. Some physicians, however, recommend starting antivirals only when T-cell
counts fall below 500 cells/mm3, to delay the deleterious side effects of the drugs and to postpone
selection for drug-resistant strains. Ralph was also told of options for conceiving children without
infection, such as the “sperm washing” procedure that eliminates HIV from sperm for artificial
insemination. He had a lot to discuss with his girlfriend.
Test Bank for Microbiology: The Human Experience Preliminary Edition
Infection with lentiviruses such as HIV can be lethal; however, lentiviruses may potentially be
used to save lives. What features of these viruses allow them to be used for gene therapy, and can
they be used to fight disease? Be specific and include an example of a disease in which this
approach could be employed.
ANS:
Integration sequences are maintained and virulence genes are removed and replaced with a
corrected version of a defective human gene. An HIV-derived vector has been used to cure a child
of leukemia, and the genetic neurodegenerative disease ALD is also mentioned in the text as an
example; however, many genetic diseases would be theoretically acceptable.
DIF: Difficult REF: Case History 12.3

OBJ: 12.6c Describe the positive roles of retroviruses in human health.
MSC: Applying
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Test Bank for Microbiology: The Human Experience

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1. One positive use of viruses is their function as

7. Which of the following is NOT caused by an aberrant protein?

8. Which of the following is NOT a level of viral evolution?

a. Group III c. Group V

a. Group V c. Group III

13. Why is gelatin needed to culture animal viruses in tissue culture?

16. Examine the figure shown. What is indicated by the lines?

a. plaques c. latent virus

17. How is HPV able to keep its genome so small?

18. Replication of HPV is activated when

19. What type of HPV causes cancer?

21. Where are HPV virions assembled?

24. Segmented influenza RNA genomes are capable of

27. Why must influenza have highly efficient host-to-host transmission?

30. What is the cure for infection with HIV?

34. Which of the following viruses is capable of causing a syncytium?

35. CASE HISTORY

Which of the following is true of papillomavirus infection?

DIF: Easy REF: 12.1

2. ________ is an example of a virus with a large double-stranded DNA viral genome.

DIF: Easy REF: 12.2

3. An infectious particle with an RNA genome and no capsid is known as a ________.

DIF: Easy REF: 12.3

5. Human papillomavirus contains a ________ genome.

ANS: double-stranded DNA

6. Influenza contains a ________ genome.

ANS: single-stranded RNA

DIF: Easy REF: 12.5

DIF: Easy REF: 12.6

ANS: gene therapy

DIF: Easy REF: 12.6

DIF: Difficult REF: 12.1

DIF: Difficult REF: 12.2

DIF: Moderate REF: 12.3

DIF: Difficult REF: 12.4

DIF: Difficult REF: 12.5

DIF: Difficult REF: 12.5

DIF: Moderate REF: Case History 12.2

10. CASE HISTORY

DIF: Difficult REF: Case History 12.3

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